When and where did the first policemen appear? Police of Russia Police creation story for children.
The regular police began to be created in Russia under Peter I. It was at this time that the term “police” borrowed from Western Europe was first introduced. The duties of the created police structures included: catching thieves, supervising walking people, stopping fights and quarrels on the streets, monitoring the implementation of building and fire regulations, the arrangement and cleanliness of the streets, the safety of the life supplies sold, the prevention of measurement, underweight and other deceptions in trade etc. Peter I the Great
In 1715, in St. Petersburg, the new capital of the Russian state, a governing body for the general police was formed - the Chief Police Office, which included soldiers and non-commissioned officers to perform police duties. Somewhat later, in May 1718, the post of police general (head of the chancellery) was established, to which A. Devier was appointed. It is from this time that the history of the Russian police should be calculated as a special institution in the system of state bodies. Anto n Manuilovich Devie r (1682 - 1745) the first police general of St. Petersburg (1718-1727 and 1744-1745)
St. Petersburg Police Chief Office (since November 1722 - the main one) - the first central body of the regular police of Russia (1718 - 1775) Tsar (Emperor since 1721) His Majesty's own office Chief of Police Presence chancery prison with guards Fire brigade Secretaries, clerks, clerks architectural and construction part CITY POLICE MAJOR OFFICES (Since 1733) MAIN OBJECTIVES: Protection of public order and fight against crime. Ensuring fire safety. Supervision of landscaping, sanitation and compliance with trade rules. Maintenance, protection and labor use of convicts and detainees. Control over the serving of police service by the population. furman teams Oberpolitmeister executioner
All police officers, upon entering the position, took an oath in which they swore to be a "faithful, kind and obedient slave" to be the king, queen and their heirs, their rights and prerogatives "by the utmost understanding, strength and ability to warn and defend and in that their stomach in if necessary, do not spare” After pronouncing the text of the oath, the official kissed the Gospel and the cross.
In 1733, the Legislative Act "On the Establishment of the Police in the Cities" was issued, which became the legal basis for the construction of regular police bodies throughout the country. The normative act regulated the procedure for creating police in the provinces and other cities. Police bodies in the provincial cities began to be called police offices, headed by a police chief from among the officers of the local garrisons. Anna Ioannovna (January 28 (February 7), 1693 - October 17 (28), 1740) - Russian Empress from the Romanov dynasty.
During the reign of Catherine II, the rural zemstvo police was established (1775). The lower zemstvo courts became administrative and police institutions in the counties. Their collegiate leadership presence included the zemstvo police officer, or captain, and 2-3 zemstvo assessors from nobles and state peasants, elected by the nobility. One of the main tasks of the police officer was to organize the protection of public order in the county. Catherine II the Great (April 21 (May 2), 1729 - November 6 (17), 1796) - Empress of All Russia (1762-1796). The period of her reign is often considered the golden age of the Russian Empire.
Charter of the Deanery Structure. The charter included 14 chapters and 274 articles. Content. The body of the police department in the city was the deanery council - a collegial body, which included the chief of police, the mayor, bailiffs of civil and criminal cases, as well as elected from citizens. The city was divided into parts and quarters according to the number of buildings. In part, the head of the police department was a private bailiff, in the quarter - a quarterly warden. All police ranks were entered in the Table of Ranks. The "Charter of the Deanery" introduced the position of a private broker, who controlled the hiring of labor and the conditions of employment. In some criminal cases, the police themselves carried out the trial. The "Charter of the Deanery" listed a number of such offenses: gambling, abuse, drunkenness, and other violations of public order; actions directed against worship; bribery, unauthorized construction, etc.
On September 8, 1802, 8 ministries were formed: - military forces, - naval forces, - foreign affairs, - justice, - commerce, - finance, - public education - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Manifesto of Emperor Alexander I on the establishment of ministries
Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey, the most prominent statesman of Russia in the first half of the 19th century, one of the initiators and authors of the project to create ministries, was appointed the first minister of internal affairs.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, who later became a famous statesman, "the luminary of the Russian bureaucracy", was appointed head of the chancellery of the Ministry of the Interior.
Ministry of the Interior from September 1802 to July 18, 1803 Minister of the Interior Companion to the Minister of the Interior Department of the Interior Expedition for the care of the people's food Expedition for tranquility and deanery Expedition of the state economy 1st division 2nd division Supplying the state with life supplies Public buildings Cases of Zemstvo police Cases of the city police Cases of the state economy National industry Expedition of public charity 1st department 2nd department Medical board The principle of general charity
Functions of the expedition of tranquility and deanery. 1st Department of Zemstvo Police Cases Vedomosti about incidents. Ordinances on safety on the dry route and on the rivers. The obedience of the peasants to the legitimate authority. Cases of temptation to faith, heresy and clarification of false rumors and letters. Information about the zemstvo duties sent by the peasants. The ways of carrying out these duties are in prominence and uniformity. Repelling peasants from arbitrary demands. Production of a general land survey to allocate state-owned peasants with lands and to make land holdings known. 2nd Division City Police Affairs Safety of streets and houses from fires and theft. The content of the police team. Cleanliness and lighting. Maintaining good morals. Curbing extravagance, immense luxury, cruelty. Supervision of forbidden books, seductive spectacles, suspicious societies and people. Information about the urban public revenues, collections and duties. Methods of equalization in accommodation, in lighting, in the maintenance of bridges, and night guards. Information about the state of provincial companies and staff teams.
Bodies of political investigation of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. EMPEROR 3 Department of His Majesty's Own Chancellery War Ministry Separate gendarmerie corps (since 1826) Gendarmerie units (since 1820) Directorates of gendarmerie districts (since 1836) Secret police Provincial gendarmerie directorates (since 1836) City teams of gendarmes ( from 1836) Ministry of Internal Affairs “Secret Police Expedition” (1802-1826) “Secret Expedition in Moscow (1807-1826) “Special Office” (1819-1826) Ministry of Police (1810-1819) .) Office “for special cases”
Aleksa ndr Dmitrievich Balasho v (Balashev) (1770-1837) - Russian statesman, infantry general, adjutant general. First Minister of Police
The Ministry of Police consisted of three departments: 1) Economic Police Department; 2) Executive Police Department; 3) Medical Department; and two offices of the minister - general and special.
The largest reforms of the second half of the 19th century in Russia: - the abolition of serfdom - a change in land relations - the introduction of local self-government - the reform of the judiciary and the army The Ministry of Internal Affairs became the coordinating body for the reform.
On March 25, 1859, Alexander II approved the proposals, which boiled down to the unification of the city and zemstvo police under the authority of the county police officer, who, unlike the zemstvo police officer, who was previously elected by the nobles, was appointed by the government. Alexander II city and zemstvo policemen
In general, the functions and rights of the police at the end of the 19th century were not clearly defined by law. Her duties were very varied. The published handbook of the Ministry of the Interior stated that "the legislation considers police institutions as governing bodies in general, and the police officer himself as the main representative of power in the county." "The police officer," it was indicated further, "is the direct body of the governor." From this it followed that any actions in the management of the county, from building up streets to compiling records of births, marriages and deaths, were within the competence of the county police department. Ispravnik
The detective part of the police included - the chief, - four officials, - 12 guards, - a clerk with two assistants - and an archivist. detective departments
The following could not be appointed to police positions: -consisting as defendants under trial and investigation, as well as those who were punished for criminal acts, entailing imprisonment or a more severe punishment according to the law; - the lower ranks of the reserve, which during the passage of active service were in the category of penalties; - expelled from the service by the court, from the spiritual department for vicious behavior or from the environment of societies by their decision; - declared insolvent debtors; - under guardianship for extravagance.
After the reorganization of 1880, the Ministry of Internal Affairs took the leading place in the state mechanism, and its head became, in fact, the first minister of the empire, possessing a competence that was unique in scope. In addition to the fight against crime, he was in charge of a significant part of the internal functions of the state.
On August 14, 1881, the Regulations "On Measures to Protect State Security and Public Peace" were adopted. It gave the Minister of the Interior the ability to declare in any part of the country a state of enhanced or emergency protection, which expanded the rights of the police in that area. In 1883, Minister of the Interior D. A. Tolstoy achieved an amendment to the Regulations of August 14, 1881, which gave the Minister of the Interior the right to administratively expel any person "recognized as harmful to state order and public peace" . The regulation “On Measures for the Protection of State Security and Public Peace” was constantly extended and remained in effect until 1917. D. A. Tolstoy
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the years of reforms (1862 - 1906) Comrade Minister Ministry of Internal Affairs Main Directorate of Posts Minister Public Council Department of Internal Affairs Post offices EXPEDITIONS Secretariat Medical Council 1st 2nd 3rd Food Rural Police State. economy Salt section City police Manufactories Fire station Duty station Prison institutions
The most important of the structural divisions of the ministry was the Police Department. In 1902, it consisted of 8 office work: the 1st office dealt with the affairs of personnel, finances, correspondence with foreign countries on the extradition of Russian citizens, on violations of the state border; 2nd clerical work - the organization of police institutions, the development of draft laws of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, monitoring the exact implementation of laws in the field, drinking establishments; 3rd office work - monitoring unreliable elements in Russia and abroad; The 4th office work in 1902 was renamed into the 7th;
The 5th clerical work compiled reports for the Special Conference, which resolved issues of administrative expulsion of persons who did not have enough evidence to bring them to justice; 6th clerical work - the development of the foundations of factory legislation, controlled the observance of the decrees that determined the position of the Jewish population, issues of combating counterfeiting; The 7th clerical work monitored the inquests conducted by the provincial gendarme departments.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich Emperor of All Russia (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917), Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. From the Romanov dynasty.
The manifesto of October 17, 1905, announcing political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma led to changes in the state apparatus, and in one of its main links - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the fall of 1905, the Ministry of Internal Affairs created a Special Office for Elections to the State Duma and the State Council. It coordinated the activities of local bodies in the preparation and conduct of elections. Ilya Repin October 17, 1905
The structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the post-reform period (late 18th - early 19th centuries) Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions Police Department Special Meeting Department for military service Department of a separate corps of gendarmes Department of General Affairs of the Ministry Chancellery of the Minister for Nobility Affairs Central Statistical Committee Main Directorate for Press Affairs Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs Road Inspection Office of the Minister Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Economic Department Statistical Council Resettlement Directorate Medical Department Zemsky Department Technical and Construction Committee Medical Council Veterinary Directorate Veterinary Committee Council of the Minister
Structure of the detective department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs 1910 Head of the police department of the provincial city Head of the detective department Personal detention table ; 2 category - 11 people. ; 3 category - 8 people. ; 4th category - 6 people. Specializations of employees of detective departments (linear principle) 1st squad Murder, robbery, robbery, arson Detective department of the category of specialization (squads) 2nd squad Theft and professional thieves' organizations, horse thieves, burglars, pickpockets, shop, station, etc. gangs 3rd Detachment Fraudsters, arson, deceit, counterfeiting, forgery, cheaters, swindlers, sale of women to brothels “flying detachment” Duty in theaters, railway stations, etc.
In the pre-revolutionary period, in order to increase the efficiency of the police, on October 23, 1916, the emperor approved the "Regulations on strengthening the police in 50 provinces of the empire and on improving the official and financial situation of police officers." According to this Regulation: "... in urban settlements, the numerical strength of police teams was determined at the rate of one police officer per 400 residents of both sexes" . In order to improve the quality of the police personnel, the same act established appropriate educational qualifications for holding positions.
February Revolution of 1917 February 23-28, 1917 Strikes and political demonstrations in St. Petersburg develop into a general uprising against the autocracy. During the February Revolution of 1917, when the army went over to the side of the rebels, only the police remained loyal to the autocracy, for which they suffered considerable damage: "partly killed, partly displaced ... police stations were destroyed, file cabinets were destroyed ... "
In childhood, everyone taught: the police number is 02. Adults already know approximately where to go with a statement about what crime. After all, law and order is guarded by district police officers, juvenile inspectors, a road patrol service, an investigative committee ... And who and how protected people from thieves, robbers, murderers and rapists in Rus' in the old days, when combatants - the army - could no longer serve in the ranks, and deal with criminals?
The young Tsar Ivan the Terrible was the first to introduce law enforcement agencies everywhere. He had many shortcomings, but also an indisputable advantage: the desire to create a well-functioning state. First of all, Grozny is associated with guardsmen, who were like his personal special services. But the real work in the fight against crime was carried out by the labial huts established throughout Rus', headed by elected labial elders. Under Grozny, a territorial district was called Guba, which could coincide with a volost (region) or posad (settlement).
Nevertheless, the labial huts could hardly be called a professional service. Local nobles, under the leadership of the labial headman, caught criminals as public duties, as activists. It was impossible to make a career in the detective business; there were no special methods of investigation either.
Thieves, fires and debtors: everyday life of the pre-revolutionary police
Peter I brought from Europe not only the manner of shaving beards and love for German words, but also the idea of the police as a special service. In 1715, the Main Police Office was established in St. Petersburg. Moreover, the police itself was not yet there, its duties were performed by soldiers and non-commissioned officers. So the time of the appearance of the police in Russia should be considered 1718, when the tsar appointed the head of the new service and determined the duties of the police.According to Peter's plan, the police had to deal with vagrancy and begging, desertion and runaways of working people, monitor compliance with the rules of trade, ensure fire safety and an acceptable sanitary condition of the streets of the city, and generally keep order. The police not only detained violators of the order and conducted investigations of crimes, but also engaged in judicial review of cases, the decisions on which they themselves put into effect. A special uniform was introduced: bright blue caftans and trousers, red cuffs, and a green camisole under the caftan.
The first police office outside St. Petersburg was established in Moscow in 1722, and then in several large cities. Although the chiefs in the departments and the main office were already considered officers of the police, they still had soldiers and sergeants in their subordinates. The establishment of police departments proceeded with a creak. Naturally, they recruited the most experienced and quick-witted people there, but other services did not want to part with them. The Senate had to issue a separate decree for almost every employee.
The work of Peter after his death was continued by the niece of the emperor and the new empress, Anna Ioannovna. She issued a decree on the establishment of police in cities, which actually began the history of regular law enforcement agencies throughout the country.
Under Catherine, the functions of the police expanded. The zemstvo police officers established by her, for example, had, among other things, to monitor the condition of roads, fight epidemics, and monitor the timely payment of taxes. The governors who appeared at the same time (not to be confused with policemen - the governors were representatives of the authorities), in addition, were charged with the duty to suppress riots.
It was under Catherine II that cities began to be divided into police stations and the classic game of chance “throw a corpse across a ditch so that another department can sort it out” appeared.
Speaking of townspeople. In fact, they were simple police officers and performed duties like our district police officers. To detain criminals on the spot, they, in addition to revolvers, had sabers. Throughout its existence, the policemen had the unspoken privilege of receiving offerings from ordinary citizens on holidays. The janitor was considered a faithful assistant to the policeman. In case of an offense, the janitor blew a special whistle, and the police appeared at this signal.
By and large, until the revolution, the police continued to function exactly as the rulers of the 18th century put it. True, in the 19th century, the fire department nevertheless separated from it into a special service.
When the police became militia
In the Russian Empire, the militia (more precisely, the land militia) was called the troops, similar in function to our border guards. During the war with Napoleon, partisan detachments also began to be called militia, but not for long.The idea of the people's militia as a replacement for the police - the "dog of the regime" - was born in the circles of future revolutionaries. After the February Revolution (now not everyone remembers, but this is not the one arranged by Lenin), the gendarmes and policemen were disbanded and the people's militia was established. Lenin himself criticized the innovation: firstly, many of the "new" policemen were "old" policemen, and secondly, the militiamen from among the workers were not paid for spending on police duties. In parallel with the official people's militia, another worker was created on the ground. After the October Revolution, they gradually merged into one state body. Nevertheless, the tendency to replenish the ranks precisely at the expense of the old police personnel remained: experienced people were needed to investigate crimes.
In general, the militia was initially perceived by the communists as the first step towards the abandonment of the police, and then the army. It was assumed that a new, post-revolutionary person, firstly, would not be prone to crime, and secondly, at any moment he would be able to defend his native country, and then return to his usual workplace. As the Great Patriotic War showed, the last expectations were partially justified. But partially. The new state could not exist without the usual public services, including law enforcement and regular troops.
The police continued to work after the collapse of the USSR. It was only in 2011 that it was renamed back to the police.
Now in every country in the world, probably, there is a police force. In some, she Everything is legal! That's disgusting.
Context
The law on the police comes into force in Russia. The following is background information on the history of the militia in Russia.
Militia is a historically established name of public order bodies in the Russian Federation and a number of CIS countries.
After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the tsarist police were liquidated. The replacement of the police by the "people's militia" was proclaimed. The legal basis for the organization and activities of the militia was created by the decrees of the Provisional Government "On the Approval of the Militia" and the "Temporary Regulations on the Militia" issued in April 1917. After the October Revolution, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets legally secured the formation of the Soviet state and secured the liquidation of the Provisional Government and its bodies, including the police.
The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) on November 10 (October 28, O.S.), 1917, adopted a decree "On the Workers' Militia", which stated that all Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies establish a workers' militia, which is entirely and exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Soviets workers' and soldiers' deputies. This decree became the legal basis for the creation of the Soviet militia.
On May 10, 1918, the Board of the NKVD of the RSFSR decided that "the police exist as a permanent staff of people performing special functions." From this moment, the militia from the "people's" begins the transition to the professional category.
On October 12, 1918, the NKVD and the People's Commissariat of Justice approved the instruction "On the organization of the Soviet workers' and peasants' militia", which legally established the creation of a full-time professional militia in the RSFSR as "the executive body of the workers' and peasants' central power in the localities, directly under the jurisdiction of local Soviets and subordinate to the general leadership of the NKVD.
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTSIK) in 1920 approved the first regulation "On the Workers' and Peasants' Militia". In accordance with it, the police included: city and county police, industrial, railway, water (river, sea), search police. Service in the police was voluntary.
As part of the militia, over time, new units arose. In 1936, divisions of the State Automobile Inspectorate (GAI) were created, in 1937 - to combat theft and speculation (BHSS). By 1941, in the structure of the Main Directorate of Workers' and Peasants' Militia there were departments of criminal investigation, BHSS, external service, traffic police, railway police, passport, scientific and technical, to combat banditry. Subsequently, over the years, the militia included such departments as special police units - special forces (1987), special police squad - OMON (1988), the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime - GUBOP (1992) and others. In 1990, the National Central Bureau of Interpol was established in Russia.
Initially, the militia was subordinate to and was part of the NKVD of the RSFSR (1917-1930), on December 15, 1930, the Central Executive Committee (Central Executive Committee) and the SNK (Council of People's Commissars) of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the liquidation of the people's commissariats of internal affairs of the union and autonomous republics." After the abolition of the people's commissariats, on the basis of the departments of public utilities, the police and the criminal investigation department, departments of the same name were established directly under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. This arrangement continued until 1934. Then the NKVD of the USSR was reorganized, and the police were subordinate to it (1934-1946), then the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs) of the USSR (1946-1960), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR (1960-1968), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1968-1991). Since 1991, the militia has been under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR. In December 1991, after the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev resigned, the Law of the RSFSR "On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" was adopted, according to which the state of the RSFSR became known as the Russian Federation (Russia). In this regard, all bodies, institutions and organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR on the territory of Russia were transferred under the jurisdiction of Russia with their inclusion in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
By 2004, there were 37 departments (departments) in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, on November 5, 2004, the President signed a decree, according to which these departments were replaced by 15 departments.
Until March 1, 2011, the activities of the militia were regulated by the federal law of the RSFSR "On Militia", which entered into force on April 18, 1991. In accordance with this law, the police in Russia are divided into criminal and public security police (MOB). The criminal police included subdivisions of the criminal investigation department, for combating economic crimes, for combating drug trafficking, for countering extremism, and others. The structure of the MOB included duty units, district police inspectors, the State Inspectorate for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, temporary detention facilities for suspects and defendants; special receivers for the detention of persons arrested in an administrative order and other units.
On December 12, 1993, an all-Russian vote adopted the constitution of the Russian Federation, which enshrined the main provisions of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Militia".
At the initiative of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, on August 7, 2010, a public discussion on the draft law "On Police" was opened on the Internet, which lasted until September 15.
Police- an integral part of the unified centralized system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Included in the internal affairs bodies. (Article 14 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 1, 2011 No. 248 "Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation")
The police is designed to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons; to combat crime, protect public order, property and to ensure public safety.
Within the limits of its competence, management of activities police carried out by the President of the Russian Federation directly or through the Minister of Internal Affairs, heads of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and heads of departments police. These leaders are responsible for the fulfillment of the duties assigned to the police.
| Russian police | |
 |
|
| Years of existence | |
|---|---|
| A country | |
| Included in | |
| Type | paramilitary organization |
| Includes | district police officers |
| Function | protection of life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens, fight against organized criminal groups, fight against economic crimes, criminal investigation, administrative offense, traffic police, fight against illegal immigration, drug control |
| population | |
| Part | |
| Patron | Government of the Russian Federation |
| Motto | "Serving the law - serving the people" |
| Colors | black |
| Equipment | service weapon, combat small arms firearms, service dogs, handcuffs, police baton |
| Marks of Excellence | Since 1889, the chief of police in the county began to be called the county police officer. 20th centuryIn 1903, in rural areas, initially in 46 provinces, a county police guard was introduced. By 1916 it extended to 50 provinces. On August 9, 1910, Minister of the Interior P. A. Stolypin issued an Instruction to the ranks of the detective departments, which determined their tasks and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural subdivisions-tables:
By order of P. A. Stolypin, special courses were formed at the Police Department for the training of heads of detective departments. At the International Congress of Criminalists, held in Switzerland in 1913, the Russian detective police was recognized as the best in the world in terms of solving crimes. After the February Revolution, by a decree of the Provisional Government of March 10, 1917, the Police Department was abolished. One of Lenin's "April Theses" to the report "On the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution" of April 4 set the task of "eliminating the police, the army, the bureaucracy." By the Decrees of the Provisional Government "On the Approval of the Militia" and the "Temporary Regulations on the Militia", issued on April 17, 1917, the "People's Militia" was established. The people's militia is declared to be the executive body of state power in the localities, "consisting in the direct jurisdiction of the zemstvo and city public administrations."
The project of the police uniform in 1917. Odessa cartoon Simultaneously with the state “people's militia”, the councils of workers' deputies organized detachments of the “workers' militia” and other armed groups that were under the influence of various political forces, and sometimes outside of them. At the same time, the workers' militia was not subordinate to the commissars of the city militia. Formed on June 3 under the auspices of the Bolsheviks, the Council of the Petrograd People's Militia came into conflict with the head of the city militia, putting up political slogans in connection with the refusal to pay extra for service in the workers' militia to workers receiving full salaries in factories. The most important state structure was destroyed. The principle of self-organization of the forces of law and order was implemented by the Bolshevik Party for some time and after October 1917. The resolution of the NKVD "On the workers' militia" of October 28 (November 10), 1917 did not provide for the organizational forms of the state police apparatus. Army and police liquidated, and their functions passed to the armed people. The workers' militia had the character of mass amateur organizations, formed on the basis of voluntary squads, so they could not stop the rampant crime. On May 10, 1918, the NKVD collegium adopted an order: "The police exist as a permanent staff of persons performing special duties, the organization of the police must be carried out independently of the Red Army, their functions must be strictly delimited." Police in modern Russiatax policeOn May 20, 1993, the Law “On Federal Tax Police Bodies” was adopted, according to which the Tax Police Department of Russia was established as the successor to the Main Directorate of Tax Investigations. Federal Law No. 200-FZ of December 17, 1995 amended the law, according to which the department was renamed the Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation (FSNP of Russia). The main task of the youngest law enforcement agency at that time, endowed with the right to conduct operational-search, expert and investigative activities, was the fight against tax crimes and offenses, as well as the fight against corruption in the tax authorities. On July 1, 2003, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2003 No. 306, the Federal Tax Service of Russia was abolished without explanation. Most of the functions of the Federal Tax Service of Russia and the staff of 16 thousand units were transferred MIA Russia. The material base and 40 thousand staff units were transferred to the newly created Gosnarkokontrol. Military policeThe idea of creating a military police appeared in 1989 and acquired particular relevance by the mid-90s of the twentieth century, when it became completely clear that control over the observance of military discipline by the military commandant's offices was insufficient and a professional police service was required. In 1996, a draft law was submitted to the State Duma, but it was not adopted. In 2005, the idea was supported by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, but even then things did not go beyond words. The military police was again remembered autumn a year and a year later, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation signed the corresponding directive. Military police is in the process of formation, according to plans, its number in the future will be 20 thousand people. The law on the military police was adopted by the State Duma on January 24 and approved by the Federation Council on January 29, signed by the President on February 4, 2014. On March 25, 2015, Vladimir Putin approved the Charter of the Military Police of the RF Armed Forces. drug policeFederal police(failed reform MIA Russia)For the first time they started talking about reform autumn of the year. According to the plans police should have been divided into federal police and municipal police. Thus, according to the then deputy head of the Kremlin administration, Dmitry Kozak, the constitutional right of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to independently protect public order should have been fully implemented, which was impossible with the existing centralization within MIA Russia. In addition, by the end of 2003, an agency coordinating the work of the investigating authorities was to be created. MIA Russia, FSB Russia and the Tax Police - Federal Investigation Service. However, the failed policy of the Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Gryzlov, in particular, the liquidation of the RUBOP, which led to unprecedented corruption in the ranks of employees MIA Russia, eventually forced not only to abandon the reform of the ministry, but also to make it even more centralized, which, in general, fit into the general concept of centralization of power in Russia. Over the following years, information periodically appeared about the still possible implementation of the reform and the creation federal police , which includes criminal police , public security police , migration police and special departments, but none of this was done. Reorganization of the militia into the police (reform MIA Russia 2011)
The second sleeve insignia of the Police with the image of the flag of Russia
DPSFord car in Tver January 22, 2010 at a meeting of the Russian Bar Association with the participation of the head MIA Russia R. Nurgaliyev S. Stepashin said, without revealing the essence of the innovation: “The Public Security Police, as far as I know, will no longer exist. And probably, the creation of a professional police is an absolutely right decision.” This time, the authorities made it clear that they seriously intended to complete the reform, and also decided to involve ordinary citizens in drafting the law. August 6, 2010 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting on reform MIA Russia suggested that the very next day the draft law "On Police" be submitted for general discussion on the Internet. Then, on August 6, 2010, Dmitry Medvedev proposed to rename the police into police : We need professional people, employees who efficiently, honestly and smoothly perform their work. So I think it's time to give law enforcement back their name - police . Thus, on August 7, 2010, a new draft law “On the Police” was proposed (the same bill with the names “militia” changed to “ police »). According to a survey conducted by VTsIOM on August 14-15, 2010, 63 percent of Russians believe that renaming the police to the police will not change anything, and everything will remain the same in the work of the department. In general, the new bill is a continuation of the policy opposite to that which was carried out in the 2002 reform, that is, even greater centralization. The institutions of the public security police and the criminal police are being abolished. Unlike the police, which is partly subordinate to the authorities of the subject of the federation, police with the subject of the federation (according to the bill) is not connected. About 5 million people took part in the online discussion of the draft law "On Police", which is unique for Russia. As a result, the bill, compared to its original form, has undergone significant changes related to the powers of the new structure. In particular, provisions were excluded that police officers can freely enter the premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, territories, land plots and premises occupied by public associations and organizations, as well as the most criticized "presumption of legality" of the police ( “The demands of a police officer addressed to citizens and officials, and the actions taken by him are considered legal until otherwise established in the manner prescribed by law”), although, according to opposition politicians, this wording was only veiled, and not excluded. Despite criticism from certain sections of society and a number of opposition political parties, the bill was adopted in the first reading on December 10, 2010. On Friday, January 28, 2011, the State Duma adopted the bill "On Police" in the final third reading. Only voted for the adoption of the law. 315 deputies supported the law, 130 were against, there were no abstentions. It was originally planned that the new law would come into force as early as January 2011, but officially police in Russia revived again on March 1, 2011 Signed into law police. Thanks to everyone who participated in the discussion of this important document. Law is the first step towards renewal MIA. On March 1, 2011, the law on the police entered into force, and from January 1, 2012, all police symbols became invalid. However, despite the reform of the Russian police remains an extremely bureaucratic and inefficient structure and does not work for people, but for indicators - the so-called "sticks". Therefore, she closes her eyes to some crimes, while others she even fabricates. The situation of the police in the Russian FederationIn modern Russia police is part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The tasks of this structure are regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Police", the Regulations "On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies", other federal laws and international treaties. StructureIn the structure of internal affairs bodies, as a rule, there are the following types of units, on the basis of which management structures are built:
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