Flexibility of thinking. General - private

Good afternoon, shalom!

Thank you very much for your question. I just want to clarify that in your short sentence there are two questions: what is one of the principles of the Torah, that is, in general - what are principles, and what is klal u-frat, i.e. The rule is “from the general to the particular and from the particular to the general.”

The rule for deducing a new law from the words of the Torah is called in Hebrew mida, and a very rough translation of this word is “principle”. Without going into details of the question, I will say that there are 13 such midots, i.e. principles, rules by which the laws of the Oral Torah are derived from the Written Torah. These principles themselves, i.e. how they work is an Oral Tradition that goes back to the giving of the Torah. (As you know, on Mount Sinai the Jewish people received two Torahs: the Written Torah, which other religions besides the Jewish one use, for example, Christians, calling it the Pentateuch of Moses, and the Oral Torah, which contains a huge array of Jewish Tradition).

One of the key knowledge of the Oral Torah is thirteen middot, i.e. thirteen principles for deducing the laws of the Oral Torah from the Written Torah.

Now specifically about your question. “From the general to the particular and from the particular to the general” is one of the thirteen principles that sounds in Hebrew mi-prat li-hlal u-mi-hlal li-frat. A person who carefully studies Scripture will see that sometimes the Torah gives a general concept, and after it a specific one, or vice versa. Then this rule is mi-hlal-li-frat- tells us that in this case, if a general concept is mentioned first, and then a specific one, then this law of the Torah concerns only a narrow concept that limits the general. Example - in the Book of Vayikra (1, 2) it is said: “from animals” - this is a general concept, and then it says “from cattle or small livestock” - this is a particular concept, and our rule says that in this case the speech is in The Torah deals only with a particular concept, that is, sacrifice can only be made from large or small livestock, other animals cannot be sacrificed.

And vice versa, mi-prat li-hlal, i.e. from the particular to the general, teaches that the law of the Torah applies to the entire set of cases included in this general concept, despite the fact that a particular case was mentioned at the beginning. An example of the application of the rule from particular to general is a law that exempts a person guarding someone's livestock from the obligation to pay damages if it dies. It is said in the Torah (Shemot 22 9): “When a man gives his neighbor a donkey or an ox or a sheep...” - these are specific examples, “... and any livestock” is a generalization, and we teach that the law applies to all types of livestock, and not just specific ones - a donkey, a bull or a sheep.

Here it is necessary to clarify that what we are talking about, these principles and rules, cannot be understood and studied in isolation from the material being studied. These principles are the cornerstone of the Talmud, and therefore the Siddur (Jewish prayer book) studies these thirteen middot, which Rabbi Ishmael formulated, every morning is counted as studying the Oral Teaching - probably, that’s where you read them.

Therefore, if you are interested in these principles, our advice is to open the Talmud and start studying it. But a person cannot study the Talmud on his own - he simply will not understand anything there :)), so we advise you to contact our Talmud Online program, where, if certain criteria are met, everyone can receive an individual teacher for the study of the Talmud.

Best regards, Abraham Cohen

What happens in a person's life is determined by how he thinks. In fact, in life he recreates the picture that is in his head. In my opinion, this is very important, so there will be quite a lot of articles devoted to thinking.

In this article we will analyze one of the functions of thinking, namely transitions from the general to the specific and back. It is this process that largely determines the flexibility of thinking and the ability to find ways to solve problems and problems.

There is a phrase with which it is difficult to disagree: “Sometimes the formulation of the problem is the main problem.” Indeed, sometimes people use initially dead-end formulations, which by definition imply the impossibility of solving it. For example, women often formulate the problem of relationships with their husbands as “he oppresses me,” which obviously directs thinking along the path that in order to solve this problem, the husband must stop doing this. Accordingly, solving a problem is associated with changing another person, which lies beyond our direct influence. After all, as we know, we cannot change another person. The result is a dead end.

If you change the wording, focusing on your circle of influence, for example, “I allow myself to be oppressed,” a whole range of questions immediately arises that will help solve the problem. For example: “why do I allow myself to be oppressed” / “how can I learn to defend my interests”? And so on. But all formulations are related to self-correction. What is real is different from trying to change another person. Moreover, from a competent formulation of the problem its solution automatically follows.

The problem can be formed at a private level.

For example, you hold two pieces of paper and say “I need glue to glue two pieces of paper together.” Such a formulation initially sets the framework for thinking, because it implies limited solution options. In this case there is only one option. If there is glue, you will solve the problem, if not, the problem cannot be solved.

If you move from the specific to the general: “I need to connect two sheets of paper,” immediately expands the number of options for solving the problem. Now you can use not only glue, but also adhesive tape, a stapler, plasticine, chewing gum, and a whole other list. Obviously, in this case the probability of solving the problem increases significantly due to the emergence of many options.

As a result, to solve the problem, we needed to move from the specific to the general. Evaluate the options and available resources, and then go private again, choosing one of the options.

Often people formulate a problem at a general level. "I want to open a business." “Everything is complicated in relationships. Something is going wrong". “I have problems with sales.” Formulations at a general level never result in solutions to the problem. The private level allows you to create an action plan. The general level is amorphous and incomprehensible.

What kind of business to open and what is needed for this? What exactly happens in relationships, how to improve them? What's going on with sales specifically? All this depends on many factors.

The formulations at a general level indicate two things.

Firstly, a person has a “porridge” in his head, which he will not cook as long as he formulates without specifics.

Secondly, a plan of action does not follow from general formulations. Accordingly, you need to go from the general to the specific, dividing the problem into its constituent elements and examining each element separately.

For effective thinking, the ability to move from one level to another in a timely manner is very important, especially if you realize that you are reaching a dead end. In my opinion, timely transitions from the particular to the general and back largely determine the flexibility of thinking, and, accordingly, the ability to find solutions to problems. How it works? Let's look at a fresh example.

A woman entrepreneur contacted me. Owner of a chain of clothing stores in several shopping centers in different cities. Request: “Some crap with sales. I do not know what to do". In other words, the formulation is at a general level, which cannot answer the question of what to do. You need to go to the private level.

Accordingly, it is necessary to highlight the elements that make up the sales process in a shopping center. Next, I will omit the details and show the principle of moving from the general to the specific and back.

For example, what does the shopping process look like in a shopping mall? The buyer must come to the shopping center itself. Then he must go to the store. He must make a purchase in the store.

In total, there are three main elements:

1. Visit to a shopping center.

2. Store traffic.

3. Conversion. (ratio of visitors and purchasers.)

▸ Look at the second element. We study statistics. If traffic in the shopping center has not dropped significantly, but store traffic has decreased, then perhaps the problem lies in this segment. Again, we go to a more general level and compile a list of factors that influence store traffic in a shopping center. Without reference to a specific situation. You will get a fairly large list, from shop windows and mannequins, to changes in consumer flows in the shopping center (for example, they moved an exit, or an anchor opened in another location). After this, you need to go private again. Correlate all the factors influencing store traffic with how things are in reality.

Having completed this action, we will get a picture of which of the items is “sagging” and an action plan to increase store traffic.

▸ Let's say we analyzed all the points and found out that traffic has not decreased. Let's move on to consider the third element of the system.

There are many factors that affect conversion rates. Here you need to evaluate the collection, personnel, product matrix, merchandising and much more. Then you can also go to a more general level, writing down all the points on how it should work ideally (there is a thinking technique called the “ideal option”). Then return again to the private, that is, specific store and determine what can be done in this case. As you can see, with this approach, an action plan is determined to increase sales.

What do we get as a result? If the problem is in the first element, then here is your list of actions.

For example, in this case it is impossible to influence the attendance of a shopping center. But if attendance has dropped, then this may be the subject of negotiations on increasing the rent. Or moving the store to another location and so on.

The problem of the second element is solved by another set of measures. The same applies to the third element. But now we have moved from the “porridge” in our heads in the form of “crappy sales” to an understanding of the structure and a specific plan of action.

As you can see, this is achieved through transitions from the general to the specific and back. Moreover, there may be several such transitions. In general, this is what flexibility of thinking consists of, the ability to “travel” through these levels in a timely and easy manner.

A similar story occurs when the problem is initially formulated at a private level. For example, the company is expanding and management is wondering which of the current employees can head the department. Usually it all starts with a choice: Petrov, Ivanov, Sidorov and Vasechkin. And then it turns out that Petrov is “not a leader” and cannot be promoted. It seems that Ivanov can be promoted, but he will not be able to cope with Petrov. And so on.

In such cases, it helps to move to a general level, that is, determining the portrait of a leader. Abstract, without reference to personality. Then it may turn out that the best option is to hire someone from outside, because in reality none of the existing options are suitable.

Or, for example, the wording: “I want to marry Petya.” This is a private level and it seems to be natural in matters of relationships. And if we come to a more general formulation, it turns out that what you really want is a happy family. With this option, a particular Petya may just be outside the list of potential options for a happy relationship.

Why do I think this is important? The thinking of any person is within certain limits. This is fine. By moving from one level to another, you can go beyond the existing framework of thinking, and it turns out that this is where the solution to the problem is located.

The topic of thinking frames is very important and I will definitely return to it, because the most “evil jokes” on us are made by thinking frames that are derivatives of our previous success. A person who does not know how to go beyond the existing framework of thinking often finds himself in a dead end. He doesn't know what to do and makes bad decisions.

If you are faced with a problem that baffles you, then try the following.

1. Formulate a problem and write it down on a piece of paper.

2. Try to determine at what level the problem is formulated. General or private.

3. Reframe the problem at another level.

4. If you switched from private to general, then to understand the action plan you will need to switch to the private level again.
In this case, you will have several options.

I think that many people use the simple thinking skill given in the article intuitively, and now they will be able to do it consciously.

I will think about it tomorrow. (With)

1. What is from general to specific, what is from specific to general? Give examples.
From the general to the specific is the isolation of narrower issues from a large volume of information. For example, there is a tree, and there is a pine. Tree is a general concept because it can be either pine or any other species. And pine in this case is a particular concept, because pine in any case is a tree.

2. What is logical? Your understanding. Does your understanding of what is logical agree with what is generally accepted? Is it easy to be logical?
Logic is the rational sequence of thoughts and actions. In general, I agree with generally accepted concepts of logic, although sometimes they are not clear to me. For me, being logical is difficult.

3. How can fractions be explained on a dial?
A full circle is an integer, one. The circle is divided into 12 parts, therefore one part represents 1/12. Two parts 2/12 or, shortening, 1/6, etc.

4. What is a rule? What rules must you obey?
A rule is a specially developed scheme of action in a particular situation. It is worth obeying those rules that do not contradict each other and are based on the desire to explain the nature of things and make life easier.

5. What is hierarchy? Should you obey the hierarchy? Why? Give an example of a hierarchy of systems, what is it?
Hierarchy is a system with a clearly defined vertical structure. Hierarchy must be obeyed because it maintains order. An example would be a pack of some animals, headed by a leader. It represents the top level of the hierarchy, the rest are the bottom. This is a simple example of a two-level hierarchy; in human society there can be as many of these levels as desired, depending on the division criteria.

6. How do you feel about instructions? How do you use them? Can you write the instructions yourself? If so, which one?
I don't like them because it feels like they are teaching me, starting with the most basic things. I use it when I'm confused. I would hardly be able to write the instructions myself, because I am inconsistent in my actions.

7. How do you understand: “Freedom lies in obeying the laws, and not in ignoring them”? Do you agree with this? Why?
If a person follows the law, then he agrees with the norms of behavior embedded in them. Accordingly, he feels comfortable without disturbing the comfort of others. He is free because the law is a natural state for him. Otherwise, he is always in tension, because every violation of the law is followed by punishment, a person cannot feel like the master of his own situation, therefore, he is not free.

8. Tell us how consistent you are. In this vein, the following is of interest:
A). What is a sequence anyway? In the broad and narrow sense of the word. If possible, speculate on this topic.

b). How do you rate your consistency? How much higher or lower is it than the “average” degree of consistency that you observe in your environment?
I'm not consistent. I constantly jump into different things, I can start writing a message to one person, then switch to writing another without ever finishing the first. Sometimes I start doing work from the end or the middle. I think my consistency is below average.

G). When can you go beyond what is considered to be consistency?
If it does not bother others and does not affect the overall progress of work.

9. Why is a standard needed?
To have something to focus on.

10. You need to organize your home library. How will this activity make you feel? How will you classify the books?
I love books, I enjoy working with them. But I don’t like doing a routine for a long time. Most likely, having arranged the books in a way that seems beautiful to me, I will quit this task, even if not all the books are still in their places. Perhaps I will return to this matter later.

11.You must choose one of the tasks below at your discretion and give a detailed answer and explanation. Explain your choice.
- What is the relationship between the concepts “cutlery” and “spoon”?”
A spoon is a type of cutlery. Cutlery is general, spoon is specific. It is easier for me to talk about specific objects that I can imagine.

12. Do you often need to structure information? For what purpose? How is this usually done? How do you do this?
Yes, I need to structure the information, otherwise it gets confused in my head. I try to generalize it somehow, to build plans or diagrams with interconnections. Sometimes I do it in my head, sometimes on paper.

1. What is work in your opinion? Why do you need a job at all? What are the parameters by which you can determine whether you can handle the job or not?
Work is something that, for some reason, needs to be done. You need to work so that you don’t get bored, inactivity can drive you crazy, that’s why work is needed. I evaluate the amount of skill and effort that needs to be put in. to get the job done. If I have enough of them, then I can handle it, if not, then I doubt my success, but sometimes I can overestimate myself and take on work that is beyond my capabilities.

2. What is the relationship between quality and quantity? Tell us how price depends on quality?
As quantity increases, quality decreases, provided that the amount of effort spent on producing the product remains constant. The higher the quality, the higher the price, but the price can be influenced by many factors, so my statement is valid if all other factors remain constant except quality.

3. How is it customary to determine the quality of work? How do you define the quality of work? How well can you determine the quality of the item you are buying, and do you pay attention to it?
If the work done is done well, there are no errors, everything is correctly designed/packed, the product is durable, and meets the stated standards, then the work is of high quality. If I can hold the product in my hands, I can roughly determine its quality. If this is a product, then you are interested in the smell, composition, appearance of the product, as well as packaging, expiration date, etc. If this is an industrial product, then strength, joint strength, wear resistance, etc. I pay attention to the quality of the products.

4. How do you feel if the task is not completed? Does this happen? For what reasons?
I often don't finish things. I just lose interest in them. If the situation allows, then I put them off until interest arises again.

5. What kind of work do you see as interesting? Please describe in more detail.
An interesting job is one that brings pleasure, evokes pleasant emotions, a desire to learn more and more about it, and to do it for hours without stopping. One that can captivate me and make me forget about the real world.

6. You come to the store and see a product with a price tag hanging on it. By what parameters will you understand whether it is expensive or not?
I will compare the price with similar products, adjusting for quality. If I am ready to give the amount stated in the price tag to satisfy my own needs, then this is at least an acceptable price. After all, the consumer does not buy a thing, but the satisfaction of a need.

7. When you work, they tell you: You are doing it wrong, not correctly. What's your reaction?
If I am sure that I am right, I will be indignant and will defend my rightness, because such interference in my work irritates me. But if I need improvement, then I will ask what exactly my mistake was and ask for everything to be clarified.

8. A professional works next to you. You constantly see that you can’t do it the way he does. What are your feelings, thoughts and actions?
I get the feeling that I will never reach his level. Mainly because I can’t stay true to one passion or one goal for long.

9. When you ask for help at work, how do you feel?
I don't like asking for help, I try to do everything on my own. I ask for help in critical cases and don’t feel entirely comfortable.

10. You need to build a pyramid, such as in Egypt. Your thoughts, actions?
Where to begin? We should find out how it is built. In other words, I will study the theory first.

11. If something is done with difficulty, what can you say about this matter? Your next steps. Give examples. Compare with how others behave in such a situation.
You need to make efforts and improve until the desire disappears. Without desire it will be even more difficult. I will try to rekindle my enthusiasm. If I need to write a term paper in the evening, and I don’t feel like doing it at all, then in the morning I will have conversations with myself where I will try to convince myself that it is interesting, exciting and will generally prove to everyone how smart and capable I am. At the same time, I understand that this is self-deception, but I try to drive away this thought; it is much more important now to awaken interest. I am not interested in what others do; only one method works for me.

1. Tell us what beauty is? Is your idea of ​​beauty changing? How does your understanding of beauty agree with the generally accepted one? What in this understanding goes beyond the generally accepted?
Beauty is what brings moral satisfaction from its contemplation. My ideas about beauty can change under the influence of my hobbies. More likely no than yes. I like destruction, both moral and physical, but only in the ideal version, that is, not the same as in reality. I just like to look at it, being sure that this will not happen in life. I would also include the romanticization of death here. I like it when in literature, cinema, music, etc. death is presented beautifully, but at the same time I am clearly aware that I don’t like it in life.

2. Please describe your understanding of a beautifully dressed man or woman. What is the essence of beauty? Try to explain what is beautiful and what is not to a person who has never heard of beauty.
Beauty inside. I don’t really know what a person should look like for me to consider him beautiful. But if we talk about appearance, then it just has to be pleasing to the eye and give me a feeling of aesthetic comfort.

3. Do you think there is a common pattern for understanding beauty for everyone? Can we say that there is classical beauty?
As far as I know, there are templates, but I don't know much about them. And they don't interest me. For me, what is beautiful is what evokes strong emotions in me.

4. What is coziness, what is comfort? How do you create coziness and comfort? How do others rate your ability to create coziness and comfort? Do you agree with them?

5. How do you choose clothes? Do you follow fashion? Why? How do you understand what to wear for a certain figure?
I'm not very good at fashion. I like the combination of black and white, I will gladly wear a formal suit, because I like to see myself in it. Or I might wear something funny to cheer myself up or get attention. And the main thing in a figure is to cover up flaws, not to focus attention on them.

6. Tell us how you cook? How much do you stick to recipes? How do others rate your taste?
I don't know how to cook, I rarely do it. I don’t like to cook for a long time - it gets boring. I try to strictly adhere to recipes, since I don’t have enough experience to replace ingredients to my taste.

7. How do you understand color combinations? Which color harmonizes well with which and vice versa.
I don't understand. I just look and decide whether I like this combination or not. In general, I never wear flashy combinations and, it seems, I never go wrong with combinations.

8. How do you feel if someone tells you that this is beautiful and goes with something? Do you agree with other people's opinions?
If it matches mine, then yes. If not, then no) I proceed from the concept that everyone perceives beauty in their own way.

9. Could you tell us how you decorated a room (a room, for example)? Do you do it yourself or trust someone else, why?
I'm not interested in design. I think I would have entrusted this to someone else. I don't like to do things that don't interest me.

10. How do you understand that a person has bad taste? Can you give an example? Do you trust only your own taste, or do you feel that you need to ask others for their opinion?
If a person dressed inappropriately for the occasion, place or time, for example, he wore a red dress to a funeral. In general, I cannot explain how I determine this, I just look and feel that one is dressed with taste, and the other is not.

1. How can you build yourself and others? By what methods? Can you press? If so, how does this happen?
What does it mean to build? Call for discipline? Perhaps I am a supporter of putting pressure on conscience. I can, of course, shout, and most likely I will if my moral teachings do not have an effect, but I don’t like conflicts, so I try to use shouting as a last resort.

2. What is a collision? How do you deal with a collision situation? Is it easy to fight back?
Unfounded claims. If they are unfounded, then why should I give them any importance at all? I will immediately say that the person is wrong and I will not listen to him. I can argue, but if the subject of the dispute is not interesting to me, I will turn around and leave. And let the opponent think as he wants. I will still continue to do things my way.

3. What are “friends” and “strangers”? When can “their own” cease to be such and why?
There is a very thin line between them, and I cannot say with confidence that my own people are clearly separated from strangers in my mind. I am connected with my own by family, friendship or other close ties, with strangers - only formal ones or not at all.

4. What are the attack strategies? Can you apply them? When is an attack justified?
If the situation requires drastic measures, my intervention, then I can go on the offensive, but in general I have a vague idea of ​​strategies. Usually, in specific conditions, I quickly think through a plan of action, based on my feelings and sensations.

5. Do you think it is possible to occupy someone else’s territory and when?
Quite. But if I have good reasons for this. Well, the strength to retain this territory. Otherwise, I don't see the point in doing this.

6. What methods of power struggle are most effective and in what situations?
When oral arguments are powerless. I really don't like the use of force. I consider this a manifestation of the diplomatic failure of the interlocutors.

7. How is it customary to protect yourself and your interests?
Polite but stoic.

8. Tell us how you behave in situations of confrontation, in situations when you need to show strength?
I try to remain calm and not let my emotions take over, although I don’t always succeed. I don’t like to use force, particularly physical force.

9. Are you considered a strong person? Do you consider yourself a strong person?
I would like to be considered a strong person. But I don't know how I look in the eyes of others. I don’t consider myself strong, but I strive for it, I often repeat the phrase: “You’re strong.”

10. Tell us how to understand from a person that he is strong? Are there signs of a strong person? What is the essence of strength? Why do people listen to one and not the other?
A strong person is able to make the right decisions in any conditions, he does not need anyone’s pity, he is self-sufficient and knows how to control his feelings and emotions. Strength is control over oneself. People listen to those in whom they see signs of superiority.

11. Do you know how to put pressure on others? By what methods? If so, how does this happen?
I didn't think about it. If I need something from a person, I can use various methods of influence, depending on the person himself. If he is soft, then it is enough to ask or convince him of the need to perform this or that action. If a person is intractable, then you need to force him to understand that the action is necessary for him.

1. What can be considered rudeness? How does your understanding of rudeness agree/differ from the generally accepted one?
- How would you explain what rudeness is to a ten-year-old child?
Rudeness is when someone calls you, your friends, or the thing you love bad names.
- How would this explanation look for an adult who does not know ethical standards?
Rudeness is a disregard for tolerance of other people's opinions, tastes, interests, preferences, style, etc.

2. How would you like to improve public morals?
By introducing strict laws and censorship.

3. Is it an excuse for bad behavior that a person is simply not taught how to behave?
If a person has not been taught, this may not be scary, but if he does not want to learn himself, then hiding behind the fact that he was not taught is already a crime.

4. Listen to yourself and give your definition of love. Is it possible to love and punish at the same time?
Love is everything: from the affection of two people for each other, to hobbies and scientific discoveries. I believe that you can punish with love if it carries an educational element.

5. Have you heard about Georgian hospitality? Everything for the guest. And there is also German hospitality - the owner has rights in his home. Which approach is more legitimate, try to evaluate, regardless of our cultural habits? What are your nation's cultural traditions on this matter?
I am for the German option. A home is a person’s personal space, so you need to behave in it in such a way that the owners feel comfortable.

6. What is empathy. When should you show it, when should you not show it, when do you show it?
It's hard for me to sympathize. I don't seem to be able to do this. I don’t see where the line between sympathy and pity is, and I don’t like the latter with all my heart.

7. Are there norms of behavior and relationships between people in society? If yes, do you adhere to them? Should you always follow relationship norms? Why?
I think there must be norms, otherwise society will turn into uncontrollable chaos. For example, subordination. Without it, a lot will simply collapse. I adhere to these standards. But I don’t think that there should always be compliance with norms in everything, because everything in the world is relative, and there will always be situations that will be difficult to fit into one norm.

8. Is it enough just to use the knowledge of books and how you were taught, the examples that you have seen in life in order to be able to communicate with people, or is something else needed?
It is necessary to be able to apply in practice all the knowledge gleaned from books and other sources. The ability to apply them to a specific person. And the ability to respect his knowledge and experience in similar issues.

9. How to understand which relationship with people is correct and which is not?
The correct one is one that does not contradict moral and ethical standards.

10. What can be called moral and what is immoral? How do you understand this, and how do others (the majority) understand it? Can you evaluate the correctness of your understanding?
Morally is when other people's opinions, actions, and visions are respected. Moreover, moral actions should not infringe on the freedom of another person. I agree with the definition of morality that is accepted in the modern world. But sometimes I get the impression that some of its points are already rejected by the majority. This upsets me because I believe that my concept of morality is correct.

11. Someone has a clearly negative attitude towards you. What's your reaction? Can you yourself express (show, demonstrate) to a person your negative attitude towards him? If so, how? Can you treat someone badly for a long time? Do you forgive offenses?
If a person is indifferent to me, then most likely I will not feel anything other than irritation. I can express some phrase, but I’m unlikely to get involved in a verbal skirmish. If a person was indifferent, then I will simply remember his attitude and draw conclusions regarding further relationships with him. If I’m close, then it will probably hurt me, but I won’t show it outwardly. I forgive grievances, I see no reason to accumulate evil in myself, I only draw conclusions for the future in order to adjust my behavior towards this person.

12. Tell us about how your relationships with others developed over the past day.
Today I spent the whole day at home, I was sick, so I’ll tell you about yesterday. This morning I was at the dentist: the relationship was formal and polite. In the evening I met a girl whom I had previously known on the Internet. We got along well, there was no tension in communication. I also get along well with my family, I try to avoid quarrels, there were none that day. A young man called and had a pleasant and warm conversation. In addition, there were several online conversations related to common interests.

1. “The whole world is not worth a child’s tears” How do you understand this? Do you share this opinion?
The child should not feel pain, both moral and physical. Yes, I think I agree, because children are pure, open creatures who are just learning about the world. Making them suffer is inhumane; they are not guilty of anything.

2. Is it acceptable in society to express and show one’s emotions? Give examples of inappropriate expressions of emotion.
I think no. But at the same time, I constantly show them myself. For example, it is inappropriate to laugh and talk loudly on public transport. But I periodically neglect this rule.

3. Is it possible to use negative emotions? In what situations?
It's better to eradicate them.

4. How do you show negative emotions? How will this look? What are others saying about this?
I get irritated, angry. I can hit the wall with my fist, kick something, break something. I can cry too, but I try not to do it in public. It seems that I have been awarded the title of “hysterical” more than once. This is probably true.

5. What are superficial emotions? What other emotions could there be?
Emotions must be deep. A person must feel. So that you want to jump, run, fly or, conversely, cry, smear tears on your cheeks, scream. Superficial emotions are an illusion of life.

6. Which emotions are considered correct and which are not?
Sincere.

7. How quickly can you change your emotional state? Which way?
I have a stable emotional background, I am an optimist. But I like to evoke strong emotions in myself, so I love films and books with tragic endings that can make me “feel”.

8. What is “splashing out” of emotions? How does this happen?
This is when a person cannot maintain a calm appearance and sobriety of judgment, while emotions rule inside him. It can be expressed by performing certain physical actions, screaming, crying, laughing, etc.

9. Does your internal emotional state correspond to what you show outside (when you are cheerful, crying, screaming, angry)?
Usually yes. Although I try to restrain negative emotions.

10. During the day, do you notice what your mood is at the moment? Do you notice the mood of others?
Yes, I always pay attention to this. As for others, I always feel what mood someone is in.

11. Remember such negative states as sadness, despondency, melancholy.
- Can you enter this state of your own free will, if not, how do you get into it?
Usually, this requires some kind of stimulant, for example music.
- How long can you stay in this state?
If this state is not caused by objective reasons, but simply by my whim, then it won’t last long, about 15 minutes.
- How do you get out of it?
It goes away on its own.
- Can it be pleasant, relieving?
Yes, it is quite. Sometimes this is not enough.
- How do you feel after this condition?
Peaceful
12. What is your usual emotional state? Does your inner emotional state match what you show on the outside?
I am usually in high spirits, sociable, and friendly. As a rule, the external corresponds to the internal.

1. How do you deal with surprises?
I don't like them.

2. Tell us how people change? How do you feel about these changes? Do others see these changes?
With time comes experience. Change is normal, it's movement. I don't know about others, but I would like them to see.

3. Is everything that happens really for the best?
Certainly. Otherwise, life will become completely sad.

4. How do you feel about horoscopes, fortune telling, etc.? Do you believe in luck, happy accidents?
I do not believe.

5. Can you predict events? Actually, is this real?
Not with 100% accuracy, of course, but I can guess something based on current circumstances and trends.

6. What is time? How do you feel about it? Can you kill him?
Something that is usually missing. Sometimes it barely moves, and sometimes it flies by unnoticed. I can kill while doing some unimportant things.

7. Is it easy for you to wait for any important event? What if the exact time of its onset is unknown?
The anticipation of a holiday is always better than the holiday itself. If this event is pleasant, then I enjoy the anticipation. If it’s unpleasant, then it’s a burden.

8. Do you need outside help in predicting how things will end? Do you trust such forecasts?
No.

9. Are you late? How do you feel about others being late?
I'm late. She is loyal to others because she herself is no better than them.

10. Imagine a situation where you have agreed to meet someone. Your feelings and actions if:
a) 20 minutes left before arrival, I came so early!
b) 5 minutes left before arrival, will come soon, I feel inspired.
c) the time has come, but he (she) is not there,. no big deal, it's delayed. I can call and ask where he is.
d) 20 minutes have already passed and he (she) is not there. I’ll call and find out where he is and whether he’ll come. If I don’t get through, I leave.
e ) and then nothing... I'm leaving.

1. Do you think there is a meaning to life and what is it? Is this meaning the same for all people?
Live a decent life, so as not to harm anyone, to leave something behind. Each person will have their own meaning.

2. What needs to be done for all people to live happily?
This will never happen, if only because everyone has their own concept of happiness.

3. In a situation rich in potential outcomes, will you rely on your own instincts, calculate logically, or rely on the opinion of someone you have heard that can be trusted?
According to your instinct.

4. When you meet a stranger, what can you immediately say about him? How do you understand what a person is like? How long does it take you to understand a person’s qualities?
The way you speak and dress can say a lot about a person. But at the same time, first impressions can be deceiving. I try not to judge a person superficially, but rather try to talk to him about something. But, as a rule, one conversation is enough for me to roughly decide what kind of person he is and what kind of relationship I can develop with him.

5. Please remember some person who is interesting to you, and name 5-6 of his qualities that make him interesting to you?
Talented, versatile, quick-witted, able to carry on a conversation, extraordinary or even strange, attentive.

6. What opinions about you, expressed by people who should know you, seem to you:
1) fair; fickle, emotional, funny, strange
2) unfair; I don't pay attention to them
3) offensive; I don't pay attention either
4) strange. I don't remember

7. What is fantasy? Do all people have imagination? What is your fantasy?
This is the ability to imagine the unreal and impossible. I have a fantasy, but it’s difficult to judge the degree of its development, because I don’t know what to compare it with.

8. What qualities in life does a person need to be successful and why?
Consistency in views and goals, as well as perseverance in achieving them.

9. What qualities can slow a person down in life and why?
If he doesn't know what he wants.

10. What is more important in life - to be a good person or successful? Why? Is a good person always successful? If not always, then why?
It's more important to be good. Because in this case the person is at peace with himself and his conscience is clear. But in our world, in my opinion, a good person, alas, is not successful. Because immoral actions, going beyond the boundaries of what is permitted, etc. are popular.

11. How do you feel about the fact that someone (you) stands out from other people and is different in some way? What is the measure of such allocation, in what ways is it possible, in what ways is it not?
If it doesn't interfere with other people's lives, then that's great. People like this fascinate me.

12. Ideas do not have to be correct in order to be good (Ideas do not have to be correct in order to be good). What is your opinion on this issue?
Agree. Correct in what sense? For what or for whom? But even if you don’t quibble, creating an idea is not so easy. Even if it is incorrect, it contains meaning, someone’s conclusions. Let it be, maybe someone will come and make it “right”.

Deductive and inductive methods express a fundamentally important feature of the learning process. It consists in the ability to reveal the logic of the content of the material. The use of these models represents the choice of a certain line of revealing the essence of the topic - from the general to the specific and vice versa. Let us next consider what the deductive and inductive methods are.

Inductio

The word induction comes from a Latin term. It means a transition from specific, individual knowledge about certain objects of a class to a general conclusion about all related objects. The inductive method of cognition is based on data obtained through experiment and observation.

Meaning

The inductive method has a special place in scientific activities. It includes, first of all, the mandatory accumulation of experimental information. This information serves as the basis for further generalizations, formalized in the form of scientific hypotheses, classifications, and so on. At the same time, it should be noted that such techniques are often not enough. This is due to the fact that conclusions obtained during the accumulation of experience often turn out to be false when new facts arise. In this case, the inductive-deductive method is used. The limitations of the “from the particular to the general” model of study are also manifested in the fact that the information obtained with its help does not in itself act as necessary. In this regard, the inductive method must be complemented by comparison.

Classification

The inductive method can be complete. In this case, the conclusion is made based on the results of studying absolutely all subjects presented in a certain class. There is also incomplete induction. In this case, the general conclusion is the result of considering only some homogeneous phenomena or objects. Due to the fact that in the real world it is not possible to study all the facts, an incomplete inductive research method is used. The conclusions that are drawn in this case are of a probable nature. The reliability of inferences increases in the process of selecting a fairly large number of cases about which a generalization is made. Moreover, the facts themselves must be different and reflect not random, but essential properties of the object of study. If these conditions are met, you can avoid such common mistakes as hasty conclusions, confusing a simple sequence of events with cause-and-effect relationships between them, and so on.

Bacon's inductive method

It is presented in the work "New Organon". Bacon was extremely dissatisfied with the state of science in his period. In this regard, he decided to update the methods of studying nature. Bacon believed that this would not only make existing sciences and arts reliable, but would also make it possible to discover new disciplines unknown to man. Many scientists noted the incompleteness and vagueness of the presentation of the concept. There is a common misconception that the inductive method in the New Organon is presented as a simple way of studying from specific, individual experience to generally valid propositions. However, this model was used before the creation of this work. Bacon, in his concept, argued that no one could find the nature of an object in itself. The study needs to be expanded to the “general” scale. He explained this by saying that elements hidden in some things can have a common and obvious nature in others.

Application of the model

The inductive method is quite widely used in school education. For example, a teacher, explaining what specific gravity is, takes different substances in the same volume for comparison and weighs them. In this case, incomplete induction takes place, since not all, but only some objects participate in the explanation. The model is also widely used in experimental (experimental) disciplines; The corresponding educational materials are built on its basis. Some clarification of terms is in order here. In the sentence, the word “experimental” is used to characterize the empirical side of science, by analogy with such a concept as “prototype.” In this case, the sample did not gain experience, but participated in the experiment. The inductive method is used in lower grades. Children in elementary school get acquainted with various natural phenomena. This allows them to enrich their little experience and knowledge about the world around them. In high school, the information obtained in elementary school serves as the basis for the assimilation of generalizing data. The inductive method is used when it is necessary to show a pattern that is characteristic of all objects/phenomena of one category, but proof of it cannot yet be offered. The use of this model makes it possible to make a generalization obvious and convincing, to present the conclusion as arising from the studied facts. This will be a kind of proof of the pattern.

Specifics

The weakness of induction is that it requires more time to consider new material. This learning model is less conducive to improving abstract thinking because it is based on concrete facts, experience, and other data. The inductive method should not become universal in teaching. According to modern trends, which involve an increase in the volume of theoretical information in educational programs and the introduction of appropriate study models, the importance of other logistical forms of presenting material is increasing. First of all, the role of deduction, analogy, hypothesis and others increases. The considered model is effective when the information is predominantly factual in nature or is associated with the formation of concepts, the essence of which can become clear only with such reasoning.

Deductio

The deductive method involves a transition from a general conclusion about an object of a certain class to private, individual knowledge about an individual object from this group. It can be used to predict events that have not yet occurred. The basis in this case is the general studied patterns. Deduction is widely used in proving, justifying, and testing assumptions and hypotheses. Thanks to her, the most important scientific discoveries were made. The deductive method plays a vital role in the formation of the logical orientation of thinking. It promotes the development of the ability to use known information in the process of mastering new material. Within the framework of deduction, each specific case is studied as a link in a chain, and their relationship is examined. This allows you to obtain data that goes beyond the initial conditions. Using this information, the researcher makes new conclusions. When the original objects are included in newly emerging connections, previously unknown properties of the objects are revealed. The deductive method promotes the application of acquired knowledge in practice, general theoretical principles, which are exclusively abstract in nature, to specific events that people encounter in life.

Deduction is a method of thinking, the consequence of which is a logical conclusion, where a particular conclusion is deduced from a general one.

“From just one drop of water, a person who knows how to think logically can deduce the existence of the Atlantic Ocean or Niagara Falls, even if he has not seen either one or the other,” this is how the most famous literary detective reasoned. Taking into account small details invisible to other people, he built impeccable logical conclusions using the method of deduction. It was thanks to Sherlock Holmes that the whole world learned what deduction is. In his reasoning, the great detective always started from the general - the whole picture of the crime with the alleged criminals, and moved to specific moments - he considered each individual, everyone who could commit the crime, studied the motives, behavior, evidence.

This amazing Conan Doyle hero could guess from the soil particles on his shoes which part of the country a person came from. He also distinguished one hundred and forty types of tobacco ash. Sherlock Holmes was interested in absolutely everything and had extensive knowledge in all areas.

What is the essence of deductive logic

The deductive method begins with a hypothesis that a person believes to be true a priori, and then he must test it through observations. Books on philosophy and psychology define this concept as an inference built on the principle from the general to the particular according to the laws of logic.

Unlike other types of logical reasoning, deduction derives a new idea from others, leading to a specific conclusion applicable to a given situation.

The deductive method allows our thinking to be more specific and effective.

The bottom line is that deduction is based on deducing the particular on the basis of general premises. In other words, this is reasoning based on confirmed, generally accepted and generally known general data, which leads to a logical factual conclusion.

The deductive method is successfully used in mathematics, physics, scientific philosophy and economics. Doctors and lawyers also need to use deductive reasoning skills, but they are useful for any profession. Even for writers working on books, the ability to understand characters and draw conclusions based on empirical knowledge is important.

Deductive logic is a philosophical concept, it has been known since the time of Aristotle, but it began to be intensively developed only in the nineteenth century, when developing mathematical logic gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of the deductive method. Aristotle understood deductive logic as evidence with syllogisms: reasoning with two premises and one conclusion. Rene Descartes also emphasized the high cognitive or cognitive function of deduction. In his works, the scientist contrasted it with intuition. In his opinion, it directly reveals the truth, and deduction comprehends this truth indirectly, that is, through additional reasoning.

In everyday reasoning, deduction is extremely rarely used in the form of a syllogism or two premises and one conclusion. Most often, only one message is indicated, and the second message, as well-known and accepted by everyone, is omitted. The conclusion is also not always formulated explicitly. The logical connection between premises and conclusions is expressed by the words “here”, “therefore”, “therefore”, “therefore”.

Examples of using the method

A person who engages in full deductive reasoning is likely to be mistaken for a pedant. Indeed, when reasoning using the following syllogism as an example, such conclusions may be too artificial.

First part: “All Russian officers carefully preserve military traditions.” Second: “All keepers of military traditions are patriots.” Finally, the conclusion: “Some patriots are Russian officers.”

Another example: “Platinum is a metal, all metals conduct electricity, which means platinum is electrically conductive.”

Quote from a joke about Sherlock Holmes: “The cabman greets Conan Doyle’s hero, saying that he is glad to see him after Constantinople and Milan. To Holmes’ surprise, the cab driver explains that he learned this information from the tags on the luggage.” And this is an example of using the deductive method.

Examples of deductive logic in Conan Doyle's novel and McGuigan's Sherlock Holmes series

What deduction is in the artistic interpretation of Paul McGuigan becomes clear in the following examples. A quote that embodies the deductive method from the series: “This man has the bearing of a former military man. His face is tanned, but this is not his skin tone, since his wrists are not so dark. The face is tired, as if after a serious illness. He holds his hand motionless, most likely he was once wounded in it.” Here Benedict Cumberbatch uses the method of inference from the general to the specific.

Often deductive conclusions are so limited that they can only be guessed at. It can be difficult to restore deduction in full, indicating two premises and a conclusion, as well as logical connections between them.

Quote from detective Conan Doyle: “Because I have been using deductive logic for so long, conclusions arise in my head so quickly that I do not even notice intermediate conclusions or relationships between two positions.”

What does deductive logic give in life?

Deduction will be useful in everyday life, business, and work. The secret of many people who have achieved outstanding success in various fields of activity lies in the ability to use logic and analyze any actions, calculating their outcome.

When studying any subject, the deductive thinking approach will allow you to consider the object of study more carefully and from all sides; at work, you will be able to make the right decisions and calculate efficiency; and in everyday life - to better navigate in building relationships with other people. Therefore, deduction can improve quality of life when used correctly.

The incredible interest shown in deductive reasoning in various fields of scientific activity is absolutely understandable. After all, deduction allows you to obtain new laws and axioms from an existing fact, event, empirical knowledge, moreover, exclusively through theoretical means, without applying it experimentally, solely through observations. Deduction provides a complete guarantee that the facts obtained as a result of a logical approach and operation will be reliable and true.

Speaking about the importance of the logical deductive operation, we should not forget about the inductive method of thinking and justifying new facts. Almost all general phenomena and conclusions, including axioms, theorems and scientific laws, appear as a result of induction, that is, the movement of scientific thought from the particular to the general. Thus, inductive reasoning is the basis of our knowledge. True, this approach in itself does not guarantee the usefulness of the acquired knowledge, but the inductive method raises new assumptions and connects them with knowledge established empirically. Experience in this case is the source and basis of all our scientific ideas about the world.

Deductive argumentation is a powerful means of cognition, used to obtain new facts and knowledge. Together with induction, deduction is a tool for understanding the world.