The invention relates to the processing of peat, namely to a method for producing a mother liquor of sodium humate, and can be used in various fields - in agriculture, metallurgy, rubber industry, veterinary medicine, medicine, woodworking and food industries. Peat is dried, crushed to a particle size of no more than 1 mm, sieved and packed together with the NaOH reagent into bags of non-woven hygroscopic material 30 x 40 cm in size. 50 g of NaOH are taken for 1 kg of peat, the bags are tightly sealed. To obtain the mother liquor, the packages are placed in a plastic container and filled with water at a temperature of 70-80 o C in the ratio of starting material / liquid 1:20 - 1:25. Pressing on the bag, the liquid is thoroughly mixed for 10-15 minutes until a brown foam appears, then the container is tightly closed and steamed for 2-3 hours, the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed again, the bag is removed from the container and squeezed thoroughly. The method makes it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of the technology for producing sodium humate, as well as to obtain a more concentrated solution of a biologically active drug. 1 dwg, 4 tbl

The invention relates to a method for producing a mother liquor of humate from natural raw materials, namely from peat, and can be widely used in various fields of the national economy: in agriculture (plant growing, horticulture, livestock, poultry), in metallurgy, rubber industry, woodworking industry, veterinary medicine, medicine, food industry. The problem of developing cheap technologies for obtaining biologically active drugs from natural raw materials is an urgent task. The important biological role of humus in nature and its effect on plant and other organisms constantly draw attention to humic substances (HS). Modern information about the nature and properties of HS, especially their valuable component - humic acids (HA), is widely reflected in various sources of information. The main stages of the HA production process can be characterized as follows: preparation of peat acid suspension (1:20), hydrolysis of peat in an acidic medium (4% sulfuric acid) for 4 hours, alkalinization of the product to pH 12-13, alkaline treatment in for 1 hour, acidification of the hydrolyzate to pH 3.4 - 4.0, separation from the liquid product of the humic complex by centrifugation (GV Naumova "Peat in biotechnology", Minsk, "Science and Technology", 1987, p. 85). Humic preparations of acid-base hydrolysis, in comparison with the initial HAs, have a higher degree of oxidation and paramagnetism, which increases their biological activity. A known method of preparing an organic reagent (US Pat. RF N 2025515, C 22 B 3/16, 10.06.92), which consists in mixing peat with sodium hydroxide solution, heat treatment of the resulting mixture, separating the organic reagent solution by filtration. The heat treatment of the mixture is carried out at a temperature of 115 - 130 o C. Leaching of metals from raw materials with an organic reagent is carried out in the following mode of heat treatment: pressure of 0.3 - 0.5 atm for 10 - 30 minutes at a process temperature of up to 130 o C. A known preparation method peat for its complex processing (USSR AS N 1460036, C 10 F 9/00) into chemical products by extraction of peat with boiling gasoline BR (rectification gasoline) to obtain wax and humic acid. Peat is preliminarily subjected to heat treatment before extraction at a temperature of 225 - 275 o C in an environment of decomposition gases, followed by rapid cooling. A known method of obtaining humic acids (and.with. USSR N 1509393, C 10 F 9/00) from peat, including drying, grinding, alkali treatment, the selection of target products. Crushed dried peat is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 225 - 275 o C in an environment of decomposition gases, the solid residue of thermolysis is treated with gasoline BR for wax extraction, and then the residue is treated with an alkali solution and humic acids are isolated by acidification (prototype). The disadvantage of the known methods is the complexity of the technological process. The technical objective of the invention is to simplify the method of obtaining a mother liquor of sodium humate and to reduce the cost of the technological process, as well as to obtain the most concentrated (mother) solution of sodium humate. For this purpose, a method for producing sodium humate is proposed, including drying, grinding and sieving the starting material (peat), processing the starting material with the isolation of the target product. The starting material is crushed to a particle size of no more than 1 mm and dosed together with the reagent NaOH at the rate of 1 kg of peat and 50 g of NaOH into bags made of hygroscopic nonwoven material 36 x 40 cm in size, the bags are tightly sealed, to obtain a mother liquor, the bag is placed in a container up to 25 liters and poured with water at a temperature of 70 - 80 o C in an amount of 20 - 25 liters, the liquid with the bag in the container is thoroughly mixed for 10 - 15 minutes, then the container is tightly closed and steamed for 2 - 3 hours, then the liquid in the container mix thoroughly again, remove the bag from the container and squeeze it. The resulting solution - the mother liquor of sodium humate - is used as directed. Squeezed out bags - the solid fraction is disposed of. The drawing shows a technological scheme for obtaining a mother liquor of sodium humate, where: 1 - receiving hopper, 2 - vibrating sieve, 3 - gearbox, 4 - engine, 5 - dispenser hopper, 6 - packing unit, 7 - thermo pack equipment, 8 - warehouse finished products. The raw material for the preparation of sodium humate is, for example, lowland sedge milled peat with a decomposition rate of at least 20%. The raw material is dried to a moisture content of 40 - 45% and is crushed in a grinding machine when installing a sieve with a diameter of not more than 1 mm, then fed into a metering hopper. From the dosing hopper, the product is packed into bags measuring, for example, 36 x 40 cm, and for 1 kg of peat 50 g of NaOH is taken, which is packed together with peat in the same bag. For bags, a non-woven hygroscopic material is used, for example, a SPANBOND covering material. The bags are tightly sealed, for example, sewn up, and placed in plastic bags for easy transportation. To prepare the mother liquor, the package is removed from the polypropylene bag, placed in a plastic container made of food grade plastic with a volume of, for example, up to 25 liters and filled with water at a temperature of 70 - 80 o C in an amount of, for example, 20 - 25 liters. The liquid in the container is vigorously stirred, pressing on the bag for 10 - 15 minutes until the brown foam emerges, and tightly closed with a lid. Steaming is carried out for 2 - 3 hours. Then again intensively mix the liquid in the container, pressing on the bag, remove the bag and squeeze it thoroughly. The squeezed out bags with the solid fraction are disposed of. Liquid fraction - concentrated (mother) solution of sodium humate. Packing of raw materials in the amount of 1 kg is selected based on the convenience of compiling the proportions "raw material: liquid". The use of non-woven hygroscopic material for the manufacture of bags allows the bag to be used as a kind of reactor. The temperature of the water for pouring the feedstock 70 - 80 o C is selected based on the preservation of the cell of the feedstock in a "living state". The time for stirring the liquid in the container 10 - 15 minutes is selected based on the saturation of the feedstock with oxygen from the air and the complete dissolution of NaOH in the liquid (water). Steaming of the feedstock for 2 - 3 hours is selected based on the complete separation of the HA. Structural formula of humic acid according to S.S. Dragunov looks like:

The proposed process takes into account all the requirements for technological processes for obtaining high-quality sodium humate: the presence of a hydromodule; the oxidative process occurs due to the calculated size of the package, free movement of crushed peat in it, dissolution of the reagent in the liquid in combination with the oxygen in the package, pH 7 - 8. In table. 1 shows the yields of water-soluble and easily hydrolysable substances from the original peat. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the humic acid of the original peat. The moisture and ash content of the original peat is determined according to the following standards: analytical moisture - according to GOST 11305-83, analytical ash content A - according to GOST 11306-83. The moisture content and ash content of the original peat are given in table. 3. Table 4 shows a comparative analysis of the elemental composition of sodium humate obtained by the proposed method and by the prototype method. The target product is a mother liquor of sodium humate, according to the proposed method, the filtered solution without ballast is obtained without using a reactor and a centrifuge and other expensive equipment. So, for example, the technological equipment according to the prototype method includes: a heat treatment unit with a steel reactor, a chromel-alumel thermocouple in a steel case with a potentiometer, an electric motor with a speed controller, a tubular furnace, and a laboratory autotransformer. The cooling unit consists of a shower and a receiving bath; mine dryer, shredding machine, vibrating sieve. The resulting preparation - sodium humate - is an environmentally friendly product of natural origin with high biological activity against a wide class of substances of organic and mineral nature. It has antimicrobial properties: it suppresses the vital activity of pathogenic microflora, contains organic acids capable of destroying acid-unstable toxins, possesses astringent properties, activates metabolism, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, enhances respiration, increases the utilization of feed nutrients, stimulates the vital activity of microflora, accelerates growth and formation organism. The considered characteristics are confirmed by: the State Commission on Chemicals for the Control of Pests, Plant Diseases and Weeds; All-Union Cancer Research Center (Moscow); Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology (Moscow); Committee on Carcinogenic Substances and Preventive Measures (Moscow); Veterinary Pharmacological Council (g. Moscow); The State Agro-Industrial Committee (Moscow), the Ministry of Agriculture under the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region (Yekaterinburg); JSC "Bogdanovicheskaya Ptitsa" (Sverdlovsk region), etc. The drug is certified.

CLAIM

A method for producing sodium humate, including drying, grinding and sieving the starting material, processing the starting material with the release of the target product, characterized in that, for example, sedge lowland milled peat is used as the starting material, which is crushed to a particle size of no more than 1 mm, dosed and packed together with the NaOH reagent into bags of non-woven hygroscopic material measuring 36x40 cm, 50 g of NaOH are taken for 1 kg of peat, the bags are tightly sealed, to obtain a mother liquor, the bags are placed in a container and poured with water at a temperature of 70 - 80 o C in the ratio of the original material / liquid 1:20 - 1:25, pressing on the package, the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed for 10 - 15 minutes, then the container is tightly closed and steamed for 2 - 3 hours, the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed again, the package is removed from the container and squeeze thoroughly.

Peat, sapropel, brown coal are the raw materials for obtaining humates. In general terms, the technologies for producing humic preparations are quite simple. Exposure to raw materials containing an increased amount of humic acids with alkalis, possibly in autoclaves, followed by filtration and neutralization of the resulting product.

Using this technology, humic biostimulants in the Russian Federation are already received by at least fifty, and maybe hundreds of different enterprises. The spread in the quality of the resulting product is huge. Among modern technologies that ensure the production of products at a high level, today they use technologies of mechanochemical activation. The essence of the technology lies in a powerful impulse mechanical effect on humate containing raw materials, oxidized brown coal, peat, and dry alkali. For example, in some modifications of ball mills, in which the grinding media provide an overload of several tens of g. It is clear that such devices are very difficult and power-consuming.

Another effective method, which is gaining more and more popularity, is to carry out standard chemical processes in the liquid phase with the organization of a developed cavitation zone in it.

Cavitation is the process of disappearance ("collapse") of vapor-gas bubbles that arise in a liquid when it is abruptly stretched. In this case, as a rule, the following effects occur:

• In a zone with characteristic dimensions of no more than 0.1 mm, local impulse pressures arise up to 50 - 70 thousand atmospheres.
• The temperature in these zones can almost instantly rise to 7-15 thousand degrees.
• As established experimentally, at the last stage of compression, bubbles can transform into toroidal structures with a powerful needle-like ejection of matter. In this case, the speed of the tip of such a "needle" can reach several hundred meters per second, and can approach the speed of sound in a given environment.
• The volumetric density of cavitation bubbles, with a competent organization of the process, can be 1 million per cm 3 of the medium.
• Under certain conditions, areas of fairly powerful ultraviolet radiation can occur.

All these circumstances determine not only an extremely effective acceleration of the extraction of useful substances from this raw material, but also determine the occurrence of specific reactions, in particular, hydrothermal synthesis reactions, the industrial course of which in mild conditions is practically impossible.

Thus, cavitation works already at the "molecular" level.

Speaking specifically about the use of "cavitation" to obtain effective professional humic preparations, it is already generally accepted that preparations with a significantly higher level of physiological activity are obtained, even with a slightly lower concentration of humic compounds in the preparation.

This is understandable. Humic acids and their salts belong to disordered polymeric structures of the polyphenol type, in which the concept of molecular weight is rather arbitrary. Thus, the smaller we have fragments of such a "polymer", the more efficiently they are assimilated by the membranes of the plant cell structure.

Many researchers speak about the high efficiency of using cavitation devices for obtaining high-quality professional humic preparations with a high content of active principle. For example, according to some data, the yield of water-soluble organic substances, with such peat processing, can reach 100 g / l.

If we use the same chemistry, but under the conditions of the classical synthesis of the drug, then this indicator will be lower, at least 5-6 times.

It is important to emphasize that with such processing, the initial suspension of raw materials experiences minimal heating in its mass, at a level of no more than 40-50 degrees. At the same time, many useful compounds, the integrity of which cannot be ensured under other conditions of effective extraction, for example, during autoclaving, are preserved to the maximum extent in the resulting product, not destroyed.

More effective, both in terms of the results obtained and in terms of organizing the technology, is the use of ultrasonic cavitation devices using piezoelectric ceramics as ultrasound emitters.

But here, too, not everything is clear. As the practice of work in this direction has shown, the use of such devices with submersible emitters has a number of disadvantages. These include the limited resource of such emitters due to cavitation erosion and a number of technological problems when working on soft plant materials, in particular, peat.

The use of ultrasonic cavitation reactors with external ceramic emitters and additional focusing of ultrasonic radiation directly in the flow of the processed medium removes not only most of the physical and technological problems, but also ensures the production of products with high quality and good technical and economic indicators. The quality of the resulting preparation, for example, in terms of the gross content of humic compounds, is not inferior to the best analogues

It should be noted that the devices of the RUZ series implement an extremely powerful cavitation mode, the so-called "streamer" cavitation. The density of ultrasonic radiation in the axial zone of such reactors can reach several tens of W / cm 3. In principle, it is impossible to achieve such parameters even in the best rotary apparatus.

We have created a production complex for the production of humates from peat, sapropel using ultrasonic equipment, which allows us to obtain a high quality of the final product while reducing its cost. Working process temperature 40-50⁰С.

The results of the analysis of potassium humates, produced using ultrasound:

The use of the complex allows:

• Reduce production space;
• Reduce energy costs;
• Reduce the cost of production;
• Produce bioactive low molecular weight humates;

We offer;

• Equipment.
• Technology.
• Training.

The complex is manufactured both in a stationary version and in a mobile version.

Vladimir region, ISABELLA grapes, open ground, 3rd decade of June.
In the 1st decade of June, it was treated with potassium humate, made on our equipment.

Humates and ultrasonic cavitation

in environmental matters

In connection with the high urgency of the tasks on the development of effective technologies for the remediation of contaminated areas, as well as the development of effective technologies for the rapid destruction of highly toxic waste, the transportation of which to centralized landfills is problematic, the problem of developing not only effective and cheap complexing agents (sorbents), but also the creation of effective mobile complexes to solve these problems. In the limit, such mobile complexes should use, as raw materials for obtaining effective complexing agents, many available natural materials.

One of the options for solving these problems can be the development of mobile systems based on the use of reliable ultra-powerful flow-through ultrasonic cavitation reactors with axial focusing of ultrasonic radiation, for example, ultrasonic cavitation reactors of the RUZ series, produced by our company for many years.

A distinctive feature of these devices is a high density of pumping ultrasonic radiation along the axis of the reactor, up to 10 W / cm 3 and more at a reference frequency of ultrasonic radiation of 20 - 22 kHz.

Such a high density of acoustic radiation determines, in particular, the possibility of cavitation destruction of water with a density of formation of hydroxyl ions up to 3 mg-eq / l and more. By itself, this can provide reagent-free disinfection of some chemical compounds, since hydroxyl ions are the most powerful oxidizing agent of all known compounds.

Additionally, when water is destroyed under such conditions, a significant amount of hydrogen peroxide is formed.

When cavitation micro bubbles self-destruct, UV radiation occurs in the range of 300 - 360 nm, pulsed local pressures appear up to several tens of thousands of atmospheres, and the pulse temperature in such zones can rise to 10 - 15 thousand degrees. In addition, impulsive local jet streams with a tip velocity of up to 600 m / s can arise.

These circumstances make it possible to crush at the “nano level” many not only amorphous, but also crystalline materials, fresh cleavages of which already have a high catalytic activity by themselves. That is, there is a real possibility of using many available materials to obtain high-quality "sorbents-complexing agents" that react almost instantly with the chemical compounds to be destroyed within the framework of a single technological process.

The implementation of such an ideology can also ensure the production of highly active humic complexing agents from soil structures, for example, from peat and sapropel. This can ensure high-quality detoxification of large enough soil areas at minimal cost.

In this case, the essence of the problem lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the humic complexes of peat and sapropel themselves are quite effective complexing agents for irreversible binding of many toxic chemical compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals. On the other hand, the high activity of such complexing agents is largely associated with the content of light fractions, namely, fulvic acids.

As for the latter circumstance, we note that humates obtained by the developed cavitation technology have an increased content of such light active fractions. For example, as analyzes show, the content of fulvic acids in preparations obtained using this technology is at least 10 times higher than the content of fulvic acids in preparations of a similar chemical structure obtained using the classical autoclave technology.

As an example of the possibility of using humic complexing agents in the remediation of territories in the areas of storage and destruction of chemical weapons, as well as disinfection of the earth from some radionuclides, we will cite works / 1 / and / 2 /.

When using some modifications of humic sorbents / 2 / as absorbers of radionuclides, the cation exchange capacity of such sorbents is: up to 3100 meq UO 2 +2; up to 79 mEq for Cs +; up to 16 mEq for Sr +2.

In this case, the strength of the chelate compounds of such sorbents with rare earth and transuranic elements can be so great that such complexes are not destroyed up to 800 C 0.

Relevant technologies for the use of such complexing agents are wastewater treatment from heavy metals, as well as their use in standard biological wastewater treatment systems for general purposes / 3 / and / 4 /.

In particular, the work / 3 / provides data on the dependence of the degree of extraction of ions Fe +3 and Cu +2 nickel and zinc humates of potassium, sodium and ammonium. It is indicated that the sorption capacity of such complexing agents can be: for iron ions - 3.1 mg-eq / g, for copper ions - 1.4 mg-eq / g, for nickel ions - 1.2 mg-eq / g, and for zinc - 1.1 mg-eq / g.

In work / 4 / the activity of sodium humate solutions on the growth of activated sludge in the methods of biological wastewater treatment was studied. The research itself is quite relevant, since today wastewater treatment with the help of active bacteria is one of the promising technological processes that has a fairly wide practical application.

There are two problems here.

On the one hand, with the classic use of this technology, bacteria do not work well in the last stages of purification, when the concentrations of polluting elements are close to the MPC,

On the other hand, the activity of bacteria in winter, at low temperatures of the treated effluent, is very low and it is necessary to use heating of the treated effluent.

The work indicates that in the summer, other things being equal, the content of activated sludge, using humates, can be increased by 30 - 32%. The growth rate of activated sludge increases by 7 - 8 times, compared with the growth rate without this reagent.

In winter, at a wastewater temperature from 6 to 12 C 0, the use of humates can increase the performance of aeration tanks by 25 - 30% without any additional costs, primarily heat consumption.

The data presented are very convincing. However, the widespread use of high-quality humic preparations in existing wastewater treatment technologies is in some cases difficult due to the presence of the problem of the “color” of the treated waters. The reaction products of fulvic acids, as a rule, are soluble in water, and it is necessary to additionally use the final coagulation-flocculation treatment of treated effluents to reduce the color of the water. For these purposes, standard reagents are used, many of which have a fairly narrow working pH range.

The extremely high versatility of the use of humic preparations, both in living and non-living nature: starting from plant growing, veterinary medicine, medicine, ceramics, foundry and many other business sectors, has determined our requirements for the development of a unified technology for using this natural compound, including in matters of ecology.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the used cavitation technology, it was possible to work out a fairly universal technology for treating various effluents without introducing additional specific technological operations.

The work / 5 / provides data on the possibility of using dolomite sands to remove impurities Fe2 + and Fe3 +, Hg2 +, Cd2 +, Pb2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, Ni2 +, Mn2 + from water, in a fluidized bed mode under the action of ultrasonic cavitation.

In particular, it is indicated that with an increase in the time of exposure to ultrasound at a constant mass of dolomite, a significant decrease in the content of impurities occurs. With a processing time of 40 s - zinc (II) by 1.7 times. With a processing time of 80 s: iron (II) and (III) 12.1 times; mercury (II) 2.8 times; cadmium (II) 2.5 times; copper (II) by 4.9 times. With a treatment time of 160 s, the concentration of lead (II) decreased 4.0 times.

It is noted that holes are formed on dolomite particles directly under cavitation conditions. The dimensions of the holes are ~ 1 μm, which corresponds to the size of the cavitation bubble at the moment of its collapse. In this case, the pressure in the bubble reaches 10 3 atm.

The breakdown of holes in dolomite particles and the formation of fresh catalytically active chips, in our opinion, is due to the effect of superdeep penetration of impactor microparticles into the target, discovered in 1974 by the Belarusian scientist Usherenko. In this case, a colossal amount of energy is released, 10 2 ... 10 4 times higher than the kinetic energy of the impactor particles.

At least, the conditions for the occurrence of this effect do not contradict the energy parameters and features of super powerful cavitation.

As for the possibilities of using some known catalysts in conjunction with ultrasound in chemical hydrogenation technologies, for example, when using mixed Ni - Mg catalysts from formalates and oxalates in cyclohexane hydrogenation, it is noted in work / 6 / that the activity of such catalysts in an ultrasonic field can increase by 60 - 200%.

In conclusion, we present some data illustrating the design and operation features of the installation using these flow-through cavitation reactors.

The working area of ​​the reactor is made in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 470 mm. The acoustic radiation power can be, depending on the modification of the device, from 4 to 7 kW, with the efficiency of the device not less than 0.85. The weight of the device, complete with the generator, is no more than 40 kg.

The video on the website shows the normal operating mode of the reactor. The so-called "streamer" mode of cavitation with a central (axial) cavitation "bundle" having branched cavitation paths extending in different directions is observed. During the operation of the reactor, the characteristic noise caused by the recombination of cavitation paths is clearly audible. The central (axial) bundle of streamers is located along the entire axis of the apparatus, 470 mm, and has a diameter of approximately 20 mm. The bulk density of energy release in its zone is at least 10 W / cm 3.

A variant of the reactor layout in a plant with an approximate capacity of up to 440 kg / h for some types of processed aqueous suspensions has overall dimensions (length × width × height) no more than 2500 × 2000 × 2000 mm. Weight, no more than 300 kg (ultrasonic reactor with generator, chemical reactor with stirrer, circulation pump, platform and control panel).

Potassium humate

Ultrasonic module for the synthesis of humates

Literature.

1. "Remediation of contaminated areas in areas of storage and destruction of chemical weapons", V.I. Skorobogatova, A.A. Shcherbakov, V.G. Mandych, J. Russian chem. about - va them. DI. Mendeleev, 2007, vol. LI, no. 2, p. 71 - 74.
2. "Modified natural sorbents as absorbers of radionuclides", L.I. Gilinskaya, T.I. Markovich, electronic scientific information journal "Bulletin of Earth Sciences RAS", No. 1 (27), 2009, ISSN 1819-6586.
3. "Sorption of ions of heavy metals by humates of ammonium, sodium and potassium", Budaeva A. D., Zoltoev E. V., Bodoev N. V., Balburova T. A. Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Ulan-Ude. The work was presented at the III scientific conference "Priority directions of development of science, technology and technology", 2005, Hurghada (Egypt).
4. RF patent 2081853, Shulgin A.I., Method of biological wastewater treatment.
5. Malushkin V. M. "Physicochemical processes in a fluidized bed of dolomite under the action of ultrasound and the development of an installation for the post-treatment of drinking water", abstract of the thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences, Tomsk 2009.
6. “On the efficiency of using ultrasound in heterogeneous catalysis”, A. V. Romensky, JSC “Severodonetsk Association“ Azot ”, technology of catalysts and sorbents, UDC 66.084.

Khalizev K.A. 1

1 MBOU "Secondary school No. 1, Builder of the Belgorod region"

Meremianina T.G. 1

1 Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school No. 1, Builder of the Yakovlevsky district of the Belgorod region"

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Work files" tab in PDF format

CONTENT

	INTRODUCTION
	ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE
	Composition of humic acids
	Mechanism of action of humic acids in vermicompost
	The range of manufactured humic preparations
	EXPERIMENTAL PART
	Materials and research methods
	RESULTS OF THE STUDY
	Physicochemical composition of the humus preparation
	Study of the biological activity of the drug
	CONCLUSION
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
	ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

Humic substances are complex mixtures of high molecular weight dark-colored organic compounds of natural origin, resistant to biodegradation, formed during the decomposition of plant and animal residues under the action of microorganisms or abiotic environmental factors.

Humic acids can be extracted from humified natural products (peat, brown coal, coal and vermicompost) with aqueous solutions of alkalis.

Humic acids are high molecular weight polymeric compounds that are insoluble in water and have the property of immobility. Therefore, for use in agricultural production, they must be maximally converted into a soluble state accessible to plants and animals.

The basis for obtaining humic preparations is their ability to form water-soluble salts with monovalent sodium, potassium and ammonium cations.

Preparations based on humic acids contain amino acids, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, vitamins, macro and microelements, hormone-like substances. They are characterized by stability, multifunctionality and have sorption, ion-exchange and biologically active properties. Humic acids (HA) are characterized by a general type of composition and structure. However, depending on the initial substrate, the method of isolation and storage, the indices of composition and structure may vary, and in this regard, their physiological activity changes.

Relevance This study is determined by the need to develop new environmentally friendly biological products, the use of which will greatly contribute to increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.

Research hypothesis: humic compounds in dissolved form can be obtained from vermicompost using chemical, physical and mechanical influences.

As theoretical basis and information base of the research the works of domestic authors in the field of agrochemistry and soil science were used. The information sources for writing this work are standards and scientific publications.

Purpose of the study: release of humic substances by using chemical, physical and mechanical effects on vermicompost to maximize the transfer of humic compounds into solution.

To achieve the goal of the work, the following were set tasks :

to study the scientific literature on the composition and mechanism of the effect of humic substances on agricultural plants;

to study the range of produced humic preparations and methods of their isolation;

master the physicochemical methods of isolating a humus preparation, as well as test the resulting preparation for compliance with quality and safety;

to study the biological activity of the obtained humus preparation according to the results of its effect on the seeds of cucumbers of the "Dalnevostochny" variety.

Research object was the vermicompost obtained in the mini-vermilaboratory of the Testing Laboratory of the UNITS "Agrotekhnopark" FSBEI HPE Belgorod State Agricultural Academy named after V.Ya. Gorin from compost worms of the hybrid line Belgorodskaya.

The subject of research humic substances isolated from vermicompost became.

The study used the following methods: experimental method (extraction and precipitation of humic substances, physicochemical and biological tests of the preparation), observation and methods of statistical analysis.

The studies were carried out in the chemical laboratory of the MBOU "School No. 1, Stroitel, Yakovlevsky District, Belgorod Region" and in the Testing Laboratory of the FGOU VPO BelGSKhA im. V.Ya. Gorin.

1. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.1. Composition of humic substances

The history of the study of humic substances goes back more than two hundred years. They were first isolated from peat and described by the German chemist F. Achard in 1786. German researchers developed the first isolation and classification schemes, and also introduced the term itself - "humic substances" (derived from the Latin humus- "earth" or "soil"). In the middle of the 19th century, a great contribution to the study of the chemical properties of these compounds was made by the Swedish chemist J. Berzelius and his students, and then, in the 20th century, by our soil scientists and coal chemists: M.A. Kononova, L.A. Khristeva, N. Alexandrova, D.S. Orlov, T.A. Kukharenko and others. In the classical works of L.A. Khristeva and M.M. Kononova was the first to describe the effect of seed treatment with fulvic acids and humic acid salts (humates) on the growth of the primary roots of test cultures.

But then the interest of chemists in humic substances dropped sharply, since it was reliably established that this is not an individual compound, but a complex mixture of macromolecules of variable composition and irregular structure (Fig. 1), to which the laws of classical thermodynamics and the theory of the structure of matter are inapplicable. In the composition of humus, three groups of compounds are distinguished: specific humic substances, nonspecific organic compounds and intermediate products of decomposition and humification. The third group includes the products of partial decomposition of organic residues, which, according to the sum of their characteristics, cannot yet be attributed to specific humic substances, but are no longer substances characteristic of living organisms. Specific substances and nonspecific humic compounds are formed as a result of the processes of soil formation. Nonspecific humic compounds are synthesized in living organisms and enter the soil as part of plant and animal residues. Specific humic substances are formed directly in the soil as a result of humification processes. Among them are prohumic substances, humic acids and humin.

Humin, or non-hydrolyzable residue, is that part of soil organic matter that is insoluble in acids, alkalis and organic solvents. Prohumines are similar to intermediate decomposition products of organic residues. Their presence is revealed during detailed fractionation of preparations isolated from the soil. Humic acids are a class of high molecular weight nitrogen-containing hydroxy acids with an aromatic core that is part of humus and formed during humification.

Rice. 1. Formula of the structural cell of humic acid (according to D. S. Orlov)

On the basis of different solubility in water, acids, alkalis and alcohol, humic acids are subdivided into humic acids, himatomelanic acids and fulvic acids. Humic acids - a group of dark-colored humic acids, soluble in alkalis and insoluble in acids. Hyatomelanic acids are a group of humic acids soluble in ethanol. Fulvic acids are a group of humic acids soluble in water, alkalis and acids.

Usually, when carrying out analyzes, humic acids are extracted from the soil with alkali solutions (0.1-0.5 N NaOH). When acidifying the alkaline extract to pH (1 - 2), humic and himatomelanic acids precipitate. Only fulvic acids remain in the solution. When the formed precipitate is treated with ethanol, hematomelanic acids pass into an alcohol solution, staining it cherry red.

The group of humic acids is divided into two subgroups: black (gray) and brown humic acids. Humic acids enriched with carbon (mainly in chernozem soils) are called black in the domestic literature, and gray in foreign literature. Black and brown humic acids can be separated by salting out: when processing 2 N. with NaCl solution, black humic acids coagulate and precipitate.

Humic acids have the following elemental composition: 50-60% carbon, 2-6% hydrogen, 31-40% oxygen and 2-6% nitrogen. Fluctuations in the elemental composition of humic acids are explained by the fact that they are not chemically individual acids of a certain structure, but represent a group of high molecular weight compounds similar in composition and properties.

According to the data of gel chromatographic studies, the lower limit of the molecular weights of humic acids is determined by the values ​​of 5000-6000 Daltons (D). Acids with a molecular weight of 400,000-650,000 D. However, the main amount of humic acids has a molecular weight of 20,000-80,000 D.

Thus, due to the peculiarities of their molecular structure, humic acids actively influence the migration and accumulation of chemical elements in soil and natural water.

1.2 Mechanism of action of humic substances in the composition of vermicompost

The mechanisms by which vermicompost realize their regulatory effect on soil and plants has not been fully disclosed. The higher efficiency of the use of vermicompost and their fractions on the growth and development of plants is explained by their influence on protein synthesis, the effect on metabolic reactions, a decrease in the activity of respiration inhibitors and the manifestation of hormone-like properties. Several possible main mechanisms of the influence of vermicompost fractions on plants are described in the literature:

1.Optimization of plant root nutrition. Direct intake of nutrients and trace elements; mobilization of phosphorus compounds into bioavailable forms; mobilization and transport of transition metal cations (in particular, copper, iron and zinc) in a chelated form available to plants. Optimization of soil properties: providing energy for soil microorganisms and enhancing microbiological activity, increasing water retention capacity, strengthening the structure, etc.

2. Optimization of foliar nutrition of plants. Vermicompost fractions contain humic and fulvic acids in different amounts, which, being surfactants, reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions, thereby increasing the permeability of cell membranes. In turn, this optimizes the throughput of the transport system of plants: accelerates the movement of nutrients. It speeds up energy metabolism, photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll synthesis.

3. The influence of humic substances on the physiological processes of plants. It is assumed that humic substances enhance the synthesis of high-energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells, which is involved in optimizing plant respiration. Some molecular constituents of humic substances lead to the formation of growth phytohormones or act as "hormone-like" substances, enhance enzymatic activity, in particular, the content of catalase, peroxidase, diphenyl oxidase and invertase. Vermicelli fertilizers affect the detoxification or inactivation of toxicants in the soil - it is usually associated with the sorption capacity of vermicompost, the number of strong and weak acidic functional groups, hydrophobicity, sorption capacity for heavy metals and xenobiotics.

Demin V.V., Terentyev V.A., Zavgorodney Yu.A. and Biryukova M.V. the biological effect of humic substances on living organisms is due to the fact that intact molecules of humic substances and the remnants of their intracellular digestion are localized in the cell walls or in the layer immediately adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane. Thus, a semblance of an active openwork filter appears on the surface of a living cell, capable of performing the following functions:

intercept heavy metal ions, binding them into stable chelate complexes;

intercept xenobiotic molecules;

bind free radicals formed in the plasma membrane as a result of lipid peroxidation.

It is known from literature that humates harmless to humans and animals, do not possess allergenic, anaphylactogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic and carcinogenic properties.

1.3. The range of manufactured humic preparations

The range of manufactured metabolism regulators of humic origin:

Huminate is sodium humate. Developed in the Dnepropetrovsk Agricultural Institute, it is sodium salts of the sum of humic acids in the form of a powder. Obtained by alkaline extraction. The drug belongs to biogenic stimulants;

Humin NS-1500 is a synthetic product, biosimilar to humic substances. Obtained by autooxidation, produced in the form of an alkaline salt of high purity and constant composition (Rudgers-Werke, Germany). The initial products are aromatic polyhydroxyl compounds, which are converted by a multistep reaction into a preparation with an average molecular weight of 1500. The resulting humic substance is completely and easily dissolved in water;

Peat biostimulant (BST). Developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of the Peat Industry (St. Petersburg). The preparation is obtained by oxidation of water-alkaline peat suspension with atmospheric oxygen. The resulting oxidation products are polyfunctional organic acids with a molecular weight of 1,000 to 40,000;

Oxidate - proposed by the Institute of Peat of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. It is obtained using a new technology during the oxidation-ammonization of peat organic matter. The drug is a liquid containing 5-10% dry matter, which contains a wide range of macro- and microelements.

Nitrogumic stimulant (NHS). The production technology was developed at the Kalinin branch of VNIITP by the method of nitric acid oxidation of high-decomposition high-grade peats with subsequent neutralization with ammonia water;

Humadapt is a new humic preparation, a regulator of metabolic processes and an active detoxifier, and others.

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1. Materials and research methods

Vermicompost served as the material for the study. (Application - I , Table 1), obtained in the mini-vermilaboratory of the Testing Laboratory of the UNITS "Agrotekhnopark" of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education of the Belgorod State Agricultural Academy named after V.Ya. Gorin from compost worms of the hybrid line Belgorodskaya (Application - II). It is a dark brown structured product with a pleasant earthy scent. A humic preparation was obtained from it. The working solution of the humic preparation was prepared using distilled water by diluting the original concentrates. Testing of the biological activity of the obtained preparation was carried out on cucumber seeds in accordance with GOST R 54221, pH - GOST R 54221.

The paper also provides data from laboratory studies of the obtained humic preparation, which were carried out in an accredited testing laboratory using equipment and instruments for the chemical study of the composition of preparations.

The elemental composition data were used to estimate changes in the chemical composition of microcomposites of the isolated fractions. The mass fraction of moisture was determined according to GOST R 52917; ash content - according to GOST 11022; total nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen - GOST 26715, GOST 26716; free humic acids (HA) - GOST R 54221 and GOST 9517; Р 2 О 5 and К 2 О - GOST 26 717, GOST 26718; mineral elements - according to GOST 30692; determination of the group fractional composition of humus was carried out according to Tyurin's scheme modified by Ponomareva and Plotnikova.

Factors affecting the yield of humic acids: temperature, extraction time, alkali concentration, mass ratio of substrate: alkali. The optimal conditions for the extraction of humic acids from vermicompost are: extraction temperature - 25 0 С, extraction time - 24 hours, using a rotator - 240 min, alkali concentration for extraction - 0.2 n NaOH, acid concentration for HS precipitation - 1 n H 2 SO 4.

Security measures:

Device hazard class - IV (low hazardous substance)

When working, it is necessary to use gloves, do not drink, smoke, eat. After work, you should wash your face and hands with soap and water.

In case of contact with skin, wash with soap and water.

In case of contact with eyes, rinse with plenty of water.

3. RESULTS OF THE STUDY

By selecting parameters and reagents for the extraction and precipitation of humic substances, a humic preparation with the maximum yield of soluble humic acids was obtained.

Table 2 - Output of humic acids

3.1. Physicochemical composition of sodium humate

The chemical characteristics of the humic preparation are presented in Table 3 (data from the Testing Laboratory of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy).

Table 3 - Physicochemical composition of the humus preparation

Indicator name	SODIUM HUMATE
Moisture, %
Ash content, %
Total nitrogen, mg%
Ammonia nitrogen, mg%
Nitrate nitrogen, mg%
Free humic acids, g / l
NS, units
R 2 O 5, mg / l
K 2 O, mg / l
Sodium, mg / l
Calcium, mg / l
Cadmium, mg / l
Lead, mg / l
Arsenic, mg / l
Mercury, mg / l
Iron, mg / l
Copper, mg / l
Manganese, mg / l
Zinc, mg / l
Sulfur, mg / l
Magnesium, mg / l

When determining the pH of the prepared solution, it was found that the value of this indicator is in the range of 7.89-8.75, which suggests the stability of the drug in relation to photodegradation and increased resistance to light.

3.2. Study of the biological activity of the drug

In experiments on seeds of cucumbers under the influence of 0.005% aqueous solutions prepared from the studied preparation, an increase in seed germination, biological activity of HA in increasing the mass of seedlings, length of stems and roots by an average of 2.0-4.0% was noted (Table 4, fig. 2-3). Seed germination on the third day of cultivation was 62% versus 35% control. That is, the entire preparation served as a seed germination stimulator in the test experiment.

Table 4 - Biological activity of humic preparations

Rice. 2. Study of the intensity of growth of embryonic roots

Rice. 3. Study of the intensity of growth of embryonic roots

by testing on seeds of cucumbers in accordance with GOST R 54221-2010

4. CONCLUSION

The preparation SODIUM HUMATE was isolated from vermicompost (obtained by processing manure by compost worms of the hybrid line Belgorodskaya, Appendix - 2). The drug contains in 1 liter: humic acids not less than 78g, nutrients phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur and biogenic microelements.

The resulting drug can be used for the production of organic products, to increase the yield of agricultural crops. It is recommended that SODIUM HUMATE should be used in the form of a working solution with a concentration of 0.005-0.01% of the basic substance by pre-sowing treatment of sowing or planting material and foliar treatment of plants during the growing season.

Economic efficiency- the use of humic preparations increases the yield of agricultural crops by an average of 5-17%.

5. REFERENCES

1. SanPiN 2.3.2.2354 - 2008. Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Norms, VI. Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Organic Products. Additions and changes No. 8 to SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01. Registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 23, 2008 No. 11741

2. GOST 9517-94 Solid fuel. Methods for determining the yield of humic acids - M .: ed. Standards. -1996

3. GOST 26713-85. Organic fertilizers. Method for determination of moisture and dry residue. - M .: ed. Standards. -1986, p. 4-6.

4. GOST 26715-85. Organic fertilizers. Method for the determination of total nitrogen. - M .: ed. Standards. -1986, p. 9-20.

5. GOST 26716-85. Organic fertilizers. Method for the determination of ammonium nitrogen. - M .: ed. Standards. -1986, p. 21-28.

6.GOST 26717-85. Organic fertilizers. Method for the determination of total phosphorus. - M .: ed. Standards. -1986, p. 29-34.

7.GOST 26718-85. Organic fertilizers. Method for the determination of total potassium. - M .: ed. Standards. -1986, p. 35-38.

8. GOST 30178-1996. Raw materials and food products. Atomic absorption method for the determination of toxic elements

9. GOST 30692-2000. Feed, compound feed, compound feed raw materials. Atomic absorption method for determining the content of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium

10.GOST R 52917-2010. Humic preparations from brown and oxidized coal. Test methods. - M .: Standartinform-2012

11. GOST R54221-2010 Humic preparations from brown and oxidized coal. Test methods. - M .: Standartinform-2012

12.Asmaev M.P. Kinetic model of the process of obtaining vermicompost using vermiculture / M.P. Asmaev, D.L. Piotrovsky // Proceedings of the Universities of Food Technology. -1997. - No. 2-3. P.84.

13 Balabanov S.S. Attempts to correct (accelerate) the natural process of humus formation in cultivated soils / S.S. Balabanov, N.I. Kartamyshev, V.Yu. Timonov, N.M. Chernysheva // Bulletin of the Kursk State Agricultural Academy. - 2010. -No. 1- p. 63 - 66

14.Barne A. Zh. Dynamics of dumping of cocoons in the compost worm Eisenia foetida / A. Zh. Barne // In collection: Materials of the 1st international conference "Earthworms and soil fertility". - Vladimir, 2002 .-- S. 7 - 8.

15 Berkovich A.M. Antioxidant properties of a new veterinary drug containing humic substances - ligfol / A.M. Berkovich, S.V. Buzlama // Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Animal Health: International Scientific and Practical Conference, September 21-23, 2004, Voronezh: Sat. scientific. tr. - Voronezh: publishing house of Voronezh State University, 2004 .-- S. 174-179

16 Biryukova O. N. Characteristics of organic matter of vermicompost / O.N. Biryukova, Sukhanova N.I. // Materials of the IV International Congress on Bioconversion of Organic Waste /, Kovrov-2004

17 Bolotetskiy N.M. About the technology of obtaining hybrid lines of the manure worm Eisenia foetida (Sav.) / N.M. Bolotetskiy, Kodolova O. P., Nefedov G. N., Pravdukhina O. Yu., Truveller K. A. // In collection: Abstracts of the II International Congress. Bioconversion of organic waste from the national economy and environmental protection. - Ivano-Frankivsk. - 1992 .-- S. 17-18.

18 Bykin A.V. Biological aspects of the reproduction of soil fertility with the introduction of vermicompost. / Bykin A.V. // Agrochemical Bulletin. - 1997. - No. 6. - p. 5-6.

19. Gogotov I.N. Characteristics of biohumuses and soils produced by some companies in Russia / IN Gogotov // Agrochemical Bulletin. - 2003. - No. 1. - page 11.

20. Gorovaya A.I. Humic substances. Gorovaya A.I., D.S. Orlov, O.V. Shcherbenko, Structure, functions, mechanism of action, protective properties, ecological role. // Humic substances. Structure, functions, mechanism of action, protective properties, ecological role. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka. - 1995.

21 Demin V.V. Demin VV, VA Terentyev, Yu.A. Zavgorodnyaya, MV Biryukov, Probable mechanism of action of humic substances on living cells. // In collection: Materials of the IV Congress of the Dokuchaevsky Society of Soil Scientists. Novosibirsk, August 9-13, 2004 - Novosibirsk, Publishing house Science Center, 2004. - P. 494

22. Y. V. Evloev The effectiveness of modern forms of organization of agricultural production / Ya.V. Evloev // International Agricultural Journal. - 2000. No. 3 - p. 10 - 14.

23. Oliva T.V. Modern approaches to the cultivation of environmentally friendly crop products in protected ground / T.V. Oliva // In collection: Solving environmental problems in the production of agricultural products, Belgorod, 2004.-P.50-52.

24. Oliva T.V. Experience of growing ecologically clean crop products in a greenhouse using vermicompost / T.V. Oliva, Nikolaeva I.V // In collection: Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference "Biotechnology in the service of agriculture", Ryazan, 2004.- P.44 -48.

25 Orlov D.S. Comparative characteristics of some vermicompost / D.S. Orlov, Ammosova Ya.M., Sadovnikova L.K. et al. // In sb. : Abstracts. report 3 int. Congress "Bioconversion of organic waste". - Moscow. - 1994 - S. 69-70.

26. Orlov D.S., Sadovnikova L.K., Savrova A.L. // Reports of the Academy of Sciences, ser. "Geochemistry", 1995, 345 (4), - pp. 1-3.

27. Khristeva L.A. The effect of physiologically active humic acids on plants under unfavorable external conditions / Hristeva L.A. // Humic fertilizers: theory and practice of their application. Dnepropetrovsk, 1973, Vol. 4, p. 15-23.

ANNEXES

Application I

Table 1 - Characteristics of vermicompost based on cattle manure

№ p / p	Indicators
	Mass fraction of moisture,% no more
	Organic matter, dry product,%, not less
	Mass fraction of total nitrogen, per dry product,%, not less
	Mass fraction of total phosphorus in terms of Р 2 О 5,%, not less
	Mass fraction of total potassium in terms of K 2 O,%, not less
	Mass fraction of mobile zinc, mg / kg, no more
	Mass fraction of mobile cobalt, mg / kg, not less
	Mass fraction of mobile copper, mg / kg, no more
	Weed seeds, thousand pieces, no more than 100
	Viable eggs of helminths, sporocysts	absent
	Pathogenic microorganisms, pcs / dm 3, including salmonella	absent
	Pesticides in dry matter, mg / kg

Application II

Photo 1. Compost worm from the genus Eisenia of the Belgorod line

Appendix III

Photo 2. Created vermicompost in the vermicompost

(54) METHOD FOR PRODUCING SODIUM HUMATE

(57) Abstract:

The invention relates to methods for processing peat, and in particular to a method for producing sodium humate. The starting material (peat) with natural moisture is sieved to a particle size of no more than 3 mm. It is packed together with the NaOH reagent in bags of non-woven hygroscopic material, and NaOH is placed in a separate bag, also made of non-woven hygroscopic material. Packages with peat and NaOH reagent are tightly sealed. To obtain a mother liquor, a bag with peat and NaOH is placed in a container, poured with water heated to 60-65 o C, in a starting material / liquid ratio of 1: 20-1: 25. Press on the bag until it gets wet. The container is tightly closed and infused for 5 hours. Then the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed. The bag is wrung out and taken out of the container. The volume of the NaOH reagent bag is chosen to be twice the volume of this reagent. The volume of the package for peat is 3-3.5 times the volume of peat. For 1 kg of starting material, 100-120 g of NaOH are used. The invention makes it possible to obtain a concentrated and biologically active mother liquor of sodium humate. 1 tab.

The invention relates to methods for processing peat, namely to a method for producing a mother liquor of sodium humate from peat, and can be used in various fields - in agriculture, veterinary medicine, medicine and in the food industry. Sodium humate is a biologically active substance (BAS) that can be used, for example, in agricultural livestock and poultry farming as a veterinary drug, as a feed additive; in medicine as a biologically active additive (BAA), in the food industry as a dietary supplement. The search for unconventional sources of raw materials (starting material) for the preparation of biologically active substances and dietary supplements is always relevant. It is known to obtain sodium humate from peat and coal by treatment with sodium alkali ("Agrarian Science", 1, 2000, pp. 13-14). A known method of obtaining sodium humate (US Pat. RF 2150484, C 10 F 7/00 dated 04.21.99), including drying peat, grinding it to a particle size of no more than 1 mm, sifting and packing together with the reagent NaOH into bags of non-woven hygroscopic material size 3640 cm. For 1 kg of peat take 50 g of NaOH, the bags are tightly sealed. To obtain the mother liquor, the packages are placed in a plastic container and filled with water at a temperature of 70-80 o C in the ratio of the starting material: liquid 1: 20-1: 25. Pressing on the bag, the liquid is thoroughly mixed for 10-15 minutes until a brown foam appears, then the container is tightly closed and steamed for 2-3 hours, the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed again, the bag is removed from the container and squeezed thoroughly (prototype). The technical objective of the invention is to simplify the method, as well as to obtain a more concentrated and biologically more active mother liquor of sodium humate. To solve the technical problem, a method for producing sodium humate is proposed, including sifting the starting material, processing the starting material with the isolation of the target product, and as a starting material, for example, sedge lowland milled peat is used, which, after sifting, is packed together with the NaOH reagent into bags of non-woven hygroscopic material, the packages are tightly sealed, to obtain the mother liquor, the packages are placed in a container and poured with water in the ratio of the source material: liquid 1: 20-1: 25, pressing on the package with a blunt object until the package gets wet, the container is tightly closed, after processing the initial material, the resulting initial the material is thoroughly mixed again in the container, the bag is removed from the container and carefully squeezed, characterized in that the starting material is used with a natural moisture content of 45%, sieved to a particle size of no more than 3 mm, the NaOH reagent is placed in a separate bag of non-woven hygroscopic material to ensure To exclude unauthorized contact of the NaOH reagent with the starting material, the size of the package for the NaOH reagent is selected based on the condition: the volume of the package is twice the volume of the reagent, the size of the package for the starting material (peat) is selected from the condition: the volume of the package is 3-3.5 times more volume of peat, for one kilogram of starting material (peat) take 100-120 g of reagent NaOH, water for processing the starting material is heated to a temperature of 60-65 o C, infusion is carried out for 5 hours. Packages with starting material and reagent are double sealed. The sealed bag is placed in another polyethylene bag with a thickness of at least 40 microns, which is also double-sealed. To prevent the onset of a partial peat neutralization reaction, the bags are stored at a temperature of -10 to +10 o C. To obtain a mother liquor of sodium humate, use any containers, except aluminum. The containers used have a tight-fitting lid and a neck, into which the bag with the starting material must pass. In comparison with the prototype, the proposed method makes it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of the technology for producing sodium humate by eliminating the operations of drying and grinding peat; to obtain a more concentrated and biologically active mother liquor of sodium humate due to a more complete neutralization of peat. By lowering the water temperature to 60-65 o C, increasing the amount of the reagent NaOH, increasing the infusion time, it was possible to significantly change the chemical composition of the mother liquor in comparison with the analogue, for example: fifteen amino acids appeared in the composition, which were absent in the analogue, because at a temperature of 70 o With these amino acids decompose; the amount of humic acids in the solution increased from 2.1% (in analog) to 3.6%; the sodium content in the solution increased 4.0 times, the calcium content - 4.5 times, iodine - 2.4 times; The pH changed from 6.5 (analog) to 7.15, i.e. the solution is more neutral; there are no heavy metals and harmful impurities: lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, nitrates. Further, for comparison, there is a table of the chemical composition of sodium humate obtained by the analogous method and the proposed method.

Claim

A method for producing sodium humate, including sifting the source material, for example, sedge lowland milling peat, processing it with the release of the target product - mother liquor, and after sifting, the starting material is packed together with the NaOH reagent into bags of non-woven hygroscopic material, the bags are tightly sealed to obtain mother liquor, the packages are placed in a container and poured with water in the ratio of the source material / liquid 1: 20-1: 25, press on the package with a blunt object until the package gets wet, the container is tightly closed, the starting material is processed, after which the liquid in the container is thoroughly mixed, the package taken out of the container and carefully squeezed, characterized in that the starting material is used with natural moisture, sieved to a particle size of no more than 3 mm, the NaOH reagent is also packed into a separate bag of non-woven hygroscopic material, the size of the NaOH reagent bag is selected based on the conditions: the volume of the package is twice as large the volume of the reagent, the size of the package for the starting material is selected from the condition: the volume of the package is 3-3.5 times the volume of the starting material, 100-120 g of the reagent are taken per 1 kg of the starting material, the water for processing the starting material is heated to a temperature of 60-65 o C, infusion is carried out for 5 hours.

FIGURES

Picture 1, Picture 2

MM4A - Early termination of a patent of the USSR or a patent of the Russian Federation for an invention due to failure to pay the fee for maintaining the patent in force in due time