Experiments on children in Europe. Twin experiments and genetic experiments
The Third Reich, Nazi Germany, was a great inhuman experiment where life was not valued - especially the life of the so-called "inferior races."
Hitler's scientists - military, doctors and engineers - performed hundreds of experiments and invented dozens of military vehicles. We still use many of the results of their labor. We invite you to find out what a terrible price these inventions were paid for.
Nazi experiments with hypothermia
In 1941, physician Sigmund Ruscher conducted experiments on living people - “human material”. In the concentration camps of Dachau and Auschwitz, he studied how hypothermia affects a person's condition. The subjects were placed in tanks with ice water and the changes that occurred to them were recorded. Other people were kept out of the cold for hours and then thrown into a bathtub of nearly boiling water. And they watched again. 
All this was needed to adapt the Nazi soldiers to the conditions of the harsh Russian winter. Rascher found that if a person's cerebellum gets hypothermic it will almost certainly kill him. The result is lifejackets with a special headrest that keep the head above the surface of the water. All modern passenger aircraft are equipped with such vests.
Nazi antibiotic experiments
Hundreds of people in concentration camps died when sulfonamides, synthetic antibiotics, were tested on them. The subjects were specially injured - they cut the body, poured foreign objects into open wounds and stopped the blood in order to prevent the body from coping with sepsis itself. Sulfonamides are still used in medicine to treat various infections. 
Nazi vaccine experiments
Dr. Kurt Pletner worked in the Dachau camp during the war. He participated in experiments with malaria, infecting prisoners with mosquitoes. After 1945 he spent several years on the run, and later worked in Switzerland under his real name. At a university in Switzerland, Pletner's studies carried out in concentration camps were legitimized by the scientific world community and taken to work. 
At the University of Freiburg, he worked almost until the end of his days. Questions about his Nazi past were raised more than once, but there was insufficient evidence of his guilt. Kurt Pletner himself said that experiments on prisoners did not harm them. But according to historians, during the experiments on people in Dachau, out of 1000 experimental subjects, almost 500 people died.
Nazi blood experiments
Joseph Mengele, whose name became a household name, conducted experiments on twins, among other things. In the Auschwitz camp, where he worked, the newly arrived twins were looked upon with horror: everyone knew what they would have to go through. 
Among the experiments conducted by the Angel of Death, Dr. Mengele, were attempts to change the color of the eyes and blood composition of one of the twins in order to make the subject "racially pure."
Plasmapheresis was invented in the Third Reich. It was a by-product of the Nazi scientists' cannibalistic blood purification experiments.
Plasmapheresis - cleaning the blood of toxins and returning it back to the bloodstream - is a useful medical procedure that is used in the treatment of aneurysms, strokes, autoimmune and other diseases. It has nothing to do with the anti-scientific theory of the Nazis about the impurity of non-Aryan blood.
Cars in the Third Reich: Volkswagen
The history of the "people's car" - the Volkswagen Beetle brand - began in 1933. Adolf Hitler personally summoned Ferdinand Porsche and demanded to develop the first truly mass-produced car that an average German family could afford. Porsche developed a series of prototypes, but they were not durable enough and too expensive. Production was transferred to Daimler and Benz. 
The construction of the plant took 50 million Reichsmarks. The first batch of cars left the Daimler-Benz plant in 1937. They received the propaganda name KdF, Kraft durch Freude - "Strength through joy." However, the Second World War that began soon forced the curtailment of the program to provide Germany with cheap cars. The plant was reoriented to the production of military equipment.
After the defeat of the Nazis, the plant ended up on the territory of the British occupation zone. During the first post-war year, the workers of the Volkswagen plant produced about 10 thousand cars. Today the Volkswagen Beetle is the most recognizable car model in the world.
Jet engines and astronautics
The Third Reich invented the world's first jet aircraft. The brilliant engineer Wernher von Braun was one of the founders of modern rocketry. In 1942, the first guided ballistic missile was launched. 
Wernher von Braun is considered a controversial person. On the one hand, he worked for the Nazis, personally participated in the selection of workers for the defense plant from among the prisoners, some say that they themselves saw how he beat the prisoners from Buchenwald sent to work.
On the other hand, Brown himself claimed to be unaware of the slave working conditions in military factories and denied that he was a supporter of the ideology of Nazism. In May 1945, he surrendered to American soldiers, and in September he received US citizenship and began working on military and space programs. Wernher von Braun is called the father of American astronautics. A year after the launch of the Soviet satellites, he launched the American Explorer.
In the early 1960s, von Braun became the head of the American lunar program, developed the Saturn 5 launch vehicle, which brought Neil Armstrong and other American astronauts into circumlunar orbit and allowed man to take the first step on the lunar surface.
Note that, despite the fact that, having surrendered, von Braun destroyed most of the documents on the development of ballistic missiles, this did not prevent Soviet engineers from building similar ones in the USSR, restoring the drawings.
IBM punch cards: not invented, but used
IBM is an American company, but it already had a branch in Germany in the early 1930s. After Adolf Hitler came to power, the representation in the country remained, and IBM did not refuse to cooperate with the Nazis.IBM subsidiary Dehomag provided punch cards for first-generation computers to the German government - then IBM controlled 90% of the world computer market. The tabulating machines used by Germany could not work without these punched cards.
The book "IBM and the Holocaust" describes how the high technologies of that time contributed to the genocide of the Jewish (and not only Jewish) people. Before the war and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question," IBM began supplying the Third Reich with equipment that helped to conduct a roll-up of Jews in the country and ultimately eliminate most of them.
Fanta was invented in Germany
Few are aware that Fanta carbonated drink was invented in Germany during the Third Reich as an alternative to Coca-Cola. The anti-Hitler coalition has banned the import of a number of items into the country. Among them were the ingredients for "Cola".The director of the German Coca-Cola plant was not a member of the NSDAP, it is not known whether he supported the Nazi regime. In any case, he decided to stay in Germany and continue to run the factory. The plant developed "Fanta", which was made from apple cake and milk whey. The taste of the then drink was very different from the orange "Fanta" that we drink now, but the brand remained the same.
There are many myths about the secret technology of the Nazis. What was not attributed to them - right up to the realized space flights in the mid-forties. In reality, most of these legends are irrelevant to reality.
Assumptions are also being made about how the course of the war could have turned around if the Nazis had received a nuclear bomb - but, fortunately, this did not happen, otherwise the whole world could have perished. The editors of the site invites you to read about inventions that ruined their creators.
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The twin phenomenon has long been viewed as vital to the study of genetics and behavior, as well as a wide range of other areas such as hereditary diseases, obesity genetics, the genetic basis of common diseases, and many others.
But against the backdrop of all the most routine modern research on twins, there will always be the shadow of a cruel Nazi doctor. Josefa Mengele, who conducted the most perverse and savage experiments on the twins for the glory of the science of the Third Reich.
Mengele worked in a Polish concentration camp Auschwitz (Auschwitz), built in 1940, and in which experiments were also carried out on homosexuals, disabled people, mentally disabled people, gypsies and prisoners of war. During his time at Auschwitz, Mengele experimented on more than 1,500 pairs of twins, of which only about 300 survived.
Mengele was obsessed with twins, he considered them the key to saving the Aryan race and dreamed that blue-eyed blonde women would give birth to several of the same blue-eyed and blonde babies at a time. Every time a new batch of prisoners arrived at the concentration camp, Mengele, with burning eyes, carefully looked for twins among them and, finding them, sent them to a special barrack, where the twins were classified according to their age and gender.
Many of these twins, who went through all the circles of hell in this barrack, were no more than 5-6 years old. At first it seemed that there might be salvation for them, since they were well fed here, compared to other barracks, and they did not kill (immediately).
In addition, Mengele often appeared here to examine certain twins and brought sweets with him, which he treated the children to. For children exhausted by the road, hunger and deprivation, he seemed a kind and caring uncle who joked with them and even played.
A pair of twin girls from Auschwitz
Twin children also did not shave their heads and were often allowed to keep their own clothes. They were also not sent to forced labor, were not beaten, and were even allowed to go outside to take a walk. At first, they were also not particularly tormented, mainly limited to blood tests.
However, all this was just a facade to keep the children in a calm and maximally natural state for the sake of the purity of experiments. In the future, real horrors awaited children.
The experiments involved injecting various chemicals into the eyes of the twins to see if it was possible to change the color of the eyes. These experiments often resulted in severe pain, eye contamination, and temporary or permanent blindness.
Attempts have also been made to "stitch" twins together in order to artificially create Siamese twins.
Mengele also used the method of infecting one of the twins with infections, followed by dissection of both experimental subjects, in order to study and compare the affected organs. There is evidence that Mengele injected children with certain substances, the nature of which was never determined, which had many side effects, from loss of consciousness to severe pain or instant death. Only one of the twins received these substances.
Sometimes the twins were kept separate from each other and one of them was subjected to physical or mental torture, while the condition of the second twin was carefully observed during these moments and the slightest manifestations of anxiety were recorded. This was done to study the mysterious psychic connection between twins, about which there have always been many tales.
The twins received a full blood transfusion from one to the other, performed surgical operations without anesthesia for castration or sterilization (one twin was operated on, and the other was left as a control sample).
If, in fatal experiments on two twins, one somehow survived, he was still killed, since he was no longer valuable alive.
A lot of information about Mengele's cruel experiments is known only from those about 300 surviving twins. For example, in an interview with reporters, Vera Krigel, who was kept in a barrack with her twin sister, said that one day she was brought to an office where banks with the eyes of children were standing on the entire wall.
"I looked at this wall of human eyes. They were of different colors - blue, green, brown. These eyes looked at me like a collection of butterflies, and I fell to the floor in shock."
Kriegel and her sister were subjected to the following experiments - the sisters were kept in two wooden boxes and were given painful injections into their eyes to change their color. Kriegel also said that in parallel with them, an experiment was done on another pair of twins and they were infected with the terrible disease Nome (water cancer), from which their face and genitals were covered with painful abscesses.
Eva Moses Cor
Another surviving girl Eva Moses Cor was kept in Auschwitz with her twin sister Miriam from the age of 10 from 1944 to 1945, until they were liberated by Soviet soldiers. All the native girls (parents, aunts, uncles, cousins) were killed immediately when they were brought to a concentration camp, and the girls were separated from them.
"When the doors of our cow wagon opened, I heard the SS soldiers screaming" Schnell! Schnell! "And they began to throw us out. My mother grabbed Miriam and me by the hand, she always tried to protect us, because we were the smallest in the family. People came out very quickly and so I noticed that my father and my two older sisters gone.
Then it was our turn and the soldier yelled "Twins! Twins!" He stopped to look at us. Miriam and I were very similar to each other, it was immediately noticeable. “Are they twins?” The soldier asked my mother. “Is that good?” Mom asked. The soldier nodded his head affirmatively. "They are twins," my mother said then.
After that, the SS guard took Miriam and me away from our mother without any warning or explanation. We shouted very loudly as they carried us away. I remember looking back and seeing my mother's arms stretched out in our direction in despair. "
Eva Moses Kor told a lot about the experiments in the barracks. She talked about gypsy twins who were sewn together back to back and their organs and blood vessels connected to each other. After which they screamed in agony without stopping until their screams were silenced due to gangrene and death after three days.
Cor also recalls a strange experiment that lasted 6 days, during which the sisters simply had to sit without clothes for 8 hours. Then they were examined and something was written down. But they had to go through even more terrible experiments, during which they were given incomprehensible painful injections. At the same time, the despair and fear of the girls seemed to arouse great pleasure in Mengele.
“Once we were taken to a laboratory that I call a blood laboratory. They took a lot of blood from my left arm and gave me several injections into my right arm. Some of them were very dangerous, although we did not know all the names and do not know even today.
After one of these injections, I felt very bad and my temperature rose a lot. My arms and legs were severely swollen, and red spots appeared all over my body. Maybe it was typhus, I don't know. Nobody ever told us what they were doing to us.
In total, I then received five injections. Due to the high temperature, I was trembling violently. In the morning, Mengele and Dr. Konig came along with three other doctors. They looked at my fever and Mengele said, chuckling, "It's a shame she's so young. She only has two weeks to live." "
Incredibly, Eve and Miriam managed to live to see the day when the Soviet Army freed the prisoners of Auschwitz. Kor says she was still too young at the time to fully understand what was being done to them. But years later, Cor founded the CANDLES (Children of Auschwitz Nazi Deadly Lab Experiments Survivors) program and with her help began to search for other surviving twins from the Auschwitz barrack.
Eva Morses Cor was able to find 122 couples who lived in ten countries and on four continents, and then, through a lot of negotiations and great efforts, all these surviving twins managed to meet in Jerusalem in February 1985.
“We spoke to many of them and I found out that there were many other experiments. For example, twins who were over 16 years old were used in cross-gender blood transfusion. This is when a man's blood is transfused to a woman and vice versa. of course whether this blood was compatible and most of these twins died.
There are twins with the same experience in Australia, Stephanie and Annette Heller, and there is Judith Malik from Israel, who had a brother, Sullivan. Judith revealed that she was used in this experiment with her brother. She remembered that she was lying on the table during the experiment, and her brother was lying next to her and his body was rapidly cooling down. He died. She survived, but then she had a lot of health problems. "
Eva Moses Cor and Miriam Moses
Because of the experiments in Mengele's barracks, Eva Moses' sister Cor Miriam had kidney problems for life. Mengele conducted kidney experiments with twins, including due to the fact that he himself suffered from kidney problems since the age of 16. He was deeply interested in understanding how the kidneys work and how to treat kidney problems.
Miriam had problems with the growth of her kidneys, and after the birth of the children, her kidney problem became even more complicated and none of the antibiotics helped her. Eva eventually donated one of her own kidneys to save her sister in 1987, but Miriam died of kidney complications in 1993, and doctors are still not sure which substances were injected into her to cause all of these complications. ...
Until now, it remains a mystery what kind of results Mengele wanted to achieve with the twins and whether he succeeded in at least something of his plans. Most of the drugs and substances he administered to the twins remained unknown.
When Soviet soldiers liberated the death camp, Mengele escaped and took refuge, but he was soon captured by American soldiers. Unfortunately, there he was not identified as a Nazi and managed to escape again.
He left Europe and hid in Argentina in 1949, where he went to great lengths to ensure that no one could find him for decades before finally drowning in a resort in Brazil in 1979. Very little is known about what it was Mengele who was engaged during these decades in exile and because of this there are many speculations and rumors of varying degrees of truthfulness.
Mengele (third from right) in the 1970s somewhere in South America
One conspiracy theory says that Mengele never stopped being possessed by the twins even after fleeing to South America. Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa wrote about this in his book "Mengele: The Angel of Death in South America".
After spending years researching Mengele's activities in the region, the historian found that residents of the city of Candido Godoy, Brazil, claimed that Mengele visited their city repeatedly during the 1960s as a veterinarian and then offered various medical services to local women.
Soon after these visits, there was a real spike in the birth of twins in the city, and many of them had blond hair and blue eyes. It is likely that in this city, which became Mengele's new laboratory, he finally managed to fulfill his dreams of the mass birth of blue-eyed Aryan twins.
Gemini Candida-Godoy
Doctors have always had a special attitude, they were considered the saviors of mankind. Even in ancient times, healers and healers were revered, believing that they have a special healing power. This is why modern mankind is shocked by the egregious medical experiments of the Nazis.
Wartime priorities were not only salvation, but also the preservation of the working capacity of people in extreme conditions, the possibility of blood transfusion with different Rh factors, new drugs were tested. Great importance was given to experiments to combat hypothermia. The German army, which took part in the war on the eastern front, was completely unprepared for the climatic conditions of the northern part of the USSR. A huge number of soldiers and officers received severe frostbite or even died from the winter cold.
Doctors dealt with this problem in the concentration camps of Dachau and Auschwitz under the leadership of Dr. Sigmund Ruscher. Reichminister Heinrich Himmler personally showed great interest in these experiments (the Nazis' experiments on people were very similar to atrocities). At a medical conference held in 1942 on the study of medical problems associated with work in the northern seas and highlands, Dr. Rusher announced the results of his experiments conducted on prisoners of concentration camps. His experiments concerned two sides - how long a person can stay at low temperatures without dying, and in what ways he can then be reanimated. To answer these questions, thousands of prisoners immersed themselves in icy water in winter or lay naked, tied to stretchers in the cold.
Sigmund Ruscher during another experiment
To find out at what body temperature a person dies, young Slavic or Jewish men were immersed naked in a tank of ice water close to "0" degrees. To measure the body temperature of a prisoner, a probe was inserted into the rectum using a probe having an expandable metal ring at the end, which was brought to open inside the rectum to hold the probe firmly in place.
It took a huge number of victims to find out that finally death occurs when the body temperature drops to 25 degrees. They simulated getting German pilots into the waters of the Arctic Ocean. With the help of inhuman experiments, it was found that hypothermia of the occipital lower part of the head contributes to a faster death. This knowledge led to the creation of lifejackets with a special headrest, which does not allow the head to be submerged in the water.
Sigmund Ruscher during hypothermia experiments
To quickly warm up the victim, inhuman torture was also used. For example, they tried to warm the frozen ones with the help of ultraviolet lamps, trying to determine the exposure time at which the skin begins to burn. The method of "internal irrigation" was also used. At the same time, water heated to "bubbles" was injected into the stomach, rectum and bladder with the help of probes and a catheter. All victims died from such treatment, without exception. The most effective method turned out to be the method of placing a frozen body in water and gradually heating this water. But a huge number of prisoners died before it was concluded that heating should be slow enough. At the suggestion of Himmler personally, attempts were made to warm the frozen man with the help of women who warmed the man and copulated with him. This kind of treatment has had some success, but certainly not at critical cooling temperatures….
Dr. Ruscher also experimented with the goal of determining from what maximum height pilots could jump out of an airplane with a parachute and stay alive. He experimented with prisoners, simulating atmospheric pressure at an altitude of up to 20 thousand meters and the effect of free fall without an oxygen cylinder. Of the 200 experimental prisoners, 70 people died. It is terrible that these experiments were completely meaningless and did not give any practical benefit to the German aviation.
For the fascist regime, research in the field of genetics was very important. The goal of the fascist doctors was to find evidence of the superiority of the Aryan race over others. A true Aryan had to be athletic with the correct proportions of the body, be blond and have blue eyes. So that blacks, Hispanics, Jews, Gypsies, and at the same time, and just homosexuals, in no way could prevent the accession of the chosen race, they were simply destroyed ...
For those entering into marriage, the German leadership required the fulfillment of a whole list of conditions and full testing to ensure the racial purity of the children born in the marriage. The conditions were very harsh, and the violation was punishable by up to the death penalty. No exceptions were made for anyone.
So the legal spouse of the previously mentioned Dr. Z. Rusher was sterile, and the married couple adopted two children. Later, the Gestapo conducted an investigation and Z. Fischer's wife was executed for this crime. So the killer doctor was punished by those people to whom he was fanatically devoted.
In the book of the journalist O. Erradon “The Black Order. The pagan army of the Third Reich ”refers to the existence of several programs to preserve the purity of the race. In Nazi Germany, "death by mercy" was widely used everywhere on a massive scale - this is a type of euthanasia, the victims of which were disabled children and the mentally ill. All doctors and midwives were required to report newborns with Down syndrome, any physical deformities, cerebral palsy, etc. The parents of these newborns were pressured to send their children to death centers scattered across Germany.
To prove the racial superiority of Nazi medical scientists, innumerable experiments were carried out to measure the skulls of people belonging to different nationalities. The task of scientists was to determine the external signs that distinguish the race of masters, and, accordingly, the ability to detect and correct defects that still happen from time to time. In the cycle of these studies, the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele, who was engaged in experiments on twins at Auschwitz. He personally scanned the thousands of arriving prisoners, sorting them into "interesting" or "uninteresting" for his experiments. The "uninteresting" were sent to die in the gas chambers, while the "interesting" had to envy those who found their death so quickly.
Josef Mengele and fellow at the Institute of Anthropology, 1930s
The test subjects faced terrible torture. Dr. Mengele was especially interested in twin pairs. It is known that he carried out experiments on 1,500 pairs of twins, and only 200 pairs survived. Many were killed immediately in order to conduct a comparative anatomical analysis during autopsy. And in some cases, Mengele inoculated various diseases in one of the twins, so that later, having killed both, to see the difference between healthy and sick.
Much attention has been paid to the issue of sterilization. Candidates for this were all people with hereditary physical or mental illnesses, as well as various hereditary pathologies, these included not only blindness and deafness, but also alcoholism. In addition to the victims of sterilization within the country, the problem of the population of enslaved countries has arisen.
The Nazis were looking for ways of the cheapest and fastest sterilization of a large number of people, which would not lead to long-term disability of workers. Research in this area was led by Dr. Karl Klauberg.
Karl Klauberg
In the concentration camps Auschwitz, Ravensbrück and other thousands of prisoners were exposed to various medical chemicals, surgery, and X-ray. Almost all of them became disabled and lost the ability to reproduce. Injections of iodine and silver nitrate were used as a chemical treatment, which were indeed very effective, but caused many side effects, among others, cervical cancer, severe abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding.
More "profitable" was the method of radiation exposure of the experimental. It turned out that a small dose of X-rays can provoke infertility in the human body, men stop producing sperm, and women do not produce eggs. The result of this series of experiments was radioactive overdose and even radioactive burns of many prisoners.
From the winter of 1943 to the autumn of 1944, experiments were carried out in the Buchenwald concentration camp on the effects of various poisons on the human body. They were mixed into the food of the prisoners and the reaction was observed. Some victims were allowed to die, some were killed by guards at various stages of poisoning, which made it possible to conduct an autopsy and trace how the poison gradually spreads and affects the body. In the same camp, a search was conducted for a vaccine against the bacteria of typhus, yellow fever, diphtheria, smallpox, for which the prisoners were first vaccinated with experimental vaccines, and then infected with the disease.
The Nazis' medical experiments on people in concentration camps, even today, horrify the most stable minds. A whole series of scientific experiments were carried out by the Nazis on innocent prisoners during the Second World War. As a rule, most of the experiments resulted in the death of the prisoner.
In one of the most famous concentration camps, Auschwitz, located in Poland, under the supervision of Professor Eduard Wirts, disgusting experiments were carried out, the purpose of which was to improve the military weapons of soldiers, as well as their treatment. Such experiments were carried out not only for technological breakthroughs, the goal was also to confirm the racial theory in which Adolf Hitler believed. After the end of the Second World War, the Nuremberg Trial was held, in which twenty-three people were accused, who are inherently real serial maniacs, among whom there were twenty doctors, as well as one lawyer, and a couple of officials. Subsequently, seven doctors were sentenced to death, five people were sentenced to life imprisonment, seven people were acquitted, and four more people were sentenced to various prison terms that ranged from ten to twenty years in prison.
° Experiments on twins °
Nazi medical experiments on children who at that time were not lucky enough to be born twins and end up in concentration camps were carried out by Nazi scientists to detect differences and similarities in the structure of the twins' DNA. The name of the doctor involved in this kind of experiments was Josef Mengele. According to historians, during his work, Joseph killed more than four hundred thousand prisoners in gas chambers. The German scientist conducted his experiments on 1,500 pairs of twins, of which only two hundred pairs survived. Basically, all experiments on children were carried out in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.
The twins were divided into groups, according to age and status, and were housed in specialized barracks. The experiments were truly monstrous. Various chemicals were injected into the eyes of the twins. They also tried to artificially change their eye color. It is also known that the twins were stitched together, thereby trying to recreate the phenomenon of Siamese twins. Experiments to change the color of the eyes often resulted in the death of the subject, as well as infection of the retina of the eye, and complete loss of vision. Josef Mengele very often infected one of the twins, and after that he performed an autopsy on both children and compared the organs of the affected and normal organism.
° Experiments with hypothermia °
At the very beginning of the war, the German air force conducted a series of experiments on hypothermia of the human body. The method of cooling a person was the same, the subject was placed in a barrel of ice water for several hours. It is also known for sure that there was another mocking method of cooling the human body. The prisoner was simply driven out into the street in cold weather, naked, and kept there for three hours. The goal of the scientists was to find ways to save a person undergoing hypothermia.
The experiment was monitored by the high command of Nazi Germany. Most often, experiments were carried out on men to study the ways in which fascist troops could easily endure the severe frosts on the Eastern European front. It was the frosts, for which the German troops were not prepared, that caused the defeat of Germany on the Eastern Front.
Most of the research was carried out in the Dachau and Auschwitz concentration camps. The German physician and part-time employee of the Ahnenerbe, Sigmund Ruscher, reported only to the Reich Minister of the Interior Heinrich Himmler. In 1942, at a conference on the exploration of the oceans and the winter season, Rusher gave a speech from which it was possible to learn about the results of his medical experiments in concentration camps. The research was divided into several stages. In the first stage, German scientists studied how long a person can live at minimum temperature. The second stage was the resuscitation and rescue of the subject, who was severely frostbite.
Experiments were also conducted, during which they studied how you can instantly warm a person. The first method of rewarming was to lower the subject into a hot water tank. In the second case, the frozen one was settled on a naked woman, and then another one was settled on him. Women for the experiment were selected from among those held in a concentration camp. The best result was achieved in the first case.
Research results have shown that it is almost impossible to save a person exposed to frostbite in water if the back of the head was also exposed to frostbite. In this regard, special life jackets were developed that did not allow the back of the head to sink into the water. This made it possible to protect the head of a person wearing a vest from frostbite of brain stem cells. These days, almost all lifejackets have this headrest.
° Experiments with malaria °
These Nazi medical experiments were carried out from early 1942 to mid-1945, on the territory of Nazi Germany in the Dachau concentration camp. Research was carried out, during which German doctors and pharmacists worked on the invention of a vaccine against an infectious disease - malaria. For the experiment, physically healthy experimental subjects aged from 25 to 40 years were specially selected, and they were infected with the help of mosquitoes that carried the infection. After the prisoners were infected, they were prescribed a course of treatment with various drugs and injections, which in turn were also at the testing stage. Over one thousand people were attracted to compulsory participation in the experiments. More than five hundred people have died in the course of the experiments. The research was carried out by a German physician, SS Sturmbannfuehrer Kurt Plötner.
° Experiments with Mustard Gas °
From the fall of 1939 to the spring of 1945, near the city of Oranienburg in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, as well as in other camps in Germany, experiments were carried out with mustard gas. The aim of the research was to identify the most effective methods of treating injuries after skin exposure to this type of gas. The inmates were doused with mustard gas, which, getting on the surface of the skin, caused severe chemical burns. After that, doctors studied the wounds to identify the most effective medicine for this type of burns.
° Experiments with sulfonamide °
From the summer of 1942 to the fall of 1943, studies were conducted on the use of antibacterial drugs. One of these drugs is sulfonamide. People were deliberately shot in the leg and infected with anaerobic gangrene, tetanus, and streptococcus bacteria. Blood circulation was stopped by applying tourniquets on both sides of the wound. Crushed glass and wood chips were also poured into the wound. The resulting bacterial inflammation was treated with sulfonamide, as well as other drugs, to find out how effective they are. The Nazi medical experiments were led by Karl Franz Gebhardt, who was on friendly terms with the SS Reichsfuehrer Heinrich Himmler himself.
° Experiments with seawater °
Scientific experiments were carried out in the Dachau concentration camp, from approximately summer to autumn 1944. The purpose of the experiments was to identify how fresh water can be obtained from seawater, that is, one that would be suitable for human consumption. A group of prisoners was formed, in which there were about 90 Roma. During the experiment, they did not receive food, and drank only sea water. As a result, their bodies were so dehydrated that people licked moisture from a freshly washed floor in the hope of getting at least a drop of water. Responsible for the research was Wilhelm Beiglboeck, who received fifteen years in prison at the Nuremberg trials of doctors.
° Sterilization experiments °
The experiments were carried out from the spring of 1941 to the winter of 1945 in Ravensbrück, Auschwitz and other concentration camps. The research was supervised by the German physician Karl Klauberg. The aim of the research was to sterilize a large number of people, with a minimum investment of time, money and effort. During the medical experiments, the Nazis used: X-ray, various medications, as well as surgical operations. As a result, after the experiments, thousands of people lost the ability to reproduce. It is also known that fascist doctors, by order of the highest circles of Nazi Germany, sterilized more than four hundred thousand people.
In the course of the experiments, iodine and silver nitrate were often used, which were injected into the human body with the help of syringes. As German doctors have found out, these injections are very effective. However, they caused many side effects such as cervical cancer, severe abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding. Because of this, it was decided to give the prisoners radiation exposure.
As it turned out, a small dose of X-rays can provoke infertility in the human body. After irradiation of the man, sperm ceases to be produced, in turn, the woman does not produce eggs. In most cases, the exposure was by deception. Subjects were invited to a small room in which they were asked to fill out a questionnaire. It took a few minutes to fill out the questionnaire. During filling, the human body was exposed to X-rays. Thus, after visiting such rooms, people themselves, without knowing it, became completely sterile. There are cases when a person received severe radiation burns during irradiation.
° Experiments with Poisons °
The Nazis' medical experiments with poisons were carried out from the winter of 1943 to the fall of 1944 in the Bachenwald concentration camp, in which approximately 250 thousand people were imprisoned. Various poisons were secretly mixed into the food of the prisoners, and their reactions were monitored. The prisoners died after poisoning, and were also killed by the guards of the concentration camp to perform an autopsy, through which the poison did not have time to spread. It is known that in the fall of 1944, prisoners were shot with bullets containing poison, and then gunshot wounds were examined.
° Experiments on the effects of pressure drops °
In the winter of 1942, experiments were carried out on prisoners at Dachau, for which SS Hauptsturmführer Sigmund Ruscher was responsible. After the war, he was executed for his inhuman crimes. The purpose of the experiments was to study the health problems of Luftwaffe pilots who flew at very high altitudes. The subject was simulated at high altitudes using a pressure chamber. Historians believe that after the experiments, Zygmunt also practiced vivisection on the brain - this is a type of operation during which a person is awake. In the process of experiments, out of two hundred prisoners, eighty people died, the remaining one hundred and twenty were executed.
Angels of death. 23 doctors from the Nuremberg medical process.
January 30, 1933, Berlin. Clinic of Professor Blots. An ordinary medical institution, which is sometimes called the devil's clinic by competing doctors. Medical colleagues do not like Alfred Blots, but they still listen to his opinion. It is known in the scientific community - he was the first to study the effect of poisonous gases on the human genetic system. But Blots did not release the results of his research. On January 30, Alfred Blots sent a congratulatory telegram to the new Chancellor of Germany, in which he proposed a program of new research in the field of genetics. He received the answer: “Your research is of interest to Germany. They must be continued. Adolf Gitler".
What is eugenics?
In the 1920s, Alfred Blots travels the country giving lectures on what "eugenics" is. He considers himself the founder of a new science, his main idea is "the racial purity of the nation." Some call it a fight for a healthy lifestyle. Blots argues that the future of a person can be modeled at the genetic level, in the womb, and this will happen at the end of the 20th century. They listened to him and were surprised, but no one called him "doctor devil." Yudin Boris Grigorievich, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences claims that "eugenics is called a science (although it can hardly be called a science"), which deals with the genetic improvement of a person. "
In 1933, Hitler put his trust in German geneticists. They promised the Fuehrer that within 20-40 years they would raise a new person, aggressive and obedient to the authorities. The conversation was about cyborgs, biological soldiers of the Third Reich. Hitler was fired up by this idea.
During one of Blots's lectures in Munich, a scandal erupted. When asked what the doctor proposes to do with the sick, Blots replied "to sterilize or kill", and what exactly is the purpose of eugenics. After that, the lecturer was booed, and the term "eugenics" appeared on the pages of newspapers.
In the mid-30s, a new symbol of Germany appeared, the glass woman. This symbol was even shown at the World Exhibition in Paris. Eugenics was not invented by Hitler, but by doctors. They wanted well for the German people, and it all ended in concentration camps and experiments on people. It all started with a glass woman.
Boris Yudin claims that doctors "incited" German leaders to Nazism. At a time when the term did not yet exist, they began to engage in eugenics, which in Germany was called racial hygiene. Then, when Hitler and his entourage came to power, it became clear that it would be possible to sell the idea of racial hygiene. From the book of Professor Burle, Science and the Swastika: “After Hitler came to power, the Fuhrer actively supported the development of German medicine and biology. Research funding has grown tenfold, and doctors have been declared an elite. In the Nazi state, this profession was considered the most important, since its representatives were to be responsible for the purity of the German race. "
"Human Hygiene"
Dresden, Museum of Human Hygiene This scientific institution was under the personal patronage of Hitler and Himmler. The main task of the museum is the mass promotion of healthy lifestyles. It was in the Museum of Human Hygiene that the terrible plan of sterilization of the population was developed, which Hitler supported. Hitler insisted that only healthy Germans had children, so the German people would ensure the "millennial existence of the Third Reich." Those who suffer from mental illness and physical disabilities should not make their offspring suffer. This speech was related not so much to individuals as to entire nations.
In Hitler's hands, eugenics became the science of racial killing. And the first victims of eugenics were the Jews, because in Germany they were declared an "unclean race." According to Hitler, the ideal German race should not have “polluted” the blood by mingling with Jews. This idea was supported by the doctors of the Third Reich.
Eugenic professors developed the laws of racial purity. According to the laws, Jews were not allowed to work in schools, government offices, and teach at universities. And first of all, according to the doctors, it was necessary to clear the scientific and medical ranks of Jews. Science was becoming an elite closed society.
In the mid-1920s, Germany had the most advanced science. All scientists and doctors who worked in the field of genetics, biology, obstetrics and gynecology considered it prestigious to undergo an internship in Germany. Then a third of the doctors were Jewish, but after a great purge in 1933-1935, German medicine became completely Aryan. Himmler actively attracted doctors to the SS, and many joined because they were supporters of the Nazi idea.
According to Blots, the world was originally divided into "healthy" and "unhealthy" peoples. This is confirmed by data from genetic and medical research. The mission of eugenics is to save humanity from disease and self-destruction. According to German scientists, Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Chinese, Negroes are nations with an inadequate psyche, weak immunity, and an increased ability to transmit diseases. The salvation of a nation lies in the sterilization of some peoples and the controlled birth rate of others.
In the mid-30s, a secret facility was located on a small estate near Berlin. This is the medical school of the Fuhrer, its activities are patronized by Rudolf Hes, Hitler's deputy. Every year, medical workers, obstetricians and doctors gathered here. You couldn't come to school of your own free will. The students were selected by the Nazis, the party. SS doctors selected cadres who took advanced training courses in medical school. This school trained doctors to work in concentration camps, but at first these personnel were used for a sterilization program in the second half of the 1930s.
In 1937, Karl Brunt became the official boss of German medicine. This person is responsible for the health of the Germans. According to the sterilization program, Karl Brant and his subordinates could use euthanasia to get rid of mentally ill people, disabled people and children with disabilities. Thus, the Third Reich got rid of "extra mouths", because military policy does not imply the presence of social support. Brant fulfilled his task - before the war the German nation was cleansed of psychopaths, invalids and freaks. Then more than 100 thousand adults were killed, and gas chambers were used for the first time.
Division T-4
September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Fuhrer clearly expressed his attitude to the Poles: “The Poles must be slaves of the Third Reich, because at the moment the Russians are out of our reach. But not a single person capable of running this country should stay alive. " From 1939, Nazi doctors would begin to work with the so-called “Slavic material”. The death factories began their work, only in Auschwitz there were one and a half million people. According to the plan, 75-90% of applicants were to immediately fall into the gas chambers, and the remaining 10% of people were to become material for monstrous medical experiments. The blood of children was used to treat German soldiers in military hospitals. According to the historian Zalessky, the blood sampling rate was extremely high, sometimes even all the blood was taken. Medical personnel from the T-4 unit developed new methods of selecting people for destruction.
The experiments at Auschwitz were led by Joseph Mengel. The prisoners called him "the angel of death." Tens of thousands of people became victims of his experiments. He had a laboratory and dozens of professors and doctors who selected children and twins. The twins received blood transfusions and organ transplants from each other. The sisters were forced to bear children from brothers. Forced sex reassignment operations were carried out. There have been attempts to change the color of a child's eyes by injecting various chemicals into the eyes, amputating organs, and trying to stitch the children together. Of the 3 thousand twins who got to Mengele, only three hundred survived. His name has become a household name for a murderer doctor. He anatomized living babies, tested women with high voltage shocks to determine the limit of endurance. But that was just the tip of the killer doctor iceberg. Other groups of doctors performed experiments with low temperatures: how low a degree a person can withstand. What is the most effective way to supercool a person, and in what way you can reanimate him. Experienced the effect of phosgene and mustard gas on the human body. They found out how long a person can drink sea water, performed bone transplantation. They were looking for a means that made it possible to speed up or slow down a person's growth. Were treated gay men,
With the outbreak of hostilities on the military front, hospitals were overflowing with wounded German soldiers, and their treatment requires new methods. Therefore, they began a new series of experiments on prisoners, causing them wounds similar to those of German soldiers. Then they were treated in different ways, finding out which methods are effective. Shrapnel fragments were injected to find out the stages at which operations were needed. Everything was carried out without anesthesia, and tissue contamination resulted in the amputation of the prisoner's limbs.
To find out what danger threatens the pilot when the cockpit is depressurized at high altitude, the Nazis put the prisoners in a chamber with low pressure and recorded the body's reaction. Experiments were carried out on the use of euthanasia, sterilization, and the development of infectious diseases such as hepatitis, typhus and malaria was checked. Infected - cured - reinfected until the person died. They experimented with poisons, adding their food to prisoners or shooting them with poisonous bullets.
These experiments were carried out not by sadists, but by professional doctors from the special unit of the SS T-4. By 1944, the monstrous experiments had become known in America. This caused unconditional condemnation, but the results of the experiments were of interest to the special services, military departments, and some scientists. That is why the Nuremberg trial of the killer doctors ended only in 1948, and the case materials by that time had disappeared without a trace, or ended up in US scientific centers, including materials on the "Practical Medicine of the Third Reich."
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