One of the manifestations of the need for activity. How are freedom and necessity manifested in human activity? Connection with progress
Target: familiarizing students with the various meanings and aspects of the concept of “freedom”; analysis of some philosophical, socio-political, moral and ethical problems that have not only a socio-philosophical, but also a deeply personal meaning; identifying different approaches to solving these problems.
Equipment: § 20 (Bogolyubov L.N. Man and Society. Social Science. Part 1); fragments from the works of philosophers (didactic materials).
Lesson plan:
1. The concept of “freedom”.
2. Why can’t there be absolute freedom?
3. Boundaries of freedom: a) “external” necessity and its various manifestations;
b) “internal” regulators of freedom.
On the desk: Free institutions are good when they are among people who respect themselves, and therefore respect their duty, the duty of a citizen (F.M. Dostoevsky). Freedom is the right to do everything that is permitted by law (Charles Montesquieu). Freedom does not lie in not restraining oneself, but in controlling oneself (F.M. Dostoevsky).
It is human nature to strive for freedom. This is a natural desire for independence, independence, readiness to be responsible for one’s actions. The desire for freedom is one of the most powerful human feelings. With freedom, a person associates the implementation of his plans and desires, the ability to freely choose life goals and ways to achieve them. But freedom was not always recognized as the natural right of every person. Aristotle, who could not imagine a society without slavery, argued that freedom lies only in the nature of noble people, and a slave has a slavish nature. True, he added, sometimes noble people fall into slavery because of monetary debts, but this is unfair. Aristotle failed to recognize that slavery contradicts the idea of natural rights, since according to it all people are considered free-born.
The idea of natural rights played a big role in the struggle against various forms of personal dependence of some people on others: slavery, serfdom, vassalage. As humanity progressed, the idea of freedom constantly expanded: the number of free people, the scope of their freedom, free choice, and self-determination grew.
In the history of philosophical thought, freedom is interpreted in different ways. Voluntarism absolutizes free will, bringing it to the arbitrariness of an unlimited personality, ignoring objective conditions and patterns. Fatalism views every human act as the inevitable realization of an primordial predestination that excludes free choice. Marxism understands freedom as a conscious necessity. Every free action of a person is a fusion of freedom and necessity. Necessity is contained in the form of conditions of existence objectively given to the individual.
Some modern philosophers believe that man is “doomed” to freedom, because... transformation of the world is a way of human existence and thereby creates an objective condition for freedom. Objective, i.e. independent of the will and consciousness of man. The emergence of the idea of freedom and social thought occurs only when consciousness sets in. First of all, this is an awareness of the profound fact that the paths of man and the paths of nature are different. Then - the realization that in general there is a variety of goals and ways to achieve them. Therefore, a person who lives and does not know that it is possible to live differently exists, as it were, outside the problem of freedom and necessity. The problem arises for him when he learns about the existence of other life paths and begins to evaluate and choose them. Philosophers identify stages in the development of the idea of freedom. The first stage of awareness of freedom is manifested in its definition as a conscious necessity. When a person begins to reflect on his life or the lives of others and understands that due to limited material or spiritual capabilities it cannot be changed. Then he voluntarily submits to the need to live as he lived before. The second stage in the development of the idea of freedom is the opportunity and ability to choose. The more material or spiritual means a person has at his disposal, the more opportunity he has to choose. But this is also only a stage in the development of the idea of freedom. The highest stage of development of the idea of freedom, according to modern philosophers, is the following: when all the existing options for choosing a person are not satisfied, and he has the power to create, create a new opportunity that did not exist before.
That. Liberty– this is the independence of social and political subjects (including individuals), expressed in their ability and opportunity to make their own choices and act in accordance with their interests and goals.
According to S. Montesquieu: “There is no word that would receive so many different meanings and would make such a different impression on the minds as the word “freedom.” Some call freedom the easy ability to overthrow those whom they consider to be a tyrannical power; others, the right to choose whom they must obey; still others – the right to bear arms and commit violence; still others see it as the privilege of being under the control of a person of their own nationality or being subject to their own laws. For a long time, a certain people cursed freedom for the custom of wearing a long beard. Others connect this name with a certain form of government... Finally, everyone called freedom the government that best suited his customs or inclinations.”
Here Montesquieu talks about the diverse interpretations of political freedom. Moreover, behind each of the opinions he gives there are specific facts, certain states, peoples, and political figures. The philosopher himself believes that political freedom consists in having the opportunity “to do what one should want, and not be forced to do what one should not want.” Thus, Montesquieu links political freedom with moral demands.
But, in addition to politics, freedom can be considered in relation to all spheres of social life - economic freedom, religious, intellectual, etc. and at all its levels - freedom of individuals, nations, states, and societies.
What does it mean to be free?
Does absolute freedom exist?
What are the boundaries of freedom, how are they determined?
Where does compulsion or necessity come from?
With all the controversy surrounding the meaning and essence of the concept of “freedom,” it is obvious that “pure” (absolute) freedom does not exist. You cannot live in society and be absolutely free from it. The freedom of each member of society is limited by the level of development and the nature of the society in which he lives. Disputes and disagreements are raised by the question of the source of this orderliness, and, consequently, the strategy of individual behavior.
Supporters of the first proceed from the act of divine creation of all things. With this understanding of necessity, is there any room left for human free will? (Page 218. Buridanov’s donkey.)
Another position is based on the interpretation of necessity as an objective law of development of nature and society. Within this approach, to be free means to know objective laws and make decisions based on and taking into account this knowledge (p. 219).
Despite all the differences in the above points of view, it is clear that it is, of course, possible to ignore the necessity, prevailing circumstances, conditions of activity, sustainable trends in human development, but this will be, as they say, “more expensive for yourself.” But there are restrictions that most people cannot accept and fight stubbornly against them. These are various forms of social and political tyranny; rigid class-caste structures that drive a person into a strictly defined cell of the social network; tyrannical states, where the will of a few or even one is subject to the life of the majority, etc. There is no place for freedom here, or it appears in an extremely reduced form.
Despite the importance of taking into account the external factors of freedom and its boundaries, in the opinion of many thinkers, internal freedom is even more important. “We will be freed from external oppression only when we are freed from internal slavery, i.e. Let’s take responsibility and stop blaming external forces for everything)), – wrote N.A. Berdyaev. In unison with the above statement, the words of the modern German philosopher G. Rauschning sound that the century has come “a dangerous freedom, a different freedom than the political and social freedom of the last past: an inner freedom that is always a test, never a privilege.”
Some modern philosophers argue that human activity cannot receive a goal from the outside at all; in his inner life the individual is absolutely free. He himself chooses not only an activity option, but also formulates general principles of behavior and looks for reasons for them. Therefore, the objective conditions of people’s existence do not play such a big role in their choice of a model of action (read the opposite position from the textbook, p. 221, answer the questions at the end of the paragraph).
The goals of human activity must be formulated in accordance with the internal motivations of each person. The limit of such freedom can only be the rights and freedoms of other people. Awareness of this by the person himself is necessary. Freedom is inseparable from responsibility, from duties to society and its other members.
Human freedom in all its manifestations is the basis of modern democratic regimes, the main value of liberalism. It finds expression in the legislative consolidation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens in the constitutions of states, in international covenants and declarations. In modern society, a tendency towards expanding human freedom is becoming more and more clear. In conclusion, let's complete the tasks.
1) In what sense is the concept of “freedom” used in the following poetic fragments?
1. Heavy shackles will fall,
The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom
You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance,
And the brothers will give you the sword. A.S. Pushkin
2. Protek for the Russian people
There has been a long century of darkness and tyranny.
I want to live, I want freedom!
I am equal to you, I am a man. A. Dobrolyubov
2) How do you understand the words of F.M. Dostoevsky: “There is no more continuous and more painful concern for a person than how, having remained free, to quickly find someone to bow to”! Does this mean that it is easier for a person to follow someone else's will than to make a free choice and be responsible for his actions? How then can we explain man’s ineradicable desire for freedom, the centuries-long struggle against oppression and tyranny?
Tasks No. 3,4, 6,7,9, page 224 of the textbook.
Homework § 20, answer question No. 5 or No. 8 in writing.
USE FOR SECTION: "HUMAN"
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
Activity structure
Answer:__________.
2. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series presented below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) subject of activity; 2) the purpose of the activity; 3) structure of activity; 4) means of activity; 5) object of activity.
3. The following are human needs. All of them, with the exception of two, are social needs.
1) in work activity; 2) in creation; 3) in creativity; 4) in mutual understanding; 5) in rest; 6) in food.
4. Select the correct judgments about human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The components of the structure of any activity are means, motives, emotions.
2. Cognitive activity, unlike communicative activity, involves the use of concepts and terms.
3. Culture is the result of transformative human activity.
4. Human activity, unlike the behavior of animals, is of a conscious, purposeful nature.
5. Labor activity is leading throughout a person’s life.
Answer:__________.
5. Select the correct judgments about personal self-esteem and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Self-esteem is the starting point of self-knowledge.
2. A person forms self-esteem by comparing himself with others.
3. Inflated self-esteem of a person is always the result of his real achievements.
4. People with low self-esteem make comparisons with others only when they are confident of success.
5. Low self-esteem contributes to the development of leadership qualities.
Answer:__________.
6. Choose the correct judgments about human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Human activity is creative and transformative.
2. Human activity is entirely determined by conditioned reflexes.
3. Unlike the behavior of animals, human activity is focused on satisfying the needs that exist at a given moment in time.
4. Human activity is caused by social needs.
5. Human activity is volitional and conscious.
Answer:__________.
7. Select the correct judgments about needs.
1. A need is a person’s experienced need for what is necessary for life.
2. The need for self-realization and self-affirmation refers to ideal needs.
3. An example of a biological need is the need to understand the world around us.
4. Need serves as an incentive for activity.
5. The need, as a rule, is aimed at some object with the help of which it can be satisfied.
Answer:__________.
8. Since ancient times, the creations of folk craftsmen have made everyday life beautiful, decorating household items - clothing, tools, kitchen utensils, fishing and hunting tools, furniture. Products made from birch bark, fur, wood, ceramics and other items of decorative and applied art represent the results of activities
1. spiritual and practical
2. socially transformative
3. creative
4. educational
5. prognostic
6. individual
Answer:__________.
9. Select the correct judgments about the qualities of a person as a person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The qualities of a person as an individual are manifested primarily in the characteristics of thinking and memory.
2. A person as an individual is primarily characterized by the acquisition of social qualities.
3. A person as an individual is primarily characterized by the course of mental processes.
4. The qualities of a person as an individual are manifested primarily in his participation in the life of society.
5. A person as an individual is primarily characterized by inherited qualities.
Answer:__________.
10. Match examples with types of human needs
| EXAMPLES | HUMAN NEEDS |
| 1) spiritual (ideal) |
|
| B) in communication |
|
| B) in acquiring new knowledge | 2) social |
| D) in public recognition | 3) biological (natural) |
| D) in breathing air |
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
| |
11. Select the correct judgments about the activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Activities are related to meeting the needs of a person, a social group, and society as a whole.
2. Creative activity is inherent in both humans and animals.
3. As a result of labor activity, material and spiritual values are created.
4. The same type of activity can be caused by different motives of people.
5. The structure of activity presupposes the presence of a goal and means of achieving it.
Answer:__________.
12. Choose the correct judgments about the person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The spiritual (ideal) needs of a person traditionally include the need for air, nutrition, and maintaining normal heat exchange.
2. Natural (biological) human needs include the need to understand the world around us, achieve harmony and beauty; religious faith, artistic creativity, etc.
3. Activity is a specific way of human existence.
4. Needs are a person’s experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain life and personal development.
5. Only a person is capable of consciously transforming the surrounding reality, creating the benefits and values he needs.
Answer:__________.
13. Kirill is 17 years old. Find in the list below the traits that characterize him as a person. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Kirill has blond hair and blue eyes.
2. Kirill’s height is 180 cm.
3. Kirill helps his parents take care of his sick grandmother.
4. Kirill is involved in athletics.
5. Kirill is a kind and sympathetic person.
6. Kirill is a good student at school.
Answer:__________.
14. Galina is 16 years old. Find in the list below her traits (qualities) that are social in nature. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Galina has blond hair and brown eyes.
2. Galina is kind and sympathetic.
3. Galina is an outwardly attractive girl.
4. Galina's height is below average.
5. Galina is an honest person.
6. Galina is friends with many of her classmates.
Answer:__________.
15. Claudia is preparing for a trip to Spain. She studies Spanish, reads books about the history and culture of Spain, and communicates with experts in Spanish art on online forums. She has already planned her travel route and purchased a ticket. Find in the list below examples of the means used by Claudia to achieve the goal, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. learning Spanish
2. purchase of a tourist package
3. communication on the Internet
4. reading books about Spain
5. experts in Spanish art
6. travel around Spain
Answer:__________.
16. Select the correct judgments about the relationship between freedom, necessity and responsibility in human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The variety of choices limits freedom in human activity.
2. One of the manifestations of necessity in human activity is the objective laws of the development of nature.
3. A person’s responsibility increases in conditions of limited choice of behavior strategies in certain situations.
4. Unlimited freedom is an unconditional benefit for individuals and society.
5. A person’s willingness to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others serves as one of the manifestations of a sense of responsibility.
Answer:__________.
17. Vasily studies at school and, in addition to studying, enjoys drawing, chess, and sports games. In other words, his field of activity is wide. What components are included in the activity structure? Select the required items from the list provided and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
4. abilities
5. results
Answer:__________.
18. Find human properties that are social in nature:
ability for joint transformative activities;
desire for self-realization;
ability to adapt to natural conditions;
stable views on the world and one’s place in it;
need for water, food, rest;
self-preservation ability
Answer:__________.
19. Ivan completed an assignment on the topic: “Man as a result of biological and social evolution.” He copied from the textbook the traits characteristic of man. Which of them reflect the specifics of the social nature of humans as opposed to animals? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
use of objects given by nature
goal-setting ability
caring for offspring
adaptation to environmental conditions
desire to understand the world around us
communication using articulate speech
Answer:__________.
20. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“Character features, special abilities and the level of general talent influence one or another direction of development of life activity _____ (A) and its viability, performance, and ability to work. The rate of growth and maturation is influenced by lifestyle, methods of _____ (B) (play, sports, education), work and social behavior, the presence or absence of stress, the most important of which are _____ (C), etc. All these factors are important as moments of the formation of ______ (D) subject. The concept of “responsibility” is the most important internal _____ (D) of its activities. A sense of responsibility and duty is manifested in a person’s conscious readiness to follow established ______ (E), to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1. society
2. person
3. conflict situations
4. interpersonal relationships
5. activity
6. personality
7. regulator
9. sanctions
| |
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Socialization is a fairly broad process that includes both the acquisition of skills, abilities, knowledge, and the formation of values, ideals, norms and principles of social behavior.
A newborn has all the biological prerequisites to become a capable participant in social connections and interactions. But not a single social property is innate - social experience, values, a sense of conscience and honor, etc. are not genetically encoded or transmitted. The implementation of these prerequisites, their embodiment in certain social qualities and properties depend on the environment with which a person will interact.
The other side of the connection between the biological organism and the social environment, which is important for the process of socialization, concerns the stages of formation and development of the spiritual world of the individual, the forms and timing of his mastery of social requirements and expectations. We are talking, in particular, about the chronological coincidence of the optimal period for the assimilation of social values and norms of behavior with the biological development of the individual.
One should not think that the process of socialization occurs only in childhood or adolescence. Of course, in young years the foundation for the spiritual development of the individual is created. However, for all its significance, this basis contains predominantly an emotional and value component. Only upon entering adult independent life, participating in many social connections, does a person actively form his commitments and understand specifically what to live for. The process of acquisition, development
a person's social properties essentially know no age boundaries. The social roles that an individual performs change: the birth of a grandchild, retirement, etc. require new functions; every significant status-role shift in a person’s life brings something new to his spiritual appearance.
Socialization of adults is, to some extent, even more dramatic than socialization in adolescence, although it is most often not outwardly noticeable. In the spiritual development of older people, the role of independent analysis and assessment of external social conditions and events increases significantly.
In this case, the media most often cannot have a direct impact on the consciousness of the individual; this is prevented by fairly strong beliefs and assessments of an already established personality.
The real spiritual life of an individual is the relationship between the external social world and the internal properties of the individual. The external world interacts with the unique life experience of the individual, giving rise to the unity of the typical and unique in it.
(A.G. Efendiev)
21. Reveal two aspects of the connection between the biological and the social in the process of socialization of the individual.
22. How is socialization characterized in adulthood? List two features of this process.
23. Which institution of socialization is mentioned in the text? Based on social science knowledge, give another one and indicate any other (besides socialization) function of it.
25. What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “activity”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of activities, and one sentence revealing the essence of one of the types of activities.
26. The concept of “personality” implies, first of all, those qualities that were formed in a person in the process of life under the influence of communication with others. Concretize this “book” statement with three examples of the influence of the social environment on a person. In each of the three cases, name the quality and indicate under the influence of what it was formed.
27. A famous psychologist, giving a lecture to students about human abilities, said that abilities cannot arise in isolation from specific activities. Explain this thesis of the psychologist. Suggest whether this thesis denies the role of natural inclinations in the development of human abilities. How modern scientists resolve the issue of the role of natural and social factors in the development of human abilities.
28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Activity and thinking.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
ANSWERS
| 1. target | 13. 3456 | |||
| 10. 32123 | ||||
| 11. 1345 | 15. 1234 | |||
| 20. 253678 |
||||
| 21. 1) biological prerequisites for the formation of social qualities of an individual are realized only in interaction with the social environment; 2) the optimal timing for the assimilation of social values correlates with certain biological stages of personality development. |
||||
| 22. 1) socialization during this period of life proceeds more dramatically; 2) in adulthood, the role of independent analysis of events increases. |
||||
| 23. 1) the socialization institution mentioned in the text is named: the media; 2) another institution is given, for example, the family; 3) one more function is indicated, for example, household function. |
||||
| 24. 1) without assimilating social norms, values, and the experience accumulated by humanity, an individual cannot become a person; 2) social experience is not simply perceived by a person, but is “melted” in accordance with the individual characteristics of the person into his own beliefs and orientations; 3) the adoption of social values is combined in the individual with a focus on transforming society; the creative potential of the individual is inextricably linked with its individual characteristics. |
||||
| 25. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “human activity aimed at satisfying needs and regulated by a conscious goal”; 2) one sentence with information about types of activities based on knowledge of the course, for example: “There are many classifications of human activity, including the identification of its three leading types: work, learning, play”; 3) one sentence revealing the essence of one of the types of activity, for example: “Teaching is aimed at mastering knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities.” |
||||
| 26. 1. accuracy - a primary school teacher teaches a child to write neatly and beautifully; 2. responsibility - parents, leaving the older brother to look after the younger brother, form in him responsibility for the decisions made and actions committed; 3. determination - an example of a businessman who achieved success through his personal qualities and the education he received, inspired a high school student to successfully pass his final exams and enter a prestigious university. |
||||
| 27. 1. Already from the definition of the concept of “abilities” it is clear that they cannot arise in isolation from specific activities, because abilities are individual characteristics of a person that help her successfully engage in certain activities. 2. No, he doesn’t deny it. 3. For the development of human abilities, both natural and social factors are equally important, because having any abilities from birth, a person can develop them only under certain social conditions. |
||||
| 28. 1. Activity as a way of life for a person and society. 2. Structure of activity: a) subject; b) object; d) motives; e) actions; e) result. 3. Types of activities: a) play, communication, learning, work; b) material (material-production, social-transformational); c) spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, prognostic). 4. Thinking as a process of cognitive activity. 5. Thinking is the basis of rational knowledge. 6. Types of thinking: a) verbal-logical; b) visually figurative; c) visually effective |
||||
The answers to tasks 1–20 are a number, or a sequence of numbers, or a word (phrase). Write your answers in the fields to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
1
Write down the word missing in the table.
Electoral systems
2
In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase).
1) customs duties; 2) tax system; 3) excise taxes; 4) progressive scale; 5) declaration.
3
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “deviant behavior”.
1) offense, 2) deviation, 3) social status, 4) misdemeanor, 5) mobility, 6) crime.
Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
4
Select the correct judgments about the relationship between freedom, necessity and responsibility in human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The variety of choices limits freedom in human activity.
2. One of the manifestations of necessity in human activity is the objective laws of the development of nature.
3. A person’s responsibility increases in conditions of limited choice of behavior strategies in certain situations.
4. Unlimited freedom is an unconditional benefit for individuals and society.
5. A person’s willingness to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others serves as one of the manifestations of a sense of responsibility.
5
Establish a correspondence between the types of societies and the given characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
6
What levers of financial and economic regulation of the market can the state use?
1. fight against inflation
2. foreign loans
3. development of the economic education system in secondary schools
4. presentation of state awards for production successes
5. maintaining an effective employment rate
6. limiting the influence of globalization processes
7
Select the correct judgments about the factors that contribute to production efficiency in market conditions, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The efficiency of production in market conditions is influenced by the use of the benefits of the international division of labor.
2. Factors promoting production efficiency in market conditions include the introduction of new taxes.
3. Increased production efficiency in a market economy is determined by government regulation of production costs.
4. Investment policy is one of the factors contributing to production efficiency in market conditions.
5. The efficiency of production in market conditions is determined by the general trends in economic development.
8
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of economic systems
9
In State Z, most enterprises are privately owned, but there are state and municipal enterprises. What other signs indicate that the economy of country Z is a market type? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Non-cash form is actively used in payments between enterprises.
2. Prices for goods and services are determined by the relationship between supply and demand.
3. Enterprises have to deal with the problem of limited resources.
4. Producers of goods and services compete for consumer demand.
5. Everyone has the right to freely dispose of their abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law.
6. The state carries out centralized distribution of resources.
10
The graph shows the situation in the hairdressing services market: the supply line S has moved to a new position - S 1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the quantity of the product).
Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. expansion of the network of hairdressing salons
2. new fashion trends in hairstyles
3. tax reduction for small businesses
4. using new hair care products
5. change in income tax rate
11
Choose the correct statements about social mobility and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Intergenerational mobility - a comparative change in social status among different generations.
2. Organized mobility refers to the movement of a person or entire groups up, down or horizontally, which is controlled by the state: with the consent of the people themselves, or without their consent.
3. The horizontal type of mobility includes receiving an extraordinary military rank.
4. Vertical mobility refers to a person’s transition to a lower social stratum.
5. Social mobility is the division of society into groups occupying different positions in society.
12
Scientists surveyed citizens of country Z. They were asked: “What, in your opinion, is associated with people’s deviant behavior?” The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The smallest proportion of young men surveyed sees the cause of deviant behavior in the influence of the social environment.
2. The share of those who believe that a person’s deviant behavior is related to his lifestyle is higher among girls than among boys.
3. The same proportions of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits.
4. Three-quarters of respondents in each group believe that deviant behavior is associated with a person’s lifestyle.
5. The proportion of those who note a genetic predisposition to deviant behavior is higher among girls than among boys.
13
Choose the correct judgments about the forms of government and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The nature of the distribution of powers between the center and the regions determines the form of government.
2. All modern democratic states have a republican form of government.
3. Monarchical rule involves the transfer of power by inheritance.
4. In a republican form of government, unlike a monarchical one, the government is elected by the population.
5. In a republic, tenure in the highest elective posts is limited to a certain period.
14
Establish a correspondence between the sign of manifestation (indicated by letters) and the type of economic activity (indicated by numbers).
15
The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation - the parliament of the Russian Federation. Select the answers indicating the powers of this body in accordance with Article 102 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1. resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation
2. calling elections for the President of the Russian Federation
3. approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency
4. calling elections of the State Duma in accordance with the Constitution and federal law
5. appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
16
Which of the following refers to the socio-economic rights of man and citizen enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. right to health care
2. the right to vote and be elected
3. right to social security by age
4. guarantees of judicial protection
5. the right to choose the language of communication
17
You have been asked to prepare a presentation about the Russian legal system. Which of the following can be included in the “Criminal Law” slide. Write down the numbers below which the relevant provisions are indicated.
1. The implementation of the protective function of this branch of law ensures the normal course of socially useful social relations regulated by other branches of law.
2. Types of punishment for violations of the norms of this branch of law include a fine and life imprisonment.
3. A branch of law that unites legal norms that define what acts are crimes and provide punishment for their commission.
4. Relations between the parties are built on the basis of the following principles: equality of the parties, property independence, independence, autonomy of will.
5. Sources include business customs.
6. The source of law identifies all types of crimes as the most dangerous illegal acts of people.
18
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of social norms.
19
Select the correct judgments about legal culture and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Legal culture is the totality of legal knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of an individual, implemented in the process of work, communication, and behavior.
2. Legal culture includes those elements of social consciousness that are associated with political institutions and the practice of their functioning.
3. Legal culture presupposes a certain level of legal thinking and sensory perception of legal reality.
4. Legal culture does not include the results of legal activity in the form of spiritual and material benefits created by people.
5. To assess the legal culture, compliance with the rule of law and the elimination of abuses of power are of utmost importance.
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
20
“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is ______ (A). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed _____ (B): intellectual, emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is associated with the fact that _____ (B) in joint activities with other people learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _____ (D). Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, relationships to the world and with the world, to oneself and with oneself. It is characterized by _____ (D), i.e. the desire to go beyond one’s own limits, to develop, to expand the scope of one’s activities, and is open to all the influences of public life, to all experiences. This is a person who has his own ____ (E) in life, who shows independence of thought, and is responsible for his choice.”
The words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Select one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you will need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. individual
2. quality
3. need
4. education
5. position
6. socialization
7. personality
8. activity
9. individuality
Part 2.
First write down the number of the task (28, 29, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Special and vocational education... is a form of investment in human capital, absolutely similar to investing in equipment, buildings and other inanimate forms of capital. The function of such an investment is to increase a person's economic productivity. If the investment achieves this result, the free enterprise society rewards the individual with higher payment for his services. This difference in earnings is the economic incentive for investment of capital in the form of a machine or in the form of a person. In both cases, additional revenue must be commensurate with the costs incurred to obtain it. When it comes to special education, the major costs are income forgone during the education period, interest in earnings forgone by deferring earnings, and education-specific expenses such as tuition and costs of books and equipment. ..
Investments in human capital cannot be financed on the same terms and with the same ease as investments in physical capital. It's not hard to understand why this happens. When a long-term loan is made to finance an investment in physical capital, the lender is able to secure security in the form of real estate or the remaining claim on the physical assets themselves and, in the event of default, can expect to realize at least part of its investment through the sale of the physical assets. If he makes a similar loan to increase the profitability of a person, it is obviously impossible for him to secure similar security... Such investments inevitably involve great risk. The average expected profit may be high, but deviations from the average can be quite large. One obvious cause of deviation is death or disability, but much more important, apparently, are differences in ability, energy and luck. As a consequence, if long-term loans are provided, the security of which is only expected future earnings, a significant proportion of them will not be repaid...
Whatever the reasons, market failures have led to underinvestment in human capital. Therefore, government intervention can be justified both by a “technical monopoly” (since the spread of such investments runs into administrative costs) and by the need to correct the situation on the market (since the market in this case has not shown flexibility).
(M. Friedman)
What function of vocational education is named by the author? What is the economic incentive to invest in vocational education? What specific costs of purchasing education must be taken into account when determining the effectiveness of an investment?
Show answer
1) answer to the first question: increasing human economic productivity;
2) answer to the second question: higher payment for labor services;
3) answer to the third question: tuition fees, textbooks and equipment. Answers to questions can be
are given in other, similar in meaning formulations
What factors that generate risks of investing in human capital did the author consider? Using the text, identify three risk factors.
Show answer
The following Risk Factors may be listed:
1) it is impossible to obtain security in the form of tangible assets;
2) death of a person or loss of ability to work;
3) differences in abilities, hard work, luck.
Risk factors may be indicated in other, similar formulations
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) answer to question: in the process of socialization, the individual develops the intellectual, social and physical skills necessary to fulfill his social roles;
2) social roles and corresponding examples, let's say:
Student (for example, a first-grader learns to read and write, masters school discipline requirements; all this will later help him in learning at different levels of general and vocational education);
Family member (for example, parents teach the child basic self-care techniques in everyday life; on this basis, the child’s participation in housework and housekeeping will increase in the future). Other social roles of a teenager can be named and other examples given
Examples of the performance of social roles that do not show a connection with socialization are not counted in the assessment.
Indication of social roles that are not typical for a teenager is not counted in the assessment, even if correct
The state controls certain aspects of the socialization of individuals. Using the text, social science knowledge, and social facts, give three explanations for this fact.
Show answer
The following explanations may be given:
1) the state is interested in the formation of civic values, a certain political culture of citizens;
2) the state is interested in maintaining law and order and developing the legal consciousness of citizens;
3) the state carries out certain expenses on education and culture and is interested in the efficient use of invested funds;
4) the state is interested in the normal functioning of the labor market, because it sets certain priorities in the development of vocational education.
Other explanations may be given.
What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “employment contract”? Using knowledge from a social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the age at which in the Russian Federation it is allowed to conclude an employment contract as a general rule, and one sentence disclosing any guarantee established by Russian legislation when concluding an employment contract.
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) meaning of the concept, for example: an employment contract is an agreement between an employee and an employer establishing their mutual rights and obligations; (Another, similar definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept may be given.)
2) one sentence with information about the age at which in the Russian Federation it is allowed to conclude an employment contract according to the general rule: The conclusion of an employment contract according to the general rule is allowed with persons who have reached the age of 16 years.
(Another sentence may be drawn up containing information about the age for concluding an employment contract as a general rule.)
3) one sentence, disclosing, based on knowledge of the course, any guarantee established by Russian legislation when concluding an employment contract. For example: one of the guarantees established by Russian legislation when concluding an employment contract is the prohibition of unreasonable refusal to conclude an employment contract.
(Another proposal may be drawn up, disclosing, based on knowledge of the course, any guarantee established by Russian legislation when concluding an employment contract.)
Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employee enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Show answer
The correct answer should have named and illustrated with examples of employee responsibilities, let's say:
1) conscientiously fulfill her job duties (for example, Olga works as a teacher; she prepares for lessons, checks her students’ notebooks, etc.);
2) maintain labor discipline (for example, Leonid is never late for work);
3) comply with established labor standards (for example, a doctor at a clinic sees patients at a scheduled time);
4) comply with labor protection and occupational safety requirements (for example, Matvey is an electrician, he never works without appropriate protection);
5) take care of the employer’s property (for example, Fedor works as a bus driver; he maintains order and cleanliness in the cabin and interior, reminds passengers that they should not damage the seats, paint the walls and litter on the bus);
6) immediately inform the employer or immediate supervisor about the occurrence of a situation that poses a threat to the life and health of people, the safety of the employer’s property (for example, Irina, while at her workplace, smelled smoke, called the fire department and notified the company’s management).
Other responsibilities may be named and illustrated, and other examples may be given.
Country Z is undergoing education reform. Students were given the opportunity to choose special courses and profiles taking into account their interests and abilities. What trend in the development of education does this example illustrate? Give any two of your own examples illustrating this trend. One of the options for a plan for covering this topic
1) The concept of socialization of the individual.
2) Main stages of socialization:
a) primary (from infancy to youth);
b) secondary (mastering new social roles in adulthood).
3) Socialization functions:
a) mastering a system of knowledge about the world, man and society;
b) assimilation of moral values and ideals;
c) mastering practical skills, abilities, etc.
4) Institutes (agents) of socialization:
a) the importance of family in primary socialization;
b) the role of education in the socialization of the individual;
c) peer influence on socialization;
d) The media as agents of socialization, etc.
5) The importance of socialization for the development of personality.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, select only ONE of the statements below (29.1-29.5).
Choose one of the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).
When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)
29.1. Philosophy“The completeness of knowledge always means some lack of understanding of the depth of our ignorance.” (R. Milliken)
29.2. Economy“Inflation is a form of taxation that does not require legislative approval.” (M. Friedman)
29.3. Sociology, social psychology“There are many ways to make a career, but the surest one is to be born into the right family.” (D. Trump)
29.4. Political science“A person’s freedom begins from the moment when the laws adopted in the state in which he lives come into force.” (K. Jaspers)
29.5. Jurisprudence“It is impossible to take a single step on this earth without coming into contact with a responsibility and a duty that must be fulfilled.” (T. Carlyle)
SELF-TEST SURVEYS
1. How was the concept of “freedom” connected with the political struggle in Modern and Contemporary times?
In New and Contemporary times, the desire for freedom, liberation from the shackles of despotism manifested itself with particular force. All revolutions wrote the word “freedom” on their banners. Few of the political leaders and revolutionary leaders did not vow to lead the masses under their leadership to true freedom.
2. What can unlimited freedom of choice lead to?
Unlimited freedom of choice will lead to chaos. If many people are given unlimited freedom, they will want a lot and will not know the limit, but on Earth many benefits are themselves limited and one must come to terms with this. In addition, rules and laws will disappear, there will be no punishment for such terrible crimes as theft and murder, etc. And the third scenario is related to the impossibility of absolute freedom. Such freedom would mean unlimited choice for a person, which would put him in an extremely difficult position when making a decision. The common noun expression “Buridan’s donkey” is widely known. The French philosopher J. Buridan (c. 1300 - 1358) is credited with a story about a donkey that was placed between two identical and equidistant armfuls of hay. Not deciding which armful to prefer, the donkey died of hunger. The same could happen to a person.
3. How is freedom interpreted in Christian teaching?
There is no freedom as such in the Christian faith. Christians see God's Providence here. Everything is predetermined for them. “God’s foreknowledge and omnipotence are diametrically opposed to our free will. Everyone will be forced to accept the inevitable consequence: we do nothing of our own free will, but everything happens out of necessity. Thus, we do nothing by free will, but everything depends on the foreknowledge of God,” said religious reformer Martin Luther. This position is defended by supporters of absolute predestination.
4. Show how knowledge of the objective laws of nature influences the conscious activity of people.
It is very important to take into account the objective laws of nature in your decisions so as not to get into a difficult situation. For example, if we know that in a given area there is an active volcano nearby, we will not build our housing here, because... this poses a danger.
5. What is social necessity expressed in?
In its most general form, social necessity means that people live in conditions in which they have unequal access to limited resources of material and spiritual consumption.
The main mechanisms of social necessity are relations of property, power (dominance and subordination), social (that is, socially assigned and hierarchized) division of labor, as well as uncontrolled, spontaneous social differentiation. Social necessity is perceived and experienced by many people (primarily the unemployed, economic migrants, those who find themselves at or below the poverty line) as a manifestation of injustice. Social necessity and the property stratification of society, as a rule, lead to increased social tension, especially during the transition period. This is precisely what is typical for Russia at present.
6. Explain the connection between the concepts of “freedom”, “choice”, “responsibility”.
The connection between these concepts is very significant: freedom implies the presence of options. Freedom of choice implies the individual's responsibility for the choice made.
In general, the term "free society" is used to refer to a society where political and economic ideals actually function. In the theory of a free society, all people have free access to power and the resources they need to realize their potential. A free society is based on three pillars: economic freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.
Economic freedom is based on the functioning of the market free from any government interference. The only thing that is under the control of the state is the protection of property rights. Prices should be set only by participants in economic interactions based on supply and demand. With economic freedom, every manufacturer has the right to produce what he wants, and every buyer has the right to purchase any product from any manufacturer. Thus, in a free society there should be no monopolies, prices cannot be artificially inflated.
Freedom of speech implies the right of every person to voice his point of view and the absence of censorship. Although this right is used in a number of countries, in reality its implementation is very far from ideal. Freedom of religion means complete freedom to choose a religious denomination, as well as the right not to profess any religion at all.
A person should have the right to unlimited freedom in his own life, freedom to pursue his own goals, but only as long as he does not violate the rights of other people. Therefore, the state only needs to ensure the rights of each person, and not infringe on them. Only then is it possible to create a free society.
TASKS
1. Give arguments supporting the conclusion about the impossibility of absolute, unlimited human freedom in society.
A person's life in society is limited by law. And no matter how much we would like to cross the street in an unspecified place, we will be punished, since this is a violation of traffic rules.
2. Which of the two statements below do you think is more true?
“Our life is a line that we must, at the behest of nature, describe on the surface of the globe, without being able to move away from it for a single moment.”
“The course of things seems inevitable only to those who have betrayed their convictions. History itself can neither force a person nor draw him into a dirty business. Man carries the whole weight of the world on his shoulders: he is responsible for the world and himself.”
3. Explain how you understand the expression: “Freedom is choice.”
Freedom is the absence of any restrictions or restrictions in anything. Accordingly, freedom gives a person the right to choose everything.
4. Describe the various models of a free society. What are your ideas about such a society?
A free society is a society unrestricted by any laws. It would be impossible to exist in such a society; chaos would ensue. Thus, an absolutely free society is an illusion, and any sufficiently educated and thinking person realizes this. It is only possible to strive for freedom, but at the same time it is important to act according to your conscience, without losing human dignity, and be sure to relate your actions to the comfort of others.
5. Sometimes freedom is understood as permissiveness. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Russian villages they sang the following ditty:
There is no God, there is no need for a king.
We'll kill the governor
We won't pay taxes
We won't become soldiers.
What consequences can this interpretation of freedom lead to? Concretize your answer with examples.
This interpretation of freedom leads to permissiveness, which gives rise to theft, murder, lies, etc., which was observed in Russian villages at the beginning of the 20th century. at the next strike against the landowner.
Write down the word missing in the table.
Branches of law
Question B2
Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) stagnation; 2) economic cycle; 3) economic crisis; 4) revitalization of the economy; 5) recession.
Question B3
Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of a traditional society.
1) subsistence farming; 2) manufacturability; 3) specialization of production; 4) conservatism; 5) simple reproduction; 6) reliance on customs
Question B4
Select the correct judgments about the relationship between freedom, necessity and responsibility in human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The variety of choices limits freedom in human activity.
2. One of the manifestations of necessity in human activity is the objective laws of the development of nature.
3. A person’s responsibility increases in conditions of limited choice of behavior strategies in certain situations.
4. Unlimited freedom is an unconditional benefit for individuals and society.
5. A person’s willingness to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others serves as one of the manifestations of a sense of responsibility.
Question B5
Establish a correspondence between the distinctive features of individual areas of culture and the branches of culture that they illustrate
Question B6
In recent years, several vocal and instrumental youth groups have formed in a large regional center. What features of the activities of these groups indicate their belonging to mass culture? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. develop traditions of folk vocal creativity
2. perform compositions of their own composition
3. the activity is commercial in nature
4. the repertoire consists of simple dance music
5. perform the function of accumulating cultural experience
6. works are addressed to the most aesthetically developed part of the public
Question B7
Select the correct judgments about the factors that contribute to production efficiency in market conditions, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The efficiency of production in market conditions is influenced by the use of the benefits of the international division of labor.
2. Factors promoting production efficiency in market conditions include the introduction of new taxes.
3. Increased production efficiency in a market economy is determined by government regulation of production costs.
4. Investment policy is one of the factors contributing to production efficiency in market conditions.
5. The efficiency of production in market conditions is determined by the general trends in economic development.
Question B8
Establish a correspondence between the phases of the business cycle and the examples given
Question B9
Canada and Australia have a lot of land, and the population is spread over large areas. In connection with these conditions, companies have arisen here that grow and supply wheat, feed crops and cattle to the world market. They care about getting the best deals possible. What processes taking place in these countries does the above example indicate? Write down the numbers under which these processes are indicated.
1. inflation
2. specialization
3. monopolization
4. competition
5. informatization
6. competition
Question B10
The graph shows the situation on the agricultural machinery market: the demand line D has moved to a new position D 1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the volume of demand for the product).
Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. expansion of sown areas
2. development of consumer cooperation
3. concentration of production in large enterprises
4. entry of the economy into the recovery phase
5. change in the income tax rate
Question B11
Select the correct statements about socialization and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Socialization occurs as a result of the spontaneous influence on the individual of various circumstances of life in society.
2. Socialization occurs as a result of spontaneous and purposeful, including pedagogically organized influence on the individual.
3. Socialization is characteristic of an adult and uncharacteristic of a child.
4. Socialization ensures a person’s inclusion in a particular social group
5. Socialization ends with obtaining a profession and starting work.
Question B12
One of the questions in the sociologists’ questionnaire was: “What, in your opinion, is the most effective way to resolve social conflicts?” The distribution of answers is presented in graphical form.
1. The majority of respondents are not inclined to unconditionally accept the demands of the other side in a conflict.
2. Almost a quarter of respondents think it is right to maintain conflict in any form.
3. The mutual removal of the parties' claims against each other is supported by fewer respondents compared to those who are ready for a long confrontation.
4. Involving a third party in a dispute is considered preferable to continuing the confrontation.
5. About half of those surveyed believe that in order to resolve the conflict, the parties need to remove mutual claims.
Question B13
Choose the correct judgments about the democratic political regime and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. A democratic political regime is distinguished by unlimited powers of government.
2. In a democratic regime, a republican form of government is necessarily established.
3. A democratic regime is characterized by a high degree of human political freedom.
4. In a democratic regime, the rights of individuals and minorities are protected.
5. Unlike other types of political regimes, a democratic regime ensures the right of government to govern people located in a certain territory.
Question B14
Establish a correspondence between the subjects of jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation and their specific manifestations
Question B15
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany states that the Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic state. What additional information about the state of Germany confirms this characteristic? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. high level of economic development
2. state sovereignty
3. political pluralism
4. active role in the European Union
5. the right of citizens to criticize the government
6. elected government positions
Question B16
Which of the following refers to the socio-economic rights of man and citizen enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. right to health care
2. the right to vote and be elected
3. right to social security by age
4. guarantees of judicial protection
5. the right to choose the language of communication
Question B17
Establish a correspondence between the functions of legal proceedings and the types for which they are characteristic.
Question B18
Who does the law classify as subjects of civil rights? Find the subjects of civil rights in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. the entire working-age population
2. only taxpayers
3. legal entities
4. work collectives
5. individuals
6. public legal entities
Question B19
Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A miniature unmanned tiltrotor has been developed at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology. (B) A small device powered by electric batteries can lift three kilograms of cargo into the air, reach speeds of up to 120 km per hour, cover a distance of about one hundred kilometers and land on almost any surface. (B) This drone will be very useful where it is necessary to deliver small loads to hard-to-reach places with bad roads, as well as in natural disaster zones. (D) In the USA, for example, with the help of similar unmanned devices, orders are delivered to customers of one of the online stores. (E) The implementation of the results of scientific developments is one of the stages in the development of science and the manifestation of its social function.
Determine which text provisions have
1. factual nature
2. the nature of value judgments
3. the nature of theoretical statements
| A | B | IN | G | D |
Write down the numbers under the corresponding letters.
Question B20
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“The concept of “society” has many meanings. Often, society is understood as a social ____ (A), united by a common _____ (B) of its members, for example, a noble society, or a community _____ (C). Sociologists call society a dynamic _____ (D), emphasizing the connection between the various components of social life and their changes in the course of historical development. These changes may be gradual, or they may be accelerated by ____ (D) or by reforms. Reforms, as a rule, change some aspect of life while maintaining the foundations of the existing _____ (E). By resolving the contradictions that really exist in society, reforms pave the way for something new.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1. system
2. structure
4. revolution
5. interest
6. progress
7. social status
Loading...