Voroshilov kliment efremovich biography. Another Kliment Voroshilov

Born on February 4, 1881 in the village of Verkhnee, Bakhmutskiy district, Yekaterinoslavskaya province (now Luhansk region, Ukraine) in the family of a railway worker. Russian. Member of the RSDLP (b) / VKP (b) / KPSS since 1903.

From 1896 he worked at the Yuryevsky metallurgical plant, from 1903 in the city of Lugansk at the Hartmann steam locomotive plant. In 1904, a member of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee. In 1905, he was chairman of the Luhansk Soviet, led the workers' strike, the creation of military squads. Delegate to the 4th (1906) and 5th (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP. In 1908-17, he conducted underground party work in cities: Baku, St. Petersburg, Tsaritsyn. He was repeatedly arrested, served exile. After the February Revolution of 1917 - a member of the Petrograd Soviet, a delegate to the 7th (April) All-Russian Conference and the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Since March 1917, the chairman of the Luhansk council and the city duma.

During the days of the Great October Socialist Revolution, in November 1917, K. E. Voroshilov was the commissar of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (for the city leadership). Together with F.E.Dzerzhinsky, he worked on the organization of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK). At the beginning of March 1918, he organized the 1st Lugansk Socialist Detachment, which defended the city of Kharkov from the German-Austrian troops.

Civil War

During the Civil War - commander of the Tsaritsyn group of forces, deputy commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, commander of the 10th Army, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, commander of the Kharkov Military District, commander of the 14th Army and the internal Ukrainian front. One of the organizers and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army, commanded by S.M.Budyonny.

For military merit in 1920 he was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon. At the 8th Congress of the RCP (b), held in March 1919, he joined the "military opposition".

In 1921, at the head of a group of delegates to the 10th Party Congress, he took part in the liquidation of the Kronstadt anti-Soviet rebellion.

Best of the day

In 1921-1924, a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), commander of the North Caucasian Military District. In 1924-1925, commander of the Moscow Military District and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.

People's Commissar of Defense

After the death of M. V. Frunze headed the military department of the USSR: from November 6, 1925 to June 20, 1934, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR; in 1934-40, People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In total, Voroshilov spent almost 15 years at the head of the military department, longer than anyone else during the Soviet period.

He had a reputation as a devoted supporter of Stalin, supported him in the struggle against Trotsky, and then in the establishment of Stalin's absolute power in the late 1920s. Author of the book "Stalin and the Red Army", which exalts the role of Stalin in the Civil War.

On September 22, 1935, the "Regulations on the passage of service by the command and command personnel of the Red Army" introduced personal military ranks. In November 1935, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR conferred the new military rank "Marshal of the Soviet Union" on the five largest Soviet commanders. Among them was Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov.

In 1940, after the Soviet-Finnish war, Voroshilov lost the post of People's Commissar of Defense: Stalin appointed S.K. Timoshenko, who had proved himself better during the war, to this post. Voroshilov received the posts of deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and chairman of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union K.E. Voroshilov was a member of the State Defense Committee, Commander-in-Chief of the North-Western Direction (until September 5, 1941), Commander of the Leningrad Front (September 5-10, 1941), Headquarters representative for formation of troops (September 1941 - February 1942), representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters on the Volkhov Front (February - September 1942), commander-in-chief of the partisan movement (from September 1942 to May 1943), chairman of the Trophy Committee at the State Defense Committee (May - September 1943), Chairman of the Armistice Commission (September 1943 - June 1944). In 1943 he took part in the work of the Tehran Conference.

Post-war activities

1945-1947 - Chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary. In 1946-1953 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From March 1953 to May 1960 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

He died at the age of 89 on December 2, 1969. He was buried in Red Square in Moscow near the Kremlin wall.

A family

Voroshilov's wife - Golda Davidovna Gorbman (1887-1959), a Jew by nationality. Subsequently, before marrying Voroshilov, she converted to Orthodoxy, changed her name and became Ekaterina Davidovna. Golda Davidovna Gorbman was a member of the RSDLP (b) since 1917, worked as deputy director of the V.I.Lenin Museum. They did not have children of their own, they raised the son and daughter of M.V. Frunze - Timur (1923-1942) and Tatiana (b. 1920), as well as their adopted son Peter (1914-1969), from whom there were two grandchildren - Klim and Volodya.

Awards, positions, memorialization

By decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: of February 3, 1956 (in connection with the 75th anniversary of his birth) and of February 22, 1968 (in connection with the 50th anniversary of the USSR Armed Forces), legendary hero of the Civil War, "first red officer" Marshal of the Soviet Union Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 7, 1960, Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Since May 1960, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1921 to October 1961 and from 1966 - a member of the CPSU Central Committee, from 1926 to 1952 - a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, from 1952 to July 1960 - a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. Delegate of the 10-23rd Party Congresses. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1-7th convocations.

He is one of 10 people who were awarded both highest degrees of distinction of the Soviet Union. Awarded 8 Orders of Lenin (No. 880, 3582, 14851, 26411, 128065, 313410, 331807, 340967), 6 Orders of the Red Banner (No. 47, 629/2, 27/3, 5/4, 1/5, 1 / 6), the Order of Suvorov 1st degree (No. 125), the Red Banner of the Uzbek SSR (17.2.30), the Red Banner of the Tajik SSR (14.1.33, No. 148), the Red Banner of the TSFSR (25.2.33) and foreign orders and medals, as well as honorary weapons with the image of the State Emblem of the USSR. Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic.

There is a monument on the grave. In Moscow, at number 3 on Granovskogo Street, where KE Voroshilov lived, a memorial plate has been installed.

In honor of K.E. Voroshilov, moreover, even during his lifetime (after being awarded the rank of marshal in 1935), a number of cities were named: Voroshilovgrad (renamed Lugansk in 1958, but after Voroshilov's death it was again named in his honor; since 1990, the historical name has been re-named restored); Voroshilovsk (in 1943 the historical name Stavropol was returned), Voroshilov (Ussuriisk in the Far East). On December 29, 1932, the Voroshilov shooter Osoaviakhim's badge was approved for rewarding well-aimed shooters.

In honor of Voroshilov, a series of heavy tanks KV (official decoding - Klim Voroshilov) of the Putilov factory was named.

Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov is a world famous person.

The first revolutionary, a red officer, the Stalinist People's Commissar, which is approximately how he was remembered in history.

Anti-Stalinists describe Voroshilov as a stupid executor of Stalin's will, a horseman who does not understand anything about the development of the army.

The Stalinists, on the other hand, describe him as a professional expert, although more of a political figure.

But there was actually another person behind it all.

The real Klim Voroshilov has committed too many contradictory acts to invest in the image of either the “bloody Stalinist People's Commissar” or the “ideal favorite of the people”.

He nearly lost the Finnish War, but saved Helsinki from destruction.

Under his command, in the fall of 1941, Leningrad was almost lost, only a change of command saved the situation.

He easily handed over to Yezhov and his Chekists his supporters in the Red Army - Egorov, Blucher, Belov, Fedko, Goryachev, Kashirin and many others ...

Who supported him in the fight against Tukhachevsky and was his faithful support

Not to mention the fact that Voroshilov took an active part in the annexation of Crimea to Ukraine.

Namely, in 1954, as the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, he signed a decree on the inclusion of Crimea in the Ukrainian SSR, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Pereyaslav Rada.

And unlike the soap Universal of Sobornost of 1919, which never came into effect, the document signed by Voroshilov still remains a confirmation of the territorial borders of Ukraine.

Ukrainian nationalists could appreciate the great contribution of their fellow countryman to the territory of Ukraine.

THE ROOT OF THE PROBLEM

It is often written that Voroshilov considered himself Russian - but it is unclear what this opinion is based on.

Voroshilov never said that he was Russian and did not consider himself to be such

Soviet biographers avoided giving the surname of Kliment Efremovich's parents, using the masterpiece of party casuistry:

"Voroshilov's father, Voroshilov's mother."

The problem, however, was the nationality of the beloved people's commissar.

In fact, his parents were Ukrainian. The first marshal himself was proud of his belonging to the Ukrainian nation.

General Pyotr Grigorenko recalled:

“I introduce myself when it was my turn. Kliment Efremovich shakes his hand. Then he hugs the waist and we walk side by side: “Grigorenko? Ukrainian? And without forgetting your MOV? "

Grigorenko answered in verse:

Yak can be forgotten

Movu, scho taught

Tell us all,

Our nenya is cute!

Voroshilov replied:

“I’m Ukrainian. Oh, that I know Shevchenko! Vіrno! Don't need your own zabuvati!

I'm not Voroshilov. That the Russians have added to me those "in".

And I Voroshilo. At me did is alive, then yogo in the village call did Voroshilo. "

IN THE YEARS OF THE CIVIL WAR

After the February Revolution of 1917, he was a member of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, a delegate to the Seventh (April) All-Russian Conference and the Sixth Congress of the RSDLP (b).

From March 1917 - Chairman of the Lugansk Committee of the Bolsheviks, from August - the Lugansk Council and the City Duma (until September 1917)

In November 1917, during the days of the October Revolution, Voroshilov was the commissar of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (for the city leadership). Together with F.E.Dzerzhinsky, he worked on the organization of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK).

At the beginning of March 1918, Voroshilov organized the First Lugansk Socialist Detachment, which defended the city of Kharkov from the German-Austrian troops.

During the Civil War - commander of the Tsaritsyn group of forces, deputy commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, commander of the 10th Army (October 3 - December 18, 1918)

There he became close to I. Stalin and there were also two more Ukrainians - G. Kulik and S. Timoshenko

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR (January - June 1919), Commander of the Kharkov Military District, Commander of the 14th Army and the Internal Ukrainian Front.

He could not be denied courage and courage.

Voroshilov was better suited to the struggle in Ukraine than anyone else; he was an opponent of the Germans, an opponent of Petliura, and a supporter of the sovereignty of Ukraine.

An interesting aspect from his personal life.

Voroshilov, 29, met his wife, exiled Socialist Revolutionary Golda Grobman, in the settlement of Kholmogory, where he was sent at the beginning of the 20th century by the Russian police for repeated prison breaks.

According to his recollections, it was an extremely happy time.

The archives of the Higher Party School contain a biography written by Golda himself:

“I, Golda Davidovna Grobman, was born in 1887 into a Jewish family. My father David Leibovich Grobman was a commission agent, or rather, had no specific occupation. He was ill for many years and died in 1910. The family lived in need, often helping out the mother, serving tenants. In 1897 I entered the school in Odessa, which I graduated in 1902.

After graduating from college, she went to the workshop of ladies' dresses, but soon she took up sewing for customers at home by the day. In 1904 she began to take part in the revolutionary movement. From 1906 to 1907 she was arrested twice ... "

Before meeting Voroshilov, Golda Grobman met with another famous Bolshevik, Abel Yenukidze.

In practical photographs of Voroshilov from Stalin, one feature is clearly visible - he always tried to stand next to Stalin, closer than anyone ... emphasizing his position

Which by the way was not noticed by other associates of Stalin

Ukrainian nationalist Voroshilov to the left of Stalin, Russian nationalist Malenkov to the right of Stalin

Column Hall of the House of Unions. The funeral of Zhdanov. Malenkov, Voroshilov, Stalin in the guard of honor. 1948.

The role of the Ukrainian Voroshilov is purely symbolic. Now power belongs to the pro-Russian group G. Malenkov

IN FINNISH AND DOMESTIC

Failed to do well in both companies.

The Finnish war was unambiguously a failure and he was replaced from the post of commander to another Ukrainian - Tymoshenko

The results of the Finnish campaign were considered in April 1940 at an enlarged meeting of the Main Military Council.

At this meeting, he spoke a lot and rather sharply about the blunders of the People's Commissar of Defense L. Voroshilov. Z. Mekhlis.

Decisions were made aimed at strengthening the combat capability of the Red Army. Unofficially, Stalin gave instructions to rehabilitate and release some of the repressed commanders of the Red Army. At the same time, it was decided to release Voroshilov from the duties of the USSR People's Commissar of Defense.

SK Timoshenko was appointed to this post. During the defense of Tsaritsyn, Timoshenko commanded a regiment; in the First Cavalry Army, he was a division commander. After the death of I.E. Yakir, Timoshenko headed the Kiev military district, and from January 1940 he commanded troops on the Soviet-Finnish front.

To somehow soften the blow to Voroshilov's prestige, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

In February 1941, the name of Voroshilov was given to the Academy of the General Staff. However, his real influence in the party and military hierarchy has clearly diminished.

During the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union K.E. Voroshilov - a member of the State Defense Committee (GKO) with its formation on June 30, 1941, since July 10, 1941, Commander-in-Chief of the North-West Direction

The general results of his leadership can be summarized as follows:

1.The Baltic is occupied by the Wehrmacht

2.The Wehrmacht came close to Leningrad and the capture of the city became a matter almost decided

3.Baltic fleet defeated

There is a correspondence between Zhdanov-Voroshilov and Stalin during the critical days of September 1941.

Stalin accused Voroshilov of not using resources to defend the city and not reporting on the state of affairs

In the end, Voroshilov was removed from command and sent to lead the rear ... instead of him they sent a Russian - G.K. Zhukov

He became the first Ukrainian to lose trust

AFTER THE WAR

After the war, Voroshilov was almost completely removed from making important government decisions.

Now Voroshilov was put at the head of the Bureau of Culture under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. This Bureau was in charge of the activities of the country's theaters. Committee for Cinematography, Book Publishing.

In Voroshilov's office in the Kremlin, it was now possible to meet not generals, but directors, directors of large publishing houses, and some artists. Of course, the main issues of culture have been resolved even now, in addition to Voroshilov.

Stalin not only alienated Voroshilov from himself, but repeatedly expressed to him in the presence of other members of the Central Committee the political

So at one of the meetings of the Politburo after the war, the question of ways of developing the Soviet Navy was discussed.

This was an extended meeting to which the commanders of the main fleets were invited. As usual, Stalin invited everyone present to speak out.

Voroshilov's opinion did not coincide, however, with the opinion of the majority.

Concluding the debate, Stalin not only rejected Voroshilov's proposals, but at the same time

"I don't understand why Comrade Voroshilov wants to weaken the Soviet Navy."

Stalin repeated this phrase two more times.

After the meeting, all its participants went, at Stalin's invitation, to watch the movie "City Lights", which Stalin had already seen many times.

When, after the end of the film, the lights came on, Stalin turned around and, seeing Voroshilov sitting alone, suddenly got up and, coming up, put his hand on his shoulder.

The Deputy of the Soviet Navy, Admiral of the Fleet, I. S. Isakov, who was present at this meeting of the Politburo, wrote down his impressions immediately upon his arrival home.

Often he was not invited to meetings of the Politburo.

Nevertheless, in 1952, Voroshilov presided over some meetings of the 19th Party Congress and closed this congress with a short speech (Stalin spoke after the formal closure of the congress).

Voroshilov was elected to the expanded Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and to the Bureau of the Presidium of nine people.

CONCLUSION

Marshal of the USSR Kliment Voroshilov is not drawn to the image of a "bloody executioner" or a talented marshal or an impeccable patriot.

He perfectly remembered V. I. Lenin's unambiguous promise to give independence to Ukraine and probably counted on that.

But years passed, and his beloved Ukraine did not gain independence, and Hitler was the next who gave the "guarantees" ... that's what these very Leningrad oddities of Voroshilov were to think about.

Stalin probably understood this and maybe suspected him of something and removed him from the leadership of the country.

In this case, Stalin's hint at the post-war meeting on naval issues is understandable, he warned him ...

Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov (born January 23 (February 4) 1881, death - December 2, 1969) - professional revolutionary, prominent Soviet military leader and politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), Hero of the Soviet Union (1956. , 1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1960); Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1953-1960), Member of the Politburo (Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee (1926-1960)

During the Civil War, commander and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of a number of fronts and armies. 1925-1940 - People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and People's Commissar for Defense of the Soviet Union. Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Was in the immediate circle of I.V. Stalin, became one of the organizers of the mass repressions of the late 1930s.

Origin. early years

The future marshal was born in the village of Verkhnee, Bakhmutsky district of the Yekaterinoslav province (now the Luhansk region of Ukraine) in a working class family. Father - Voroshilov Efrem Andreevich (1844-1907), a railway worker. Mother - Voroshilova Maria Vasilievna (1857-1919), day laborer.

From the age of seven he worked as a shepherd and miner. 1893-1895 - Studied at the zemstvo school in the village of Vasilyevka. From 1896 he worked at the Yuryevsky metallurgical plant, from 1903 at the Hartmann steam locomotive plant (Lugansk).

Revolutionary activity. Civil War

During the First World War, he dodged the draft. 1903 - Member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks). 1904 - Member of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee. 1905 - Chairman of the Luhansk Soviet, headed the workers' strike, created fighting squads. Delegate of the IV (1906) and V (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP (b). He had the pseudonym "Volodin". 1908-1917 - conducted underground party work in Baku, Petrograd, Tsaritsyn. He was repeatedly arrested and served exile.

February Revolution of 1917 - Voroshilov was elected to the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. At the III Congress of Soviets, he is elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), appointed by the commissar of Petrograd, and together with creates the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK).

During the Civil War, Kliment Efremovich is engaged in the formation of units of the Red Army, commands a number of armies, participates in the defense of Tsaritsyn.

1919 - Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, where he organized punitive operations to eliminate Ukrainian national detachments.

One of the organizers and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army, under the command of S.M. Budyonny.

1921 - Voroshilov took part in the suppression at the head of a group of delegates to the X Congress of the RCP (b). Since 1921 - member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). 1921-1924 - member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), commander of the North Caucasian Military District. He commanded the destruction of the rebels in the Caucasus.

At the head of the armed forces

1925, November - after the death of Mikhail Frunze, Voroshilov was appointed People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. He remained in this position until 1934. Voroshilov's predecessor, Frunze, was appointed (in January 1925) of the highest military leader of the Soviet Union by the Zinoviev-Kamenev-Stalin troika, who were removed from the same post.

The replacement of Frunze with Voroshilov was connected with the beginning of the struggle, already within the "troika" itself. Zinoviev's supporter Frunze was forced to undergo a medical operation to treat an old stomach ulcer, and he died during the operation from an overdose of chloroform. Many historians believe that this operation covered up the murder of Frunze, whose place was now taken by the protege of the "father of nations", Voroshilov. Kliment Efremovich became a full member of the new highest party body - the Politburo in 1926, remaining in it until 1960.

1934 - the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was renamed the People's Commissariat for Defense. It was headed again by Kliment Efremovich (until May 1940) 1935 - he becomes (together with Budyonny, Egorov and Blucher) one of the 5 holders of the new title - Marshal of the Soviet Union. Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov played a very prominent role in Stalin's Great Terror of the 1930s, condemning many of his own military colleagues and subordinates at Stalin's demand.

The Great Patriotic War

During World War II, Marshal Voroshilov was a member of the State Defense Committee (GKO). 1941, July 10 - was appointed commander-in-chief of the North-West direction (disbanded on August 27), then commander of the Leningrad Front (from 5 to 14 September 1941, replaced by G.K. Zhukov).

Representative of the Headquarters for the formation of troops (September 1941 - February 1942), representative of the Headquarters on the Volkhov Front (February-September 1942), commander-in-chief of the partisan movement (from September 1942 to May 1943), chairman of the Trophy Committee at the State Defense Committee (May-September 1943), Chairman of the Armistice Commission (September 1943 - June 1944)

After the war. last years of life

1945-1947 - served as chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary.

From 1946 to 1953 - Voroshilov Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From March 1953 to May 1960 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

After Stalin's death he supported the opponents of Khrushchev, was a member of the so-called "anti-party group" (1956-1957) 1957, June - at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU when the defeat of the "group" became obvious, Kliment Efremovich repented in his speech, acknowledging the mistakes and condemned the factionalists.

1960, May - Voroshilov was relieved of his post as chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for health reasons, but he remained a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 1960, July - he was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee, and in October 1961 he was no longer elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

1961 - Voroshilov addressed the XXII Congress of the CPSU with a letter in which he once again admitted his mistakes and his participation in organizing repressions. After Leonid Brezhnev came to power, he again became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

Stalin's favorite. Characteristics of contemporaries

The "Father of Nations" forgave the marshal for such failures that anyone else would pay with his life. At the post of People's Commissar, Voroshilov was unable to prepare the troops for the war with Finland. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the commander-in-chief of the North-West direction allowed the blockade of Leningrad.

Georgy Zhukov testified: "He, in essence, was an amateur in military matters." Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's secretary, wrote: “This was a very mediocre character who, even during the civil war, stuck to Stalin and always supported him. He was always an obedient and diligent henchman of Stalin and served for some time for decoration after. "

Leon Trotsky said about the red marshal: "Although Voroshilov was from the Luhansk workers, from the privileged elite, but in all his habits he always looked more like a proprietor than a proletarian."

Historian Roy Medvedev noted: “In Voroshilov, Stalin valued personal loyalty. The reason is that dictators need decorative figures that, with their insignificance, set off the majestic figure of the leader. " Kliment Efremovich, in fact, is the only one with whom the head of state was on the "you", admitted in communication the party nicknames - "Koba" and "Volodin", allowed in his office to bang his fist on the table and break out in abuse.

Personal life

In Stalin's times, the Voroshilov family lived in the Kremlin. Wife - Golda Davidovna Gorbman (1887-1959), Jewish. Before marrying Clement (1913, in exile in Nyrob), she was baptized, changed her name and became Ekaterina Davidovna. She was a member of the RSDLP (b) since 1917, worked as deputy director of the V.I.Lenin Museum.

There were no children of my own. Since 1918, the family has been raising the adopted son Peter (1914-1984). Subsequently, Peter became a designer, lieutenant general, from him they had two grandchildren - Klim and Vladimir. Since 1926, they raised the son and daughter of MV Frunze - Timur and Tatiana.

Voroshilov has always led an active lifestyle and played sports. At the same time he smoked. At 50, he became interested in skating and spent almost all weekends at the rink. Later, he would actively contribute to the development of ice hockey in the Soviet Union.

Death

Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov died on December 2, 1969 in Moscow, at the age of 89, and was buried at the Kremlin wall.

1910 - the future marshal received a serious head injury during interrogation, which resulted in auditory hallucinations. Because of them, by the end of his life, he was completely deaf.

1957 - Clement Efremovich mistakenly sent a congratulatory telegram, which was intended for the Queen of England, Queen of Belgium, which resulted in a major international scandal.

Marshal Voroshilov holds the record for the length of stay in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (Central Committee of the CPSU), the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU - 34.5 years.

1941, September - as commander of the Leningrad Front, he personally led the marines in bayonet attacks.

After Stalin's death, Kliment Efremovich was elected "Honorary President" - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. But even in such a "decorative" post, the marshal could not hold out for a long time. Sergei Khrushchev recalled the incident that caused the resignation: “Voroshilov received the Iranian ambassador. At the end of the reception, there was a short conversation. Thanking the ambassador, Kliment Efremovich perked up. “Why do you all endure the Shah? - slapped the ambassador on the shoulder - We threw off our king, and you have to go. The stunned diplomat mumbled something unintelligible and hurriedly said goodbye. Soon, intelligence intercepted a report from the Iranian Ambassador to the Shah, who spoke in the most serious tone about the situation. Khrushchev summoned the marshal to the carpet and greeted him with the words: "You can declare war like that!"

The name of Voroshilov was given to six settlements, more than 100 streets and educational institutions.

V Iroshilov Kliment Efremovich - Soviet military leader, statesman and party leader, Chairman of the Presidium and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Born on January 23 (February 4), 1881 in the village of Verkhnee Bakhmutskiy uyezd, Yekaterinoslavskaya province (now Luhansk region of Ukraine) in the family of a railway worker. Russian. Member of the RSDLP (b) / KPSS since 1903.

From 1896 he worked at the Yuryevsky metallurgical plant, from 1903 in the city of Lugansk at the Hartmann steam locomotive plant. In 1904, a member of the Lugansk Bolshevik Committee. In 1905, he was chairman of the Luhansk Soviet, led the workers' strike, the creation of military squads. Delegate to the 4th (1906) and 5th (1907) Congresses of the RSDLP. In 1908-17, he conducted underground party work in cities: Baku, St. Petersburg, Tsaritsyn. He was repeatedly arrested, served exile. After the February Revolution of 1917 - a member of the Petrograd Soviet, a delegate to the 7th (April) All-Russian Conference and the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Since March 1917, the chairman of the Luhansk council and the city duma.

During the days of the Great October Socialist Revolution, in November 1917, K.E. Voroshilov was the commissar of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (for city leadership). Together with F.E. Dzerzhinsky led the work on the organization of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK). At the beginning of March 1918, he organized the 1st Lugansk Socialist Detachment, which defended the city of Kharkov from the German-Austrian troops.

During the Civil War - commander of the Tsaritsyn group of forces, deputy commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, commander of the 10th Army, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, commander of the Kharkov Military District, commander of the 14th Army and the internal Ukrainian front. One of the organizers and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army, commanded by S.M. Budyonny. For military merit in 1920 he was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon. At the 8th Congress of the RCP (b), held in March 1919, he joined the "military opposition." In 1921, at the head of a group of delegates to the 10th Party Congress, he took part in the liquidation of the Kronstadt anti-Soviet rebellion.

In 1921-24, a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and commander of the North Caucasian Military District. In 1924-1925 - Commander of the Moscow Military District and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. From November 6, 1925 to June 20, 1934, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR; in 1934-1940 - People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.

On September 22, 1935, the "Regulations on the passage of service by the command and command staff of the Red Army" introduced personal military ranks. On November 20, 1935, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR awarded the military rank "Marshal of the Soviet Union" to the five largest Soviet commanders. Among them was Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov.

Since 1940 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

During the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union Voroshilov K.E. - Member of the State Defense Committee, Commander-in-Chief of the North-Western Direction (until September 5, 1941), Commander of the Leningrad Front (September 5-10, 1941), Headquarters representative for the formation of troops (September 1941 - February 1942), representative Headquarters of the Supreme Command on the Volkhov Front (February - September 1942), commander-in-chief of the partisan movement (from September 1942 to May 1943), chairman of the Trophy Committee under the State Defense Committee (May - September 1943), chairman of the Armistice Commission (September 1943) - June 1944). In 1943 he took part in the work of the Tehran Conference.

1945-1947 - Chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary. In 1946-53 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From March 1953 to May 1960 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Have Kazami of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: on February 3, 1956 (in connection with the 75th anniversary of his birth) and on February 22, 1968 (in connection with the 50th anniversary of the USSR Armed Forces), the Marshal of the Soviet Union was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Have by the Kaz of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 7, 1960, noting the outstanding services to the Communist Party and the Soviet state, Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Since May 1960, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1921 to October 1961 and from 1966 - a member of the CPSU Central Committee, from 1926 to 1952 - a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, from 1952 to July 1960 - a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. Delegate of the 10-23rd Party Congresses. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st-7th convocations.

Died at the age of 89 on December 2, 1969. He was buried in Moscow on Red Square near the Kremlin wall. There is a monument on the grave.

He is one of 11 people who were awarded both highest degrees of distinction of the Soviet Union.

He was awarded nine Orders of Lenin (02/23/1935, 02/22/1938, 03/03/1940, 02/21/1945, 02/02/1951, 02/02/1956, 05/07/1960, 02/02/1961, 02/22/1968), six Orders of the Red Banner (02/26/1920 1921, 2.12.1925, 22.02.1930, 22.11.1944, 24.06.1948), Orders of Suvorov 1st degree (22.02.1944), the Red Banner of the Uzbek SSR (17.2.1930), the Red Banner of the Tajik SSR (14.1.1933 ), The Red Banner of the TSFSR (25.2.1933), medals, foreign awards - the Order of the Red Banner of the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolia), two Orders of Sukhe-Bator (Mongolia), the Order of the Republic (Tuva, 28.10.1937), Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose ( Finland), Order of the Queen of Sheba (Ethiopia, 1959). He was also awarded the Honorary Revolutionary Weapon (12/30/1920), the Honorary Weapon with the State Emblem of the USSR (02/22/1968). Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (05/29/1957).

The name of K.E. Voroshilov in 1941-1958 and in 1969-1991 was worn by the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR (in 1942-1958 it was called the Higher Military Academy). Earlier, many cities and towns, military units, educational institutions bore the name of Voroshilov. In Moscow, a memorial plaque was erected at house No. 3 on Granovskogo Street, where he lived. Currently, the name of K.E. Voroshilov's streets are worn in many cities of the former USSR. The monument was erected in the city of Sochi, Krasnodar Territory, the bust - in the city of Lisichansk.

Voroshilov Klimant Efremovich(January 23 (February 4) 1881, the village of Verkhnee, Bakhmutsky district, Yekaterinoslav province, Russian Empire - December 2, 1969, Moscow) - Soviet military leader, statesman and party leader, participant in the Civil War, one of the first Marshals of the Soviet Union.
Since 1925 he was the people's commissar for military and naval affairs, in 1934-1940 the people's commissar of defense of the USSR. In 1953-1960, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor. Voroshilov holds the record for the length of stay in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (Central Committee of the CPSU), the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU (34.5 years, 1926-1960).

Biography

Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov was born on February 4, 1881 in the village of Verkhnee, Yekaterinoslavskaya province, in the family of a trackman. The Voroshilovs lived in poverty. As a result of constant malnutrition and illness at an early age, two of the Voroshilovs' children, Ivan and Sonya, died. The rest of the children - Katya, Klim and Anna also grew up weak, however, they had to start their labor activity early. In early childhood, the boy had to walk “around the world”, and at the age of 7 he had to go to work in a mine. At the age of 12, the boy Klim went to school, but continued to work. Schooling lasted only two years - the need made me think about a piece of bread. In 1896, the young man entered a large metallurgical plant in Alchevsk, where he was identified as the most competent courier-messenger to the office. But he was drawn to production, and at the first opportunity he goes to the shop. He worked as an assistant driver at a water pumping station, an electrical fitter, an assistant crane driver for casting iron. And soon he himself became a crane operator. Harsh working conditions led to a strike in the iron foundry. The workers won: fans were installed in the workshop. 18-year-old Klim was considered the initiator of this performance, and he becomes a famous figure at the plant. However, he was fired precisely for organizing the strike.

In the revolution of 1905-1907. he showed himself as a proactive Bolshevik: chairman of the strike committee at the Hartmann plant, delegate to the IV (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP from Lugansk Social-Democratic Party. organizations. At the congress in Stockholm, his first meeting with I.V. Stalin took place. Revolutionary struggle, arrests, exile. In September 1907, he was exiled to the Arkhangelsk province for a period of 3 years, but escaped from the stage and appeared in Baku, where, together with Stalin, I. led party work. Continued political activity led to new links. The First World War found Klim Voroshilov in Tsaritsyn, but the threat of a new arrest led to a change of residence, Voroshilov left for Petrograd and went to work at a mechanical plant. He was directly involved in the events of February 1917 - he conducted propaganda in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, on February 28, thanks to his personal courage, he prevented the shooting of a workers' demonstration by soldiers. From the Izmailovites he entered the Petrograd Soviet. At the end of March 1917 K. Voroshilov was already in Lugansk, here he headed the city organization of the Bolsheviks. By the fall of 1917, power in Lugansk was practically in the hands of the Soviet, K. Voroshilov was elected mayor, and after the Bolsheviks won a majority in the Soviet, he became its chairman.

The military activity of the future marshal began in March 1918 in Lugansk, when the 1st Lugansk Socialist Detachment (600 people) was formed from the workers. In the battles for Kharkov, and then during the defense of Donbass, Voroshilov commanded this detachment, entered the headquarters of the Emergency Defense of Donbass. When it became clear that the region could not be defended, it was decided to break through to the east, in the direction of Tsaritsyn. The troops of the 3rd and 5th armies (about 6 thousand people) were led by Voroshilov K.E. The most difficult 500-kilometer passage, in conditions of continuous fighting, was successfully completed at the beginning of June 1918. It is not known how Voroshilov's qualities as a military leader manifested themselves in this passage. However, something else is known - in battles he showed himself as a brave warrior.

K. Voroshilov was appointed commander of the troops of the Tsaritsyn sector of the front. The basis of his troops were units of the 3rd and 5th armies, reorganized into the "Voroshilov group", and later into the 10th army, which was subordinated to the military leader of the North Caucasian district commissariat Snesarev A.Ye. (former lieutenant general of the old army). I. Stalin, K. Voroshilov, S. Minin entered the Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District. So, now forever, the roads of Stalin and Voroshilov converged again, and this meeting determined the entire future life of the future Marshal.

The "Voroshilov group" was given the task of freeing the left bank of the Don from the Cossacks, capturing crossings, bridges, and conducting active reconnaissance. In parallel, the detachments were reorganized into regular units. The White Guards failed to take Tsaritsyn, and a great merit in this was the military leader A. Snesarev. Meanwhile, Stalin reported to Moscow that "... military leader Snesarev ... is very skillfully sabotaging the case," and demanded the removal of this general, who "cannot," "does not want," "is not able" to fight counterrevolution. The city's defense plan was characterized by Stalin as sabotage. And A. Snesarev himself, after the situation near Tsaritsyn stabilized, was removed from his post and then arrested. A policy began - the "special hatred" of the Tsaritsynites (the term of L. Trotsky), which was completely shared and carried out by the commander of the 10th Army K. Voroshilov. After the arrest of military experts K. Voroshilov and his comrades (I. Stalin, S. Minin) tried to organize an offensive, which failed, and the city found itself in a semi-encirclement. To investigate Stalin's policy, a commission headed by A.I. Okulov, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, arrived in Tsaritsyn. By this time, some of the military experts had already been shot, but the rest and Snesarev A.E. managed to save.

"After A. Snesarev, a new" military expert "Sytin P.P. (former Major General of the old army) turned out to be at the head of the Southern Front, however, the Revolutionary Military Council consisting of Stalin, Minin, Voroshilov did not allow the new commander to perform his duties, demanding a" collegial "decision All this led to a new streak of proceedings and disorganization in the management of the army. ”There follows a telegram from the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and the Chairman of the RVSR Trotsky LD to Lenin VI:“ I categorically insist on the recall of Stalin. regiment, but not an army of fifty thousand soldiers.Nevertheless, I will leave him commander of the tenth Tsaritsyn army on condition of submission to the commander of southern Sytin ... We have a colossal superiority of forces, but complete anarchy at the top. subject to your firm and decisive support. "Stalin was removed from Tsaritsyn." ("History of Russia in portraits", ed. By VF Blokhin, "Rusich", Smolensk, 1996, vol. 2, p. 376).

Speaking at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b), A.I. Okulov, who understood the conflict in Tsaritsyn, painted a terrible picture of the leadership of the military operations of the 10th Army, in which, after the dismissal of "specialists" from leading positions, a real collapse began. The army had 76 thousand soldiers, 50 thousand bayonets and sabers, 1000 machine guns, but stamped on the spot, bleeding in front of the enemy with 26 thousand bayonets and sabers, 100 machine guns. But on the other hand, the purity of principles was observed - commanded by the communists. In the upbringing of the Red Army soldier, legalized scuffle and flogging prevailed. As a consequence of all this - looting and licentiousness of the Red Army. Stalin, assessing the struggle for Tsaritsyn, said: "Whether it's bad or good, but Tsaritsyn was defended." The defense of Tsaritsyn, therefore, does not indicate any outstanding qualities of the military leader K. Voroshilov. On the contrary, the army commander fought not with skill, but with great blood, but at the same time it should be noted the personal courage of K. Voroshilov, his composure and courage in various combat episodes.

After Stalin's recall from Tsaritsyn, Voroshilov K.E. was assigned to the Ukraine, but even here the "Tsaritsyn" line continues. The People's Commissariat for Military Affairs demanded that Voroshilov perform a combat mission - the creation of a combat-ready 2nd Ukrainian army. In June 1919, the 2nd Ukrainian Army, together with units that arrived from the RSFSR, was transformed into the 14th Army, which became part of the Southern Front. "K. Voroshilov was appointed commander of the 14th Army. The first battles showed that the army commander was not coping with his duties. Thus, in a report on the state of the 14th Army on July 3, 1919, it was said that" Voroshilov is a good revolutionary soldier, enthralling others with his example, selflessly rushing into battle, but as a commander hardly on the spot - he is dominated by partisan inclinations. ”And this was true: failing to ensure the defense of Kharkov, he surrendered the city to the enemy. M. Rukhimovich said: “He can command a company, a battalion, with a stretch, a regiment. He cannot be a commander - he cannot ... He could not be appointed commander ... "This is where Voroshilov's teamwork ends." (Ibid. P. 379).

The entire subsequent period of the civil war, the activities of Voroshilov K.E. connected with the 1st Cavalry Army, in which he was a member of the RVS. Voroshilov's share in the victories of the 1st Cavalry is quite large, but he was not its creator. At the origins of the formation was B.M.Dumenko, whose glory at that time, as well as the commander of the 2nd Cavalry F.K. Mironov, thundered in the south. Their fates were tragic: the first was shot on May 11, 1920 on charges of counterrevolutionary activity (a member of the Revolutionary Military Council K. Voroshilov had a hand in this), the second was treacherously killed in prison on April 2, 1921. These two names were deleted from our history for a long time. , and the main cavalrymen were S. Budyonny and K. Voroshilov.

The commissar's activity as a whole was on the shoulder of K.E. Voroshilov, and the personal courage and fearlessness shown by the commissar in battles brought the respect and love of the Red Army men. June 26, 1920 Voroshilov was awarded the first Order of the Red Banner. On December 30, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee presented him with an honorary revolutionary weapon - a saber with the insignia of the Order of the Red Banner on the hilt. K. Voroshilov came out of the civil war unknown, if we bear in mind the authority of the military leader, not to mention any military leadership talents. At that time, the names of the military leaders were heard: MV Frunze, VK Blukher, SV Mrachkovsky, the last two of them were destroyed during the "Great Terror".

The last bright page in the biography of K. Voroshilov during the transition from war to peace was his participation in the suppression of the uprising in Kronstadt. He was the commissar of the Southern Group of Forces, marched in the first lines of the assault. For his heroism K. Voroshilov was awarded the second Order of the Red Banner. In September 1921 he was appointed commander of the North Caucasian Military District, and in 1924 a sharp turn took place in his life - K. Voroshilov became the commander of the Moscow Military District. From that time on, Voroshilov's "star" rose higher and higher.

Such a rapid growth of a commander of little authority among military leaders was caused by a political collision within the RCP (b): there was a struggle with L. Trotsky. Appointing K. Voroshilov to this post (instead of the Trotskyist Muralov N.I.), Stalin I.V. thus tried to protect himself from surprises from the army. With the help of Voroshilov, a purge of the command staff was carried out in the units of the Moscow Military District in order to get rid of the "Trotskyists". At the same time, K. Voroshilov was introduced to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, and then to its Presidium.

After the resignation of L. Trotsky (January 1925) M.V. Frunze, K.E. Voroshilov became the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. took the post of his deputy, while continuing to command the units of the Moscow Military District at the same time. And after the tragic death of Frunze (October 1925) Voroshilov becomes his successor. So, a rapid, in just one year, take-off - from the commander of the district troops to the people's commissar. But there was nothing unexpected in this dizzying career. The struggle for power is intensifying at the top of the party leadership. The assignment of "their" people to key posts in the state is underway ... The People's Commissar was responsible for solving a number of important issues: creating new types of weapons, building a defense industry, training personnel for the army, increasing its combat readiness and discipline, and much more.

By the mid-1930s, the Red Army had become a modern army, ready to retaliate with a blow. In 1934, the command staff of the army and navy had the following educational qualifications: higher command personnel - 78.9% graduated from academies and advanced training courses; senior command personnel - 48.2% graduated from academies and advanced courses, and 42.7% graduated from normal military schools; middle command personnel - 81.4% graduated from normal military schools. The chiefs of staff were overwhelmingly academic. The drug addict clearly lacked knowledge, and first of all, purely military ones. For 15 years of leadership of the country's Armed Forces, Marshal Voroshilov has only orders, speeches at congresses, there are no works on the problems of military science. However, this was offset by the fact that Voroshilov K.E. was surrounded by stars of really the first magnitude (say, M.N. Tukhachevsky), which developed the issues of military development. At the same time, Voroshilov was hostile to his talented and more qualified deputies, for example, to the same Tukhachevsky M.N. and others, but patronized former colleagues in the 1st Cavalry Army, many of whom did not have the data to take leading positions.

At the same time, the period of myth-making began, associated with the history of the civil war. The higher the "star" of Stalin rose, the more weighty and significant the personality of People's Commissar K. Voroshilov became. The jubilee articles of 1923-1929, which certainly appear by February 23, did not mention Stalin's name at all. The task at that time was different - it was necessary to destroy the reputation of Leon Trotsky as one of the main organizers of the Red Army, and it was accomplished.

"On December 23, 1929, in Pravda, Voroshilov's article" Stalin and the Red Army "appeared. and it can be explained that the importance of Comrade Stalin as one of the most outstanding organizers of the victories of the civil war was to some extent overshadowed by these events and has not yet received a proper assessment. ”February 23, 1933, again by K. Voroshilov. Republic "it was said:" With the name of Comrade Stalin, the best Leninist, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, the leader of all working people, the armed struggle, victories and the building of the Red Army are closely linked. During the Civil War, the Party always sent Comrade Stalin to the most dangerous and decisive the fronts of the proletarian revolution "". (Ibid. P. 383).

Thus, Voroshilov K.E. formed a new concept of the civil war, and the defeat of party history by Stalin in 1931 created the basis for falsification. Stalin did not remain in debt In November 1935, five of the largest Soviet commanders, including Voroshilov K.E. awarded the title "Marshal of the Soviet Union". Songs were composed in honor of Voroshilov, collective farms, factories, ships, etc. were named. In the 30s, many cities and towns were named after Voroshilov, including Ussuriysk (in 1935-1957) - Voroshilov, Lugansk (in 1935-1958) - Voroshilovgrad, Stavropol (in 1935-1943) - Voroshilovsk. In 1932, the Central Council of Osoaviakhim established the honorary title and badge "Voroshilov shooter" for those who fulfilled the standards for rifle shooting, the famous heavy tank "KV" was named after the initials of his name and surname.

By the mid-1930s, the Red Army had become a modern army, ready to retaliate with a blow. In 1934, the command staff of the army and navy had the following educational qualifications: senior command personnel - 78.9% graduated from academies and advanced training courses; senior command personnel - 48.2% graduated from academies and advanced courses, and 42.7% graduated from normal military schools; middle command personnel - 81.4% graduated from normal military schools. The chiefs of staff were overwhelmingly academic. The 105-day war with little Finland in 1939-1940 clearly demonstrated the level of the army's combat capability. Stalin considered Marshal Voroshilov to be the main culprit of the army's unpreparedness for war, and in May 1940 removed him from the post of People's Commissar of Defense, but appointed him to a higher post - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Voroshilov K.E. held responsible posts - a member of the Supreme Command Headquarters, a member of the State Defense Committee. On July 10, 1941, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North-West direction. However, here his complete inconsistency as a leader in modern warfare was revealed. He commanded the troops of the Leningrad Front for a short time. Being a brave man, he personally tried to lead the troops into the attack, but this, of course, was not enough for successful hostilities. After such a failure, Voroshilov was no longer appointed to leading command positions, but this time Stalin did not punish his loyal associate. Marshal Voroshilov became involved in the formation of reserves, was the commander-in-chief of the partisan movement, was the representative of the Headquarters on various fronts. In 1943 he accompanied Stalin to the Tehran conference. During the war years, he received two awards - the Order of Suvorov I degree and the Order of the Red Banner.

After the death of Stalin, I.V. Kliment Efremovich held a number of important government posts. Voroshilov's participation in the "anti-party group" of Molotov and Kaganovich is natural - the burden of his crimes was too great, but he "repented" in time and remained "afloat" again. At this time, the myth of the legendary hero of the Civil War is experiencing a rebirth.

In 1958 he was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and was buried at the Kremlin wall.

Awards

• Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (02/02/1956, 02/22/1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (05/07/1960).
• 8 Orders of Lenin (02/23/1935, 02/22/1938, 02/02/1941, 02/21/1945, 02/02/1951, 02/02/1956, 05/07/1960, 02/02/1961 .)
• 6 orders of the Red Banner (06/26/1920, 03.1921, 12/2/1925, 02/22/1930, 11/3/1944, 06/24/1948)
• Order of Suvorov I degree (02.22.1944)