Americans didn't land on the moon. Americans have never flown to the moon

At the end of last week, American scientists released data according to which the majority of participants in manned flights to the Moon died from severe cardiovascular diseases, while for other astronauts this cause of death is much less common. According to researchers, this is a consequence of the radiation dose received in space. The news caused a mixed reaction, and the debate about the reliability of NASA's lunar program flared up again. At the request of the Life editors, Vitaly Egorov, popularizer of astronautics and press secretary of the Dauria Aerospace company, spoke about the main misconceptions and stereotypes that constantly accompany many discussions about people on the Moon.

1. The lunar landing was filmed on a sound stage

NASA, of course, had pavilions with a mock-up of the lunar module and an imitation of the lunar surface. There was a test site where lunar craters were simulated. But all this was created and used to train astronauts, so that unusual conditions would be more familiar to them and allow them to work more efficiently. This is a normal stage of preparation for any mission. In the same way, Soviet lunar rover drivers trained at the training ground in Crimea and on the volcanoes of Kamchatka. And not in order to fake pictures from the Moon, but to be prepared for what awaits them there. Those images that are officially listed as lunar are actually taken on the Moon and can be analyzed for consistency with satellite images of the lunar surface.

The myth “they filmed in a pavilion” is adhered to by many Russian cosmonauts and space specialists who have no doubt about the authenticity of the American flights to the Moon. Our cosmonauts say: “They flew, but some details of the landing could have been filmed on Earth and shown just for clarity - what it was like there.” In my opinion, this position is partly forced, as our specialists protect themselves from the need to explain all sorts of controversial aspects of photo and video shooting with a waving flag or the absence of stars in the sky and the like.

2. The flag is waving, but the stars are not visible

A frequently encountered argument in discussions, which, in the opinion of its arguers, should prove a conspiracy. But, firstly, actually flying to the Moon and filming the Moon landing are two different things, and one does not exclude the second. Secondly, you need to know the conditions on the surface a little better and watch videos and photos more carefully. As for the flag, everything is simple, the astronaut just waves it with his hand. If you watch not five seconds of filming of the flag installation, but take a longer recording - they are all now published on the YouTube video service - then you can see a direct connection between the “draft” and the astronaut who approaches the flag. He grabbed the flag - the wind rose, let go of the flag - the wind died down. And so on several times.

As for the stars that are not in the photo from the Moon, this can also be explained simply: they landed during the day. Although the sky on the Moon is black, the cameras were set to shoot in daytime conditions, because the brightness of the Sun on the Moon is even higher than on Earth. If you look at the footage taken on the International Space Station, you will also not see stars in the black sky if the filming was carried out on the sunny side of the Earth.

3. Films with video recording of the first landing disappeared

This myth has some basis, although it does not fully correspond to reality. All photographs and videos taken by cameras on the lunar surface by the Apollo 11 expedition have been preserved and have now been published. The footage of the live television broadcast, which was conducted from the Moon to the NASA receiving station and distributed to various television studios, was re-recorded. Since everyone already saw the television broadcast, and the recordings of these frames were stored in television studios, NASA did not particularly value the magnetic reels with the broadcast in its archives and lightly re-recorded them when such a need arose in the 80s.

They only realized it in the 2000s: as it turned out, the recordings at television studios remained with a great loss of quality, while NASA stations received a higher-quality signal. The broadcast sources were never found, so they tried to improve the quality with the help of specialists from Hollywood. Therefore, Hollywood now officially took part in the preparation of recordings of the lunar landing, and this is openly written on the NASA website. However, this does not cast doubt on the fact of the first landing and the five subsequent ones, the records of which were no longer lost.

4. After the completion of the lunar program, the Saturn 5 rocket disappeared without a trace.

A myth based on the fact that it is now impossible to resume production of this rocket, since all the performers and contractors of this system have long disappeared or changed their direction of activity. In addition, the difference in the capabilities of the rocket of the 60s, which launched 140 tons into low Earth orbit, and modern rockets, whose record is only 28 tons, is very surprising.

The Saturn 5 itself has not disappeared; NASA has two samples of the rocket, which are located in the museums of the Space Center. Johnson (Houston) and Kennedy Space Center (Cape Canaveral). Plus, there are several dozen F1 engines, which provided the outstanding capabilities of the rocket. Now NASA has a small group that is engaged in reverse engineering: based on surviving samples, it develops a new version of the engine using modern technologies. But this work is not a high priority because NASA has engines that are superior to the F1 in a number of ways.

In a similar way, the Soviet N1 and Energia missiles “disappeared.” Now, if there is a conversation in Russia about creating a super-heavy rocket, they talk about work practically from scratch, and not a return to the Soviet legacy.

The most important contribution of the lunar program remained in the form of the enormous experience of US space technology developers, who were able to translate it into the Space Shuttle program. If NASA's entire lunar program took place in Hollywood, then America simply would not be physically able to implement the space shuttle program. Let me remind you that if you count the shuttle itself, the Space Shuttle system launched up to 90 tons into low Earth orbit.

5. Now America doesn’t have its own rocket engines, which means it didn’t have them before

The successful sale of Russian RD-180 and RD-181 engines in the United States created a misconception among some Russians that America had forgotten how, or even did not know how, to make rocket engines.

Here, too, it is easy to dispel doubts with two simple facts: the most powerful Delta IV Heavy rocket to date is American, and it is equipped with American RS-68 engines.

These engines are oxygen-hydrogen and are inherited from the Space Shuttle program. Their problem is their high cost, so it is more profitable for the United States to buy Russian ones.

The most powerful rocket engines of our time - more powerful than the F1 and RD-171 - are solid propellant SRBs, which also remained from the shuttle. The SRB is now being installed on the new super-heavy rocket SLS, which should launch 70 tons into low Earth orbit. SRBs were the reason why NASA did not resurrect the F1.

For more applied tasks such as launching satellites or supplying the ISS, the United States uses both Russian engines and the American Merlin from SpaceX.

6. Taking off from the Moon requires a rocket and a spaceport, but they weren’t there.

Actually they were. The lunar landing module was not only a means of soft landing, but also a take-off device. The upper part of the module was not only a cabin for astronauts, but also a launch rocket, and the lower part of the landing module acted as a cosmodrome.

To launch from the surface of the Moon and enter lunar orbit, much less energy is required than to launch from Earth, since there is less gravity, no atmospheric resistance, and a small payload mass, which is why large rockets can be dispensed with.

7. All lunar soil has disappeared or is being carefully hidden by NASA

During six lunar landings, astronauts were able to collect and deliver 382 kilograms of lunar samples. Most are now stored at the Lunar Sample Laboratory in Houston. About 300 kilograms are now truly inaccessible for research: they are stored in a nitrogen atmosphere so that terrestrial conditions, primarily atmospheric oxygen, do not lead to changes and destruction of the samples. At the same time, about 80 kilograms of samples are available for study by scientists around the world, including Russian ones, and if desired, one can find scientific publications that compare lunar meteorites, samples from Soviet stations and samples delivered by Apollo astronauts.

In Russia, anyone can see a few grains of lunar soil at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow. There is both Soviet and American lunar soil.

Some soil samples delivered by the Apollo program were indeed stolen or disappeared into museums and institutions, but this is a small percentage of the total amount of moon rocks and dust delivered.

For those interested in the topic, I can recommend a photo report by the young Russian cosmonaut Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, who visited the Lunar Sample Laboratory excursions and posted photographs on his blog.

8. Cosmic radiation should kill everyone

Today the press often discusses cosmic radiation along the way. In the context of these conversations, the question is raised about how people flew to the Moon if radiation is so dangerous.

To understand the difference in flight conditions, it is worth remembering that a flight to Mars takes a year and a half, and a flight to the Moon under the Apollo program takes less than two weeks. If you carefully study the results of studies of the influence of cosmic radiation during a flight to Mars, you can find out that during 500 days of flight an astronaut will receive a dose approximately one and a half times higher than the permissible dose.exposure level. If for astronauts this level corresponds to a 3 percent increase in the threat of cancer, then a flight to Mars already provides 5 percent of this threat. By comparison, smokers increase their risk of cancer by 20 percent.

The design of the spacecraft should also be taken into account. The lunar module did not have additional radiation protection, but its skin included an aluminum body, a hermetic shell, and multilayer thermal protection, which created an additional shield from cosmic particles. However, only 40 percent of the lunar module area directly protected pilots from space conditions. In other areas of the surface they were additionally covered by a multi-meter service compartment with equipment and rocket fuel and a landing module.

We should not forget about the Soviet and then Russian experiments on studying cosmic radiation. Now the Phantom and Matryoshka experiments are being implemented on the ISS, and the Phantom flew to the Moon in Zond-7, which made it possible to assess the degree of damage to humans by streams of cosmic particles. In general, the conclusions are encouraging: if there are no solar flares, then you can fly. If it were not possible, then Roscosmos probably would not have been working on the lunar program for the end of the 2020s and would not have made plans to build a lunar base.

Political leaders of the USSR immediately congratulated the United States on its successful lunar program, and Russian cosmonauts and scientists still express confidence in the reality of landing people on the Moon. Conspiracy believers have to explain this somehow in order to remain committed to their idea. And so the idea was born that the USSR was also in the conspiracy. As arguments in favor of a conspiracy, facts from the history of our countries that relate to the period of détente of international tension are usually cited: arms limitation, trade cooperation, the Soyuz-Apollo program.

Despite the fact that the Soviet Union has no longer existed for a quarter of a century, there is, of course, no documentary evidence of any of its participation in the Moon conspiracy. Moreover, not a single piece of evidence has appeared from contemporaries that could confirm the fact of such a conspiracy. Although now, it would seem, nothing stands in the way of bringing the Americans to clean water.

10. No one saw traces of astronauts on the Moon, and the “landing site” is forbidden to be examined and studied

The most powerful modern telescopes on Earth are unable to see traces of the lunar landing. They can see surface features measuring 80-100 meters, which is much larger than the size of the lunar module. The only way to see the lunar modules and astronaut tracks is to send a satellite to the Moon or a lunar rover to the surface.

Over the past 15 years, satellites from Europe, India, Japan, China, and the USA have been sent to the Moon. But only the NASA LRO satellite was able to see it more or less qualitatively. The detail of his images is up to 30 centimeters, it allows you to see the lunar modules, scientific equipment on the surface, paths trodden by astronauts, and traces of lunar rovers.

Satellites of India and Japan tried to examine traces of American landings, but the detail of their cameras at 5-10 meters did not allow them to see anything. The only thing that was possible was to identify the so-called halo - a spot of light soil that arose from the impact of the rocket engines of the landing stages. Japanese scientists, using stereo photography, were able to recreate the landscapes of the landing sites, and they showed full compliance with what is visible in the astronauts’ photographs: large craters, mountains, plains, faults. In the 60s there was no such technology, so it would not have been possible to simulate the landscape in the pavilion.

In 2007, the Google Lunar X PRIZE competition was announced for the development of a private lunar rover, which must reach the Moon and cover a certain distance. The winner should be paid up to $30 million. The competition offers an additional $2 million Legacy Award to the team whose rover can photograph one of the Apollo lunar modules or Lunokhods. Fearing that hordes of private robots will rush to historic landing sites, NASA has issued recommendations not to get too close to the landing sites, so as not to trample the astronauts' footprints and damage historical monuments. Currently, only one of the competition teams has announced that they are going to take a look at the Apollo 17 landing site.

In 2015, a group of space engineers appeared in Russia who undertook to develop a microsatellite capable of reaching the Moon and photographing the Apollo landing sites, Soviet Lunas and Lunokhods with a quality exceeding NASA LRO. Funding for the first part of the work was sought through crowdfunding. There are no funds yet to continue the work, but the developers do not intend to stop and hope for the support of large private investors or the state.

How did the Americans take off from the moon? This is one of the main questions asked by supporters of the so-called Moon Conspiracy, that is, those who believe that American astronauts did not actually go to the Moon, and that the Apollo space program was a massive hoax, invented in order to splurge. to the whole world. Despite the fact that today most scientists and researchers are inclined to believe that the Americans really landed on the Moon, skeptics remain.

Problems with takeoff

Many people sincerely do not understand how the Americans took off from the moon. Additional doubts arise if we remember how launches from Earth are arranged. To do this, they equip a special cosmodrome, build launch facilities, require a huge rocket with several stages, as well as entire oxygen plants, refueling pipelines, installation buildings and several thousand service personnel. After all, these are operators at the consoles, and specialists and many other people, without whom you cannot do to go into space.

All this, of course, did not and could not have happened on the Moon. Then how did the Americans take off from the moon in 1969? This question remains one of the key ones for those who are sure that the American astronauts, who became famous throughout the world, did not leave the Earth’s orbit at all.

But all conspiracy theorists will have to be upset and disappointed. This is not only possible and understandable, but most likely it actually happened.

Force of gravity

It was the force of gravity that ensured the success of the entire expedition for the Americans. The fact is that on the Moon it is several times smaller than on Earth, so there should be no questions about how the Americans took off from the Moon. It wasn't that difficult to do.

The main thing is that the Moon itself is several times lighter than the Earth. For example, only its radius is 3.7 times less than that of Earth. This means that it is much easier to take off from this satellite. The force of gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 6 times weaker than Earth's gravity.

As a result, it turns out that the first escape velocity that an artificial satellite must have in order to avoid falling on it while rotating around a celestial body is significantly less. For the Earth it is 8 kilometers per second, and for the Moon 1.7 kilometers per second. This is almost 5 times less. This factor became decisive. Thanks to such circumstances, the Americans took off from the surface of the Moon.

It should be borne in mind that a speed that is 5 times less does not mean that the launch rocket should be five times lighter. In reality, to fly off the Moon, a rocket could weigh hundreds of times less.

Missile mass

If you thoroughly understand how the Americans took off from the Moon in 1969, then there should be no doubt about their achievement. Let's talk in detail about the initial mass of the rockets, which depends on the required speed. According to the well-known exponential law, the mass grows disproportionately quickly with the required speed. This conclusion can be made based on the key formula for rocket propulsion, which was derived at the beginning of the 20th century by one of the theorists of space flights, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.

When launched from the surface of the Earth, the rocket must successfully overcome the dense layers of the atmosphere. And since the Americans took off from the Moon, they did not have such a task. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that the thrust of the rocket engines is also spent on overcoming air resistance, but the aerodynamic loads that put pressure on the body force designers to make the structure as strong as possible, that is, it has to be made heavier.

Now let's figure out how the Americans took off from the surface of the Moon. There is no atmosphere on this artificial satellite, which means that engine thrust is not spent on overcoming it, and as a result, rockets can be much lighter and less durable.

Another important point: when a rocket launches into space from Earth, the so-called payload must be taken into account. The weight taken into account is quite significant, as a rule, several tens of tons. But when launching from the Moon, the situation is completely different. This very “payload” is only a few hundredweight, most often no more than three, which just fits into the mass of two astronauts with the stones they collected. After these justifications, it becomes much clearer how the Americans were able to take off from the Moon.

Lunar launch

To sum up the conversation about how the Americans took off into space, we can conclude that to enter lunar orbit, a ship with a crew on it can have an initial mass of less than 5 tons. In this case, approximately half can be attributed to the required fuel.

As a result, the total mass of the rocket that launched from the Earth and went to its artificial satellite was about 3,000 tons. But the smaller your vehicle, the easier and easier it will be to drive. Remember that a large ship requires a crew of several dozen people, but a boat can be operated alone, without resorting to outside help. Rockets are no exception to this rule.

Now about the launch facility, without which, naturally, it is unlikely that the Americans would have been able to take off from the Moon. The astronauts brought it with them. In fact, they used the lower half of their lunar ship. During the launch, the upper half, which contained the cabin with the astronauts, separated and went into space, while the lower half remained on the moon. This is the original solution the designers found so that they could fly away from the Moon.

Additional fuel

Many people continue to wonder how the Americans flew from the Moon to Earth when they did not have special refueling devices. Where did such an amount of fuel come from that was enough to reach the artificial satellite and return back?

The fact is that no additional refueling devices were required on the Moon; the ship was fully refueled on Earth with the expectation that there should be enough fuel for the return trip. At the same time, we emphasize that on the Moon there was still a kind of flight control center at launch. Only he was at a great distance from the rocket - about three million kilometers, that is, he was on Earth, but this did not make his effectiveness any less.

"Luna-16"

When asking the question whether the Americans could take off from the Moon, one must admit that they did not make any special secret from the technical data of the ships, almost immediately publishing the main figures and parameters. They were even cited in Soviet textbooks for higher educational institutions when studying the features of space flight. Domestic specialists who worked with this data did not see anything unreal or fantastic in them, so they did not agonize over the problem of how the Americans flew away from the Moon.

Moreover, it was Soviet scientists and designers who went even further when they created a rocket that was able to make such a flight without human intervention at all, without two astronauts who still managed the ship and controlled it in the case of the Americans. This project was called "Luna-16". On September 21, 1970, for the first time in the history of mankind, an automatic station launched from the Earth, landed on the Moon, and then arrived back. It only took three days.

An automatic station delivered about 100 grams from the Moon to Earth. Later, this achievement was repeated by two more stations - these were Luna-20 and Luna-24. They, just like the American ship, did not require additional refueling stations, special structures on the Moon, or special pre-launch maintenance; they made this journey absolutely independently and autonomously, successfully returning back each time. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in how the Americans flew from the Moon, because within the framework of the Soviet space program this path was repeated more than once.

"Apollo 11"

In order to finally dispel all doubts about how and on what the Americans flew from the Moon, let’s figure out which rocket delivered them to the artificial Earth satellite and back. It was the manned spacecraft Apollo 11.

The crew commander on it was Neil Armstrong, and the pilot - During the flight from July 16 to 24, 1969, they managed to successfully land their ship in the Sea of ​​Tranquility area on the Moon. American astronauts spent almost a day on its surface, or, to be more precise, 21 hours, 36 minutes and 21 seconds. All this time, the command module pilot, whose name was Michael Collins, was waiting for them in lunar orbit.

During the entire time spent on the Moon, astronauts made only one exit to its surface. Its duration was 2 hours 31 minutes and 40 seconds. Neil Armstrong became the first earthling to set foot on the surface of the Moon. This happened on July 21st. Exactly a quarter of an hour later Aldrin joined him.

At the Apollo 11 landing site, the Americans planted the flag of the United States and also placed a scientific instrument, with which they collected about 21.5 kilograms of soil. He was brought to Earth for further study. What the astronauts flew from the Moon on was known almost immediately. Nobody made secrets and riddles out of the Apollo 11 spacecraft. Returning to Earth, the ship's crew underwent strict quarantine, as a result of which no lunar microorganisms were identified.

This American flight to the Moon was the fulfillment of one of the key tasks of the American lunar program, which was outlined by US President John Kennedy back in 1961. He stated then that the landing on the Moon should take place before the end of the decade, and so it happened. In the lunar race with the USSR, the Americans won a convincing victory, becoming the first, but the Soviet Union managed to send the first man into space earlier.

Now you know exactly what the Americans flew from the Moon on and how they were able to accomplish it all.

Other arguments of supporters of the Moon conspiracy

True, the matter is not limited to doubts about the takeoff of astronauts from the surface of the Moon. Many admit that it is clear how the Americans took off from the Moon, but, according to them, those who should explain the inconsistencies associated with the photo and video materials brought by the Americans are silent.

The fact is that many of the photographs that serve as evidence that the Americans were on the Moon often contain artifacts that apparently appeared as a result of retouching and photomontage. All this serves as additional evidence in favor of the fact that the filming was actually organized in a studio. Doubt is raised by the fact that retouching and other methods of photomontage, popular at that time, were often used solely to improve image quality, and this was also done with many photographs received from satellites.

Proponents of the conspiracy theory claim that in the video and photographic documents in which American astronauts plant the US flag on the Moon, ripples are clearly visible on the surface of the canvas. Skeptics believe that such ripples appeared as a result of a sudden gust of wind, but on the Moon, which means the pictures were taken on the surface of the Earth.

In response, they are often told that the ripples could have appeared not from the wind, but from damped vibrations that would certainly have arisen when the flag was planted. The fact is that the flag was attached to a flagpole located on a telescopic horizontal crossbar, which was pressed against the pole during transportation. The astronauts, once on the Moon, were unable to expand the telescopic tube to its maximum length. It was because of this that the ripples appeared, which created the illusion that the flag was fluttering in the wind. It is also worth noting the fact that in a vacuum, vibrations take longer to die down, since there is no air resistance. Therefore, this version is completely justified and realistic.

Jumping height

Also, many skeptics pay attention to the low height of astronauts’ jumps. It is believed that if the filming was actually done on the surface of the Moon, then each jump would have to be several meters high due to the fact that the gravitational force on the artificial satellite is several times lower than on the Earth itself.

Scientists have an answer to these doubts. Indeed, due to the different gravitational force, the mass of each astronaut also changed. On the Moon, it increased significantly, because in addition to their own weight, they were wearing a heavy spacesuit and the necessary life support systems. The pressurization of the spacesuit created a particular problem - it was very difficult to make the quick movements necessary for such a high jump, because in this case significant forces would be spent on overcoming the internal pressure. In addition, by jumping too high, astronauts risk losing control of their balance, which is likely to lead to them falling. And such a fall from a significant height is fraught with irreversible damage to the backpack of the life support system or the helmet itself.

To imagine how dangerous such a jump can be, you need to keep in mind that any body is capable of performing both translational and rotational movements. At the moment of the jump, the forces may be distributed unevenly, so the astronaut’s body may receive a torque and begin to spin uncontrollably, so the landing location and speed in this case will be almost impossible to predict. For example, a person in this case may fall headfirst, suffer serious injuries and even die. The astronauts, well aware of these risks, tried in every possible way to avoid such jumps, rising above the surface to a minimum height.

Deadly radiation

Another common argument among conspiracy theorists is based on research Van Allen conducted in 1958 studying radiation belts. The researcher noted that the flows of solar radiation that are fatal to humans are restrained by the Earth’s magnetic atmosphere; in the belts themselves, as Van Allen argued, the level of radiation is as high as possible.

Flight through such radiation belts is not dangerous only if the ship has reliable protection. During the flight through the radiation belts, the crew of the Apollo spacecraft was in a special command module, the walls of which were strong and thick, which provided the necessary protection. In addition, the ship was flying very fast, which also played a role, and its trajectory lay outside the area of ​​the most intense radiation. As a result, the astronauts had to receive a radiation dose that would be several times less than the maximum permissible.

Another argument that conspiracy theorists cite is that the photographic films must have been exposed due to radiation. It is interesting that the same fears existed before the flight of the Soviet spacecraft Luna-3, but even then it was possible to transmit photographs of normal quality, the film was not damaged.

The Moon was photographed with a camera on many occasions by many other spacecraft that were part of the Zond series. And some of them even contained animals, such as turtles, which were also not harmed. The radiation dose based on the results of each flight corresponded to preliminary calculations and was significantly lower than the maximum permissible. A detailed scientific analysis of all the data obtained has proven that on the Earth-Moon-Earth route, if solar activity is low, there is no danger to human life and health.

The history of the documentary film "The Dark Side of the Moon", which appeared in 2002, is interesting. In particular, it showed an interview with the widow of the famous American director Stanley Kubrick, Christiana, in which she said that US President Nixon was very impressed by her husband’s film “2001: A Space Odyssey,” which was released in 1968. According to her, it was Nixon who initiated the collaboration between Kubrick himself and other Hollywood specialists, the result of which was to correct the American image in the lunar program.

After the documentary was shown, some Russian news outlets claimed that it was genuine research that was proof of the Moon Conspiracy, and Christiane Kubrick's interview was seen as clear and indisputable confirmation that the American moon landing was filmed in Hollywood under Kubrick's direction.

In reality, this film was a pseudo-documentary, as the creators themselves admit in its credits. All interviews were composed of phrases deliberately taken out of context, or acted out by professional actors. It was a well-thought-out prank that many fell for.

Hi all. Few people do not know the fact: Americans are the only earthlings to have walked on the Moon. This happened almost 50 years ago, on July 16, 1969, when the sensational news of a man walking on the surface of the Moon spread around the Earth. There was no limit to the general joy and rejoicing of the people! Over time, the world was filled with photographs, video footage, and objects of lunar origin delivered by the Americans to Earth.

And years later, they began to keep silent about the event and it turned out that this fact was not as clear and transparent as it seemed in those distant times of cosmic romanticism; some facts became known that slightly did not fit into the picture of ideas and raised deep doubts about the lunar achievements of the Americans. What are the doubts? Was there any lunar expansion at all? This is what we will talk about.

Americans on the Moon

So, the Apollo 11 space complex, which consisted of the lunar module and the Saturn 5 launch vehicle, delivered three astronauts to the surface of the moon: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin (Edwin Eugene) (they were the first and for the first time to descend to the surface of the Moon) and Michael Collins (he remained in orbit).

How many times have Americans been to the moon? According to irrefutable data from the US State Department, in the period from 1968 to 1972, Americans carried out 9 flights to the Moon under the Apollo program, some of which took place without landing astronauts. A total of 12 Americans have walked on the surface of the Moon, some of them having repeated walks.

Photo clickable

The scientific research program cost the country more than $25 billion - a colossal amount of money even for the richest country.

• During the program, the US national flag was planted, soil samples were taken, video and photo shooting was performed, and a capsule from the citizens of the Earth was laid on the surface of the earth's satellite. Subsequently, the module launched, docked with the Apollo 11 spacecraft and returned safely to Earth.

• Of the Soviet space minds, no one doubted the fact of the flight to the Moon, except for General Designer Mishin, who replaced Korolev. Here's how the designer behaved:

“During the live report, he smoked all the time and repeated: “This is impossible, Apollo will not be able to break away from the earth’s orbit and head towards the Moon...” Read more here: https://sneg5.com/nauka/kosmos/na-lunu-amerikancy .html

• An authoritative opinion in defense of the American lunar adventures of our respected cosmonauts Grechko and Leonov, designer and cosmonaut Konstantin Feoktistov, who claim that Soviet tracking stations received signals from American astronauts from the Moon. In their opinion, this is impossible to fabricate. So did they accept it or not?
• Lunar soil - regolith weighing 22 kg from the first flight was delivered to Earth and distributed to many world scientific centers. The USSR also received its share of 25 grams and scientists analyzed it, the results absolutely confirmed the unearthly origin of the breed.
• The mass of photographs of the Moon provided by NASA, as well as the flight itself at that time, did not raise any doubts at the moment of human euphoria. Everything was perceived beyond suspicion. An accurate description of the hours and minutes of the entire lunar expedition looks very reliable. Could ALL of this really be falsified? Could a great advanced country really commit a forgery of this magnitude? Well... I don’t know, it doesn’t fit in my mind...

Americans haven't been to the moon

Today, with the improvement of technology, questions began to arise regarding lunar images and video materials from that expedition, due to the appearance of some inconsistencies.

• Quite recently, the Japanese proved the “terrestrial” origin of the regolith provided by the United States, which the tricky Americans only radioactively irradiated in special installations in their laboratories, passing off the earth’s soil as regolith!
• Presumably, there is evidence that part of the “lunar filming” was carried out in Hollywood pavilions. Is it just a part? Or maybe the majority? The very first fact that comes to mind is the colorful fluttering flag of the United States, which in itself is incredible, because there is no atmosphere on the Moon.

• Analysis of close-up photographs and those taken with perspective showed a different nature of origin. This suggests that some of the photographs were taken from the module, above the surface of the Moon, and some in the terrestrial conditions of the pavilions, where the atmosphere of the Moon was recreated.
• NASA representatives themselves admitted to the fact of upthrowing photographs taken under terrestrial conditions, explaining this by the poor quality of lunar negatives. Well, it hasn’t happened to anyone: they shot it a little and retouched it a little 🙂 But the main thing is that no one knew that in just about 30 years the almighty “Photoshop” would appear. When we added maximum brightness, contrast and magnification to the pictures, stripes of random light, previously unnoticed shadows from spotlights, traces of retouching appeared on them in all their glory... The program immediately highlighted all the sins of photomontage!
• And not so long ago, a new revelation appeared in the press: Scottish researcher Marcus Allen, analyzing supposedly real lunar photographs of two astronauts on the Moon, called them fake. He looked at the photo in the reflected glasses of the spacesuit, instead of one, two images. It turns out there were three of them there at the time of filming? But everyone knows from the reports that more than 2 people have never descended to the surface of the Moon. The earthly origin of the photo again?! So where are the real ones?

How do Americans respond to all this? Yes, nothing... as always, they turned around... they said that some of the photographs taken on the ground were added. Why and for whom were these cartoons made?

I think that if fraud was discovered in even one fragment, there is every reason to question all the flights.

• Here we can add the concealment of all original videos and photographic materials of that expedition and the classification of all “lunar reports” as “top secrecy”. And in 2009, a NASA representative finally stated that all the original films and video recordings of the first landing on the Moon were lost (only their copies were preserved). Well, are representatives of the most unique nation in the world really so careless? It’s somehow hard to believe in an accident...

• The astronauts’ well-being after landing and spending eight days in weightlessness (for the first time) is highly suspicious. Brave, fresh and smiling, they appeared in front of journalists’ cameras immediately after the flight. Then no one simply could know how a person might feel after a space flight of such a length. But already in October 1969, our Gorbatko, upon returning from a flight lasting only about 5 days, could not take a single step on his own, he was carried on a stretcher. The Russians couldn't walk on their own feet, but the Americans were super-hardy, please! No one could even suspect an entire state of planetary deception!
• And the most important trump card, which does not speak in favor of the States, is the level of equipment of the spacecraft itself at that time. The Americans claimed that they had built a new generation F-1 engine, the so-called liquid engine (kerosene-oxygen), Saturn had five of them. However, most likely there was no special type of engine, just as there is none now; even the design capabilities of modern engines do not allow landing on the moon, and even more so it was very problematic to do this half a century ago.
• If yes, there was such an engine, then where is it now? Why, after 50 years, do Americans still not use this model on their space rockets, but have been buying ours since the 90s - Soviet-era inventions? Just because they are cheaper? And where did the cool Apollos, which so famously delivered the Americans to the Moon, go? Why were they replaced by even more “advanced” Shuttles, which did not escape explosions over and over again?

And why is the lunar exploration program suspended today? Is it just the financial side of the issue? Have the states really fallen so sharply in their financial situation in 50 years?

• And also, if the flight to the Moon took place, then for what reason were 700 employees of the American Space Research Center fired in 1968, and a year after the first flight to the Moon, the head of this center himself was fired? Surely success should always be highly rewarded?
• And it’s doubtful that such a dashing, immediate rush to the moon, well, I can’t believe it... that such progress could be achieved in 8 years. And where is he now? After all, then no one could have imagined that humanity would advance so slowly in space exploration. Most likely, the Yankees were sure that flights to the Moon would become commonplace, and then they would present the world with a whole pile of evidence... It was important for them to be the first to stake a peg on the Moon, to demonstrate their, albeit false, success!

One can also provide and provide evidence of exposure and doubt... It is quite possible that Apollo 11, which flew to the Moon, separated the lunar module, which took a number of photographs from space. That's all that the Americans succeeded in exploring the Moon. And everything else became a matter of technique and skill. Well, I really wanted to keep up with my enemy in space exploration - the USSR. Although, of course, deceiving the whole world is also no small art.

More and more new possibilities of developed modern technologies increasingly point to an American-style lunar fantasy. For expeditions of this kind, the main evidence of their authenticity is scientific research based on photo and film documents. There are no scientific reports, no deep analysis of materials from the US “Lunar Operation”, which means there was no presence on the Moon!

Conclusion

The Americans have not been to the moon! The question is practically on the surface, but the debate still does not subside, due to the fact that each side is now trying to defend only its own opinion. What about the Americans themselves? They believe that they do not need to stoop to such disputes. They were on the moon!

And it’s strange, the fact of our Yuri Gagarin’s first flight into space has never caused controversy or doubt among anyone. Why, years later, with the development of technology and technology, more and more questions arise about flights to the Moon... And why then did the USSR not dare to express its doubts, why has this not been done so far? Maybe in some miraculous way, with God's providence, the Americans were on the Moon?

What do you think? Why am I writing about this? Well, if we are not able to establish the truth in the events of 50 years ago, showing amazing indifference, then how can we even believe in the events of centuries-old history... It’s time to put an end to this issue... I think it’s time! 🙄

Very interesting video:

The video was kindly provided by reader Sergey, especially interesting moments from the 20th minute.

49 years ago, on July 21, 1969, one of the greatest events in human history took place. On this day, American astronaut Neil Armstrong took his first step on the surface of the Moon. And his phrase about this event became popular:

True, there are serious doubts that this huge leap was made on the lunar surface, and not among the Hollywood sets created by the great master of American cinema, Mr. Stanley Kubrick.

The idea that man has never been to the moon is called the “moon conspiracy” theory. Despite the fact that the Soviet Union was the main and only competitor of the United States in the space race, the theory was born in the States. Moreover, the USSR had no doubt that American astronauts actually landed on the Moon.

"Moon Conspiracy"

The founding father of this conspiracy theory can be called Bill Keysing. In 1974, he wrote the book We Never Went to the Moon. In it, he convincingly argued that the American lunar expeditions were a falsification.

The author finds many “blunders” in the footage of the astronauts landing. These include multidirectional shadows from objects, the absence of stars in the sky, and the small size of the Earth. But the most striking evidence was considered to be the waving American flag in the vacuum of the lunar atmosphere. Bill also believes that NASA technology in the late 60s of the last century did not allow reaching the Moon.

Following Keysing, other supporters of the theory of falsification appeared. In particular, some of them argued that the astronauts could not fly alive; solar radiation would have killed them along the way.

There was no doubt in the Soviet Union

On the other hand, the fact that no one in the USSR doubted the landing of American astronauts speaks volumes. After all, there was a fierce battle for space between the Soviet Union and the United States. At the slightest doubt about the reliability of the American flight to the Moon, the Soviet media would have raised a real storm.

The fact is that we have been closely observing the American space program. The flight was monitored by ground services, and communications between the crew and the Earth were intercepted. It was impossible to falsify communication sessions while remaining on Earth. More precisely, it is possible, but such a hoax would be more difficult than a real flight.

The famous Soviet cosmonauts Leonov and Grechko had no doubt about the authenticity of the presence of Americans on the Moon. But they do not rule out that to better illustrate the event, some of the material was filmed on Earth. And traces on the photographs, supposedly indicating falsification, were left during retouching and editing of the material.

Almost all the arguments in favor of the hoax had an explanation. Even the waving flag can be explained. After installation, vibrations in a vacuum do not subside for a long time, so the oscillatory movements of the panel touched during installation were not interfered with by air, so they continued for a long time.

Unmanned spacecraft sent to the Moon, and not only American ones, were subsequently able to detect and film the American landing sites. Clear traces of the presence of an earthly landing force were found there, leaving no doubt that people had visited the Moon after all.

Each nation individually and all of humanity as a whole strives only forward to conquer new horizons in the field of economic development, medicine, sports, science, new technologies, including the study of astronomy and space exploration. We hear about big breakthroughs in space exploration, but did they really happen? Did the Americans land on the moon or was it just one big show?

Spacesuits

Having visited the National Air and Space Museum of the United States in Washington, anyone can verify that the American spacesuit is a very simple robe, hastily sewn. NASA states that the spacesuits were sewn at a factory for the production of bras and underwear, that is, their spacesuits were made from the fabric of underpants and they supposedly protect from the aggressive space environment, from radiation that is deadly to humans. However, maybe NASA really has developed ultra-reliable suits that protect against radiation. But why then was this ultra-light material not used anywhere else? Not for military purposes, not for peaceful purposes. Why was no assistance provided with Chernobyl, albeit for money, as American presidents like to do? Okay, let’s say perestroika hasn’t started yet and they didn’t want to help the Soviet Union. But, for example, in 1979 in the USA, a terrible reactor unit accident occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. So why didn’t they use durable spacesuits developed using NASA technology to eliminate radiation contamination - a time bomb on their territory?

Radiation from the sun is harmful to humans. Radiation is one of the main obstacles in space exploration. For this reason, even today all manned flights take place no further than 500 kilometers from the surface of our planet. But the Moon has no atmosphere and the level of radiation is comparable to outer space. For this reason, both in a manned spacecraft and in a spacesuit on the surface of the Moon, astronauts had to receive a lethal dose of radiation. However, they are all alive.

Neil Armstrong and the other 11 astronauts lived an average of 80 years, and some are still living, like Buzz Aldrin. By the way, back in 2015 he honestly admitted that he had never been to the moon.

It is interesting to know how they were able to survive so well when a small dose of radiation is enough to develop leukemia - blood cancer. As we know, none of the astronauts died from cancer, which raises only questions. Theoretically, it is possible to protect yourself from radiation. The question is what protection would be sufficient for such a flight. Engineers' calculations show that to protect astronauts from cosmic radiation, the walls of the ship and spacesuit needed to be at least 80 cm thick and made of lead, which, naturally, was not the case. No rocket can lift such weight.

The suits were not just hastily riveted together, but they lacked simple things necessary for life support. Thus, the spacesuits used in the Apollo program completely lack a system for removing waste products. The Americans either endured it with plugs in different places throughout the entire flight, without peeing or pooping. Or they immediately recycled everything that came out of them. Otherwise, they would simply suffocate from their excrement. This does not mean that the system for removing waste products was bad - it was simply absent.

Astronauts walked on the moon in rubber boots, but it is interesting to know how they did it when the temperature on the moon ranges from +120 to -150 degrees Celsius. How did they obtain the information and technology to make shoes that could withstand wide ranges of temperatures? After all, the only material that has the necessary properties was discovered after the flights and began to be used in production only 20 years after the first landing on the Moon.

Official chronicle

The vast majority of space images from NASA's lunar program do not show stars, although Soviet space images have an abundance of them. The black empty background in all the photographs is explained by the fact that there were difficulties with modeling the starry sky and NASA decided to completely abandon the sky in its photographs. When the US flag was planted on the moon, the flag fluttered under the influence of air currents. Armstrong straightened the flag and took a few steps back. However, the flag did not stop fluttering. The American flag fluttered with the wind, although we know that in the absence of an atmosphere and in the absence of wind as such, a flag cannot flutter on the Moon. How could astronauts move so quickly on the Moon if gravity is 6 times lower than on Earth? An accelerated view of astronauts jumping on the Moon shows that their movements correspond to movements on Earth, and the height of the jumps does not exceed the height of jumps in Earth's gravity. You can also find fault with the pictures themselves for a long time regarding the differences in colors and minor mistakes.

Lunar soil

During the lunar missions under the Apollo program, a total of 382 kg of lunar soil was delivered to Earth, and samples of the soil were presented by the American government to leaders of different countries. True, all regolith, without exception, turned out to be a fake of terrestrial origin. Part of the soil mysteriously simply disappeared from museums; another part of the soil, after chemical analysis, turned out to be terrestrial basalt or meteorite fragments. Thus, BBC News reported that a fragment of lunar soil stored in the Dutch museum Rijskmuseulm turned out to be a piece of petrified wood. The exhibit was given to Dutch Prime Minister Willem Dries and after his death the regolith went to the museum. Experts doubted the authenticity of the stone back in 2006. This suspicion was finally confirmed by an analysis of lunar soil carried out by specialists from the Free University of Amsterdam; the expert conclusion was not reassuring: the piece of stone is a fake. The American government decided not to comment on this situation in any way and simply hushed up the matter. Similar cases also occurred in the countries of Japan, Switzerland, China and Norway. And such embarrassments were resolved in the same way, the regoliths mysteriously either disappeared or were destroyed by fire or the destruction of museums.

One of the main arguments of opponents of the lunar conspiracy is the recognition by the Soviet Union of the fact of the Americans landing on the moon. Let's analyze this fact in more detail. The United States understood perfectly well that it would not be difficult for the Soviet Union to make a refutation and provide evidence that the Americans never landed on the moon. And there was plenty of evidence, including material evidence. This is the analysis of lunar soil, which was transferred by the American side, and this is the Apollo-13 apparatus caught in the Bay of Biscay in 1970 with full telemetry of the Saturn-5 launch vehicle, in which there was not a single living soul, not a single astronaut. On the night of April 11-12, the Soviet fleet lifted the Apollo 13 capsule. In fact, the capsule turned out to be an empty zinc bucket, there was no thermal protection at all, and its weight was no more than one ton. The rocket was launched on April 11 and a few hours later on the same day, the Soviet military found the capsule in the Bay of Biscay.

And according to the official chronicle, the American spacecraft circled the Moon and returned to Earth supposedly on April 17, as if nothing had happened. At that time, the Soviet Union received irrefutable evidence that the Americans had faked the moon landing, and it had a fat ace up its sleeve.

But then amazing things began to happen. At the height of the Cold War, when a bloody war was going on in Vietnam, Brezhnev and Nixon, as if nothing had happened, met like good old friends, smiled, clinked glasses, and drank champagne together. This is remembered in history as the Brezhnev Thaw. How can we explain the completely unexpected friendship between Nixon and Brezhnev? Apart from the fact that the Brezhnev thaw began quite unexpectedly, behind the scenes, there were gorgeous gifts that President Nixon personally gave to Ilyich Brezhnev. So, on his first visit to Moscow, the American president brings Brezhnev a generous gift - a Cadillac Eldorado, hand-assembled by special order. I wonder for what merits at the highest level Nixon gives an expensive Cadillac at the first meeting? Or maybe the Americans were indebted to Brezhnev? And then - more. At subsequent meetings, Brezhnev is given a Lincoln limousine, and then a sporty Chevrolet Monte Carlo. At the same time, the silence of the Soviet Union about the American lunar scam could hardly be bought with a luxury car. The USSR demanded to pay big. Can it be considered a coincidence that in the early 70s, when the Americans allegedly landed on the moon, the construction of the largest giant, the KAMAZ automobile plant, began in the Soviet Union. It is interesting that the West allocated billions of dollars in loans for this construction, and several hundred American and European automobile companies took part in the construction. There were dozens of other projects in which the West, for such inexplicable reasons, invested in the economy of the Soviet Union. Thus, an agreement was concluded on the supply of American grain to the USSR at prices below the world average, which negatively affected the well-being of the Americans themselves.

The embargo on Soviet oil supplies to Western Europe was also lifted, and we began to penetrate their gas market, where we are still successfully operating to this day. Apart from the fact that the United States allowed such profitable business with Europe, the West, in fact, built these pipelines itself. Germany provided a loan of more than 1 billion marks to the Soviet Union and supplied large-diameter pipes, which at that time were not produced in our country. Moreover, the nature of warming demonstrates a clear one-sidedness. The US is doing favors for the Soviet Union while getting nothing in return. Amazing generosity, which can easily be explained by the price of silence about the fake moon landing.

By the way, recently the famous Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who everywhere defends the Americans in their version of the flight to the Moon, confirmed that the landing was filmed in the studio. Indeed, who will film the epoch-making opening of the hatch by the first man on the moon if there is no one on the moon?

Busting the myth that Americans walked on the moon is not just an insignificant fact. No. The element of this illusion is interconnected with all the world's deceptions. And when one illusion begins to collapse, the rest of the illusions begin to collapse after it, like a domino principle. It is not only misconceptions about the greatness of the United States of America that are crumbling. Added to this is the misconception about the confrontation between states. Would the USSR play along with its irreconcilable enemy in the lunar scam? It's hard to believe, but, unfortunately, the Soviet Union played the same game with the United States. And if this is so, then it now becomes clear to us that there are forces that control all these processes that are above the states.