What is nature conservation. Protect nature to save your life

Environment (natural objects), but also the anthropogenic environment (objects created by man in the course of his activities). Thus, environmental protection includes nature protection as one of its components; at the same time, the focus of nature conservation is on the conservation of the biosphere and its constituent biogeocenoses, and within the framework of environmental protection, the satisfaction of human environmental needs, including the maintenance of favorable local and regional conditions of existence for him (for example, in an urban environment), comes to the fore.

Nature protection measures

Activities related to nature protection can be divided into the following groups:

Measures for the protection of nature can be carried out on an international scale, on a national scale, or within a particular region.

The formation of ideas about the need to introduce special environmental measures took place over a very long time, although at the first stage it was about territories with unique natural objects (specific landforms, rocks, flora, fauna, etc.). As early as 1799, the German naturalist-encyclopedist Alexander von Humboldt introduced the concept of "natural monuments" and put forward the idea of their search and preservation.

The world's first measure to protect animals freely living in nature was the decision to protect chamois and marmots in the Tatras, adopted in 1868 by the Zemstvo Sejm in Lviv and the Austro-Hungarian authorities on the initiative of the Polish naturalists M. Nowicki, E. Yanota and L. Zeisner. In 1872, the world's first national park, Yellowstone, was created in the western United States.

The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth (including humans) required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Among such measures are cleaning up the environment, streamlining the use of chemicals, stopping the production of pesticides, restoring land, and creating nature reserves.

In Russia, environmental protection measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other federal legislation.

In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long-term and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes).

History of nature conservation in Russia

In Russia, the foundations of the scientific approach in the field of nature conservation were laid in the second half of the 19th century by such scientists as A. I. Voeikov, D. N. Anuchin, V. V. Dokuchaev, I. P. Borodin.

After the revolution in Russia, environmental commissions were created to coordinate environmental protection work at the local level.

In 1924, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature was organized. A new period of intensification of environmental activities fell on the 1960-1980s.

On February 17, 1925, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On approval of the list of scientific, museum, art and nature protection institutions and societies under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Scientific and Scientific and Artistic Institutions of the People's Commissariat of Education of the R.S.F. S.R.”

1970 - Land Code of the RSFSR of December 1, 1970, Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 29, 1972 No. 898 "On strengthening nature protection and improving the use of natural resources",

In August 1978, the first edition of the Red Book of the USSR was published, which contained information about rare and endangered species of animals and plants found on the territory of the Soviet Union (the release of the book was timed to coincide with the opening of the XIV General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature held in Ashgabat) . In 1984, a second edition, substantially expanded, followed. In 1983, the "Red Book of the RSFSR" was published, which included 65 species of mammals, 107 - birds, 11 - reptiles, 4 - amphibians, 9 - fish, 34 - insects and 15 species of mollusks. In 2001, the "Red Book of the Russian Federation" appeared, the scientific basis of which was adopted by the "Red Book of the RSFSR"; it included rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi living (permanently or temporarily) in a state of natural freedom in the territory, continental shelf and maritime economic zone of the Russian Federation and requiring special state-legal actions at the federal level.

2002 - the legal framework for environmental protection was established by Federal Law No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" dated January 10, 2002.

In June 2016, the creation of the Regional Environmental Prosecutor's Office in the Far East was announced, which will oversee the territories of the Amur Region, Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. A similar structure for the Volga region was created in 1990; it included Samara, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ostashkov, Tver and Cherepovets interdistrict environmental prosecutor's offices.

Judicial protection of nature

Based on paragraph 1 of Art. 32 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation regarding the direct participation of citizens in the management of state affairs, as well as Art. 58 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, take care of natural resources.

Based on part 2 of Art. 11 FZ-7 "On Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation", citizens have the right to file complaints, applications for environmental protection, to file lawsuits in court in defense of nature.

Based on part 2 of Art. 46 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation, decisions and actions (or inaction) of state authorities and officials may be appealed in court. If the cases are within the jurisdiction of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the inaction of the investigating authorities can also be challenged in court - in accordance with Art. 125 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, without payment of state duty.

International cooperation in the field of nature conservation

Since the second half of the 20th century, international cooperation has developed in the field of nature protection and the environment in general. The necessary legal basis for such cooperation was created by the 1972 Stockholm Conference " United Nations Declaration on the Environment". In accordance with the decisions of the conference in December 1972, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was created within the UN system to coordinate efforts to protect nature at the global level.

Notes

Nature Conservation // Otomi - Plaster. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, v. 19).
Human Ecology: Dictionary-Reference / Ed. ed. N. A. Agadzhanyan. - M. : KRUK, 1997. - 208 p. - ISBN 5-900816-17-6.- S. 112.
// Barikhin A. B. Great legal encyclopedia. - M. : Knizhny Mir, 2010. - 960 p. - (Professional reference books and encyclopedias). - ISBN 978-5-8041-0296-9.- S. 419.
Volkov Yu. V. Modern approaches and basic concepts of territorial protection of nature // News of the Saratov University. New series. Earth Sciences Series. - 2012. - Vol. 12, no. 2. - S. 3-10.
Burschel C. J., Losen D., Wiendl A.. - München: R. Oldenburg Verlag, 2004. - 620 S. - ISBN 3-486-20033-X.- S. 157.
Folta J., Nowy L. The history of natural science in dates: a chronological review. - M.: Progress, 1987. - 495 p.- S. 194.

Protection of Nature

Since ancient times, using plants and animals for their needs, people gradually began to notice that where there were dense forests in the past, they began to thin out, that the herds of wild game animals decreased, and some animals completely disappeared. The man also noticed that the full-flowing rivers and springs began to shallow, and the fish caught in the nets less and less. Birds left their usual nesting places, and their flocks thinned out. The network of ravines and gullies has noticeably increased, and destructive black storms and dry winds have become frequent guests. Loose sands approached the villages and covered their outskirts, often along with the fields. Soil fertility decreased, and weeds appeared on the fields, oppressing crops and reducing the yield of cultivated plants.

Particularly strong changes occurred around cities and emerging industrial centers. The air here has become smoky and heavy from factory and factory chimneys. Near the mines, high waste heaps and dumps of empty rock appeared, as well as extensive dumps of various garbage and waste. The water in rivers and lakes became polluted and became undrinkable. Swamps and hummocks appeared on the site of once former meadows.

Only the memory of the former distribution of forests has been preserved in the names of many villages, villages and individual tracts. So, on the territory of the European part of the USSR, you can often find many Borks and Hogs, Dubkovs and Berezovkas, Lipovkas and Lipoks, where pine forests, oak forests and birch forests used to rustle, and linden was also found. For example, near Leningrad there is Sosnovaya Polyana and Sosnovka Park, but there are no pines in them for a long time, and they have been replaced by thickets of alder or, at best, birch. Near Leningrad there is an Aspen Grove, but without an aspen. Berezovy Island disappeared a long time ago, where multi-storey buildings now rise.

In Ukraine, there are many places with the name Guy, but forests have not been preserved everywhere there. There is a Taiga station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, but the taiga vegetation has retreated from it for many kilometers.

The same can be said about the animal world. There are Lebyazhye and Gusinye lakes, but swans and geese do not fly to them everywhere. There are lakes Shchuch'i and Okunevye, but neither pike nor perch have been caught in them for a long time. Losiny Ostrov and Losinoostrovskaya station have survived near Moscow, but moose are not seen here as often as it was in the memory of Muscovites.

And how many places there are with the names of Ravines and Ravines! Let us recall, for example, Sivtsev Vrazhek in Moscow or other Brazhki to the south-west of it. There are many places with the names Dry Valley, Dry Valley, Dry Log, Dry Ford, Dry or Dead Balk. There are quite a few villages that are called either Pustoshki, or Bespolie or Zapolie. Separate places with the eloquent names of Gary and Pozharischa, Pali and Palniki, as well as Penki and Penechki have also been preserved.

In all these names, people have long noted the appearance of ravines, the disappearance of water, forest clearings, empty and unusable lands and conflagrations. All of them testify to how unceremoniously people treated nature, land and vegetation.

Similar changes in nature have occurred everywhere, in many countries of the world. In tropical countries, instead of the former rich and peculiar forests, their place was taken by monotonous thickets of bamboo. Many species of plants, formerly widespread, were rapaciously cut down and disappeared altogether. Vast savannahs appeared, overgrown with tough and thorny grass, where even thick-skinned buffaloes cannot always penetrate. The edges of the forests have become impenetrable jungle from many vines and thickets of shrubs. The hills and slopes of the mountains were covered with a dense network of cattle tracks due to the immoderate grazing of domestic animals.

Over the past millennia, 2/3 of all forests have been cut down and burned on the globe. Only in historical time over 500 million hectares have turned into deserts. Over the past centuries, 540 million hectares of forest have been cut down in America. The forests of Madagascar have disappeared on */10 of its territory. The once vast forests of the island of Cuba now occupy barely 8% of its land. The famous naturalist Alexander Humboldt has long said: "Man is preceded by forests, he is accompanied by deserts." People, said F. Engels, "did not dream that by doing this they laid the foundation for the desolation of countries, depriving them ... of centers of accumulation and preservation of moisture."

Acute alarm is caused by the accelerating rate of disappearance of many species of flora and fauna. According to far from complete data, over the past four centuries, mankind has lost 130 species of animals, that is, an average of one species in three years. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 550 species of rare mammals and birds are on the verge of extinction, and up to 1,000 species of animals are under the threat of extermination.

The more often a person began to face such impoverishment of the Earth, the deeper he began to learn the laws of nature, the more clearly he understood the danger of its further unfavorable changes.

Initially, people half-consciously protected cultivated areas and individual plants from their neighbors. After that, they began to think about some kind of patronage of nature as a source of food, and, consequently, life. There were rules governing the use of natural resources. The ancient Egyptians, for example, believed that man should not exterminate animals in their pastures and drive them from "God's" lands. These actions were considered "sinful" and this was recorded in the "Book of the Dead", which contains the spells of the souls of the dead, who appeared before the court of the god Osiris.

In the famous Code of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who lived 17 centuries BC. e., the rules for the protection of forests and their use were established, and for the illegal felling of a tree in someone else's garden, the perpetrators were supposed to be charged a certain and not small fee.

In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, the ruling feudal lords, interested in preserving game, issued bans on the use of hunting grounds. Violations were severely punished, up to and including the death penalty. For royal and royal hunting, forbidden and reserved lands appeared, specially protected.

In Russia, the regulation of hunting, for example, appeared under Yaroslav the Wise, and it was recorded in the first written document - Russkaya Pravda.

During the heyday of the Lithuanian state, special codes of laws were created - Lithuanian statutes, which played a positive role in nature protection. The statute took swans, beavers, foxes and other animals under protection. For the theft, murder or destruction of swan nests, a significant fine was levied.

The conservation of forests was greatly facilitated by the abutments, or aforesaid forests, which were created along the southern border of the forest part of the Russian state. These notches were created to protect against nomads who made raids on Russia.

It was forbidden to cut down trees for economic purposes in the notch forests under pain of severe punishment and even death. The main notches - Tula - were arranged under Ivan the Terrible, and they were corrected already under Mikhail Fedorovich. By the end of the XVII century. in connection with the advance of the defensive line of the Russian state to the south, the notches fell into disrepair, but they were until the beginning of the 19th century. were protected as protected state forests. The Tula notches have survived to this day, but the Kozelsky, Orlovsky, Ryazan and Kazan ones have not been preserved.

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), many decrees were issued on hunting, its terms, forbidden zones, as well as violations of established rules, duties and punishments. Decree (1649) "On the conservation of the reserved forest in the Ryazan district" concerned not only hunting, but also the protection of the forest area.

If in pre-Petrine time the forest was cut down to obtain land for arable land, then under Peter I it began to be carefully guarded for shipbuilding. In 1701, Peter I announced a decree "On the uncleaning of forests for arable land along the rivers, along which forests are driven to Moscow, and clean them 30 versts above." Two years later, oak, elm, elm, ash, elm and larch, as well as pine 12 inches (in diameter) were commanded. It was strictly forbidden to cut forests with these species within a strip of 50 versts from large rivers and 20 versts from small ones. For violation of the decree, up to 10 rubles per tree were charged.

Peter T returned to the prohibition to cut down forests more than once. He issued a series of decrees prohibiting burning forests, grazing goats and pigs in them, and making tes (to cut down on waste wood), and the tsar sent the so-called "knowledgeable people" to inspect the oak forests on the Volga. He forbade cutting forests in Novgorod, Starorussky, Lutsk and Toropetsk counties.

In St. Petersburg, at the Admiralty Board, a Waldmeister Office was established, whose duties included monitoring the forests on the Volga, Sura, Kama, Oka, Dnieper, Western Dvina, Don, Lake Ladoga and Ilmen. For non-compliance with the rules of protection, the right was given to fine hackers, and punish violators by tearing out their nostrils and referring to hard labor.

Peter I thought not only about protecting forests, but also about planting them. He planted many trees personally, and on his initiative the Shipov forest was planted in the Voronezh region. The forest "expert" Fokel planted near St. Petersburg the Lindulovsky ship grove (near the village of Lindula), which still attracts the attention of visitors with huge larch trees, carefully numbered and protected to this day.

Peter I was interested not only in forests, but also in other useful plants. So, in 1702, the Apothecary Garden was opened in Moscow (now the Botanical Garden of Moscow University), and in 1714, the Apothecary Garden in St. Petersburg, which became the predecessor of the Botanical Garden, and then the Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. These pharmaceutical institutions were intended to supply the army and the population with medicinal raw materials, which had previously been imported from abroad.

Understanding widely the need to protect nature, Peter I was also interested in the preservation of fur-bearing animals, game and fish, "so that these crafts develop." Predatory methods of hunting and fishing were banned. For illegal hunting, “people of higher ranks” were charged 100 rubles each, and “lower ranks” were threatened with cruel, without any mercy, punishment and exile to Azov “with their wives and children for eternal life.”

Peter I took care of the preservation of the soil, and also paid much attention to protecting the canal banks from erosion and destruction. Peter I also provided for the protection of water bodies, for which it was forbidden not only to cut wood along their banks, but also to process it, “so that the rivers would not be littered with those chips and litter.” It was also forbidden to take out garbage into canals and rivers, as well as to dump ballast from ships, "in all harbors, rivers, raids and marinas of the Russian state." For pollution of reservoirs with ballast, a fine was imposed "100 efimki for each shovel."

Mid 18th and early 19th centuries in Russia were marked by a significant weakening of the severity of the protection of forests and partly animals. The old rules were replaced by others and consigned to oblivion. Protected ship forests were plundered, the protection of Belovezhskaya Pushcha was removed, and it itself became a place of royal and grand ducal hunting. Catherine II distributed vast areas of land to her close associates, did not care about forests, but on her whim forbade "catching nightingales in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and throughout Ingermanland." The landowners again began to reduce forests for crops and at the same time sell the cut wood. V. I. Lenin called the felling of timber for sale the timber industry.

The damage caused to forests, vegetation in general and the animal world, which was the result of the predatory conduct of the developing capitalist economy, was gradually realized both in Russia and abroad. The best minds of scientists and public figures were concerned about the destruction of nature, and the most progressive specialists began to actively advocate for its protection. It has been proven that a predatory attitude towards nature entails such negative consequences that are difficult to predict. The realization that nature should not only be protected in its individual areas, but also the proper use of natural resources, came later. However, already at the end of the XIX century. the first nature reserves, sanctuaries and national parks appeared, which laid the foundation for nature protection.

One of the first reserves in Western Europe was the reserve in Ireland (1870), and after it, reserves were organized in Iceland, Sweden and Switzerland. Reserves, natural parks and nature reserves appeared from the end of the 19th century near Singapore (1883), in South Africa, Australia, Canada and the USA, and at the very beginning of the 20th century in Burma, Central Africa, Argentina, Canada, the USA and Australia.

The first protected area and natural zoo in Russia was the well-known Askania-Nova, established in 1874 in the former estate of Falzfein. Later, a reserve arose on the small islands of the Baltic Sea (1910) and in other places.

All other currently active protected areas were organized from 1918 to 1969 and in subsequent years both in the USSR and abroad.

In total, the total number of the largest nature reserves, national parks, protected areas and reserves in the world exceeded 720. Until 1963, there were 120 reserves and protected areas in the USSR. For a short period of time, their number decreased, but then most of them were restored. Now there are 86 protected areas, the number of which tends to increase.

In the first days after the October Socialist Revolution in Russia, many legislative measures were taken to protect nature and the proper use of its natural resources.

The first role in this important matter belongs to V. I. Lenin, who was keenly interested in the preservation of natural resources for the young Soviet state. All significant acts in this area were somehow connected with his name.

V. I. Lenin thought not only about the protection of nature, but also about the rational use of its resources, since he himself witnessed the detrimental influence of the capitalist economic system, when people's wealth was plundered by various entrepreneurs who sought only personal gain and enrichment.

On April 11, 1921, V. I. Lenin clearly expressed his thoughts on the rational use of natural resources at a meeting of the communist faction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. “In order to protect the sources of our raw materials,” he said, “we must achieve the implementation and observance of scientific and technical rules.”

The first decree "On Land", drawn up by Lenin himself, seized all the country's natural resources from private ownership and declared them the property of the whole people. In the "Basic Law on Forests", published in May 1918 and signed by V.I. Lenin and Ya.M. available forests. V. I. Lenin expressed his concern for the forests in the decree on the forests of Crimea, in which it was forbidden to uproot and turn forests located on the slopes of the mountains into other lands, and, in addition, it was ordered to withdraw from circulation and return to the land authorities those plots of land on which the forest was cut down and uprooted without proper permission after 1917.

Not expecting stabilization of the country's economic situation, V. I. Lenin signed (in May 1919) a decree on the timing of hunting and the right to hunting weapons, which banned the hunting of elk and goats, as well as the collection of eggs of wild birds. At the same time, V. I. Lenin supported the idea of creating a nature reserve in the Volga Delta and stressed that he considered the matter of nature protection to be an important and urgent matter.

The practice of so-called "borrowing from nature", that is, the excessive expenditure of its resources, was completely alien to V. I. Lenin. For example, he opposed deforestation in Sokolniki (Moscow) for firewood, although at that time Moscow was experiencing a fuel shortage. Thus, V. I. Lenin thought not only about the protection of nature, but also about its rational use, including the fact that nature should serve as a place of rest for the population.

V. I. Lenin was the founder of the first nature reserves in the RSFSR. He signed a decree on the establishment of a large Askania Nova reserve, which existed since 1874 in the form of a natural zoo. Thanks to Lenin (as mentioned above), the Astrakhan and Ilmensky (in the Urals) reserves arose. In particular, the use of the Ilmensky Reserve for purely practical purposes was allowed only with the permission of the Council of People's Commissars. In 1921, Vladimir Ilyich signed a decree "On the Baikal state reserves - zoo farms", he was constantly interested in the progress of their creation. In the same year, Lenin issued a decree "On the protection of natural monuments, gardens and parks."

Along with the basic principles of socialist land use, i.e., an integrated approach to the use of natural resources and taking into account their multiple interrelationships and significance, V. I. Lenin also paid attention to individual issues. For example, the decree of the STiO (Council of Labor and Defense) "On the organization of the collection and harvesting of wild oilseeds and their use for processing in the oil industry" and the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the collection and cultivation of medicinal plants" contain provisions on the observance of certain rules when procurement of these natural products.

In nature conservation, as in all human affairs, there are both large and small tasks. Understanding this perfectly, V. I. Lenin gave, for example, an order to arrest the commandant of Gorki, E. Ya. Vever, for damaging state property, for a spruce felled without proper reason.

V. I. Lenin was closely interested in the rational use of meadows, streamlining the use of hayfields and measures to improve the meadow economy. We learn about this, for example, from the decisions of the Council of People's Commissars.

The deeply thought-out thoughts and amazing foresight of V. I. Lenin in the protection and use of natural resources later served as the basis for the development of the entire system of those environmental measures that are now being implemented by the Soviet state.

Everyone is well aware that in 1960 the Law on Nature Protection of the RSFSR was adopted. According to his model, relevant laws were adopted in other republics of the USSR, as well as in individual territories and regions.

Issues of nature protection and measures for its rational use were reflected in the Program of the CPSU, as well as the Directives of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1966-1970.

Measures for improving the protection of natural resources and their use were considered even more clearly and broadly at the 24th CPSU Congress. In the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU, made at the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev said:

“When taking measures to accelerate scientific and technological progress, it is necessary to do everything so that it is combined with a prudent attitude to natural resources, does not serve as a source of dangerous air and water pollution, and land depletion. The Party is increasing its demands on the planning and economic bodies and design organizations, on all our cadres for the work of designing and building new enterprises and improving the work of existing enterprises from the point of view of nature protection. Not only we, but also future generations should be able to enjoy all the benefits that the beautiful nature of our Motherland gives. We are ready to participate in collective international activities for the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources.”

Finally, in 1972, at the fourth session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the eighth convocation, measures were considered to further improve nature conservation and the rational use of natural resources, and a corresponding resolution was adopted.

All these important documents emphasize the idea that natural resources are the most important component of the material and technical base of communist construction, because the building of communism is unthinkable without daily concern for the preservation and increase of natural resources. Therefore, the protection of nature is the most important task of the state and the cause of all the people. Experience shows that with an integrated approach to the use of natural resources, the intensive development of industry and agriculture should not lead to a catastrophic impoverishment of flora and fauna, if all established rules are strictly observed.

Plants and vegetation as a whole are the most important part of the biosphere, that is, the spheres of life of plants, animals and humans. In the biosphere, the processes of converting inorganic matter into organic matter, the release of oxygen and ozone into the atmosphere, and the absorption of carbon dioxide from air and water take place. Plants are an important part of the biological resources of the Earth, used by humans and animals for a long time. The plant world is a source of various natural raw materials, building materials, many chemicals, human food and feed for agricultural and wild animals and birds. Everywhere, in all zones and regions, there are useful plants - medicinal, food, decorative, etc. Of the 20 thousand species of higher plants that form the flora of the USSR, not all have been studied. The wild flora of the USSR occupies a large part of the territory of the Soviet Union, and the share of cultivated plants - cereals, vegetables, fruits, melons and fodder - accounts for a relatively small part.

Although wild plants themselves regenerate, nevertheless, as a result of human activities, many of them have reduced their distribution or are on the verge of destruction. Thus, the protection of natural flora is one of the important tasks of our time. It is especially necessary to preserve forests as a source of timber, many food and feed products, and habitats for useful animals and birds. Forests have water-protective, water-regulating (anti-erosion), soil-protective and climatic significance. They serve as a place for people to relax and meet their cultural and aesthetic needs.

In addition to forests, it is very important to preserve natural pastures for domestic and wild animals. It is known that pastures and hayfields deliver up to 70% of the feed - this livestock base.

The vegetation cover as a whole contains many other useful plants used in the national economy (in industry), as well as in medicine. Procurers of vegetable raw materials should not use predatory methods of harvesting them, which prevent the renewal of useful plants and cause destruction of the vegetation cover.

The protection of nature also concerns the preservation of the most typical landscapes, picturesque corners of the working people's recreation areas and rare plants and animals of historical significance. The whole set of natural conditions is also subject to protection, as well as forest park zones, air, rivers, lakes and other water sources, etc.

An important place among environmental protection measures is the creation of protected areas in the interests of existing and future generations of people.

Nature protection and rational use of its resources is a multifaceted task. It is important not only within the framework of one state, but for the entire globe as a whole. Especially harmful is the opinion that man must "fight against nature" and "remake" it. Even F. Engels correctly said: “Let us, however, not be too deceived by our victories over nature. For each such victory, she takes revenge on us. Each of these victories, it is true, first of all has the consequences that we expected, but secondly and thirdly, completely different, unforeseen consequences, which very often destroy the significance of the first.

As shown above, the principles of rational environmental management are being developed all over the world. It is not for nothing that many international organizations are closely interested in this matter and are trying to restore order on Earth in the interests of future generations of mankind. All these measures can be carried out most effectively in the USSR and other socialist countries, where the state stands guard over the protection of nature.

"Nature protection" is a very capacious concept, which concerns not only vegetation cover, wildlife, soil and water, but also the activities of people building cities and industrial centers; cutting down forests and utilizing various minerals; changing the course of rivers and their level; dumping industrial waste into the water and covering the land with rock heaps; releasing harmful gases into the atmosphere, soot from factories and factories; using many chemicals in agriculture (herbicides, pesticides, arboricides and defolianilt); littering the ground with plastic waste and construction debris, etc.

To protect nature means to know the laws of its development and interaction with man. Going to the future, man must enter into an alliance with nature and preserve it everywhere. First of all, it is necessary to protect the vegetation cover of the Earth - our green friend.

Plant life: in 6 volumes. - M.: Enlightenment. Under the editorship of A. L. Takhtadzhyan, editor-in-chief corr. USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. A.A. Fedorov. 1974 .

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Modern Encyclopedia

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Books

Protection of natural monuments. Conservation International, D.N. Anuchin. Professor D. N. Anuchin. Protection of natural monuments. With 29 drawings. Professor G. A. Kozhevnikov. International Conservation of Nature. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1914 edition ...
Nature Conservation, Drozdov Nikolay Nikolaevich, Makeev Alexey Kuzmich. A series of books `Wildlife with Nikolai Drozdov` is addressed to young readers, those who are just starting to get acquainted with the wonderful world of wildlife, discovering its secrets and mysteries for the first time. Reading…

On the topic: "Nature Protection"

Done by: 10th grade student

Monina Tatiana

Checked by: Bayandina.G.P.

Imisskoe 2007

"Nature Conservation" introduction

Geographic aspects of nature conservation

Natural resources and their protection

1. The land of the world

2. Water resources and methods for their assessment

3. Biological resources

The flora of our Motherland

peace protection

Control of natural processes in the Biosphere

Wastewater

1. The composition of the sludge

Radioactive contamination of the Biosphere

The role of organisms in the evolution of Biospheres

Noosphere and its protection

Literature

^ "NATURE PROTECTION".

INTRODUCTION

The protection of nature is the most important task of mankind. The current scale of human impact on the natural environment, the commensurability of the scale of human economic activity with the potential ability of modern landscapes to assimilate its adverse effects. Crises in the development of the natural environment, the global nature of the current crisis environmental situation.

Definition of concepts: natural environment, geographical environment, nature protection (narrow and broad understanding of the term). The main object of nature protection. Interdisciplinary nature of environmental problems. The main aspects of environmental problems (environmental, resource, genetic, evolutionary, economic, social, demographic, historical).

History and main stages of the interaction of human society and nature, the main methodological levels of knowledge of problems and their interaction. Development of environmental knowledge. Nature management in the early stages of civilization. Ideas of G. Marsh, works of A.I. Voikova, V.V. Dokuchaeva, A.E. Fersman. The doctrine of the noosphere V.I. Vernadsky. The contribution of the noosphere concept to the development of the natural-science picture of the world and the scientific worldview.

^ I. GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF NATURE PROTECTION.

"Geographization" of ecology and "greenization" of geography. The importance of taking into account the spatial organization of the territory in the development of environmental policy. Tasks of geography in solving environmental problems: studying the mechanism of the impact of human economic activity on geosystems, creating a project for the rational organization of the territory, forecasting the state of the natural environment.

Geography and ecology. Development of ecology as a science. Interpretation of the term "ecology" in the narrow and broad environmental sense. Tasks of social ecology and human ecology. The concept of geoecology.

Geoinformation systems and their role in the development of environmental problems. The role of modeling and system analysis in studying the interaction between society and the natural environment. Global models of world development. Critical analysis of the ideas of the Club of Rome.

^II. NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR PROTECTION

Different approaches to the classification of natural resources. Alternatives in the use of natural resources, their multifunctionality and interchangeability. Criteria for the optimal use of resources depending on the size of their reserves and economic significance, needs and expediency of development. The principle of complexity in resource use.

Methodological problems of geographic resource science. Analysis of the role of resources as sources of raw materials and environment-forming factor. Problems of economic and non-economic assessment of resources. Causes of resource degradation, measures to protect various types of various natural resources.

^ 1. Lands of the world.

Cadastre of land resources. The role of melioration in their development. Adaptive farming systems.

Diversity and reserves of minerals, their finiteness and non-renewability. Energetic resources. Alternative energy sources. Prospects for the use of nuclear power plants.

^ 2. Water resources and methods for their assessment.

Water management balance and water availability. Saving water consumption. ocean resources.

3. Biological resources.

Specific tasks and problems of wildlife protection. The concept of sustainability and vulnerability of populations and ecosystems. Levels of abundance, tolerance and specialization of populations, structure and functioning, processes of self-restoration of ecosystems. Natural and anthropogenic factors of influence on populations and ecosystems.

Strategy for the protection of wildlife. The concept of rare species of plants and animals, gradations of rarity. Factors determining the rarity of species, territorial distribution of rare species, strategies for their conservation and restoration. Protection of rare species in reserves and reserves, zoos and nurseries, botanical gardens, preservation of the gene pool in collections, conservation of the genome. Red Book of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The Red Book of the USSR and the Red Books of the republics of the former USSR as relevant documents and sources of scientific information.

Biological diversity of the planet and the problem of its degradation. The problem of protecting the planet's gene pool.

The flora of our Motherland

The natural vegetation cover of our Motherland is very diverse - from the tundra in the Far North to the desert at the southern borders of the country. The main reason for this diversity is the differences in the climate of individual regions.

In the cold, harsh north, we find a carpet of plants dominated by mosses and lichens; in the middle zone of the country, where the climate is warmer and milder, forests are common.

The appearance of the vegetation cover, the composition of plants in any territory is largely determined by the characteristics of the local climate - primarily temperature and precipitation in different periods of the year. Many climatic indicators are important for plant life: the average annual air temperature, the average amount of precipitation per year, the duration of the warm season of the year when plant growth is possible, the amount of heat and water supply conditions at this time, etc. The absolute minimum temperature is of particular importance for plants. The main climatic indicators are united in the concept of "climate type".

In the conditions of the plains, the dependence of natural vegetation on climate can only be traced over a fairly large area, for example, moving from north to south for several hundred or even thousands of kilometers. At the same time, we will cross various climatic zones characterized by a certain type of climate, and the vegetation zones corresponding to them - tundra, forests, steppes, deserts. The zonation of vegetation is especially well expressed in the territory of the European part of our country.

Within any zone, the natural vegetation cover does not remain uniform even in a small area. Walking through some forest in the middle zone of the European part of the country, we can often find various types of forests: spruce forests - sorrel forests, pine forests - blueberries, complex forests with oak and linden, etc. The diversity of community vegetation in this case cannot be explained by what or climate-related reasons.

peace protection

Nowadays, the natural vegetation cover is experiencing the ever-increasing influence of man, is increasingly receding under the onslaught of civilization. The areas occupied by natural vegetation are continuously decreasing. Some species of plants disappear or become very rare. Less and less remains the "standard of nature" - LITTLE DISTURBED PLANT COMMUNITIES.

These objects are of particular value for studying the biological mechanisms that control vegetation cover, for understanding various

"patents of nature".

It is difficult to enumerate those forms and types of human activity that adversely affect the natural flora and vegetation. They are numerous and varied. These include the construction of new cities and towns, plants and factories, the development of minerals, the creation of reservoirs, the laying of railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines, and power lines. From all that has been said, it is clear that the protection of the plant world is an extremely important matter, which requires the adoption of urgent measures to protect our green friends. The danger of complete annihilation now hangs not only over certain plant species, but also over entire plant communities. It is very important to prevent their death. If any species has disappeared from the face of the earth, it is no longer possible to restore it, this is an irretrievable loss. Meanwhile, such a species could be of value to humans - as a medicinal plant, as a source of some other useful substances, as a material for breeding new varieties of cultivated plants. We still do not know all the useful properties of each of the plant species that exist in nature. What is not used now may be extremely valuable later. For this reason alone, it is impossible to allow at least one species to be lost from the general fund of flora.

If any natural plant community, such as the steppe, has disappeared, it cannot be restored artificially either. You can, of course, take the individual plant species that make it up and plant them together, but a stable combination of plants, such as in nature, will still not work. Having lost any plant community, we will never be able to know the laws that govern the joint "social" life of plants, and many other secrets of the plant world that can be turned to the benefit of man.

In our country, considerable attention is paid to the protection of nature, including plants. The Party and government show great concern for the protection and careful use of our natural resources. A number of laws and regulations have been adopted concerning the protection of nature, both on an all-Union scale and on a local scale. There is a whole system of state measures for the protection and restoration of some rare and endangered plants. Laws on the protection of nature, adopted in the Union republics, note the need to preserve natural vegetation.

Reserves and reserves are especially effective in protecting the flora. In our country there are more than 100 state reserves with a total area of over 7.5 million hectares, which is about 0.3 of the territory of the Soviet Union.

Management of natural processes in

Biosphere.

There is a need to transfer agricultural production to a biogeocenotic basis. When planting shelterbelts, it turned out to be necessary to create a biogeocenosis, to plant shrubs for nesting and feeding birds, without which the trees were destroyed by pests. Biological pest control is more efficient and harmless than the use of chemicals that pollute the environment.

Of particular importance in the sustainability of bioproducts is the creation of agrocenoses - the cultivation of diverse crops with fruit-seed crop rotation, the use of organic fertilizers, a combination of field crops, grasslands, forests or strips. Such a system ensures the conservation of soil fertility.

The main thing is the reproduction of natural resources, and not only in agriculture, but also in wild animals in forests and steppes, in rivers and oceans. Plants are being built to breed fish.

At present, based on the study of food chains, the attitude towards predators has changed. Their role is possible in this way. The extermination of birds of prey leads to the reproduction of snakes that destroy frogs that eat locusts. Locusts, multiplying, destroy crops. Wolves catch weak and sick individuals, thereby preventing epidemic diseases of deer and other animals.

^ Wastewater.

Industrial.

Waste water is subjected to mechanical, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms. Water is passed through special tanks containing the so-called activated sludge.

The composition of the silt.

Microorganisms

Oxidizing phenols

Fatty acid

Carbohydrates

Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce the amount of water required for industrial purposes by dozens of times.

Human activities lead to a reduction in clean water supplies. Industrial enterprises, using water, sometimes release waste into rivers and lakes, poisonous and harmful substances for plants, animals and humans. For this reason, fish and plants cannot always live in many reservoirs. When constructing dams on rivers, rivers often do not take into account the fact that for millions of years against the flow of rivers to their sources, shoals of valuable fish species have been going for spawning. As a result, fish reproduction stops.

^ Radioactive contamination

biosphere.

The problem of radioactive contamination of the biosphere arose in 1945. After the explosion of atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear weapons testing before 1962 In the atmosphere, caused global radioactive contamination. When atomic bombs explode, very strong ionizing radiation is generated, radioactive particles are scattered

Over long distances, infecting the soil, water bodies, living organisms. Many radioactive isotopes have a long half-life, remaining hazardous throughout their lifetime.

All these isotopes are included in the circulation of substances, enter living organisms and have a detrimental effect on cells.

The testing of atomic bombs and the irresponsible attitude towards the waste products of industries that rely on the use of atomic energy lead to increased radioactivity in the air, waters and soils. Radioactivity is transmitted through food chains, both in the ocean and on land. Radioactivity primarily affects plankton and bottom dwelling animals, and is transmitted from plankton through food chains to a number of fish. Fish-eating birds carry radioactive substances to land. When rotting garbage, they are transferred to bacteria. The accumulation of radioactive substances in the bone marrow leads to leukemia and cancer.

Along the food chains, a person is also poisoned by pesticides used in the fight against insect pests and fungal diseases of plants. They poison beneficial insects, especially birds. Getting into rivers after rains, pesticides destroy fish and birds that eat them. Poisons, getting on berries, vegetables, with grass in meat and milk of cattle, accumulate in the human body, causing diseases.

The role of organisms in the evolution of biospheres

The formation of the biosphere, the expansion of its boundaries, changes in composition, and the acceleration of the biogenic migration of atoms were carried out along with the emergence of life and the evolution of the organic world.

Living organisms from the moment of their appearance in the process of life have constantly changed the environment.

As a result of the vital activity of chemosynthetic bacteria, the deposition of some manganese and iron ores, phosphorites, and sulfur began more than 3 billion years ago. The first microorganisms - purple and green bacteria, and then blue - green algae began to assimilate carbon dioxide and release molecular oxygen, from which an ozone screen formed above the Earth. The formation of the ozone screen created protection from the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, which is harmful to living matter, and allowed life to emerge from the water and spread on land.

For a long time, green living matter absorbed from the atmosphere an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, which in ancient times was hundreds of times greater than now, and at the same time enriched it with oxygen. In the aquatic environment, only in the presence of bacteria and algae could zooplankton appear. Calcareous skeletons of invertebrates - rhizopods, corals, mollusks - formed sedimentary rocks. The death of blue - green and red algae contributed to the deposition of calcium. Some species of algae and sponges have been conditioned by the accumulation of silica.

The colossal multiplication of organisms increased the biomass, which spread over the face of the Earth, filling the biosphere formed by it.

Noosphere and its protection

At present, all over the world there is an urgent need to establish a reasonable development of production, energy consumption and the use of natural resources, without violating the laws that exist in the biosphere. We need to protect the purity of air, water, soil, and wildlife on the basis of biological knowledge. Sanitary protection of the biosphere has become the most important problem of all mankind.

The consequences of violations of natural phenomena cross the borders of individual states and require international efforts to protect not only individual ecosystems - forests, reservoirs, swamps, etc., but also the entire biosphere as a whole, thereby the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

All states are concerned about the fate of the biosphere and the further improvement of mankind. In modern conditions, the problem of nature protection and the rational use of its resources is becoming more acute.

Laws have been adopted on the protection of atmospheric air, on the protection and use of the animal world, etc. Reserves and sanctuaries have been organized in which natural biogeocenoses are preserved, rare species of animals and plants reproduce, including those listed in the Red Book. Of particular importance are biosphere reserves, in which natural conditions are fully preserved. There are currently about 170 such reserves on the territory of the Soviet Union.

Literature

V.V. Petrov "The flora of our Motherland"

A. Onegav "On environmental protection"

Yu.I. Polyansky "General Biology"

Milanova E. V. Ryabchikov A. M.

«Use of natural resources and nature protection.

A person who controls powerful technology and energy causes tremendous changes in the biosphere and expands its limits. Biological knowledge allows you to do this reasonably, not to the detriment of future life on earth.