What is a fairy tale and what are they. Types of fairy tales Household fairy tales read online

The story is amazing! A wonderful world familiar from childhood, where good always triumphs over evil. Talking animals and dragons, brave heroes and beautiful princesses, good fairies and evil sorcerers live on the pages of fairy tale books. Fairy tales call not only to believe in miracles, but also teach kindness, responsiveness, not to succumb to difficulties, listen to parents and not judge others by appearance.

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What are fairy tales

A fairy tale is a narrative with fictitious characters and a plot that has an everyday, heroic or magical character. They are folklore (compiled by the people), literary (include the features of folk tales, but belong to one author) and author's (written by one specific author). Folklore tales are divided into magical, everyday and about animals.

folklore

Before reaching the reader, they go a long way. In oral form, they are passed down from generation to generation until some collector of legends writes them down on paper. It is believed that the heroes of the first stories were the Earth, the Sun, the Moon and other natural phenomena, and the images of people and animals began to be used later.

Folk tales have a fairly simple structure: a saying, a beginning, and an end. Text is easy to read and does not contain complex words. But with apparent simplicity, it retains all the richness of the Russian language. Folklore tales are easy to digest even for toddlers, making them the best choice for bedtime reading. This will not only prepare the child for sleep, but also unobtrusively teach life values.

The main features of a fairy tale:

1. Fairy-tale stamps "Once upon a time", "In a certain kingdom".
2. Use of proverbs and sayings.
3. Mandatory victory for good in the final.
4. The tests that the heroes go through are educational and moral in nature.
5. The animals saved by the hero help him get out of difficult situations.

household

The action takes place in everyday life, not "in a distant kingdom", but in an ordinary city or village. The life of that time, features and habits are described. The heroes are the poor and merchants, spouses, soldiers, servants and gentlemen. The plot is based on ordinary life situations and conflicts, which the heroes have to solve with the help of skill, ingenuity and even cunning.

Everyday fairy tales ridicule human vices - greed, stupidity, ignorance. The main message of such stories is that one should not be afraid of work, not be lazy and confidently overcome obstacles. Treat others with kindness, be responsive to someone else's grief, do not lie and do not be stingy. For example, "Porridge from an ax", "Turnip", "Seven-year-old daughter".

About animals

Often the characters are animals. They live and communicate like people, talk and play pranks, quarrel and make peace. Among the characters there is no clear division into positive and negative characters. Each of them is endowed with one distinctive feature, which is played out in the plot of the tale. A cunning fox, an evil wolf, a hardworking hare, and a wise owl. Such images are understandable to children, and give ideas about intelligence and stupidity, about cowardice and courage, about greed and kindness.

magical

What is a fairy tale? This is a mysterious world filled with magic and sorcery. Where animals, nature and even objects can speak. The composition is more complex, includes an introduction, an outset, a central plot, a climax and a denouement. The plot is based on overcoming a difficult situation or returning a loss. For example, "Morozko", "Finist clear falcon", "Cinderella".

The world of characters is unusually diverse. G The main characters have all the positive qualities, that is, such as kindness, generosity, responsiveness, courage. They are opposed by evil, greedy and selfish negative characters. In the fight against enemies, the goodies are helped by wonderful helpers and magic items. The denouement is certainly happy. The hero returns home with honors, having overcome all hardships and obstacles.

Literary

Has a specific author but closely related to folklore. A literary tale reflects the author's view of the world, his ideas and desires, while folk tales demonstrate generalized values. The writer empathizes with the main characters, expresses sympathy for individual actors and openly ridicules the negative characters.

The basis is often the plots of folk tales.

• the hero's belonging to the world of magic;
• hostility between foster parents and children;
• the hero is helped by nature, living creatures and magical attributes.

To imitate folk tales, the same principles apply: fairy-tale setting, talking animals, triple repetitions and vernacular. The images of the main characters of folk tales are often used: Ivan the Fool, Baba Yaga, Tsar Koschey and others. The author strives for greater detail, the characters and personal qualities of the characters are spelled out in detail, the environment is close to reality and there are always two generations: the older (parents) and the younger (children).

Vivid examples of a literary fairy tale include the work of A. Pushkin "The Goldfish", G. Andersen's "The Snow Queen" and Ch. Perrault "Puss in Boots".

Whatever the fairy tale, its goal is to teach the child not to despair, to boldly take on tasks, to respect the opinions of others. Looking at the bright illustrations, it is easy to come up with your own plot for an already familiar story. It will be useful even for an adult to break away from the usual cycle of days and plunge into the wonderful world of magic.

Krestnikova Marina
Russian folk household tales, their role in the development of preschool children

RUSSIAN FOLK HOUSEHOLD TALES

children's letter

INTRODUCTION

folk tale enters the child's life very early and remains with him throughout childhood, and therefore it is difficult to overestimate its influence on developing personality. The popularity of this genre children explained by its characteristic features.

Firstly, fairy taleinvites you to travel to a fictional world: this is how they perceive everything that happens in fairy tale and storyteller, and the listener. This means that in everything is possible in a fairy tale what is impossible in reality - miraculous events, magical transformations, unexpected reincarnations. That's why fairy tale responds to the child's inclination to fantasy and belief in miracles.

But the greatest value fairy tales- this is an indispensable triumph of goodness and justice in the finale. World fairy tales are a perfect world, the image of which lives in the soul of not only a child, but also an adult. However, as already noted, the child tends to see reality in bright colors, and therefore fairy his view of the world is unusually close to him.

Household fairy tale is simply a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description folk life where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, That everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. Hero everyday fairy tales - this is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, a peasant or a blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and does not have magical talents, however, he overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, a wedding or life after marriage.

This variety fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Household fairy tales children are best at aged 2 to 7 years, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that for a certain age suitable for certain types fairy tales.

1. Views fairy tales

It should be noted that household tales may be the result of folk art and individual authors. So, for example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a lot fairy tales in everyday life.

Fairy tales have a division into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what is everyday fairy tale:

social and household("The Talkative Old Woman", "Shemyakin Court",

satirical everyday("The Man and the Pop", "The Master and the Man",

magical household("Frost", "Cinderella").

However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: and satire, and magic, and just life.

What is taught household tales?

Household fairy tales were told and are told to children in order to to point them in the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is everyday fairy tale if not teaching and admonition to future generations? She teaches us the kindest and best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not get lost in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland. Household fairy tales usually carry the idea that one must be industrious and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed and they are left with nothing. Yes, in everyday fairy tales with a negative attitude towards gentlemen and priests. They are usually presented as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, it can be said that everyday fairy tales the social inequality of the heroes is clearly visible. Moreover, people of the lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than the richer ones. The role of everyday fairy tales is to denounce lies and show exactly the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Fairy taleasserted with all its content: whoever works, he must have wealth. It is interesting that, having become rich, man never stops working: fairy tale does not represent his hero outside of work.

ridiculed in social fairy tales, how in " Tale of Ersh Ershovich"," Crow ", was subjected to the legal proceedings of medieval Rus' and even the tsar himself. unreasonableness; unfairness of court decisions people explained by the stupidity of judges, bribery, but in fairy tales he seemed to restore justice. The poor man leaves the Shemyaka court unpunished (“Shemyakin Court”, thanks to the ingenuity of his daughter, a peasant fights off the unjust court of the voivode, guessing riddles better than his narrow-minded, but rich brother (“Sevenletka”, etc.).

In all this people's optimism, his belief in the possibility of peace and harmony in society and the family, his dreams of a happy future. Been tied for a long time people affirmation of justice on earth with the name of the king. It was believed that the tsar was surrounded by dishonest, conceited, stupid boyars and close associates. IN fairy tales they are ridiculed, ridiculed evil and sharp (for example, in fairy tales "The Gorshenya", "Spruce Cones", the king is depicted as a wise man, punishing fools and rewarding a smart man. But in fairy tale "The Tsar and the tailor"The king is shown already the same, like his associates: despising the common man, stupid and funny.

2. System of images everyday fairy tales

So called everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, which reflect folk life and everyday life, reality, without any miracles, without any magic.

Household fairy tales- these are the real satirical folk art.

Satire consists in a pronounced mockery of the greed, stinginess, stupidity of people, mostly the rich.

These qualities are ridiculed by a gentleman, a merchant, a priest, they do not even spare the king himself.

Since childhood, everyone knows the hero household tales Ivanushka the Fool.

Even in the names of many fairy tales featured this name: "Tale of Ivan the Fool"," Ivan the Fool "," Ivan - a peasant son and a miracle Yudo "," How Ivan the Fool guarded the door.

Usually this hero is despised by everyone, or rather say, is despised by those who consider him stupid, unreasonable among them, "reasonable". But in fact, this simple-minded fool turns out to be almost the only rational being.

He is not stupid at all, but simply naive, good-natured, disinterested. Around him, people deceive each other, are cunning, greedy, want to amass wealth by all means, amuse their pride, and Ivanushka lies on his stove, dreams, he is happy with a little - a red shirt and a kind word. And happiness - then comes to him, and not to those who aspired to wealth, to a high rank. The fool marries some beautiful princess, he himself becomes a handsome hand-written.

IN everyday fairy tales selflessness takes precedence over greed, stinginess, intelligence and ingenuity - over stupidity, real honor - over arrogance.

And this is the deep meaning of such fairy tales.

Of course, the heroes of such fairy tales besides Ivanushka, there are ordinary peasants, an old man with an old woman, brothers, a worker, a peasant, a soldier.

For example, tales of a servant: "Porridge from an ax", "Soldier's overcoat", "Soldier and the devil", "Soldier's school".

At Russian people have a lot of fairy tales, collections were published more than once Russian fairy tales.

Give the whole list even just household there is no possibility.

Many people from childhood remember such fairy tales,For example: "Hot Pot", "Lutonyushka", "Woe", "Salt", "What Doesn't Happen in the World", "Good Pop", "Turnip", "Hidden Treasure", "Wise Servant".

In all fairy tales funny joke, an ironic joke is intertwined, interspersed with serious assessments of human affairs.

3. Genre features fairy tales

Children's consciousness, which goes through the first stages of its formation precisely due to the perception of realistic stories much more sensitive than an adult. And despite the fact that the very concept fairy tales exists for several hundred years, kids receive their first knowledge in this life, like many centuries ago, thanks to such stories.

The most common Russian folk household tales teach kids to correctly perceive life values, and also teach to believe, love. Fairy tales give insight into that good is always there, and miracles can happen to us every day and in the real world.

Often in stories everyday fairy tales of different peoples There are both good and evil characters. Of course, good always wins, despite all the vicissitudes of the fate of the heroes. And this pattern is not accidental. Indeed, it is this perception development of the fabulous The plot helps the child strive for the best, and do good deeds in real life.

And here are the life tests that fate throws at the characters everyday fairy tales teach kids humility and patience. But at the same time it is very important that the title and plot fairy tales were able to convey to the mind of the child that a happy ending will definitely come, you just have to try a little.

Certainly, household tales far from the fantasy genre, but they also have magic. After all, when the situation that the characters find themselves in turns out to be hopeless, its solution necessarily appears. Such miracles give the baby not only a subconscious sense of security, but also stimulate his curiosity and independent development.

household(satirical) fairy tale closest to everyday life and, not even necessarily, includes miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given in it openly, the assessment is clearly expressed: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the characters are just fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning, connected with important aspects of a person's life.

Constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are"simple" poor people. However, they invariably prevail over "difficult"- a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of the magical fairy tales here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of wonderful helpers - only thanks to the mind, dexterity, resourcefulness, and even fortunate circumstances.

Household satirical tale for centuries absorbed the characteristic features of life people and his relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

IN everyday fairy tales sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Krivda, Woe-Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but a satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes in fairy tale such a specific element of children's folklore as a changeling is introduced. In this case, a shift in the real meaning arises, prompting the child to the correct arrangement of objects and phenomena. IN fairy tale the changeling is enlarged, grows up to an episode, is already part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the baby the opportunity to both laugh and think.

CONCLUSION

Fairy tale- one of the most interesting genres of oral creativity. The struggle of good against evil, faith in the triumph of justice, a bright future - all this is reflected in folk household tales.

Household tales are short. In the center of the plot is usually one episode, action develops rapidly, there are no repetitions of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny and strange. In these fairy tales are widely developed comic, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic nature. Also, there are no horrors in them, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on the action and features of the narrative that reveal the images of the characters.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anikin V.P. Russian folk tale/V. P. Anikin - M. : Enlightenment, 1977 - 430s.

2. Children's literature. Textbook for pedagogical schools. Ed. E. E. Zubareva - M. : Enlightenment, 1989 -398s.

3. Nikiforov A. I. Fairy tale, her existence and carriers/A. I. Nikiforov - M. : Enlightenment, 1930 - 105s.

4. Pasternak N. Fairy tales a child needs like air / Preschool education. - No. 8-2008. -23-35s.

5. Propp V. Ya. Russian fairy tale / V. J. Propp - L. : Lenizdat, 1984 -263s.

6. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots of magic fairy tales / V. I.

7. Propp - L. : Lenizdat, 1986 - 415s.

8. Yudin Yu. Fool, jester, thief and devil (historical roots everyday fairy tale) . Ed. : Labyrinth-K, 2006-336s

It doesn't necessarily mean thrilling action with magical transformations, where glorious heroes defeat mythical monsters with the help of amazing artifacts. Many of these stories are based on events that could well have taken place in real life. These are household stories. They teach goodness, ridicule human vices: greed, stupidity, cruelty, and others, often contain an ironic basis and social background. What is a household story? This is an instructive story without any special supernatural miracles, useful for children, often making even adults think.

"Turnip"

It is not necessary to look too far in search of an example of such a tale. They can be served by the well-known story about the turnip, which my grandfather planted in the garden. The old man did not expect that she would grow too big, so much so that he could not pull her out of the ground alone. In order to cope with a difficult task, the grandfather called for help from all members of his family. They turned out to be a grandmother, a granddaughter and animals living in the house. Thus, the turnip was stretched out. The idea of ​​a simple plot is easy to understand. When everyone works together, together and unitedly, everything is sure to work out. Even a small mouse - and she took part in the described action.

In this example, it is easy to understand what a household fairy tale is. Of course, the mentioned story contains some fantastic facts. For example, a turnip can't grow that big, and animals aren't smart enough to do that kind of work. However, if we discard these details, the moral of the story is very useful and can be useful in real life.

Heroes of Russian fairy tales

The features of everyday fairy tales are that most often they contain healthy satire. Naive innocence turns out to be wiser than the most sophisticated cunning, and resourcefulness and ingenuity repel arrogance, vanity, arrogance and greed. Here vices are ridiculed, regardless of faces and ranks. In such stories, the stupidity and laziness of almighty kings, the greed of hypocritical priests are mercilessly scourged.

Ivanushka the Fool often turns out to be a wonderful hero of Russian fairy tales. This is a special character who always emerges victorious from all, even the most incredible trials. You can understand what a household fairy tale is by remembering other interesting and vivid characters created by the imagination of the Russian people. They are a cunning man who is able to circle around the finger of all his offenders from among the greedy rich, as well as a soldier whose resourcefulness will delight anyone.

"Porridge from an ax"

Among the examples of everyday fairy tales in which the above-mentioned characters are involved, one can name “Porridge from an ax”. This is a very small but instructive story about how easy and fun it is to overcome life's difficulties and hardships if you treat everything with humor and have an approach to people.

The resourceful soldier, having come to stay with a stingy old woman who pretended to be poor in order not to treat her guest with anything, decided to use a trick to achieve his goal. He volunteered to cook food with an axe. Driven by curiosity, the hostess of the house, without noticing it herself, provided the soldier with all the products necessary for cooking and allowed him to take away the ax, which supposedly had not yet been cooked. Here, the sympathies of all readers and listeners, as a rule, turn out to be on the side of the resourceful serviceman. And interested persons are given a chance to laugh merrily at the greedy old woman. This is what a household fairy tale is at its best.

literary works

Many great writers also worked in fairy tale genres. A striking indicator of this are the works of the nineteenth-century genius Saltykov-Shchedrin. Imitating folk art, the author assigned the characters a certain social status, which conveyed his political ideas to the readers.

Most of his stories should rather be classified as animal tales. They contain allegories, the purpose of which is to reveal social vices. But this does not exhaust the list of works of this writer, consonant with the genres of folk tales. Everyday fairy tales created on a social basis, for example, are reminiscent of "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals." This peculiar narrative breathes with subtle humor and inimitable satire, and its characters are so reliable that they are relevant for any era.

jokes

Anecdotes are also examples of everyday fairy tales. The attitude to this kind of folklore, of course, is far from clear for everyone. But in this colorful genre, folk identity, the concept of morality and various vicissitudes of social relations are clearly expressed. In addition, this form of creativity is always relevant and constantly evolving.

According to the data of modern folklore, everyday jokes in different areas have their own characteristics and features, which is of interest for scientific study. This also applies to the general patterns of formation and development of this genre, which have become a topic for research and presentation in many scientific works and dissertations. At all times, the anecdote turned out to be a wonderful way for the people to respond to the arbitrariness of the authorities, to phenomena and events that contradict their concepts of justice and ethics.

Other genre forms

It is not difficult to understand how a household fairy tale differs from a fairy tale. Of course, stories about sorcerers and fantastic adventures are always interesting and find their fans. But capacious, witty stories that reveal the full depth of social and human relations simply cannot be irrelevant. Among other varieties of the genre of everyday fairy tales are riddles and ridicule. The first of them is an allegorical description of some object or event and is given in the form of a question. And the second is a clearly satirical short work, which especially gives a reason to have fun over the vices of unworthy people. There are also boring tales. This is a very interesting genre. In such stories, a certain set of words is deliberately repeated, there is no plot as such, because the action essentially develops in a vicious circle. A striking and well-known example of such a story is the Tale of the White Bull.

All of the above works constitute a treasury of folklore, a storehouse of his wisdom, sparkling humor carried through the centuries.

The most favorite children's activity is to listen to fairy tales. They can be read or told from memory, but it is necessary to explain the meaning to the child. The fact is that fairy tales contain the wisdom of generations of ancestors. Perhaps it is well hidden in some works, but it is always present. There are several different kinds of fairy tales. This article will focus on household items.

What is a household story?

Everyday fairy tale is just a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description of folk life, from where its name came from. Since these works are created for children, everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. The hero of a household tale is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, a peasant or a blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and does not have magical talents, however, he overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, a wedding or life after marriage.

This kind of fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Everyday fairy tales are best perceived by children between the ages of 2 and 7, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that certain types of fairy tales are suitable for a certain age.

What are the types of fairy tales?

It should be noted that everyday fairy tales can be the result of both folk art and individual authors. So, for example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote many fairy tales in the everyday genre.

Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what a household fairy tale is:

• social and household ("Chatty old woman", "Shemyakin court"),
• satirical-household ("The Man and the Pope", "The Master and the Man"),
• magic-household ("Morozko", "Cinderella").

However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can only be divided conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: satire, magic, and just everyday life.

What do fairy tales teach?

Everyday fairy tales were told and are told to children in order to point them in the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is a household fairy tale, if not a lesson and instruction for future generations? She teaches us the kindest and best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not get lost in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland.

Everyday fairy tales usually carry the idea that one must be industrious and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these tales are usually ridiculed, and they are left with nothing. So, in everyday fairy tales, gentlemen and priests are treated negatively. They are usually presented as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that heroes are clearly visible in everyday fairy tales. Moreover, people of the lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than the richer ones. The role of the everyday fairy tale is to expose lies and show exactly the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Magic household tales

Often the genres of fairy tales can be mixed, as, for example, in magical fairy tales. They usually contain 2 worlds, one of which is real, and the second is fictional. So, the famous beginning "In a certain kingdom ..." is the main indicator of a fairy tale. Also, in addition to the fantasy world, there are also those endowed with special powers, such as Koschey or Baba Yaga.

Magical everyday tales can tell about heroes ("Vasilisa the Beautiful"), lost children ("Twelve Months"), or about people with certain abilities ("Mary the Artisan"). They always begin with the elders leaving the younger, or the strong leaving the weak alone, who, in turn, violate a strictly established prohibition. This form of presentation is the most memorable for children.

In such fairy tales, there is always a kind magical helper or object, with the help of which the victory over the villain is won.

Perhaps fairy tales about animals about animals are very interesting for children. In Russian fairy tales, villains often have pets, for example, Baba Yaga. Usually these are cats that help good characters escape. It is not surprising, because the owners practically do not feed the animals, and even more so they do not caress.

Household fairy tales about animals

Among other varieties of fairy tales, there are fairy tales about animals. They can tell both about simple creatures that live in the forest ("Wolf and seven kids", "Fox and Hare" and others), and about the magical "Humpbacked Horse"). A household tale about animals necessarily implies the ability of these creatures to talk and think like people. In household tales about animals, they often have quite human problems and emotions, as well as living conditions. Basically, it's about people.

A distinctive feature of Russian fairy tales about animals is that all animals are endowed with special, characteristic features in them. So, everyone knows from childhood that the fox is cunning, the hare is hardworking, and the wolf is cruel.

Household fairy tales of the peoples of Russia

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of everyday fairy tales. So, every nation, not only of our great Russia, but of the whole world, knows what a household fairy tale is, and tells it to children. Each nation has its own tales, but their plot is often repeated. However, thanks to them, we can learn more about the culture of another people and better understand it. This is very important in such as Russia. When children listen to the tales of their people at an early age, they perceive them much better than foreign works.

The Tale of the Bogatyr Naznay

The genres of fairy tales are very diverse, so sometimes a household fairy tale can be perfect for describing a hero. Bogatyr Recognize and his actions refer to just such a case.

In this tale, we are talking about a hero who himself did not know how to do anything, but was able to become a king. The fact is that he was very lucky, and he dealt with his enemies simply by chance. The hero was so unlucky that his But he guessed to write on the sword that he killed 500 people with one blow (although in fact he killed only 500 flies). The king found out about this, invited the hero and married him to his daughter. In fact, the hero did not perform feats, but he was very lucky, and he dealt with enemies. So, he killed a snake simply by falling on it from a tree in a dream, and he defeated three evil heroes by quarreling them: they themselves killed each other.

At the end of the tale, frightened and starting to undress, Naznay frightened the army of the attackers, because they thought that in front of them, thanks to the victory, he became king. In fact, we have before us a household fairy tale, since there is no heroism in it, only luck. The hero copes with difficulties thanks to her and his ingenuity.

Household fairy tales different from magic. They are based on the events of everyday life. There are no miracles and fantastic images here, real heroes act: a husband, a wife, a soldier, a merchant, a gentleman, a priest, etc. These are tales about the marriage of heroes and the exit of heroines a gentleman, a rich owner, a lady deceived by a cunning owner, clever thieves, a cunning and savvy soldier, etc. These are fairy tales on family and everyday topics. They express accusatory orientation; the greed and envy of its representatives are condemned; cruelty, ignorance, rudeness of the bar-serfs.

With sympathy in these tales, an experienced soldier is depicted who knows how to craft and tell tales, cooks soup from an ax, can outwit anyone. He is able to deceive the devil, the master, the stupid old woman. The servant skillfully achieves his goal, despite the absurdity of the situations. And there is irony in this.

Household tales are short. There is usually one episode in the center of the plot, the action develops quickly, there is no repetition of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny, strange. Comic is widely developed in these tales, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic nature. There are no horrors in them, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on the action and features of the narrative that reveal the images of the characters. "They," wrote Belinsky, "reflect the way of life of the people, their domestic life, their moral concepts, and this sly Russian mind, so prone to irony, so simple-hearted in its cunning." 1

One of the household tales is a fairy tale "Evidence Wife".

It has all the features of a household fairy tale. It begins with the beginning: "An old man lived with an old woman." The tale tells about ordinary events in the life of peasants. The plot develops quickly. A large place in the tale is given to dialogues (the conversation of an old woman with an old man, an old woman and a master). Her characters are everyday characters. It reflects the family life of the peasants: the characters "hook" (i.e., remove) peas in the field, set up fishing gear ("zaezochek"), fishing tackle in the form of a net ("muzzle"). The heroes are surrounded by everyday things: the old man puts the pike in the "pesterek" (birch basket), etc.

At the same time, human vices are condemned in the tale: the talkativeness of the old man's wife, who, having found the treasure, told everyone about it; the cruelty of the master, who ordered a peasant woman to be whipped with rods.

The fairy tale contains elements of the unusual: a pike in the field, a hare in the water. But they are connected with the real actions of the old man, who in a witty way decided to play a trick on the old woman, teach her a lesson, punish her for her talkativeness. "He (the old man - A.F.) took a pike, instead of it he put a hare in the face, and carried the fish into the field and put it in peas." The old woman believed everything.

When the master began to inquire about the treasure, the old man wanted to keep silent, and his talkative old woman told the master about everything. She argued that the pike was in the peas, the hare got in the face, and the devil tore the skin from the master. It is no coincidence that the tale is called "The Proving Wife". And even when she is punished with rods: "they stretched her, the heart, and began to regale; you know, she says the same thing under the rods." The master spat and drove the old man and the old woman away.

The tale punishes and condemns the talkative and stubborn old woman and treats the old man with sympathy, glorifying resourcefulness, intelligence, and ingenuity. The tale reflects the element of folk speech.