The permanent staff is homonymous. Research work on the Russian language "homonyms and their types"

The term orthoepy (Greek orthos - straight, correct + epos - speech) is used in two meanings: 1) a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of normative literary pronunciation and 2) a set of rules establishing a uniform pronunciation that corresponds to the pronunciation norms accepted in the language.

Russian orthoepy includes rules for the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants, combinations of consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, and features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin. Issues of stress and intonation, which are sometimes included in orthoepy and are important for oral speech, are not the object of consideration of orthoepy, since they are not directly related to pronunciation. Stress relates to phonetics (serves to highlight a syllable in a word), to vocabulary (being a sign of a given word) or to grammar (being a sign of a given grammatical form). Intonation serves as an important expressive means of oral speech, giving it an emotional coloring, but is not related to the rules of pronunciation.

Formation of Russian literary pronunciation

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 18th century. based on the spoken language of the city of Moscow. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were adopted there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features were formed that were not characteristic of the Moscow orthoepic norm (the features of pronunciation were most clearly expressed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries).

The pronunciation system of the modern Russian literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between one and the other are of a particular nature (certain features of pronunciation vernacular have disappeared, in a number of cases there has been a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, and new pronunciation variants have appeared). Although there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation, in general, modern spelling norms represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. In the formation of literary pronunciation, theater, radio broadcasting, television, and sound films play a huge role, which serve as a powerful means of disseminating orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

Issues of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking before an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, Russian and foreign teachers languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the problems of oral culture among various sectors of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, and live speeches by government officials, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, and specialists in various fields of science and culture has become widespread.

Mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate spoken speech is gradually being recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy developed in such a way that the basis of literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered.”

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly placed emphasis, “reduced” conversational intonation, and ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of a public speech.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge of Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary, from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

Ø learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

Ø learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;

Ø listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

Ø consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

Ø correct them through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of two main styles of pronunciation: full, recommended for public speaking, and incomplete (colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized primarily by compliance with the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech in general. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

1. What words are called homonyms?

2. How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?

3. What is the difference between the ways of designating homonyms and polysemantic words in explanatory dictionaries?

As you know, the appearance of words differs in the set of sounds and their sequence.

But there are words whose sound composition, including stress, is completely the same. The spelling of such words also coincides, for example: translate (someone across the street) and translate (from one language to another); thin (skinny) and thin (leaky); motive (melody) and motive (reason).

Such words are homonyms in the language. The term homonym goes back to the Greek elements: homos - identical and onima - name. They superficially coincide with ambiguous words, but differ significantly from them. Homonyms are different words that denote different, in no way similar objects, signs, actions; There are no common elements of meaning between the lexical meanings of these words.

A polysemantic word also denotes different objects, signs, actions, but similar in some respect; There is a common element of meaning between the lexical meanings of polysemous words.

Homonyms as a phenomenon of the language dictionary, in addition, are characterized by the following mandatory features: belonging to the same part of speech, the same pronunciation and spelling, for example: start (a business) and start (some kind of animal); dashing (year) and dashing (rider); current (electric) and current (threshing platform). If at least one of these features is missing, words cannot be called homonyms. Thus, the words stove (a structure for heating a room and cooking food) and stove (cooking food in the heat) are not homonyms, since they refer to different parts of speech.

It is necessary to distinguish homographs, homophones and homophores from homonyms.

Homonyms, as is known, appear in a language in different ways: a) as a result of borrowing words from different languages, for example: bloc (union of states, party) from French and bloc (mechanism) from English, borrowing someone else’s word in the presence of an original Russian word (for example: club - a room from the English language and club (smoke) - a Russian word); b) as a result of the formation of new words from cognate words using different or identical suffixes (for example: wallet - a wallet for paper money and wallet - a paper industry worker).

At the same time, a language in many cases avoids the formation of homonyms if it already contains words that sound and spell the same. Thus, men - residents of the Kuban River valley - are called Kuban, and for the parallel name of women - residents of Kuban - there is no similar word, since there is the word kubanka meaning “special headdress”.

Homonyms in speech, like polysemantic words, differ in context, that is, in the verbal environment.

In explanatory dictionaries, homonyms are indicated by numbers at the top right. There are special dictionaries of homonyms.

Exercise 276.

Determine in what meaning the highlighted homonyms are used.

1. In a clear field, in the silver light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time. (A. Pushkin). 2. I walked around the world a lot (from the song). 3. The fox lay down on her back and plays like a dog. (A.

Chekhov). 4. Fried chanterelles are delicious. 5. Small tangerine trees bear up to four thousand fruits every year. (K. Paustovsky). 6. The governor sent to them nine officials, or mandarins, with a retinue. (I. Goncharov). 7. In the whole world there is no more beautiful city in which you were born and live. 8. Peace will win the war.

Exercise 277.

Explain the different meanings of identical sounding nouns.

1. The situation required great endurance. The furnishings of the apartment were conducive to an intimate conversation.

2. An athlete injured his knee during training. The dancer performed a masterly knee dance.

3. Elephants do useful work with their trunks. During artillery firing, the trunk of the gun was damaged.

Exercise 278.

Find puns. Explain how they are built: on the use of homonyms or on the use of the same word in different meanings.

1. The realm of rhymes is my element, and I write poetry easily, without thinking, without delay, I run to line from line. I even refer to Finnish brown rocks with a pun...

2. Poetry has always been my element, my first verse sounded freely and truthfully, but, unsure of censorship, I verseed and now I write poetry only for friends.

3. One day, the coppersmith, while forging a basin, said to his wife in sadness: I will give the children a task and I will disperse the melancholy.

Exercise 279.

Read the article about homonyms. Make up sentences containing homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Onion-weapon and onion-vegetable are the most obvious examples of homonyms. You can make dozens of humorous phrases using various homonyms. Well, at least these: A few drops on the window glass. Three times I told you: three times this glass is clean. Let's pull this beam into that deep beam. Know, there was no need to interfere with his knowledge. I once said that I had no time, but now I have more than enough time. Hail fell on the city of Peter. I told her, come to the pier.

There are whole chains of homonyms. For example, the word scythe has four meanings. You can create a phrase where all of them will be applied. “On a river spit, a girl was sharpening her scythe; everything was good about the girl: her face, her figure, and her long braid, but, unfortunately, she had a braid.”

(S. Narovchatov)

Exercise 280.

Make up sentences with the following words.

1. Simple - uncomplicated and simple - a forced break from work. 2. Peace is the universe and peace is the absence of hostility. 3) Translate - move to another place and translate - destroy. 4) Forge - a blacksmith's hearth with bellows and a blower, for heating metal and a forge - a brass wind instrument, a signal horn.

Exercise 281.

Read an excerpt from Carol Korda's poem, find homonyms, explain their meaning.

Strange things happen in nature:

The chair has a leg, but the chair doesn't move,

The clock often strikes, but we did not hear

So that they offend someone.

The key, the one that quenches thirst in the forest,

The door to the apartment does not open,

The apartment key is regular, the door key is

He won’t give us spring water to drink.

So similar and so different - this is what we can say about homonyms. In this article we will look at why homonyms are needed in Russian and how to use them in writing and speech.

Homonym- This lexical component in Russian, which has a distinctive feature: it is written the same (or close), but has a different meaning. The word is of Greek origin: homos - identical, on ym a - name.

These words are important they decorate the Russian language, making it more interesting and rich. For example, the same word “marriage” has two meanings. First: poor quality work (product). Second: a union of two people, certified by the state. Strange coincidence, don't you think? But that's not what the article is about.

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About homonyms with examples

In fact, homonyms are very easy to understand. They are often used in speech and writing without even thinking about it. The same word can have several meanings. However, this is not new; similar things occur in other languages.

Nouns most often act as homonyms, but there are also verbs and adjectives among them.

Sometimes words change emphasis, and in some cases, the spelling of individual characters. Let's look at homonyms below (examples will be separated by commas):

• Peace (noun) – the absence of war, the nature surrounding us (Earth, Universe).
• Bow (noun) – a weapon for shooting arrows, a vegetable from the garden.
• Conclusion (noun) is a formulated solution to a problem (reasoning), the process of moving something or someone outside the territory (withdrawal of troops).
• A braid (noun) is an element of a woman’s hairstyle, a part of the shore protruding into the sea, a tool for mowing grass.
• Downtime (adj.) – stopping work, a quality indicator.
• Soar (verb) – fly in the sky (soar), smooth the fabric with steam (soar).
• Defend (verb) - withstand an attack, wait for your turn.
• The case when the same word appears in homonymy as both a verb and an adjective: drying - the process of drying, fruit.

You can practice on your own and try to compose a sentence with homonyms yourself.

Types of homonyms

The phenomenon of “sameness” of spelling with different meanings is called homonymy. From the point of view of coincidence in the spelling of part of a word, the following linguistic manifestations of homonymy are distinguished: actually lexical homonyms,homophones, homographs and homoforms.

Lexical - can be complete (all examples of grammatical variants match) and incomplete (not all grammatical forms match).

Homophones are words that sound the same when pronounced, but are spelled differently. Such as: raft - fruit.

Omoforms. In fact, these are different words that have the same form in some cases. They are similar to homophones, but, unlike them, they reveal a difference when declined. Example: pond - rod (go to the pond, hit with a rod), five - span.

Homographs are words that are identical in spelling, but are completely different in pronunciation. They are almost always distinguished by a stressed syllable: organ - Organ, muka - flour.

Homonyms: humor is appropriate

A bad student was once asked what she knew about “Earth Day”? She replied that “it’s dark and scary there.” It's funny and sad because she imagined something bottom ( I probably skipped geography lessons at school ), although the question was asked about “Earth Day”.

The similarity of words is repeatedly used in jokes, playing up the “sameness” of their sound. Example: “The parrot said to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you!”

Homonymy is interesting because in a language it can create a certain paradox in the meaning of an expression. Russian proverbs, aphorisms and riddles are based on this.

Puzzles

People have long noticed the properties of homonyms and used them in making riddles. Thus, these words are well remembered by children, which develops the brain well and accustoms it to the perception of homonymous language.

Guess the riddles:

• What cats can't catch mice?
• Name them in one word: weapons, semi-precious stones and fruits.
• In the sea it is small, but on land it can cut the surface of the ice. Who is this (or what is this)?
• The old man was eating dry bread. Question: where did the fish bones on the table come from?

Sayings and proverbs

You can “play” with homonyms when composing sayings and proverbs. You can practice and come up with your own, you just need a little imagination and ingenuity:

• mow with a scythe, if you are not a scythe;
• go on the shelf in the summer so as not to put your teeth on the shelf in the winter;
• write a competent sentence to make a beautiful proposal to the girl.

Differences

Homonyms can easily be confused with polysemous words.

Polysemy means in Russian several meanings of one word, each of which is related to the other in meaning and does not differ radically from it.

Examples: a lady’s hat, near a nail, a mushroom. In all three cases, the meaning is not too different - it means some kind of upper part or accessory on the head.

The adjective "golden" is also used in several meanings - made of precious metal (golden bar), having the best qualities (golden man).

In the Russian language, along with others, there are also dictionaries of homonyms. In them you can look at the interpretation, study the tables and understand what homonyms are in the Russian language.

The most popular is Akhmanova’s explanatory dictionary (published in 1974). In it you can find a large number of articles (more than 2000), which describe homonyms (pairs of them). Each article contains information about the etymology of words, style characteristics, types of homonyms, types of word formation and much more. The dictionary also contains applications: translations of pairs of words into foreign languages, an index of taxonomy by type.

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: Lezginka (dance) - Lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procuring food) - ambassador (diplomat). The identical external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds are blooming - cure the buds; right hand - right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), car assembly (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in the spelling and sound of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect form - bury) - bury medicine (perfect form - bury); crayfish (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a singular number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced like [roth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boot) - (clubs) pair; oven (pirozhki) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types by structure

1. Root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and state) and peace (the Universe).
2. Derived homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and “Ford”, illuminate and consecrate, people and lyut.

Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same letter composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).

Homoforms - the coincidence of grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb it's time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective) ; return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun); leak on the floor - seal the leak (verb and noun).

Puns and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements

You need to be careful when using homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comedy. For example, the words of a football match commentator: “In today’s match the players left without goals” can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

• "Did you hear?"
• "You cannot be indifferent to evil."

Kamkina Olga

The work gives a clear concept of the category of homonyms in the Russian language, their types, and classification.

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Municipal government educational institution

"Ingalinskaya secondary school"

NOU "Rassvet"

Educational and research work on the Russian language

Homonyms and their types

Head Sysova Valentina

Alexandrovna teacher

Russian language and literature

Ingaly 2012

Introduction 3

§ 1. History of the issue. 5

§ 2. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy 6

§ 3. Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy 10

§ 4. The emergence of homonyms in the Russian language…………………………….12

§ 5. Use in speech…………………………………………………………......15

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

References……………………………………………………………20

Appendix 1………………………………………………………………………………….21

Appendix 2………………………………………………………………………………….23

Introduction

Between the words that form the vocabulary of the Russian language, certain relationships are found both in the nature of the meanings they express and in their phonetic design, that is, the similarity of their sound composition.

In the vocabulary of the Russian language there are three types of relationships between words:

1. homonymous (by sound correspondence)
2. synonymous (by proximity of expressed meanings)
3. antonymous (by opposition of expressed meanings)

The presence of these relationships allows us to talk about a certain organization of words in the vocabulary, about the existence of a lexical system of the language. The essence of the phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy is as follows: with homonymy there is an identity (i.e. coincidence) of sound when the meaning of words is different, with synonymy there is an identity or similarity of meaning with a complete difference in sound (i.e. sound composition), with antonymy there is an opposite meaning when there is a difference in the sound of words.

This paper examines the phenomenon homonymy. The phenomenon of homonymy is a topic that has been covered in linguistic literature for a very long time. It is considered by such scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, Fomina M.I., Popov R.N., Akhmanova O.S., Lipatov A.T., Rakhmanova L.I. and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its occurrence in the Russian language, its use in speech, the distinction between homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. Based on the above, we believe that until the controversy on this issue stops, it should be considered relevant.

The purpose of this work– based on the analysis of linguistic literature, give an idea of ​​how the phenomenon of homonymy is covered in modern science. Guided by this goal, we face the following tasks:

Analyze different approaches to determining homonymy;

Get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue;

Create didactic material for Russian language lessons on homonymy.

Subject of study: lexical-linguistic analysis of the category of words.

Object of study: the phenomenon of homonymy.

Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization of the information obtained; methods of continuous sampling of observation and analysis.