Self-regulation, what is it? Its role in psychology. Open Library - an open library of educational information Self-regulation: the meaning of a biological term

Self-regulation of ecosystems - the most important factor of their existence - is provided by internal mechanisms, stable connections between their components, trophic and energy relationships.[ ...]

One of the most characteristic properties of living things is the constancy of the internal environment of the organism under changing external conditions. Body temperature, pressure, saturation with gases, concentration of substances, etc. are regulated. The phenomenon of self-regulation is carried out not only at the level of the whole organism, but also at the level of the cell. In addition, due to the activity of living organisms, self-regulation is also inherent in the biosphere as a whole. Self-regulation is associated with such properties of the living as heredity and variability.[ ...]

SELF-REGULATION - the ability of a natural (ecological) system to restore the balance of internal properties after c.-l. natural or anthropogenic influence. It is based on the principle of feedback of individual subsystems and environmental components that make up the natural system.[ ...]

The essence of self-regulation in higher animals is that under systematically changing environmental conditions, the constancy of the internal environment is maintained. This is expressed in maintaining a constant body temperature, in the constancy of the chemical, ionic and gas composition, pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate, the constant synthesis of the necessary substances and the destruction of harmful ones. Homeostasis - the most important property of the body - is achieved through the joint activity of the nervous, circulatory, immune, endocrine and digestive systems.[ ...]

Often, self-regulation consists in restructuring the activity of the internal environment of the body, taking into account photoperiodic conditions (leaf shedding in plants, plumage change in birds, changes in activity during the day, etc.). It has been established that all eukaryotes have a biological clock and are able to measure daily, lunar and seasonal cycles. The adaptation of many types of organisms to adverse living conditions is sciatica - t.s. a state characterized by a sharp decrease or even temporary cessation of metabolism (hibernation of animals). All these serious changes are typical for specific species and are determined by their genotype.[ ...]

Since self-healing and self-regulation are natural properties of ecosystems, soils, air and water in natural ecosystems are capable of self-purification. However, due to the extinction under the onslaught of human activities of many biological species - links in trophic chains - ecosystems lose their ability to recover and begin to collapse themselves.[ ...]

The manifestations and mechanisms of self-regulation of supraorganismal systems - populations and biocenoses - are diverse. At this level, the stability of the structure of populations that make up biocenoses, their numbers are maintained, the dynamics of all components of ecosystems is regulated in changing environmental conditions. The biosphere itself is an example of maintaining a homeostatic state and manifestations of self-regulation of living systems.[ ...]

Natural soil ecosystems lose their ability to self-regulate also due to chemical, mechanical, bacterial and physical pollution: industrial, agricultural and domestic waste. In Moscow, the area of ​​significant pollution from 1977 to 1988 increased from 100 to 600 km2. The average content of heavy metals in soils increased 6 times. Removal and storage of solid waste is a problem of any municipal economy. Up to 90% of the raw materials extracted from the bowels go to the dumps of the enterprises of the mining and processing industry, the area of ​​the dumps is thousands of square kilometers.[ ...]

The measure of ecosystems is the processes occurring in them, and the self-regulation of these processes.[ ...]

The main mechanisms of adaptation are the mechanisms of self-regulation. They act both at the cell level and at the level of an organ, system and organism. These mechanisms are based on the following: decomposition products stimulate the synthesis of the original substance. For example, the breakdown of ATP increases the content of ADP, and the latter increases the synthesis of ATP, while other metabolic processes in the cell are inhibited. The process of cellular self-regulation is not autonomous, it is subject to the regulatory influence of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems that exercise nervous, humoral and cellular control over the constancy of the internal environment of the body. The inclusion of various levels of adaptation largely depends on the intensity of the perturbing action, the degree of deviation of physiological parameters (Fig. 6).[ ...]

At the beginning of the 60s of our century, a concept of self-regulation of populations was proposed, according to which, in the process of population growth, not only and not so much the quality of the environment in which this population exists, as the quality of the individuals that make it up, changes. Therefore, the essence of the concept of self-regulation is that any population is able to regulate its numbers in such a way as not to undermine the renewable resources of the habitat, and so that no intervention of any external factors, such as predators or an unfavorable environment, is required.[ ...]

The processes of self-regulation in the biosphere are also based on the high activity of living matter. The production of oxygen maintains the presence and power of the ozone screen, and thus the functioning of the "filter" for the energy of the Sun and cosmic radiation, regulates the overall flow of energy coming to the earth's surface and to living organisms. The constancy of the mineral composition of ocean waters is maintained by the activity of organisms that actively extract individual elements, which balances their influx with the river runoff entering the ocean. Similar regulation is carried out in many other processes.[ ...]

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY - a biotic community that preserves its species composition and functional features due to self-regulation or constant influence of an external control factor. An example of self-sustaining S. at. climax and nodal communities can serve, and paraclimaxes supported from the outside.[ ...]

Ecosystems have developed in the process of long evolution, and they are well-coordinated, stable mechanisms capable of resisting both changes in the environment and changes in the number of organisms through self-regulation.[ ...]

Significant transformations within biomes and a shift in their balance between ecosystems of a lower order inevitably cause self-regulation at a higher level. This is reflected in many natural processes - from changes in the depth of groundwater to the redistribution of air flows. A similar phenomenon is also observed at the level of very large systems of the biosphere when the ratio between biome territories changes. In the course of land development, in the broadest sense of the word, both component and territorial balance are disturbed. To a certain extent, this is permissible and even necessary, because only in a non-equilibrium state are ecosystems able to produce useful products (recall the formula for net community production). But not knowing the measure, a person seeks to get more than nature can give, forgetting that reserves have a foundation of a great many elements that are not yet included in the concept of "resources".[ ...]

At its core, superconductivity, characteristic of radical ion forms of compounds, is a global phenomenon that ensures cosmic connections and self-regulation on the planet. In other words, Space and Earth, man and nature are macroscopic quantum objects, similar to the orbitals of electrons in an atom.[ ...]

Most natural ecosystems were formed during a long evolution as a result of a long process of adaptation of species to their environment. As a result of self-regulation, the ecosystem is able, within certain limits, to withstand changing living conditions or a sudden change in population density.[ ...]

The main goal of ecological design is the construction of a dynamic ecological balance of the natural-technical system, stimulation of the development of internal links of self-regulation of the natural system, exclusion of the possibility of operating objects under the threat of pollution and violation of the ecological balance.[ ...]

Thus, under the ecological balance in the development of urbanization processes, we will understand such a dynamic state of the natural environment, in which self-regulation and reproduction of its main components - atmospheric air, water resources, soil cover, vegetation and wildlife are provided.[ ... ]

The main tasks in this area are the conservation and restoration of landscape and biological diversity sufficient to maintain the ability of natural systems to self-regulate and compensate for the consequences of anthropogenic activity.[ ...]

One of the main tasks of engineering ecology is the creation of such methods and tools for the formation and control of STHs that would ensure their functioning without violating the mechanisms of self-regulation of biosphere objects and the natural balance of nature-forming geospheres. In this regard, the authors were faced with the task of working out and systematizing a wide range of applied engineering issues that form the necessary knowledge base of a modern engineer.[ ...]

Homeostasis (is) is a state of mobile equilibrium (permanent and stable imbalance) of a reo-ecosystem, supported by complex adaptive reactions, constant functional self-regulation of natural systems.[ ...]

The stage of interaction between society and nature, at which the contradictions between the economy and ecology are exacerbated to the limit, and the possibilities of maintaining potential homeostasis, i.e. the ability of self-regulation and ecosystems under the conditions of anthropogenic impact, are seriously undermined, was called the ecological crisis.[ ...]

Initially, Homo sapiens lived in the natural environment, like all consumers of the ecosystem, and was practically unprotected from the action of its limiting environmental factors. Primitive man was subject to the same factors of regulation and self-regulation of the ecosystem as the entire animal world, his life expectancy was short, and the population density was very low. The main limiting factors were hyperdynamia and malnutrition. Pathogenic (disease-causing) effects of a natural nature were in the first place among the causes of death. Of particular importance among them were infectious diseases, which differ, as a rule, in natural foci.[ ...]

The size of the system, or the characteristic size of the system, is its spatial extent (volume, area) or mass, as well as the minimum (maximum) number of subsystems that allows the system to exist and function with self-regulation and self-healing within its characteristic time. System time (characteristic, or proper, time of the system) is the time considered within the framework of the period of existence of a given system and/or the processes occurring in it. These processes are limited by the thermodynamics of the system, its functional features. The combination of the goal of the system, its characteristic time and space creates the prerequisites for the operation of the law of optimality, discussed in Sec. 3.2.1. At the same time, since systems with the same functional goal formed by feedbacks are located at the same level of the hierarchy and therefore are limited by the same type of characteristic time and space, their construction is subject to one set of internal patterns. This is the semantic "third dimension" of Table. 2.1 mentioned in chapter 2.[ ...]

The biosphere, a very dynamic planetary ecosystem, has been constantly changing under the influence of various natural processes in all periods of its evolutionary development. As a result of a long evolution, the biosphere has developed the ability to self-regulate and neutralize negative processes. This was achieved through the complex mechanism of the circulation of substances, which we considered in the second section.[ ...]

Nature management can be “hard”, command, neglecting natural processes or even grossly violating them with the help of technical means, or it can be “soft”, based on the impact through the natural mechanisms of ecosystem self-regulation, i.e. the ability of the latter to restore their properties after anthropogenic impact.[ ...]

Biocentrism (ecocentrism) is a view according to which (as opposed to anthropocentrism): the interaction of human society with wildlife must be subordinated to the ecological imperative - the requirement to preserve the integrity of the self-regulation of the biosphere.[ ...]

A distinctive feature of the ecosphere is the presence of homeostasis, that is, the state of internal dynamic equilibrium of the system, supported by the regular renewal of its structures, material-energy composition and the constant functional self-regulation of its components.[ ...]

In connection with the search for a way out of the ecological crisis, attempts have intensified to build a scientific theory of the interaction between nature and society. There is a scientific search for the basic laws of optimizing the interaction between society and nature, which would become the laws of self-regulation of the "society-nature" system. Among these laws, the central place belongs to the law of optimal correspondence of the nature of social development to the state of the natural environment.[ ...]

Biogeocenosis is a homogeneous area of ​​the earth's surface with a historically established composition of living organisms and components of inanimate nature (soil, atmosphere, climate, solar energy), characterized by relative stability and self-regulation (Fig. 93). Biogeocenosis is, as it were, an elementary structure, a “cell” of the biosphere. There are close ties between individual biogeocenoses, as a result of which a single biogeocenotic cover of the Earth is formed.[ ...]

ECOSYSTEM - a set of biotic and inert components, which, using an external flow of energy, creates stronger connections (exchange of matter and information) within itself than between the considered set and its environment, which ensures an indefinitely long self-regulation and development of the whole under the control influence of biotic components. [...]

In the forest, the number of animal species is much greater than that of plants. However, high productivity (up to 10 tons per 1 ha annually) of producers significantly overlaps the biomass of all animals (about 10 kg per 1 ha). Therefore, only 10-20% of the annual growth of plants is used. This ratio is maintained automatically. Self-regulation allows you to save the species composition and abundance. However, sometimes forest pests multiply in huge numbers, destroying all the foliage (gypsy moth, leafworms). A considerable part of the biomass is mineralized annually. These are plant litter and the remains of animals that decomposers feed on. These include larvae of carrion flies, worms, beetles, bacteria, fungi.[ ...]

Each of the "blocks" of the ecosystem is largely azonal - due to the predominance of the processes of cultivation and reclamation of man-made soil structures and certain agricultural techniques for caring for plants. They obviously differ from natural ones, in which natural factors of self-regulation and natural selection prevail. The vegetation of such artificial ecosystems has a high diversity of ornamental species that are stable in urban conditions, both native and introduced. The sustainability of biodiversity is supported not only by the selection of sustainable species, but also by the peculiarities of planting placement, which ensure the maximum ecological capacity of the territory for fauna.[ ...]

Some researchers, when defining the subject of social ecology, tend to emphasize the role that this young science is called upon to play in harmonizing the relationship of mankind with its environment. According to E.V. Girusov, social ecology should first of all study the laws of society and nature, by which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by man in his life.[ ...]

At the same time, within the framework of the evolution of large cosmic systems (for example, the Solar System), obviously, the law of unlimited progress operates: development from simple to complex is evolutionarily unlimited. It is not necessary to absolutize this regularity. Progress is unlimited only with very significant efforts and self-regulation as the leading factor in development. It requires constant sacrifices, the number of which is also limited by the limits of reasonable sufficiency, and the duration of "unlimited" is still limited by evolutionary limits. For the Earth, this is the time of the existence of the planet itself. So we can only talk about the quasi-unlimited progress of any systems of the Earth.[ ...]

Empirical observations lead to the formulation of an axiom, or the law of systemic separatism: components of a system of different quality are always structurally independent. There is a functional connection between them, there may be interpenetration of elements, but this does not deprive the integrity of the system, structural independence with a common "goal" - the addition and self-regulation of the overall system. For example, the body is made up of organs. Each of them is "not interested" in worsening the work of another organ or in reducing its size. On the contrary, in the composition of the body system, each organ is closely connected with others in a humoral and common destiny. However, the liver cannot be part of the heart, but only a functional component of the digestive system. Such are the relationships in any systems, including in their social series, although this is not always realized. The boundaries may not be as clear as in the body between organs (although they are quite blurry in it). For example, states in history have repeatedly been enlarged, entering into each other, and disaggregated. However, in the end, empires disintegrated due to the law of optimality (see below) of size and the inevitable separatism of nations and peoples, ethnic groups. This does not contradict the economic and even political unification of states on the basis of the "humoral" connection of the world market. A global unified state as a structurally homogeneous formation is also impossible, just as there cannot be a higher organism from amorphous cellular substance, undifferentiated tissues, etc. The “melting pot” of nations is possible only as a legal, but not a physical state, if we are not talking about millennia. [...]

With all fluctuations in the number of components, it obeys the law of redundancy of system elements with a minimum number of organization options: many dynamic systems tend to relative redundancy of their main components with a minimum of organization options. The redundancy of the number of elements often serves as an indispensable condition for the existence of the system, its qualitative-quantitative self-regulation and stabilization of reliability, ensures its quasi-equilibrium state. At the same time, the number of organization options is severely limited. Nature often "repeats", its "fantasy", if we are not talking about the number and variety of elements of the same type, but about the number of types of organization themselves, is very limited. Hence the numerous structural analogies and homology, single-order forms of organization of social processes, etc.[ ...]

A feature of hierarchical control systems is that information about the state of the control object can be obtained only from the lower levels of the controlled system. And this predetermines a special (based on trust) relationship between the controlling and managing systems and the production system. Hence, the concept of modern information management environmental systems is based on knowledge of the laws of self-regulation of natural systems, on knowledge of the possible limit of human intervention in these self-regulating systems, behind which are irreversible catastrophic consequences.[ ...]

Nature management can be irrational and rational. Irrational nature management does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to the impoverishment and deterioration of the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by pollution and depletion of natural systems, disruption of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems. Rational nature management means the complex scientifically substantiated use of natural resources, which achieves the maximum possible conservation of the natural resource potential, with minimal disruption of the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate and self-repair.[ ...]

Ecosystem management does not require regulation from the outside - it is a self-regulating system. Self-regulating homeostasis at the ecosystem level is provided by a variety of control mechanisms. One of them is the predator-prey subsystem (Fig. 5.3). Between the conventionally allocated cybernetic blocks, control is carried out through positive and negative links. Positive feedback "reinforces bias", for example, increases the prey population excessively. Negative feedback "reduces bias", such as limiting prey population growth by increasing the Predator population. This cybernetic scheme (Fig. 5.3a) perfectly illustrates the process of co-evolution in the "predator-prey" system, since mutual adaptation processes also develop in this "bundle" (see Fig. 3.5). If other factors do not interfere with this system (for example, a person destroyed a predator), then the result of self-regulation will be described by a homeostatic plateau (Fig. 5.3 b) - an area of ​​​​negative connections, and if the system is disturbed, reverse positive connections begin to predominate, which can lead to death systems.[ ...]

A very brief definition of an ecological system (ecosystem) is a spatially limited interaction of organisms and their environment. The limitation can be physical and chemical (for example, the boundary of a water drop, a pond, a lake, an island, the limits of the Earth's biosphere as a whole) or associated with the circulation of substances, the intensity of which is higher within the ecosystem than between it and the outside world. In the latter case, the boundaries of the ecosystem are blurred, there is a more or less wide transition zone. Since all ecosystems form a hierarchy in the composition of the planet's biosphere and are functionally interconnected, there is a continuous continuum (as mentioned above, it is problematic between land and ocean). Discontinuity and continuity coexist simultaneously. This was already mentioned in Chapter 2. A diagram of the ecological components of an ecosystem was also given there (Fig. 2.4). This allows us to give only its detailed definition here: an information self-developing, thermodynamically open set of biotic ecological components and abiotic sources of matter and energy, the unity and functional connection of which, within the time and space characteristic of a certain area of ​​the biosphere (including the biosphere as a whole), ensures the excess on this site of internal regular movements of matter, energy and information over external exchange (including between neighboring similar aggregates) and on the basis of this, an indefinitely long self-regulation and development of the whole under the control influence of biotic and biogenic components.

“Keep yourself in hand,” we say to ourselves or to someone, which is often interpreted as “be patient.” Is this really so? Is it possible to control oneself without harm to health? Is it possible to move away from problems, change your attitude towards them, learn to manage your own? Yes. Self-regulation is the ability to manage your emotions and psyche in a stressful situation.

Self-regulation implies an assessment of the situation and the adjustment of activity by the person himself, and, accordingly, the adjustment of the results. Self-regulation can be voluntary and involuntary.

• Arbitrary implies the conscious regulation of behavior in order to achieve the desired goal. Conscious self-regulation allows a person to develop the individuality and subjectivity of his activity, that is, life.
• Involuntary directed to survival. These are subconscious defense mechanisms.

Normally, self-regulation develops and forms along with the personal maturation of a person. But if a personality does not develop, a person does not learn responsibility, does not develop, then self-regulation, as a rule, suffers. Development of self-regulation = .

In adulthood, through self-regulation, emotions are subordinated to the intellect, but in old age, the balance shifts again towards emotions. This is due to the natural deterioration of the intellect with age. Psychologically, old people and children are similar in many ways.

Self-regulation, that is, the choice of the optimal implementation of personal activity, is influenced by:

• personality traits;
• external environmental conditions;
• goals of the activity;
• the specificity of the relationship between a person and the reality surrounding him.

Human activity is impossible without a goal, but this, in turn, is impossible without self-regulation.

Thus, self-regulation is the ability to cope with feelings in socially acceptable ways, accepting norms of behavior, respecting the freedom of another person, maintaining safety. In our topic, of particular interest is the conscious regulation of the psyche and emotions.

Theories of self-regulation

System-activity theory

Author L. G. Dikaya. Within the framework of this concept, self-regulation is considered both as an activity and as a system. Self-regulation of functional states is an activity that is associated with adaptation and the professional sphere of a person.

As a system, self-regulation is considered in the context of a person's transition from unconscious to conscious, and later brought to automatism forms. Wild identified 4 levels of self-regulation.

Involuntary level

Regulation is based on nonspecific activity, processes of excitation and inhibition in the psyche. The person has no control over these reactions. Their duration is not great.

Custom level

Emotions are connected, the need for self-regulation arises in difficult situations of fatigue, stress. These are semi-conscious ways:

• breath holding;
• increase in motor and speech activity;
• muscle tension;
• uncontrolled emotions and gestures.

A person tries to awaken himself, as a rule, automatically, he does not even notice many changes.

Conscious regulation

A person is aware not only of the discomfort itself, fatigue, tension, but can also indicate the level of an undesirable state. Then the person decides that with the help of some methods of influencing the emotional and cognitive sphere, he needs to change his state. It's about:

• about the will
• self-control,
• autotraining,
• psychophysical exercises.

That is, everything that is of interest to you and me in the framework of this article.

Conscious and purposeful level

The person understands that it cannot continue like this and that one must choose between activity and self-regulation, that is, the elimination of discomfort. There is a prioritization, an assessment of motives and needs. As a result, the person decides to temporarily suspend activities and improve his condition, and if this is not possible, continue activities in discomfort, or combine self-regulation and activity. The work includes:

• autosuggestion,
• self-order,
• self-belief,
• introspection,
• self-programming.

There are not only cognitive, but also personal changes.

System-functional theory

Author A. O. Prokhorov. Self-regulation is considered as a transition from one mental state to another, which is associated with the reflection of the existing state and ideas about a new, desired state. As a result of a conscious image, the corresponding motives, personal meanings and self-control are activated.

• A person uses conscious methods of self-regulation to achieve the imagined image of states. As a rule, several methods and means are used. To achieve the main goal (state), a person goes through several intermediate transitional states.
• Gradually, a functional structure of self-regulation of the individual is being formed, that is, habitual conscious ways of responding to problem situations in order to maintain the maximum level of vital activity.

Self-regulation is the transition from one state to another due to the internal switching of work and the connection of mental properties.

The success of self-regulation is affected by the degree of awareness of the state, the formation and adequacy of the desired image, the realism of sensations and perceptions in relation to activity. To describe and understand the current state allow:

• bodily sensations;
• breath;
• perception of space and time;
• memories;
• imagination;
• feelings;
• thoughts.

Self-regulation function

Self-regulation changes mental activity, due to which a person achieves harmony and balance of states.

This allows us to:

• restrain yourself in;
• think rationally under stress or crisis;
• recuperate;
• face the hardships of life.

Components and levels of self-regulation

Self-regulation includes 2 elements:

• Self-control. Sometimes it is the need to give up something pleasant or desirable for the sake of other goals. The beginnings of self-control appear as early as 2 years.
• The second element is consent. We agree on what can and cannot be done. After 7 years, normally a person already has a formed consent.

For the development of conscious self-regulation, the presence of such personality traits is important:

• responsibility,
• persistence,
• flexibility,
• reliability,
• independence.

Self-regulation is closely related to the will of the individual. To control their behavior and psyche, a person needs to build new motives and motivations.

Therefore, self-regulation can be divided into 2 levels: operational-technical and motivational.

• The first implies the conscious organization of action with the help of available means.
• The second level is responsible for organizing the direction of all activities with the help of conscious control of the emotions and needs of the individual.

The mechanism of self-regulation is a life choice. It turns on when you need to change not the circumstances, but yourself.

Self-awareness (awareness of the individual about their characteristics) is the basis of self-regulation. Values, self-concept, self-esteem and the level of claims are the initial conditions for the operation of the self-regulation mechanism.

A significant role in the development of self-regulation is played by mental characteristics and properties of temperament and character. But without motive and personal meaning, it does not work. Conscious regulation is always personally significant.

Features of self-regulation by gender

Women are more prone to fear, irritation, excitement, fatigue than men. Men are more likely to experience loneliness, apathy and depression.

The ways of self-regulation used by men and women also differ. Men's arsenal of methods is much wider than women's. The difference in self-regulation of the sexes is due to several factors:

• historically established differentiation of social roles;
• differences in the upbringing of girls and boys;
• specificity of work;
• cultural gender stereotypes.

But the difference in the psychophysiology of men and women has the greatest influence.

Women's ways of self-regulation are more social in nature, while men's are biological. The orientation of male self-regulation is internal (directed inward), female - external (directed from the outside).

In addition to gender, the features of self-regulation are associated with age, mental and personal development of a person.

The formation of self-regulation

Attempts to consciously use the methods of self-regulation begin at the age of three - the moment when the child first understands his "I".

• But still, in 3-4 years, involuntary speech and motor methods of self-regulation predominate. For 7 involuntary there is one arbitrary.
• At 4-5 years old, children learn emotional control through play. For 4 involuntary methods of self-regulation, there is one arbitrary.
• In 5-6 years, the proportions are aligned (one to one). Children actively use their developing imagination, thinking, memory, speech.
• At 6-7 years old, one can already talk about self-control and self-correction. The proportions change again: for 3 arbitrary methods, there is one involuntary.
• Further, children improve their methods, assimilating them from adults.
• From 20 to 40 years, the choice of self-regulation methods directly depends on human activity. But most often, conscious volitional methods (self-order, switching attention) and communication as a form of psychotherapy are used.
• At the age of 40-60, manipulations with attention still persist, but they are gradually replaced by passive rest, reflection and bibliotherapy.
• At the age of 60, communication, passive discharge, reflection and comprehension predominate.

The formation of the system of self-regulation largely depends on the social situation of development and the leading activity of the age. But this is not all. The higher the motivation of a person, the more developed his system of self-regulation, the more it is able to compensate for undesirable features that hinder the achievement of the goal.

Self-regulation can be not only developed, but also measured. There are many diagnostic psychological questionnaires. For example, the basic questionnaire of V. I. Morosanova.

As a result of mastering the art of self-regulation, each person writes out his own recipe for "calming", which in psychology is called a functional complex. These are actions, or blocks, that a person must perform in order to normalize his condition. For example, such a complex: take a deep breath, listen to music alone, take a walk.

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Self-regulation is a kind of adjustment by an individual of his personal inner world and himself in order to adapt. That is, it is a property of absolutely all biological systems to form, and subsequently keep biological or physiological parameters at a specific, more or less constant level. With self-regulation, the factors that control do not affect the controlled system from the outside, but appear in it itself. Such a process may be cyclical.

Self-regulation is a well-understood and organized influence of the subject on his psyche in order to transform its characteristics in the right direction. That is why the development of self-regulation must begin from childhood.

Mental self-regulation

Self-regulation literally translates as how to put things in order. That is, self-regulation is an advance conscious and organized influence of the subject on his own psyche to change its characteristics in the desired and expected direction.

Self-regulation is based on a set of patterns of mental functioning and their consequences, which are known as psychological effects. These include:

• the activating influence of the motivational sphere, which generates the activity of the subject, purposeful for the transformation of characteristics;

• the effect of controlling involuntarily or arbitrarily mental images that arise in the mind of the individual;

• functional integrity and structural unity of all cognitive processes of the psyche, which provide the effect of the influence of the subject on his psyche;

• interdependence and unity of areas of consciousness and areas of the unconscious as objects through which the subject exercises a regulatory influence on himself;

• functional connection of the emotional-volitional area of ​​the individual's personality and its bodily experience, thought processes.

The beginning of the process of self-regulation should be interconnected with the definition of a specific contradiction associated with the motivational sphere. It is these contradictions that will be a kind of driving force that stimulates the reorganization of certain properties and traits of one's personality. The methods of such self-regulation can be built on the following mechanisms: reflection, imagination, neurolinguistic programming, etc.

The earliest experience of self-regulation is closely related to bodily sensation.

Every intelligent person who wants to be the master of his own life must develop self-regulation. That is, self-regulation can also be called the actions of an individual in order to be healthy. Such actions include daily morning or evening exercises. According to the results of numerous studies that were conducted in the Russian Federation, it was found that due to self-regulation, the human body rejuvenates.

Personal self-regulation is also the management of one's psycho-emotional states. It can be achieved through the impact of the individual on himself with the help of words - affirmations, mental images (visualization), regulation of muscle tone and breathing. Psychic self-regulation is a peculiar way of coding one's own psyche. Such self-regulation is also called autotraining or autogenic training. Due to self-regulation, several important effects arise, such as: calming, i.e. emotional tension is eliminated; restoration, i.e. the manifestations of fatigue are weakened; activation, i.e. psychophysiological reactivity increases.

There are natural ways of self-regulation, such as sleep, eating, communicating with animals and the living environment, hot showers, massage, dancing, movement, and more. However, it is not always possible to use such means. So, for example, while at work, an individual cannot go to bed at the time of a tense situation or overwork. But it is precisely the timeliness of self-regulation that is a fundamental factor in mental hygiene. Timely self-regulation is able to prevent the accumulation of residual effects of overstressed states, helps to restore strength, helps to normalize the emotional background, helps in taking control of one's emotions, and enhances the body's mobilization resources.

Natural methods of self-regulation are one of the simplest and most accessible methods of regulation. These include: smiling and laughing, positive thinking, daydreaming, watching beautiful things (for example, landscapes), looking at photographs, animals, flowers, breathing in clean and fresh air, praising someone, etc.

Sleep affects not only the removal of general fatigue, but also helps, as it were, to reduce the influence of negative experiences, to make them less pronounced. This explains the increased drowsiness of a certain number of people during their experience of stressful situations or difficult life moments.

Water treatments perfectly help relieve fatigue and relax, also relieve irritation and soothe. A contrast shower helps to cheer up, defeat lethargy, apathy and fatigue. Hobby - for many subjects it is an excellent way to relieve anxiety and tension, as well as restore strength. Sports and physical activity contribute to the fight against stress and fatigue associated with hard working days. Also, a change of scenery helps to relieve accumulated stress and fatigue. That is why a person needs a long vacation so much, in which he can afford to go on vacation to the sea, resort, sanatorium, cottage, etc. This is an excellent tool that restores the necessary supply of mental and physical strength.

In addition to the above natural methods of regulation, there are also others, for example, control of breathing, muscle tone, verbal influence, drawing, auto-training, self-hypnosis and many others.

Self-hypnosis consists in the process of suggestion, which is directed at oneself. This process allows you to cause certain necessary sensations in yourself, control and manage the cognitive processes of the psyche, somatic and emotional reactions. All formulations for self-hypnosis should be said in an undertone a number of times, while you need to fully concentrate on the formulations. This method is the basis of all kinds of ways and techniques of mental self-regulation such as autogenic training, yoga, meditation, relaxation.

With the help of auto-training, an individual can restore working capacity, improve mood, increase concentration, etc. for ten minutes without anyone's help, without waiting until the anxiety state, overwork itself passes or develops into something worse.

The method of auto-training is universal, it allows subjects to individually select the appropriate reaction of influence on their own body, decide exactly when it is necessary to eliminate the problems that have arisen, which are associated with adverse mental or physical conditions.

The German psychiatrist Schulz in 1932 proposed a method of self-regulation, which was called autogenic training. The basis of its development was the observation of people entering into trance states. He believed that the basis of all trance states are such factors as muscle relaxation, psychological peace and a feeling of drowsiness, self-hypnosis and suggestion, highly developed imagination. Therefore, by combining several methods, Schultz created the author's technique.

For individuals who have difficulty with muscle relaxation, the technique developed by J. Jacobson is optimal.

Self-regulation of behavior

In the system of organizing the directions of any behavioral actions, an act is realized not only from the position of a reflex, that is, from a stimulus to an act, but also from the position of self-regulation. Consistent and final results are regularly assessed using multi-component polar afferentation in terms of their likely satisfaction of the initial need of the organism. Due to this, any result of behavioral activity that is inadequate to satisfy the initial need is able to be instantly perceived, evaluated, and as a result, the behavioral act is transformed in the direction of searching for an adequate outcome.

In cases where living organisms have successfully achieved the results they need, behavioral actions of a particular direction stop, while being accompanied by personal positive emotional sensations. After that, another dominant need takes over the activity of living organisms, as a result of which the behavioral act goes in a different direction. In cases where living beings encounter temporary obstacles to achieving the desired results, two end results are likely. The first is the development of a formulated approximate research reaction and the transformation of the tactics of behavioral manifestations. The second is to switch behavioral acts in order to obtain another equally significant result.

The system of self-regulation of behavioral processes can be schematically represented as follows: the occurrence of a reaction - an organism that feels a need, the end of the reaction - the satisfaction of such a need, i.e. acquisition of a useful adaptive result. Between the beginning and end of reactions lies behavior, its step-by-step results, which are aimed at the final outcome and their regular evaluation with the help of back afferentation. Any behavior of all living beings is initially built based on a continuous comparison of the properties of external stimuli that affect them with the parameters of the final adaptive result, with regular evaluation of the results that were obtained from the position of satisfying the initial need.

Methods of self-regulation

A person is a fairly complex system that can use various types of self-regulation to achieve a more significant level of activity. Its methods are divided depending on the period of their implementation into methods aimed at mobilization right before the stage of activity or during it, methods that are aimed at full restoration of strength during rest (for example, meditation, auto-training, music therapy and others).

In the daily life of the individual, methods aimed at restoration play a special role. Timely and full night's sleep is considered the best way to achieve recuperation. Sleep provides the individual with a high activity of the functional state. But due to the constant influence of stress factors, overwork and overload, chronic stress, a person’s sleep can be disturbed. Therefore, for self-regulation, other methods may be needed that are aimed at obtaining a good rest for the individual.

Depending on the sphere in which personality self-regulation usually occurs, the methods are corrective, motivational and emotional-volitional. The emotional-volitional methods include the following methods of self-regulation: self-hypnosis, self-confession, self-order, and others.

Self-confession consists in a complete internal report to one's personality about a real personal role in different life situations. This technique is a frank story about the vicissitudes of fate and the complexities of life, about mistakes, wrong steps taken earlier, that is, about the most intimate, about deeply personal worries. Thanks to this technique, the individual is freed from contradictions and the level of mental tension is reduced.

Self-persuasion lies in the communicative process of conscious, critical and analytical influence on personal personal attitudes, the basis. This technique will become more effective only when it starts to rely on strict logic and cold intellect, on an objective and reasonable approach to obstacles, contradictions, and problems in life processes.

Self-order is the implementation of decisive actions in the circumstances of the clarity of the goal and the limited time for reflection. It is developed in the process of conducting training to overcome oneself, in cases where the desired action begins immediately after the issuance of such an order. And, as a result, a reflex connection is gradually formed, which unites inner speech and action.

Self-hypnosis is the implementation of a psycho-regulatory function that operates at the level of reason, a stereotypical level that requires the impact of creative efforts to analyze and resolve difficult situations. The most effective are verbal and mental self-hypnosis if they are characterized by simplicity, brevity, positivity, optimism.

Self-reinforcement consists in controlling reactions of self-regulation of personal life. The result of the activity and the activity itself is evaluated from the position of a personal personal standard, that is, they are controlled. A standard is a kind of standard set by an individual.

In the motivational sphere, two methods of self-regulation are distinguished: indirect and direct. The indirect method is based on the result of the influence on the central nervous system in general or on some specific formations through factors of direct influence, for example, meditation. Direct methods are a direct and conscious revision of the personality of its motivational system, the adjustment of those attitudes and motives that do not suit it for some reason. This method includes auto-training, self-hypnosis, etc.

The correction method includes: self-organization, self-affirmation, self-actualization, self-determination.

Self-organization is an indicator of a person's maturity. There are characteristic signs of the process of becoming self-organization: active making oneself a personality, the ratio of life preferences to personal personality traits, a tendency to self-knowledge, to determine one's weak and strong features, a responsible attitude to activity, work, one's words and deeds, to the surrounding society.

Self-affirmation is interconnected with the needs of the individual in self-disclosure, in the manifestation of one's own personality and self-expression. That is, self-assertion is the aspiration of the subject to acquire and maintain a specific social status, often acting as a dominant need. Such a desire can be expressed in real achievements in various spheres of life and in defending one's own significance before others through verbal statements.

Self-determination lies in the ability of an individual to independently choose the direction of self-development.

Self-actualization consists in the individual's striving for a possibly more complete identification and formation of personal personal potentials. Also, self-actualization is the continuous realization of possible potentials, talents, abilities as the accomplishment of one's life goal or the calling of destiny.

There is also a method of ideomotor training. It is based on the fact that every mental movement is accompanied by micro muscle movements. Therefore, it is possible to improve actions without actually doing them. Its essence lies in the meaningful play of future activities. However, along with all the advantages of this method, such as saving time and money resources, forces, there are a number of difficulties. The implementation of this technique requires seriousness in attitude, focus and concentration, mobilization of the imagination. There are certain principles for conducting training by individuals. First, they must recreate as accurately as possible an image of the movements they are going to work out. Secondly, the mental image of actions must necessarily be associated with their muscular-articular feelings, only in this case it will be a real ideomotor representation.

Each individual must choose and select methods of self-regulation individually, in accordance with his personal preferences and those that can help him successfully regulate his psyche.

Self-regulation of states

The question of self-regulation of states begins to arise when states have a significant impact on the effectiveness of activities, interpersonal communication, mental and physiological health. At the same time, self-regulation means not only the elimination of negative states, but also the challenge of positive ones.

The human body is arranged in such a way that when tension or anxiety arises, its facial expressions change, the tone of the skeletal muscles increases, the rate of speech increases, fussiness occurs, which leads to errors, the pulse quickens, breathing changes, complexion changes. If the individual shifts his attention from the causes of anger or sadness to their external manifestations, such as tears, facial expressions, etc., then the emotional tension will subside. From this it should be concluded that the emotional and physical state of the subjects are closely interconnected, so they can influence each other.

Ways of self-regulation of states can be associated with breathing, with muscles, etc.

The simplest, however, quite effective way of emotional regulation is the relaxation of facial muscles. To learn how to manage your own emotions, you first need to master the relaxation of the muscles of the face and the arbitrary control of their condition. Control will be more effective if it is turned on early from the moment emotions appear. For example, anger can automatically clench your teeth and change facial expressions, but if you try to control the manifestations, while asking yourself questions like “how does my face look?”, Facial muscles will begin to relax. It is very important for any individual to learn the skills of relaxing facial muscles in order to use them in office or other situations.

Another reserve for stabilizing emotional states is breathing. As strange as it may sound, not everyone knows how to breathe properly. Due to improper breathing, increased fatigue may occur. Depending on the state in which the individual is at the moment, his breathing also changes. So, for example, in the process of sleep, a person has even breathing, in an angry individual, breathing quickens. From this it follows that respiratory disorders are dependent on the internal mood of a person, which means that with the help of control over breathing, one can influence the emotional state. The main meaning of breathing exercises is conscious control over the depth, frequency and rhythm of breathing.

Visualization and imagination are also effective means of self-regulation. Visualization consists in creating internal mental images in the mind of the subject, that is, a kind of activation of the imagination through visual, auditory, gustatory, tactile and olfactory sensations and their combinations. This technique helps the individual to activate memory, to recreate exactly those sensations that he experienced earlier. When reproducing certain images of the world in the mind, you can quickly distract yourself from an alarming situation and restore emotional stability.

Emotional self-regulation

Emotional self-regulation is divided into several levels: unconscious, conscious volitional and conscious semantic. The system of self-regulation is represented by these levels, which are the stages of formation of the mechanisms of regulation in the process of ontogenesis. The prevalence of one level over another is considered as a parameter of the genesis of the integrative-emotional functions of the subject's consciousness.

Certain psychological defense mechanisms provide an unconscious level. These mechanisms work on a subconscious level and are aimed at protecting consciousness from traumatic factors, unpleasant experiences that are interconnected with internal or external conflict situations, states of anxiety and discomfort. Those. this is a certain form of processing traumatic factors, a kind of stabilization system for the individual, which manifests itself in the elimination or minimization of negative emotions. These mechanisms include: denial and repression, sublimation and rationalization, devaluation, etc.

The conscious-volitional level of emotional self-regulation is aimed at acquiring a comfortable state of mind with the help of willpower. Volitional control of external manifestations of emotions can also be attributed to this level. Most of the self-regulation methods that exist today are related precisely to this level (for example, auto-training, muscle relaxation according to Jacobson, breathing exercises, labor, catharsis, etc.).

At the level of conscious regulation, the conscious will is aimed not at resolving the conflict of needs and motivations that underlie discomfort, but at changing its objective and individual manifestations. That is, as a result of actions, the causes of such emotional discomfort will not be eliminated. Therefore, the mechanisms at this level are essentially symptomatic. This feature will be common to both conscious and unconscious regulation. The difference between them lies only in the level at which the process takes place: conscious or subconscious. However, there is no clear hard line between them. This is due to the fact that volitional actions for regulation can initially be carried out with the participation of consciousness, and then, gradually becoming automatic, they can also move to the subconscious level.

The conscious-semantic (value) level of emotional self-regulation is a qualitatively new way to resolve problems associated with emotional discomfort. This level of regulation aims to eliminate the underlying causes of such discomfort, to resolve internal conflicts of needs and motivations. This goal is achieved through understanding and rethinking individual values ​​and needs, acquiring new meanings of life. The highest manifestation of semantic regulation is self-regulation at the level of meanings and needs of being.

To implement emotional self-regulation on a conscious-semantic level, one should learn to think clearly, distinguish and describe with the help of words the subtlest shades of individual experiences, comprehend personal needs that underlie emotions and feelings, find meaning in any experiences, even in unpleasant and difficult life experiences. circumstances.

Self-regulation of activities

In modern education and training, the development of self-regulation of the individual is one of the most difficult tasks. Self-regulation, which is realized by an individual in the processes of activity and is aimed at bringing the potentials of the subject in accordance with the requirement of such activity, is called self-regulation of activity.

The functional parts that carry out a full-fledged process of self-regulation of activities are the following links.

Goal-setting or the direction of activity adopted by the individual lies in the performance of a general system-forming function. In this link, the entire procedure of self-regulation is formed in order to achieve the goal in the form in which it is recognized by the subject.

The next link is the individual model of significant circumstances. This model reflects a set of certain internal and external circumstances of activity, which the individual considers important to take into account for the successful performance of the activity. It carries the function of a kind of source of information, on the basis of which the subject can carry out the programming of personal performing acts and actions. It also includes information about the dynamics of circumstances in the processes of activity.

The subject implements the regulatory aspect of building, creating a specific program of performing actions for the implementation of such a link in self-regulation as a program of performing acts. This program is an information education that determines the nature, order, methods and other characteristics of acts aimed at achieving the goal in specific conditions, identified by the individual himself, as significant, as the basis for the program of actions that is adopted.

The system of personal parameters for achieving the goal is a functional specific link for the regulation of the psyche. This system carries the functions of clarifying and concretizing the initial forms and content of the goal. The formulation of the goal in general terms is often insufficient for accurate, directed regulation. Therefore, the individual seeks to overcome the initial informational vagueness of the goal, while formulating the parameters for evaluating the results that correspond to his individual understanding of the goal.

The next regulatory link is the control and evaluation of real results. It has the function of evaluating the current and final results regarding the system of parameters of success accepted by the individual. This link provides information about the level of compliance or inconsistency between the programmed focus of activities, its intermediate and final results and their current (real) progress towards achievement.

The last link in the self-regulation of activity is the decision on corrective actions in the regulatory system.

Psychological self-regulation

Today, in psychological practices and science, such a concept as self-regulation is used quite widely. But due to the complexity of the concept of self-regulation and due to the fact that the concept of self-regulation is used in completely different areas of science, at the moment there are several variations of interpretations. More often, self-regulation is understood as a procedure that ensures the stability and sustainability of the system, balance and transformation, characterized by the purposefulness of personality changes in various mechanisms of psychophysiological functions that are related to the formation of special means of control over activity.

Allocate such basic values ​​that are invested in the concept of self-regulation.

Psychological self-regulation is one of the most important functions of the individual's consciousness, which psychologists distinguish along with reflection. After all, it is the interconnection of these functions that ensures the integration of the processes of the psyche, the unity of the psyche and all phenomena of the psyche.

Self-regulation is a special mental phenomenon that optimizes the state of the subject, and implies the presence of certain methods, techniques, methods and techniques. Self-regulation can be understood more broadly in cases where this process combines not only the ghost of one’s state at the desired level, but also all individual management processes at the level of the individual, its meanings, guidelines, goals, at the level of managing cognitive processes, behavior, actions , activities, communications.

Self-regulation is manifested in all mental phenomena that are inherent in the individual. Psychological self-regulation includes the regulation of individual processes of the psyche, such as perception, sensation, thinking, etc., the regulation of an individual state or skills in self-management, which have become a property of the subject, features of his character due to self-education and upbringing, regulation of the social behavior of the individual.

Psychological self-regulation is a purposeful transformation of the work of various psychophysiological functions, the implementation of which requires the development of certain methods of control over activity.

Failure to regulate one's own emotional states, the inability to cope with affective moods and stress is an obstacle to successful professional activity, contributes to disorders of interpersonal relations in teams and families, prevents the achievement of accepted goals and the realization of intentions, leads to a disorder in the health of the individual.

Therefore, specific techniques and methods are constantly being developed to help cope with strong emotions and prevent them from turning into affects. The first thing that is recommended is to timely identify and realize the objectionable emotion, analyze its origins, get rid of the tension in the muscles and try to relax, while you need to breathe rhythmically and deeply, attract the previously stored image of a pleasant and positive event in your life, try to look at yourself as if from the side. With the help of endurance, special training, self-control, a culture of interpersonal relationships, it is possible to prevent the formation of an affect.

The main goal of psychological self-regulation is the formation of certain mental states that contribute to the best use of the psychological and physiological abilities of the individual. Such regulation is understood as a purposeful transformation of individual functions of the psyche and neuropsychic moods in general, which is achieved through a specially created activity of the psyche. This process occurs due to specific brain reorganizations, as a result of which the activity of the organism is formed, directing concentrated and more rationally the entire potential of the organism to resolve the problems that have arisen.

Methods of direct influence on the state of the body can be figuratively divided into two main groups: external and internal.

The first group of normalization of functional states includes the reflexological method. It occurs through the impact on biologically active and reflexogenic points, the organization of a competent diet, pharmacology, functional music and light and music influences, the most powerful method of active influence is the influence of one individual on another through order, hypnosis, persuasion, suggestion, etc.

The reflexological method, in addition to being used in medicine, is also widely used for preventive measures in borderline conditions, to increase working capacity, and to urgently mobilize the body's reserves.

Optimization of the diet is important in the processes of normalization of functional states. So, for example, a lack of necessary useful minerals, vitamins and other substances in the body necessarily leads to a decrease in resistance. As a result, fatigue appears, stress reactions occur, etc. Therefore, a balanced diet and the inclusion of mandatory foods in it is one of the topical preventive methods for adverse conditions.

One of the oldest and most common methods of influencing the personal state is pharmacotherapy. However, only the most natural preparations should be used as preventive measures.

The combination of functional music with color and light influences was no less widely used. Also interesting is the method of bibliotherapy - therapeutic reading proposed by Bekhterev. This method is implemented by listening to some fragments of their works of art, for example, poetry.

Mechanisms of self-regulation

In almost all methods of self-regulation, two main psychophysiological mechanisms are used: a decrease in the level of wakefulness of the brain to a certain degree and the maximum concentration of attention on the task being solved.

Waking is active and passive. Active wakefulness occurs when an individual is reading a book or watching a movie. Passive wakefulness is manifested in cases when the subject lies down, closes his eyes, relaxes all the muscles, tries not to think about anything in particular. This state is the first stage on the way to falling asleep. The next stage - a lower level of wakefulness, will be drowsiness, i.e. superficial sleepiness. Further, the subject, as it were, descends the stairs into a dark room and falls asleep, plunges into a deep sleep.

According to the results of the research, it was revealed that the brain of a person who is in a state of drowsiness and passive wakefulness acquires one rather important property - it becomes maximally receptive to words, to mental images and representations interconnected with them.

It follows that in order for words characterized by purposefulness and their corresponding mental images and representations to show a clearly defined effect on individuals, they must be passed through a brain that is at a reduced stage of wakefulness - in a state that resembles drowsiness. This is the main essence of the first mechanism, which is used in the methods of mental self-regulation.

The second important mechanism of self-regulation is the maximum concentration of attention on the problem being solved. The more focused attention, the higher the success of the activity to which the subject pays attention at the moment will be. The way a person is arranged is that he is not able to simultaneously focus on several phenomena or objects. So, for example, it is impossible to listen to the radio and read a book at the same time. Attention can be riveted either to the radio or to the book. And when attention is directed to a book, a person does not hear the radio, and vice versa. Most often, when trying to do two things at the same time, the quality of doing two things suffers. So there is no point in doing two things at the same time. However, very few are able to completely switch off from interfering factors. In order to learn how to fully own your own attention, you should train every day several times a day, trying to keep your attention on something for a couple of minutes. In such training, in no case should you strain. You need to learn how to maintain concentrated attention, while not straining yourself either physically or psychologically.

Among the fundamental mechanisms of the motivational level of personal self-regulation, which are most effective in critical situations, semantic binding and reflection are distinguished.

The mechanism of self-regulation, in which the formation of a new meaning occurs through its emotional saturation through the connection of neutral content with the semantic and motivational spheres of the personality, is called semantic binding.

Reflection allows an individual, as it were, to look at himself from a different perspective, to transform his attitude towards something, to rearrange his world, to adapt to a constantly changing reality. Reflection is a way of personal self-development, in contrast to unconscious forms of self-regulation (psychological protection).

So, self-regulation is a systemic process capable of providing a transformation adequate to the circumstances, the plasticity of an individual's life activity at any of its stages. This process is characterized by the purposefulness of the activity of the subject, which is realized through the interaction of various phenomena, processes and levels of the psyche. In self-regulating processes, the integrity and system integration of the psyche is determined.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"

In the broadest sense, self-regulation(from lat. regulars- put in order, adjust) - this is the expedient functioning of living systems of different levels of organization and complexity. The concept of "self-regulation" is widely used in various fields of science to describe living and non-living systems based on the feedback principle.

Mental self-regulation is one of the levels of regulation of the activity of these systems, expressing the specifics of the mental means of reflecting and modeling reality that implement it, including the reflection of the subject. Mental self-regulation is carried out in the unity of its energy, dynamic and content-semantic aspects.

The place and role of psychic self-regulation in a person's life is quite obvious if we take into account that practically his entire life is an infinite number of forms of activity, actions, acts of communication and other types of purposeful activity. It is purposeful voluntary activity, realizing the whole set of effective relations with the real world of things, people, environmental conditions, social phenomena, etc., that is the main modus of a person's subjective existence. Success, reliability, productivity, and the final outcome of any act of voluntary activity depend on the degree of perfection of self-regulation processes. Moreover, all individual features of behavior and activity are determined by the functional formation, dynamic and meaningful characteristics of those self-regulation processes that are carried out by the subject of activity. The process of formation of mental regulation is long. Man's mastery of his behavior is a turning point in the process of man's evolution.

Personal regulation of life arises in the process of anthropogenesis, when life activity itself becomes the subject of attitude on the part of its bearers. A new system of relations of the subject arises - relations to one's own direct relations with the world. The consciousness of a person reflects not only objective reality, but also the very relations that connect him with it. These relationships can be of varying degrees of awareness, and their representation in consciousness forms a special plane of subjective reality. The personality represents a certain regulatory system, which ensures that the subject separates himself from the surrounding world, structures and presents his relations with the world, and subjugates his life activity to the stable structure of these relations, as opposed to momentary impulses and external stimuli. This is the essence of human self-regulation.

With all the variety of manifestations, self-regulation is a closed loop of regulation, has the following structure:

the purpose of the subject's voluntary activity;

model of significant conditions of activity;

The program of actual performing actions;

a system of criteria for the success of activities;

information about the actual results achieved;

assessment of the compliance of real results with success criteria;

decision on the need and nature of the correction activities.

It is important to take into account that the general patterns of self-regulation are implemented in an individual form, depending on specific conditions, as well as on the characteristics of nervous activity, on the personal qualities of the subject and his habits in organizing his actions, which is formed in the process of education. The goal accepted by the subject does not unequivocally determine the conditions necessary for the construction of a program of performing actions. With similar models of significant conditions of activity, various ways of achieving the same result are possible. Depending on the type of activity and the conditions for its implementation, self-regulation can be realized by various mental means (sensory concrete images, ideas, concepts, etc.).

In science, the problem of self-regulation was originally developed within the framework of will theory. The ability to regulate mental processes and states was already noted in the works of Aristotle. The orientation of the will not only to external action, but also to attention was emphasized in the works of A. Bain, T. Ribot, V. James. However, in these works, the regulation of the ongoing action and various mental processes is not posed as a special problem. The idea of ​​regulation of behavior as a special independent process was clearly formulated in the works of C. Sherrington, who developed the position of C. Bernard on self-regulation. C. Sherrington believed that self-regulation, associated with human consciousness, does not require a special mental education called will, and is carried out through the work of certain nerve centers associated with conscious reflection.

In general, the regulatory approach to the problem of will turned out to be closely related to the motivational approach in the specific idea of ​​will as overcoming an obstacle and contributed to the consideration of undesirable states as internal barriers to activities associated with emotional stress.

The German psychologist Yu. Among such mechanisms, Yu. Kul identifies the following: motivational, perceptual, emotional, behavioral control, control of attention, activation of efforts, coding and working memory. The author notes that these mechanisms are most often implemented at an unconscious level, but they can also take the form of conscious strategies.

According to Yu. Kul, intention consists of a number of elements united in a single network. The key elements of this network are cognitive representations of the present, future, and current state. If all elements are activated to the same degree, the intention is complete and the action is most effectively implemented. If any of these elements is missing or underrepresented, then the person pays increased attention to this element (consciously or unconsciously) and further processes the information associated with the missing element. This is the most likely reason for the emergence of an inferior intention, which perseveres (i.e., resumes itself, "loops"), but does not translate into action.

Yu. Kul suggests that there are people who are prone to the formation of full-fledged intentions - action-oriented subjects, and inferior intentions - state-oriented subjects. The latter are characterized by such a type of regulation as "self-control", which phenomenologically manifests itself in arbitrary attention directed to the target object and in the efforts of a person to increase the level of one's own activity. In this case, directive supercontrol leads, paradoxically, to a loss of control. Action-oriented subjects are characterized by a different type of regulation - "self-regulation", which manifests itself in involuntary attention to the target object and the absence of effort on the part of the person. “Self-regulation” in terms of resources is a more economical type of regulation than “self-control”.

In domestic psychology, the basic principles of regulation in living systems were formulated in the works of P.K. Anokhin and N.A. Bernstein. In a general form, the issues of self-regulation were touched upon by S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontiev. Currently, research on the problem of self-regulation is carried out in three main areas:

self-regulation of activities;

· self-regulation of behavior;

Self-regulation of mental processes and states.

At the same time, one of the central places is occupied by the problem of self-regulation of the mental activity of the subject of activity, the development of which is carried out within the framework of the subjective approach to the study of the psyche (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, O.A. Konopkin, V.I. Morosanova, A.K. Osnitsky and etc.). According to the representatives of this approach, self-regulation is a kind of vertical, a subjective property, a coordinator of multimodal personal qualities, which ensures the overcoming of contradictions in the functioning of the personality in activity. Regulation is a functional means of the subject, allowing him to mobilize his personal and cognitive capabilities, acting as mental resources, to realize his own activity, to achieve subjectively accepted goals.

The core of the concept of O.A. Konopkin is a representation of an integral system of conscious self-regulation of activity that allows the realization of subjective integrity, as well as the understanding that in a meaningful analysis of subjective characteristics, attention is paid to one or another purposeful activity that has a certain personal meaning and in relation to which a person acts as its initiator and creator.

Conscious self-regulation, according to O.A. Konopkin, this is a system-organized process of a person’s internal mental activity in initiating, building, maintaining and managing various types and forms of voluntary activity that directly realizes the achievement of the goals he takes. Speaking about the individual features of self-regulation, the author identifies personality structures that have a significant impact on what goals a person sets for himself, and also modulates in a specific way the individual profile of self-regulation, that is, the features of achieving these goals. It considers such qualities of the subject as independence, internal determinant, regulation of activity, the ability to be the creator of one's life, as well as general ability of self-regulation. This ability is manifested both in external activity (successful mastery of new types and forms of activity, etc.), and in the internal plan (consciousness, understanding of the grounds for the activity being carried out). Insufficient development of this ability to a certain extent can be compensated by the formation of the necessary separate regulatory processes in a passive-reproductive way.

In the structure of the general ability of self-regulation stands out:

the presence of a complete functional structure of the process of self-regulation;

internal plan of interaction with the reflected reality;

Emotional attitude to the reflected;

human speech development, etc.

The development of the general ability of self-regulation involves a person's awareness of his strengths and weaknesses and the maximum compensation for the insufficiency of some means of self-regulation by others - an individual peculiar reflexive approach to oneself.

The systemic organization of the process of self-regulation (the systemic participation in it of all mental means of the subject) provides more opportunities for the manifestation of purely individual characteristics of self-regulation based on the mental means that a person has.

Within the framework of the structural-functional approach to the study of self-regulation processes, individual-typological differences in the implementation of regulatory functions have been identified. In the studies of G.S. Prygin identified types of self-regulation of activity: autonomous, mixed and dependent. This selection is based on the features of the functioning of the system of conscious self-regulation of activity and a certain level of development of personal qualities, united in the concept of " effective autonomy».

Autonomous entities at all stages of the performance of activities, they reveal such qualities as: purposefulness, composure, developed self-control, the ability to adequately assess the external conditions for the performance of activities, to actively search for information necessary for the successful implementation of activities, confidence in their personal qualities, knowledge and skills, as well as the ability, if necessary, to mobilize them to achieve the set goal - i.e. a complex of effective independence in the performance of activities.

For subjects with dependent type of self-regulation the complex of "effective independence" is poorly developed. A person cannot himself determine the correctness of the chosen method of action or evaluate the significance of one or another factor influencing the success of an activity, he cannot critically analyze the results obtained, etc. As a result, he often has to turn to more competent people for help.

Subjects with mixed type of self-regulation combine to some extent the qualities inherent in these types: purposefulness, composure, developed self-control are combined with insufficient ability to model the conditions for performing activities, which can lead to a mismatch between the goal and the result of the activity. In conditions of increased complexity of the activity performed, the success of its self-regulation approaches the indicators of "dependent", in a situation of a low degree of complexity of the activity, to the indicators of "autonomous".

An interesting view of V.I. Morosanova on the process of self-regulation. In her opinion, the implementation of any type of activity is provided by a certain circuit of regulation, characterized by individual regulatory features specific to a given subject. In this sense, they are the regulatory components of a particular activity. But here it should be borne in mind that any type of activity traditionally identified in psychology is “single”, integral in its structure, very conditionally. In reality, it is a diverse set of activity situations in which a person has to put forward and achieve a variety of goals, to carry out regulation by very diverse forms of activity. For example, educational activity, the main "system-forming" goal of which is the assimilation of knowledge, includes self-regulation of one's activities in the classroom and at home, communication with peers and teachers, and so on. Therefore, in relation to any type of activity, it is difficult to talk about the possibility of a person having a single style of individual activity.

IN AND. Morosanova considers self-regulation as the main characteristic of the subject and analyzes the style features of self-regulation of activity, focusing on the personal aspects of self-regulation. The author introduces the concept individual style of self-regulation in voluntary human activity. The individual-typical features of self-regulation are determined by the personal characteristics of the subject, modeled under the influence of the requirements of a particular activity, and on the basis of this, such a structure of regulation is formed that contributes to the achievement of success acceptable to the subject.

IN AND. Morosanova identifies two types of self-regulation:

harmonious type, in which all the main processes and links of regulation are developed approximately at the same level;

Accentuated type, in which there is a different degree of development of individual regulatory links.

The basis for this classification are formal (structural characteristics of styles) and substantive (effectiveness of self-regulation and regulatory-personal properties) subclassifiers.

A.K. Osnitsky considers the problem of independence as a subjective activity and distinguishes two types of self-regulation: activity and personal. The first type fixes the predominance in the regulation of the tasks of subject transformations, and the second - the tasks of transforming relations to objects and people.

Activity self-regulation manifests itself in the organization of efforts to increase the efficiency of actions, successfully achieve the goal, optimize individual components of regulation in the system to increase its effectiveness as a whole.

Personal self-regulation manifests itself in determining one's individual place in the cultural and historical tradition and those corrections that are made in determining one's own positions. Both in activity self-regulation and in personal self-regulation, much depends on the formation of activity, courage and awareness, fixed in the regulation of efforts, in actions.

As source self-regulation of the personality, the contradiction between the leading and current reflection (what is planned and what is not implemented) is considered. According to K.V. Milyukhin, the decisive role of anticipatory reflection in self-regulation of the personality can be explained as one of the factors that generates a mismatch between the ideal model of the required future that the human brain creates and reality. Mismatch acts as an internal impulse, as a motivating force. Behavioral and other activity is triggered in the course of resolving (removing) the contradiction.

The following are considered as mechanisms of self-regulation:

reflection;

semantic connection;

· Modeling the required future and creating a contradiction between the desired and reality.

Reflection(as the focus of the subject on himself and on his activity) is a universal mechanism of the process of self-regulation. It stops (fixes) the process of activity, objectifies it, which makes possible a conscious impact on this process. In the process of self-regulation, reflection performs two important functions: constructive and control. According to A.I. Podolsky, reflection regulates the search for a solution to the problem, stimulates the promotion and synthesis of hypotheses, and ensures the correctness of their assessment.

B.V. Zeigarnik, A.B. Kholmogorova, E.S. Mazur single out, in addition to reflection, another mechanism of self-regulation - semantic binding. They point out that the possibility of conscious regulation is given by the hierarchical structure of the semantic formations of the personality, which are a unity of affective and cognitive components. The process of self-regulation involves the restructuring of semantic formations, the condition of which is their awareness. It is conscious semantic formations that underlie the self-regulation of behavior, with their help, an arbitrary change in the semantic orientation, control over immediate motives, assessment and correction of actions and deeds are carried out. The process of self-regulation, which involves the formation of a new semantic system, is provided by a number of mechanisms that set the general principles of correlation between motives and meanings, motives and goals within the structure of the motivational sphere.

Semantic binding is both a mechanism of self-regulation as a component of experience and a mechanism of self-regulation as a volitional behavior. However, in the case of volitional behavior, semantic linking consists rather in strengthening already existing meanings, ways of linking them with other motives and values, while in the process of experiencing a new semantic system is formed. The establishment of an internal connection with the value sphere of the personality and thereby the transformation of a neutral content into an emotionally charged meaning is a special inner work that can be designated as the action of semantic binding. In the dynamic aspect, the result of this work is the emergence of new impulses that receive an "energy charge" by linking the new content with the motivational and semantic sphere of the personality.

Thus, the semantic sphere of the personality, as a specially organized set of semantic formations (structures) and the connections between them, provides the semantic regulation of the integral life of the subject in all its aspects.

An important function of semantic formations is as follows: any human activity can be evaluated and regulated in terms of its success in achieving certain goals and in terms of its moral assessment. The latter cannot be produced "from within" the current activity itself, based on the available actual motives and needs. Moral assessments and regulation necessarily imply a different, extra-situational support, a special, relatively independent psychological plane, not directly captured by the immediate course of events. Semantic formations become this support for a person, especially in the form of their awareness - personal values, since they do not set specific motives and goals in themselves, but the plane of relations between them, the most general principles of their correlation. The semantic level of regulation does not prescribe ready-made recipes for actions, but gives general principles that in different situations can be implemented by different external actions.

Self-regulation is ineffective in the absence of personal meaning and the corresponding motivation of the subject. That is, the process of regulation of states with conscious regulation bears the imprint of personal significance for the subject. This allows us to assert that semantic regulation life is the basis of the process of self-regulation of the individual.

The highest level of value-semantic regulation is represented by a system of personal values, which are non-situational, stable structures. They determine the functioning of regulatory formations and are considered as conscious semantic formations. This level is called the content level of value-semantic regulation.

The next level of regulation is dynamic, determined directly by the regulatory components (planning, modeling, programming, etc.), reflection, personality activity, and emotional experiences.

Thus, self-regulation is a process of conscious voluntary control of a person by his behavior, activities, due to which conflicts are resolved, mastery of his behavior, etc. The process of self-regulation is mediated by the work of the mechanisms of consciousness and, above all, reflection and transformation of the semantic formations of the personality. Effective self-regulation presupposes adequate awareness and transformation of the semantic structures of the personality that determine behavior and activity.

G.V. Ozhiganova

cand. psychol. Sci., Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Psychology of Abilities and Mental Resources,

FGBUN "Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences"

HIGHEST CAPACITY FOR SELF-REGULATION AND INTERNAL EXPERIENCE

Annotation. Self-regulation is seen as the highest ability that opens the way to spiritual growth, and inner experience is seen as a factor contributing to the manifestation of this ability. The self-regulatory effects of inner experience are described.

Key words: self-regulation, regulatory experience, inner experience, higher ability for self-regulation.

G.V. Ozhiganova, Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences

HIGHER CAPACITY FOR SELF-REGULATION AND INNER EXPERIENCE

abstract. Self-regulation is regarded as the higher capacity, opening the way to spiritual growth and inner experience is treated as a factor contributing to the manifestation of this capacity. The effects of self-regulation due to inner experience are described.

Keywords: self-regulation, regulatory experience, inner experience, the higher capacity for self-regulation.

The problem of self-regulation is one of the most important in psychology, it affects key aspects of a person's life, his professional activities, family relationships, communication with colleagues and friends. Professional success, social demand and creative self-realization, family well-being, spiritual growth and self-improvement, promotion to the highest levels of personal development depend on the possibilities of self-regulation.

The study of self-regulation in domestic psychology is traditionally associated with human activity, as well as the subject-activity approach (K.A. Abulkhanova, A.V. Brushlinsky, V.A. Ivannikov, O.A. Konopkin, B.F. Lomov, V. I. Morosanova, G.S. Prygin, S.L. Rubinstein).

A large number of studies of the ability to self-regulation is focused on the professional activity of a person (V.A. Bodrov, N.V. Byakova, L.G. Dikaya, G.M. Zarakovskiy, V.P. Zinchenko, L.A. Kitaev-Smyk, M. A. Kotik, V. I. Lebedev, A. B. Leonova, A. K. Osnitsky, etc.)

On the other hand, aspects of self-regulation related to the highest manifestations of a person, his spiritual development, which can be based on internal experience, are little studied. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to consider self-regulation as the highest ability that opens up the possibility of moving a person to the highest spiritual, value-semantic boundaries of being, and internal experience as a factor leading to the realization of this ability.

Within the framework of the activity approach, conscious self-regulation is understood as an integral system for promoting and managing the achievement of the goals of behavior and activity. The functioning of this system is based on setting goals, modeling significant conditions, programming actions, evaluating and correcting results.

The activity approach to understanding and studying self-regulation is largely based on the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, who believed that the useful result obtained is the system-forming factor of a functional system. In line with the theory of activity from a psychological point of view, this means that the process of regulation is implicitly associated with obtaining a specific result, i.e. with the achievement of a specific goal of activity.

Consideration of the ability to self-regulation in connection with the concept of "internal experience",

allows, in our opinion, to go beyond the rigidly outlined by the activity of obtaining a specific useful result and expand the possibilities of interpreting self-regulation, understanding it as the highest human ability, contributing to spiritual development through the discovery of new meanings and value enrichment of the inner world and being in general.

The ability to self-regulate is one of the defining characteristics of a person as a subject of life. It is associated with self-awareness, reflection, emotional-volitional processes, goal-setting, with the achievement of vital and important goals leading to self-development and the realization of the meanings and goals of being. Therefore, we attribute the ability to self-regulation to the highest human abilities, noting also the universality of this ability, which is related to various manifestations of activity, and which is included as a component in systems and processes of different levels and complexity. “Self-regulation of purposeful activity acts as the most general and essential function of the integral human psyche, in the processes of self-regulation, the unity of the psyche is realized in all the richness of its conventionally distinguished individual levels, aspects, capabilities, functions, processes, abilities, etc.” .

We believe that the highest ability for self-regulation can manifest itself not only at the level of activity, and not always be strictly purposeful, focused on a practical useful result achieved by volitional and intellectual processes and efforts, but also affect deep personal layers and arise spontaneously. L.M. Wecker writes: "... the problem of mental regulation of activity... in its entirety cannot be solved only within the framework of the theory of mental processes, because it is closely connected with the psychology of the individual," we add, and with the inner life, the inner experience of a person.

Let us dwell in more detail on the concept of regulatory experience proposed by Osnitsky, since it is closely related to the higher ability for self-regulation in our understanding. According to Osnitsky, the regulatory experience accumulated by a person is an important condition that ensures the implementation of subjective activity. This type of experience is a system of knowledge, skills and experiences (conscious and directly sensory) that determine the success of the regulation of activity and behavior, as well as various aspects of its personal self-determination. A set of components of regulatory experience is distinguished, such as value, reflective, operational, habitual activation, cooperation.

According to Osnitsky, regulatory experience (RO) is a dynamic subsystem of a holistic human experience, which includes information about the external and internal world, obtained in a direct-sensory and indirect way, filled with personal meaning and determining the direction of human activity. The peculiarity of RO is due to the connection of its content with the processes of regulation of activity and self-regulation of a person's own efforts. The main characteristics of regulatory experience are as follows:

RO is a structured system of knowledge, skills and experiences in a certain way, which determines the success of activities and behavior;

RO includes content and operational components, which are primarily associated with the projected (actively organized) activity of a person, partially including reflected information about reactive and impulsive activity;

RO includes a wide class of subjectively (in terms of tasks solved by a person) and subjectively (through the prism of his individual special experience) experienced and perceived representative of regulatory processes associated with awareness and

reflection, purposefulness, habitual activation, skill in actions and coordination of efforts with other people;

RO is acquired in the process of natural development and under the influence of training and education. For its formation and improvement, the determining factor is the technology of self-designed activity comprehended by a person, which provides a constant update of the regulatory experience as an information system;

RO, thus, is seen as an open system that is acquired, enriched and improved throughout a person's life;

RO combines knowledge, skills, values, experiences, both conscious and not always amenable to comprehension and verbalization, and, nevertheless, largely determine the everyday behavior of a person;

RO, acting as a result of the reflection of past activity, is used in the design of activities, determines its success in the present and strategy in the future;

RO contributes to the formation of a system of subjective criteria and assessments, including the requirements and norms that a person is guided by;

RO largely determines the claims of the subject of activity;

RO has its own structure, the components of which, in interaction, ensure the formation and implementation of subjective activity (value, reflective, habitual activation, operational experience and cooperation experience).

It is important to note that Osnitsky, linking regulatory experience with purposeful projected (actively organized) human activity, also includes a system of subjective criteria and assessments, experiences, considers it as an open system that is enriched and improved throughout life.

Osnitsky's concept of regulatory experience, based on a holistic approach to the study of psychological facts and patterns, makes it possible to single out reflexive and value aspects, as well as conscious and unconscious experiences, but in many respects determining everyday human behavior. These aspects, on the one hand, are associated with self-regulatory abilities, on the other hand, with internal experience and are extremely important for psychological study and reflection of the whole versatility of a person’s inner life.

From the point of view of modern researchers, internal experience includes thoughts, feelings, internal sensations, for example, a sore throat, etc., which open up to consciousness. Inner experience is thus the most intimate thing a person has. Through inner experience, a person can understand what he has learned and what he does not know, what he thinks and how he thinks, what he feels. All these types of experience create a form of human being and at the same time are formed on the basis of this being.

It should be noted that for a long time Russian psychology was dominated by a methodological paradigm based on the rigid principles of external determinism of the psyche, on the philosophical concept of reflection. At present, there is a growing interest among many scientists in the application of other paradigms.

Let us turn to the concept of the world of the inner life of a person, proposed by V.D. Shadrikov. He believes that the inner world of a person and his inner life constitute the essence of the personality, only an understanding of the inner world of a person can explain his actions and behavior.

Shadrikov believes that the inner world of a person is a need-emotional-informational substance that can be considered as a human soul in its scientific understanding. “Two groups of facts testify that there is a real inner life of a person - everyday experience and experimental data,” he writes, believing that today the time has come to study the inner world of a person and the inner

mental life of a person as a reality.

The ideas embodied in Shadrikov's concept can be summarized as follows: 1) there is a real world of human inner life; 2) it is necessary and possible to study within the framework of psychology.

It is interesting that W. James expressed similar ideas more than 100 years ago. Confirming the importance of studying the world of human inner reality, he says that the external objects we think, since they are given to our experience, are only ideal images of that whose existence we cannot internally cognize, but only externally note, “while the internal is our real experience; the reality of this state and the reality of our experience represent an indivisible unity. W. James gives a formula for a person's real inner experience:

The field of consciousness + its conceivable or felt object + our relation to this object + the feeling of oneself as the subject to which this relation belongs = our concrete real experience.

This experience may not be great, but it is undoubtedly real as long as it exists in consciousness; “it is not a void, not an abstract element of experience, which is the “object” taken in itself. This is a true fact, even if we admit that it is of little importance; it is qualitatively identical to any true reality and lies on the line connecting real events.

W. James, asserting the reality of the inner life of a person, shows the possibility of its psychological study, attracting the category of internal (spiritual, religious) experience, which, in our opinion, can become the basis for the study of spiritual realities and, in particular, the highest ability for self-regulation associated with spiritual states conducive to spiritual growth. In the context of our study, it is important to consider the possibility of a connection between internal experience and self-regulatory effect.

Based on the descriptions of the spiritual experience of many people, James gives the following characteristics of higher spiritual states:

1. Feeling a greater breadth of life compared to a selfish life full of petty interests;

Belief in the existence of a Supreme Force, which is achieved not only by the efforts of the mind, but also through direct feeling. For religious people, this is God. For non-religious people, these can be moral ideals, lofty (utopian) dreams of patriots and public figures, ideals of piety and justice;

2. Feeling the intimate connection that exists between the supreme power and our life; voluntary submission to this force;

3. Boundless upsurge and a sense of freedom corresponding to the disappearance of the boundaries of personal life;

4. Dominance in the emotional life of feelings of harmony and love for people.

The above conditions of the inner life give rise to the following spiritual

conditions associated with:

Asceticism;

By the power of the soul (the feeling of expanding the boundaries of life can become so all-encompassing that all personal motives and obstacles, which are usually powerful, will turn out to be insignificant and a person will discover new opportunities for cheerful patience; fears, anxieties and worries will disappear and blissful peace of mind will arise in their place) ;

Purity of the soul (increased sensitivity to spiritual dissonances and the desire to cleanse one's life from base elements and carnal instincts);

Mercy (love for all people, including enemies, complete lack of antipathy, friendliness to all), which leads to a complete absence of fear and the appearance of "completely

an inexplicable and indescribable feeling of inner security, which can only be known in experience, and this experience, experienced once, is never forgotten again.

James writes: "The transition from a normal state of consciousness to a mystical consciousness is reflected in a person as a transition from a closed space to an immensely broad outlook and, at the same time, as a transition from confusion to peace."

So, we can say that the inner experience associated with spiritual states has a powerful self-regulatory resource. The mental states listed by James, conditioned by inner experience, clearly show a self-regulatory effect:

The disappearance of anxiety, confusion, fear;

Expansion of life boundaries and prospects, the ability to overcome obstacles;

The emergence of a sense of inner security, peace, harmony. It is noteworthy that this type of self-regulation does not involve setting goals,

modeling of significant conditions, programming of actions, evaluation and correction of actions to achieve useful results, but it is real and turns out to be effective, which indicates the legitimacy of considering internal experience as a factor contributing to the manifestation of the highest ability for self-regulation associated with spiritual development.

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