General history. History of the Middle Ages. 6th grade. Boytsov M.A., Shukurov R.M.

5th ed. - M.: 2016. - 26 4 s.

A textbook created by famous experts in the field of studying the history of the Middle Ages - M.A. Boytsov and P.M. Shukurov, introduces students to the most important events of the Middle Ages. The main text, documents and illustrations of the textbook, thanks to a system of various questions and tasks, help schoolchildren to actively and creatively study the history of mankind, develop cognitive and communication skills, and apply new knowledge in educational and social activities. The textbook complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of General Education, is part of the educational and methodological set “History” and is included in the “Innovative School” textbook system. The textbook is intended for general education organizations: schools, gymnasiums and lyceums.

Format: pdf

Size: 51 MB

Watch, download: 29 .12.2017, links removed at the request of the publishing house "Russian Word" (see note)

Table of contents
What is Middle Ages 6
Section I. EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Chapter 1. In the center of the Ecumene
§ 1. New Rome 9
§ 2. The rise of Byzantium 15
Chapter 2. Storms on the outskirts
§ 3. Barbarian conquerors 28
§ 4. The emergence and spread of Islam 34
§ 5. World of Islam 41
Chapter 3. Power of the Franks
§ 6. Birth of the Kingdom of the Franks 49
§ 7. Emperor Charles 55
Chapter 4. Northern Europe during the Viking Age
§ 8. “People of the North” - Normans 65
§ 9. How many times was England conquered? 70
Section II. EUROPE ON THE RISE

Chapter 5. Peasants and knights
§ 10. Land and power 80
§ 11. Eternal workers 87
§ 12. Behind the walls of castles 93
Chapter 6. Western Europe in the era of the Crusades
§ 13. Empire and Church 102
§ 14. Crusades 108
Chapter 7. Faces of a medieval city
§ 15. “Return” of cities 121
§ 16. In the heart of a medieval city 130
§ 17. In search of knowledge 138
Chapter 8. The pinnacle of the Middle Ages
§ 18. At the head of the Christian world 146
§ 19. Popes, emperors and kings in Europe XII-XV centuries 154
§ 20. Hard times 161
§ 21. In the east of Europe 173
Section III DISTANT COUNTRIES
Chapter 9. Where Marco Polo was and was not
§ 22. In the possessions of the Great Khan 182
§ 23. India: rajas and sultans 189
§ 24. The Celestial Empire and the country of Sipango 196
§ 25. Very different Africa 209
§ 26. A completely unknown world 215
Section IV. ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW TIME
Chapter 10. Towards a new era
§ 27. And again Europe 226
Conclusion 242
Key dates 244
Main names 248
Basic concepts 255

You are about to get acquainted with one of the most important and interesting periods in human history, which replaced antiquity - the Middle Ages. The textbook will help you with this, which we tried to make interesting and convenient. Its text is divided into sections, chapters and paragraphs. Each paragraph is also divided into parts - points.
Key questions are placed at the beginning of chapters. You will be able to answer them if you understand the contents of the chapter. Questions to both points and paragraphs will help you with this. With their help, you will test your knowledge, evaluate important events and highlight the most important things in the text. Excerpts from original documents given in the “Document” section will help you better imagine the era you are studying. The “This is Interesting” section provides interesting facts and details.
The main dates given at the end of the textbook and maps will help you navigate time and space when studying history. All new words and concepts in the text of the paragraph are highlighted in italics and are explained in the dictionary of basic concepts at the end of the textbook.
Let your work be exciting and successful!

Boytsov M., Shukurov R. History of the Middle Ages. Textbook for grade VII

Preface
Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages
Chapter 1. The most troubled of all troubled times (The Great Migration and the Fall of the Roman Empire)
§ 1. Barbarians and others
§ 2. Restless neighbors of the Romans
§ 3. The fall of the “Eternal City”
§ 4. End of the Empire
§ 5. Christian Church in the West and East
§ 6. Theodoric the Great: between the barbarians and the Romans
§ 7. The Franks and their king Clovis
§ 8. From Britain to England
Chapter 2. East of the West (Byzantium in the IV-VI centuries. The emergence of Islam)
§ 9. Romei - heirs of the Romans
§ 10. Golden Age of Byzantium
§ 11. The cradle of a new religion
§ 12. The word of the prophet
§ 13. World of Islam
Chapter 3. Two empires (Frankish power and Byzantium in the 7th-9th centuries)
§ 14. The manager of the palace becomes “God’s Anointed”
§ 15. The most famous monarch of the Middle Ages
§ 16. “Carolingian Renaissance” and the decline of the Frankish Empire
§ 17. Are icons holy?
§ 18. Between two worlds
Chapter 4. Viking sails (Northern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries)
§ 19. Normans: from America to Rus'
§ 20. England: waves of conquest
§ 21. Runes and sagas
Chapter 5. On the roads to Canossa and Jerusalem. (The struggle of the empire against the papacy and the Crusades)
§ 22. Birth of the German kingdom
§ 23. Three new countries
§ 24. The Pope challenges
§ 25. Under the sign of the cross
§ 26. England and France: too close embrace
§ 27. Three crusaders
§ 28. “Expansion” of Europe
§ 29. Between a rock and a hard place
§ 30. Stones can also be read
Chapter 6. Plow and sword (Peasants and lords in the X-XII centuries)
§ 31. Peasant and lord
§ 32. Life of a peasant.
§ 33. Between paganism and Christianity
§ 34. Feudal lords and feudalism.
§ 35. The motto is courtliness!
Chapter 7. In the ring of walls and towers. (Medieval city in Western Europe)
§ 36. The emergence of cities
§ 37. Patricians against lords, guilds against patricians, plebeians against guilds
§ 38. City streets and their inhabitants
Chapter 8. In search of the highest truth (Sages, heretics, scholars in the XII-XIII centuries)
§ 39. Reason or insight?
§ 40. The Lord will recognize his own!
§ 41. Mendicant monks
§ 42. The pinnacle of medieval philosophy
§ 43. So let us rejoice!
§ 44. Councils directed towards heaven
Chapter 9. The Powers of This World (Famous sovereigns of the 13th century - Innocent III, Frederick II and Louis IX)
§ 45. Burning sun
§ 46. Surprising world
§ 47. The Holy King and... the Mongol Khan
Chapter 10. At the turning point (Europe in the XIV-XV centuries)
§ 48. The beginning of great upheavals
§ 49. “Black Death” and around it
§ 50. Down with the gentlemen!
§ 51. Time of just suffering
§ 52. The Roman Church in defense
§ 53. Eternal war...
§ 54. The last knights and their winners
§ 55. The death of the Roman Empire
Conclusion

Chronological table

Preface

Our textbook has a number of features that teachers should pay attention to. The widespread use of almost unadapted material from historical sources, legal monuments and literary works of the era under study, placed “on an equal footing” with the educational text, should help, according to the authors, to create a “stereoscopic” image of the past and develop the independence of thinking of the young reader. In addition, the level of difficulty for different classes and individual students may be determined by different degrees of elaboration of these additional texts.
The questions offered after paragraphs and texts are more likely to be additional than mandatory (which the teacher can easily formulate himself); They are, as a rule, quite complex; not all of them have clear and unambiguous answers, both in the textbook and, sometimes, outside it. We hope that they will force the student to think about what they have read, and to consider from a new perspective the material that they already seem to have mastered and understood.
In preparing this book, the authors got acquainted with old and modern textbooks from both different European countries, as well as Russian ones - pre-revolutionary and Soviet. Naturally, the experience of the well-deserved textbook by E.V. Agibalova and G.M. Donskoy, from which the authors themselves once studied, was taken into account. However, none of the existing books became a direct prototype of this publication.
The task that the authors set for themselves was not to provide a set of historical examples confirming the truth of a predetermined sociological scheme. The sociological component is, of course, present here too, but it is given a rather modest place. Within the framework of our textbook, we first offer an image of Europe in a certain historical era. The book was conceived as the key to medieval culture, or rather, to that part of it that entered modern civilization. All the names and events mentioned in the book are not “antique museum collections” - they still live in books and films, in philosophical reflections and on artistic canvases... This is the actual Middle Ages. Therefore, no less than a strict fact, we are interested in all kinds of legends included in the mosaic of modern world culture. A widely known myth sometimes turns out to be more significant than a specific circumstance that only experts remember.
The chapters of the textbook devoted to the history of Byzantium, the Islamic world, and the paragraph about the early Slavs are written by R. Shukurov. Both authors worked together on §5. The remaining sections were written by M. Boytsov.

Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages

What's in the past?

Primitive societies, Egypt of the pharaohs, the powers of Western Asia, the early states of India and China, ancient Greece and Rome - all this is the Ancient World. In ancient times, people learned to make fire and smelt metals, erect temples and build ships, write in hieroglyphs, cuneiform and letters. In ancient times, Macedonian phalanxes and Roman legions went into battle, Assyrian war chariots and the cavalry of Chinese emperors rushed into battle. In ancient times, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, the Acropolis of Athens and the Roman Colosseum were built. In ancient times, the Tower of Babel collapsed and Troy burned, the Argonauts were looking for the Golden Fleece. In ancient times, the Olympic Games and human sacrifices were held. In ancient times there lived Confucius and Buddha, Moses and Jesus Christ. How much this era—the longest in human history—contained. But in the 5th century. with the fall of the Roman Empire it comes to an end.
One and a half thousand years ago, with the collapse of Rome, a new era of world history began. It is usually called the Middle Ages, or the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages lasted for a thousand years, until around the 15th century. it was not replaced by the New Age.

Dark Middle Ages?

The word “Middle Ages” was invented only when this era was coming to an end. And they understood this word something like this: there were bright times in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, when education, culture, and reason reigned. In our time, we are again becoming cultured and educated, no worse than in antiquity. What's in the middle? In the middle lie the dark centuries of general savagery, the general decline of Europe, the triumph of incredible prejudices. Wasted time.
And now you can often find in newspapers and books, hear in radio and television programs, words about “the horrors of the Middle Ages,” about “medieval torture,” and even about “the night of the Middle Ages, illuminated only by the bonfires on which freethinkers were burned.” About something hopelessly outdated or simply terrible they say: “Well, it’s like in the Middle Ages!” This means that in the ideas of our contemporaries there is a gloomy image of the Middle Ages. It arose a long time ago, when the Middle Ages themselves were still very fresh in memory. People are often very dissatisfied with everything that happened quite recently, but praise some distant times. Then, supposedly, life was simpler and more fun, and even breathing easier...

Light Middle Ages?

The further the Middle Ages went into the past, the clearer it became that they had their own merits compared to the times that came. It even began to seem to some that the Middle Ages were the best era of history. After all, then money did not yet rule the world, smoking factory chimneys did not stick out everywhere, people did not own such deadly weapons as they do today. The Middle Ages were supposedly a time when people knew how to especially value nobility, courage, and dignity. This was the time of knights, as described in the novels of V. Scott or the ballads of V. A. Zhukovsky.
But there were also wise kings and princes who defended their people from the invasions of cruel enemies, there were learned monks who comprehended the secrets of the universe and enlightened people, there were powerful and kind peasants who raised grain and saved the fatherland in difficult times!
As for the bonfires on which someone was burned, the number of victims of “medieval barbarism” cannot even remotely be compared with the number of innocent people killed in our times, so proud of our enlightenment. This is what those who “justified” the Middle Ages said.
This is another image of the Middle Ages - light, or romantic. And each of us also has it, wonderfully adjacent to the gloomy.

So where is the truth?

And not there, and not here. Both there and here. Neither the “dark” nor the “light” images of the Middle Ages fully correspond to what actually happened. Of course, brave knights in shining armor crossed spears in duels, poets composed wonderful poems, scientists wrote wise books, and monks performed miracles in serving God. Of course, fires burned, wars and epidemics raged, and terrible times of famine came. All this happened, but it was together - good and evil, bad and good, light and dark. The millennial era cannot be only “bad” or only “good.” It may seem either “bad” or “good” to us only if we are not familiar with it.

Where does our knowledge about the Middle Ages come from?

The Middle Ages are not so far from our time. And therefore, much more historical sources remain from the Middle Ages than from the ancient eastern powers or, say, from the Roman Empire. Cathedrals and churches, walls and towers of cities and castles have been preserved. Even the names of the streets are sometimes the same as half a thousand years ago.
Almost every museum has medieval items - from a simple pot shard or arrowhead - to magnificent works of art: jewelry, paintings and icons, statues, household items. Some of these things were carefully passed down from generation to generation and have come down to us, while others were found by archaeologists during excavations of medieval cities and castles.
Much more written sources from the Middle Ages have survived than from previous centuries. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medieval documents are preserved in special document repositories - archives. Many manuscripts were lost in fires, floods and wars, and they often perish today. Therefore, historians try to publish ancient documents as much as possible in order to preserve them from any harm and make them accessible to all scientists.
In the Middle Ages there lived many historians, poets and writers. They left us very important works: stories in which, as a rule, the past of one particular people was described, chronicles (or, as they were called in Rus', chronicles), where all the most important events were consistently recorded year after year, as well as biographies of remarkable of people. Poems, novels and stories open up to us the world of feelings of people of the Middle Ages. For economic and trade historians, even short and dry reports on trade transactions, invoices, receipts, and court records are invaluable.
Many wonderful tales and legends about gods, heroes, and early rulers were transmitted orally - they were first written down centuries after they were composed. These stories are called epics. People's memory has also preserved thousands of riddles, proverbs, and conspiracies, which also often come from the depths of centuries.
Scientists-ethnographers (they study folk customs, rituals and life) will confirm that peasant weddings and other rituals, children's games, holidays, clothes, and utensils of peasants from the past and the beginning of this century very often repeated ancient patterns and can also tell us a lot about middle ages.
Many generations of historians have collected bits and pieces of knowledge about the Middle Ages. They have written thousands of books about this era, and every year more and more articles and books appear.

So, everything is already known?

Historians constantly argue among themselves, and not just over trifles. Sometimes there is no agreement on the biggest problems, even what the Middle Ages even are. Dozens of different opinions can be found in the works of modern historians, and choosing the “only correct” one from them is very difficult, if not impossible. The same events can be told in completely different ways, depending on the chosen angle of view.

Our textbook is only one version...

M.: MIROS, 1995 - 416 pp.: ill.

The experimental textbook, dedicated to the history of medieval Europe, differs from traditional ones not only in the structure of the educational material, but also in the fact that it pays great attention to the culture of that time.

History of the Middle Ages. M. Boytsov, R. Shukurov

Textbook for VII grade of secondary schools.

M.: 1995 - 416 pp.: ill.

The experimental textbook, dedicated to the history of medieval Europe, differs from traditional ones not only in the structure of the educational material, but also in the fact that it pays great attention to the culture of that time.

(Textbook with pictures and maps, so file size is large.)

Format: doc/zip

Size: 8.8 MB

Download:

RGhost

CONTENT

Preface

Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages

Chapter 1. The most troubled of all troubled times (The Great Migration and the Fall of the Roman Empire)

§ 1. Barbarians and others

§ 2. Restless neighbors of the Romans

§ 3. The fall of the “Eternal City”

§ 4. End of the Empire

§ 5. Christian Church in the West and East

§ 6. Theodoric the Great: between the barbarians and the Romans

§ 7. The Franks and their king Clovis

§ 8. From Britain to England

Chapter 2. East of the West (Byzantium in the IV-VI centuries. The emergence of Islam)

§ 9. Romei - heirs of the Romans

§ 10. Golden Age of Byzantium

§ 11. The cradle of a new religion

§ 12. The word of the prophet

§ 13. World of Islam

Chapter 3. Two empires (Frankish power and Byzantium in the 7th-9th centuries)

§ 14. The manager of the palace becomes “God’s Anointed”

§ 15. The most famous monarch of the Middle Ages

§ 16. “Carolingian Renaissance” and the decline of the Frankish Empire

§ 17. Are icons holy?

§ 18. Between two worlds

Chapter 4. Viking sails (Northern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries)

§ 19. Normans: from America to Rus'

§ 20. England: waves of conquest

§ 21. Runes and sagas

Chapter 5. On the roads to Canossa and Jerusalem. (The struggle of the empire against the papacy and the Crusades)

§ 22. Birth of the German kingdom

§ 23. Three new countries

§ 24. The Pope challenges

§ 25. Under the sign of the cross

§ 26. England and France: too close embrace

§ 27. Three crusaders

§ 28. “Expansion” of Europe

§ 29. Between a rock and a hard place

§ 30. Stones can also be read

Chapter 6. Plow and sword (Peasants and lords in the X-XII centuries)

§ 31. Peasant and lord

§ 32. Life of a peasant.

§ 33. Between paganism and Christianity

§ 34. Feudal lords and feudalism.

§ 35. The motto is courtliness!

Chapter 7. In the ring of walls and towers. (Medieval city in Western Europe)

§ 36. The emergence of cities

§ 37. Patricians against lords, guilds against patricians, plebeians against guilds

§ 38. City streets and their inhabitants

Chapter 8. In search of the highest truth (Sages, heretics, scholars in the XII-XIII centuries)

§ 39. Reason or insight?

§ 40. The Lord will recognize his own!

§ 41. Mendicant monks

§ 42. The pinnacle of medieval philosophy

§ 43. So let us rejoice!

History of the Middle Ages.

Boytsov M., Shukurov R. History of the Middle Ages: Textbook for the VII grade of secondary educational institutions. - M.: MIROS, 1995 - 416 pp.: ill.

The experimental textbook on the history of medieval Europe differs from traditional ones not only in the structure of the educational material, but also in the fact that it pays great attention to the culture of that time.

Preface

Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages

Chapter 1. The most troubled of all troubled times (The Great Migration and the Fall of the Roman Empire)

Chapter 2. East of the West (Byzantium in the IV-VI centuries. The emergence of Islam)

Chapter 3. Two empires (Frankish power and Byzantium in the 7th-9th centuries)

Chapter 4. Viking sails (Northern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries)

Chapter 5. On the roads to Canossa and Jerusalem. (The struggle of the empire against the papacy and the Crusades)

Chapter 6. Plow and sword (Peasants and lords in the X-XII centuries)

Chapter 7. In the ring of walls and towers. (Medieval city in Western Europe)

Chapter 8. In search of the highest truth (Sages, heretics, scholars in the XII-XIII centuries)

Chapter 9. The Powers of This World (Famous sovereigns of the 13th century - Innocent III, Frederick II and Louis IX)

Chapter 10. At the turning point (Europe in the XIV-XV centuries)

Conclusion

Chronological table

Barbarian peoples of Europe

Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire

Byzantium and the barbarian kingdoms in the 5th century.

Merovingian Power

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

Byzantium in the middle of the 6th century.

Arab Caliphate by the 8th century.

The power of Charlemagne and its division in 843

Byzantium at the beginning of the 11th century.

Campaigns of the Normans

Power of Canute the Mighty

The Holy Roman Empire and its neighbors in the 12th century.

Religions and main churches in Europe by the beginning of the 12th century.

First Crusade

Crusader possessions in the Middle East

Plantagenet power in the 12th century. and own possessions (domain) of the French kings

Stages of the Reconquista

The oldest universities in Europe and the years of their foundation (XII - XV centuries)

The spread of the plague epidemic throughout Europe in the middle of the 14th century.

Area of ​​German colonization in the Eastern Baltic

England and France during the Hundred Years' War

Possessions of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold

The emergence and growth of Switzerland

Preface

Our textbook has a number of features that teachers should pay attention to. The widespread use of almost unadapted material from historical sources, legal monuments and literary works of the era under study, placed “on an equal footing” with the educational text, should help, according to the authors, to create a “stereoscopic” image of the past and develop the independence of thinking of the young reader. In addition, the level of difficulty for different classes and individual students may be determined by different degrees of elaboration of these additional texts.

The questions proposed after paragraphs and texts are more likely to be additional than mandatory (which the teacher can easily formulate himself); They are, as a rule, quite complex; not all of them have clear and unambiguous answers, both in the textbook and, sometimes, outside it. We hope that they will force the student to think about what they have read, and to consider from a new perspective the material that they already seem to have mastered and understood.

In preparing this book, the authors got acquainted with old and modern textbooks from both different European countries, as well as Russian ones - pre-revolutionary and Soviet. Naturally, the experience of the well-deserved textbook by E.V. Agibalova and G.M. Donskoy, from which the authors themselves once studied, was taken into account. However, none of the existing books became a direct prototype of this publication.

The task that the authors set for themselves was not to provide a set of historical examples confirming the truth of a predetermined sociological scheme. The sociological component is, of course, present here too, but it is given a rather modest place. Within the framework of our textbook, we first offer an image of Europe in a certain historical era. The book was conceived as the key to medieval culture, or rather, to that part of it that entered modern civilization. All the names and events mentioned in the book are not “antique museum collections” - they still live in books and films, in philosophical reflections and on artistic canvases... This is the actual Middle Ages. Therefore, no less than a strict fact, we are interested in all kinds of legends included in the mosaic of modern world culture. A widely known myth sometimes turns out to be more significant than a specific circumstance that only experts remember.

The chapters of the textbook devoted to the history of Byzantium, the Islamic world, and the paragraph about the early Slavs are written by R. Shukurov. Both authors worked together on §5. The remaining sections were written by M. Boytsov.

A textbook created by famous experts in the field of studying the history of the Middle Ages - M.A. Boytsov and R.M. Shukurov, introduces students to the most important events of the Middle Ages. The main text, documents and illustrations of the textbook, thanks to a system of various questions and tasks, help schoolchildren to actively and creatively study the history of mankind, develop cognitive and communication skills, and apply new knowledge in educational and social activities. The textbook complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of General Education, is part of the educational and methodological set “History” and is included in the “Innovative School” textbook system. The textbook is intended for general education organizations: schools, gymnasiums and lyceums.

What are the Middle Ages?
The Middle Ages. The era of the Ancient World was replaced by the era of the Middle Ages (or Middle Ages). It began with the fall of the Roman Empire and ended at the end of the 15th century. The Middle Ages themselves are usually divided into three periods: early (V-X centuries), mature (X-XIII centuries) and later (XIV-XV centuries). The Middle Ages is called so because it was given a place in the middle between antiquity and modern times. Historians saw a big difference between these three eras, but what exactly it consisted of is still debated. At first, most considered the Middle Ages to be a period of cultural decline, when cruelty and ignorance reigned. But scientists have long abandoned this opinion, and they had every reason for this. Indeed, the Middle Ages cannot be called a calm time - people died in bloody wars, ancient manuscripts and works of art were destroyed, crop failures and epidemics were frequent. But at the same time, the Middle Ages are a period in which humanity rose to a new stage of development.

Table of contents
What is the Middle Ages
Section I. EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Chapter 1. In the center of the Ecumene
§ 1. New Rome
§ 2. The rise of Byzantium
Chapter 2. Storms on the outskirts
§ 3. Barbarian conquerors
§ 4. The emergence and spread of Islam
§ 5. World of Islam
Chapter 3. Power of the Franks
§ 6. Birth of the Kingdom of the Franks
§ 7. Emperor Charles
Chapter 4. Northern Europe during the Viking Age
§ 8. “People of the North” - Normans
§ 9. How many times was England conquered?
Section II. EUROPE ON THE RISE
Chapter 5. Peasants and knights
§ 10. Land and power
§ 11. Eternal workers
§ 12. Behind castle walls
Chapter 6. Western Europe in the era of the Crusades
§ 13. Empire and Church
§ 14. Crusades
Chapter 7. Faces of a medieval city
§ 15. “Return” of cities
§ 16. In the heart of a medieval city
§ 17. In search of knowledge
Chapter 8. The pinnacle of the Middle Ages
§ 18. At the head of the Christian world
§ 19. Popes, emperors and kings in Europe XII-XV centuries
§ 20. Hard times
§ 21. In the east of Europe
Section III. FAR COUNTRIES
Chapter 9. Where Marco Polo was and was not
§ 22. In the domains of the Great Khan
§ 23. India: rajas and sultans
§ 24. The Celestial Empire and the country of Sipango
§ 25. Very different Africa
§ 26. The world is completely unknown
Section IV. ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW TIME
Chapter 10. Towards a new era
§ 27. And again Europe
Conclusion
Key dates
Main names
Basic concepts.

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