What are bridges for? Why bridges are needed

Kuzina S.V.

Throughout the development of human society, people have needed to move from place to place. Often rivers prevented this. For a convenient and safe passage through them, one had to look for a ford or go around. A person who saw fallen trees spread across the river came up with the idea of artificially creating such transitions. At first it was fallen trees, then they came up with rope devices. With the advent of the wheel, more reliable and durable structures were required. Thus the idea of bridges was born. The bridge is one of the most ancient inventions of mankind. It allows you to overcome obstacles in the form of a reservoir, a ravine, a collapse. At the same time, the bridge is a military-strategic facility and one of the most important means of communication.

In the culture of various societies, bridges had a spiritual meaning, which was created not only on the basis of their practical value and understanding of them as important parts of the infrastructure of states. Bridges have also become a symbol of human self-affirmation and overcoming the forces of nature. Today in the world there are more than a million bridges of different lengths, heights and beauty. It is difficult to overestimate their role in the modern international network of traffic flows, their great commercial and strategic importance.

One of the regions where today's transport and transit corridors cross is Kazakhstan. Acting due to its geographical position as an international crossroads of the most important trade routes along the North-South-West-East line, Kazakhstan is of great interest for the development of the economies of Asia and Europe. It is symbolic that in ancient times, the caravan routes of the Great Silk Road passed through its lands, which served as a road for cultural and trade cooperation between the peoples of East and West.

An important transport hub connecting the eastern region of Kazakhstan with large economic regions - Western Siberia, Altai, Mongolia, Western China, as well as other regions of Kazakhstan, is the city of Semipalatinsk (now the city of Semey). This is the second largest city in East Kazakhstan and a major railway junction located at the intersection of the Turkestan-Siberian railway, the Irtysh River and numerous highways. Of great importance in the transport system of the city are bridges over the Irtysh River, which divides the city into two parts. From the moment of formation, the Semipalatinsk fortress, founded in 1718 as a border and military base, as it grew, became an important trading point between Russia and Kazakhstan, and later between Russia, Central Asia and Western China. Dzungarian Kalmyks, Kokand, Bukhara, and Tashkent people came to the fortress to trade. Decade after decade, Semipalatinsk, becoming an increasingly important center of transit trade, not only passes through itself the industrial and exotic goods of Russia, China, India, Central Asia, but also successfully trades with these countries in leather, red yuft, meat, honey, produced in the Irtysh region .

Over time, as the region developed, economic ties expanded, it was necessary to build a large railway connecting Turkestan, Semirechye (today the south of Kazakhstan and part of Kyrgyzstan) and Siberia. The idea of building such a railway line was born in 1886. It was assumed that the road would strengthen the military presence of Russia in the region bordering China, as well as significantly simplify the export of cotton from Turkestan to Siberia and cheap Semirechensk and Siberian grain to Turkestan. In 1906, money was allocated for the construction of the Barnaul-Semipalatinsk-Verny-Lugovaya-Arys line. In 1907, the first geological and statistical-economic studies were carried out on the ground. Soon the construction of connecting lines from the Trans-Siberian Railway to Semipalatinsk began, which was carried out until 1917 and even during the years of the civil war. Separate branches were completed under the Bolsheviks in the early 1920s.

Despite the construction of railway lines in Kazakhstan in the first years of Soviet power, with the beginning of industrialization it turned out that the level of development of railway transport was completely insufficient and could not ensure the rise of the entire national economy of the republic. First of all, it was necessary to build a line from Semipalatinsk to Lugovaya - the Turkestan-Siberian railway. The decision to build Turksib was made at a meeting of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR on December 3, 1926. 1442 kilometers of rail track were to be laid through mountain rivers, rocky ridges, hot sands along the route Semipalatinsk - Ayaguz - Aktogay - Alma-Ata - Chokpar - Chu - Lugovaya.

The laying of the highway involved the construction of several large bridges.

Preparations for construction began in April 1927. On July 15, 1927, the first rails were laid in the north in Semipalatinsk, and on November 2 of the same year, the tracks in the south from Lugovaya station. According to the Kazakh custom, in order for a newborn child to grow up strong and strong, he is carried through a new yurt. This custom was also applied at the opening ceremony of the construction of the highway. An arch-yurt was erected over the Lugovaya station track, to which the Turksib rails adjoined. A locomotive drove through it, announcing the birth of the road with its whistle, then the first rails were laid and the first crutches were hammered. On one side of the arch was written "Turkestan", on the other - "Siberia". On the locomotive fluttered a kumach with the slogan "Give Siberia!"

Workers for the construction of the highway were hired from many regions of the country. Most of all there were Ukrainians - Kyiv, Cherkasy and Poltava grabars. Then came the Tambov kolymazhny, Nizhny Novgorod and Kursk horse carriers. The Miass and Yenisei chauffeurs worked on stony soils, and the Yukhnov chauffeurs were also famous. The news of the road reached the Kazakhs, and they were drawn to the new building, primarily for earthworks.

As D.A. Amanzholova notes, “economic ties between the subjects of the federation, the construction of numerous industrial facilities in previously backward regions, with the intensive movement of large groups of labor resources that accompanied it, objectively strengthened interethnic integration and civil unity of all ethnic communities.”

The builders of Turksib competed with the team of another extremely important construction site of the first five-year plan - Dneproges. In general, during the construction of bridges on the Turkestan-Siberian Railway, it was the bridge across the Irtysh in the Semipalatinsk region that became the most important object. Ever since the founding and formation of the city, located on both banks of the Irtysh River, their connection has remained an urgent problem. And not only because Zarechnaya Slobidka was located on the left bank, but primarily because the famous trade caravans in Semirechye, Xinjiang and Turkestan were equipped and set off from the left bank. During the construction of Turksib, it was necessary to build a bridge in the shortest possible time. The builders of the highway had great difficulties due to the untimely delivery of materials both on the right and on the left (Zhana-Semeisky) bank. Horse-drawn transport was very expensive, there were not enough horses and camels. The builders managed to establish a crossing across the Irtysh, first organizing a ferry crossing across the river, and with the onset of winter, an ice crossing. But there was no steam locomotive across the river to open the movement of utility trains. Then a heavy sleigh was built, a steam locomotive was loaded onto them, and a road train of four cars moved across the ice. However, the cable holding back the sled could not withstand the load and broke. The sledge quickly rushed, the ice trembled, but did not break. The locomotive was successfully pulled onto the steppe coast and put on the rails. Later, a temporary wooden bridge 300 meters long was built across the Irtysh. It was built in 11 days, and the goods went across the river without transshipment. The cost per ton-kilometer of cargo transportation has dropped sharply. But by March 1929, the construction of a permanent railway bridge was completed, built in just 18 months. On May 10, 1929, the first regular passenger train ran from Semipalatinsk to Sergiopol (Ayaguz) on a grandiose bridge over the Irtysh with a total length of more than 600 m. The bridge was built by 850 workers, and 1,500 tons of stone were spent on its construction. The work was complex (the erection of supports on caissons and manual riveting of span structures), and they were carried out in three shifts.

On the construction of this bridge, the later famous scientist, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honored Worker of Science and Technology Yu.A. Limanov. He did undergraduate practice here, and then, after graduating from the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers, he began working as an engineer. His first and very responsible work was the instrumental breakdown of supports for span structures 109.2 m long (with a river depth of 9-10 m). He well understood the responsibility of the task, he was very worried and checked all the measurements several times. Only after the river froze over and it became possible to check the correctness of the stakeouts by measuring distances on ice, it was found that the instrumental stakeouts were accurate. The railway metal bridge across the Irtysh River at the 657th kilometer of the single-track section Semipalatinsk - Zhana-Semey is the largest on the legendary Turksib. It has become a symbol and mechanism for changing and developing not only economic ties, but also the social psychology and culture of people, and the geopolitical situation throughout Central Asia.

Today, the bridge is a link between Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, as well as countries near and far abroad. Several dozen trains pass through it every day. Despite its venerable age, the bridge copes with the capacity of this section and ensures the safety of train traffic at the set speed. According to experts, with the correct maintenance of the crossing, it will last at least another 100 years.

The history of bridges as the personification of intercultural communications in Semey continued at the end of the 20th century. The banks of the Irtysh, in addition to the metal railway bridge, are connected by two more automobile bridges. The old road bridge in the mid-1990s had exhausted its resource, and there was an urgent need to build a new one. As a result, the first suspension bridge in the CIS was built, which once again brought together representatives of different cultures. The project for the construction of a bridge across the Irtysh River, consisting of a suspension bridge, access roads and roads connecting both banks in the city of Semipalatinsk, was proposed by the Japanese company "Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company, Ltd." ("IHI"). It was implemented by the Japanese company IHI and the Turkish company Alsim Alarko. In fact, representatives of six countries took part in the construction of a unique structure. The international team of bridge builders consisted of Kazakhs, Japanese, Turks, British, Chinese and Filipinos. Given that the pavement of the bridge roadbed is 50% natural asphalt, supplied from the famous bitumen lake Peach Lake in Trinidad, we can say that the bridge connected three continents - Asia, Europe and the Caribbean of the Western Hemisphere. It is interesting to note that it was built with funds allocated by the International Fund for Economic Cooperation of Japan and the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the contract, 42 months were allotted for all work. But the object was ready in record time - 30 months, and was opened on October 17, 2000. This bridge is economically viable due to the short construction period, elegant and monumental.

The basis of the structure is a suspension expansion bridge with a main span of 750 m and two access overpasses of 168 m each. The bridge has two three-lane carriageways, each lane 3.75 meters wide. The suspension bridge in Semey is the only one in the CIS and the world's seventeenth suspension bridge across the river. It has a unique resemblance to the Golden Gate of San Francisco, the London Tower Bridge, the Bosphorus Bridge.

Putting the bridge into operation made it possible to unload the old automobile bridge in the city, highways of national and international importance, including the Russian Omsk-Novosibirsk highway leading to the Siberian region of Russia. Both the railway and automobile bridges of Semey across the Irtysh have long and reliably served economic cooperation, tourist exchange, family ties and all kinds of communication between people of different nationalities and cultures living in Kazakhstan, Russia, and the republics of Central Asia.

Bridges connect roads. Roads connect people.

Given that both Russia and Kazakhstan geographically occupy a strategic position between the West and the East, their transport communications should become a kind of bridge that ensures fruitful interaction between peoples and states. And therefore, despite the differences and borders between us, we need to build bridges that connect people.

And it is important to remember: the one who burned bridges behind him isolated himself from the whole world.

Literature:

1 Amanzholova D.A. Soviet ethnopolitics (1929-1941) // Ethnic and religious factors in the formation and evolution of the Russian state. M.: New Chronograph, 2012. S. 207-262.

2 History of suspension bridges // URL. http://www.arch-mar.ru/hanging_bridge_history.html

3 The history of the construction of Turksib // Railway transport. 1999. No. 10 // http://rzd-expo.ru/history/istoriya_stroitelstva_turksiba/

4 Kropacheva V. Bridge to the 21st century. Bridge of Great Opportunities // Voice of the People. 2000. October 27 // URL. http://www.semsk.kz/archive/2000/bridge6.htm

5 Nauryzbaev K. The largest construction of the five-year plan // URL. http://komsomol-history.kz/index

6 Pigaev V. The bridge across the Irtysh is a symbol of the new Kazakhstan // URL. http://flashpress.kz/blog/flash/960.html

7 See: Payne M. "Forge" of the Kazakh proletariat? Turksib, nativization and industrialization during the years of Stalin's first five-year plan // State of Nations: Empire and national construction in the era of Lenin and Stalin. M.: ROSSPEN, 2011. S. 273-308.

8. http://www.mamm-mdf.ru/exhibitions/prodoljenie-19281931/ (date of access: 07/12/2012).

9. http://vsemee.kz/foto/v/staryj-semipalatinsk

10.http://images.esosedi.ru/semipalatinsk_zheleznodorozhnyiy_m/70314409/index.html#lat=50406096&lng=80233792&z=15&mt=1&v=0

11. http://flashpress.kz/blog/flash/960.html

Bridges are engineering and technical structures, and they can be of a wide variety of shapes and have different purposes. Network, drawbridge, hanging, railway, automobile, pedestrian - these are all bridges.

Bridges are used to connect something or someone. The most common and ancient are bridges over rivers.

Everyone knows about the existence of drawbridges. Why are they needed? Why can't you build an ordinary bridge? This is due to the fact that a huge liner cannot pass under a simple bridge in height, so drawbridges are built at the shipping sites. They can diverge vertically (up) or horizontally (to the sides). The very first drawbridge was built over the River Thames.

The simplest type of bridge is a beam bridge. It serves to close a small empty space. There are even dental bridges! Bridge teeth are a prosthesis that must be installed if several or one tooth is missing. A prerequisite is the presence of two teeth on the sides of the installation site. The metro bridge is used for the metro line to pass through it.

Railway bridges are designed specifically for trains. Only pedestrians can cross the footbridges. Cars cannot drive over them, there are separate road bridges for them. The very first bridge appeared in ancient times and was a simple log thrown over a narrow abyss. In the future, these structures began to be built of stone.

Bridges were also used to provide the population with water. This type of structure is called an aqueduct. Some bridges are architectural works of art, therefore they serve not only as a means of crossing, but also as a decoration of the city. A multifunctional bridge has been built in Italy - in addition to its main function, it is planned to be used as a wind and solar power plant in the future (Wind and solar bridge "Solar Wind").

In Denver, a bridge was created specifically for animals. It connects two parts of the forest, which were separated by a highway. The longest bridge in the world was built in China and is 22 miles (35.41 km) long. It connects the shores of the ocean. This building is surprising in that a special service operates on it, where you can refuel the car, eat and spend the night.

A compass is an indispensable thing in a serious hiking trip. With the help of this useful device, equipped with a magnetic needle, the traveler can choose the right direction of travel without fear of getting lost in unfamiliar terrain. To prevent the compass from becoming a useless accessory, you need to know how to use it correctly.

What is a compass for?

People get out into nature quite often. For some, this is an opportunity to visit the forest in search of mushrooms and berries. Others love hiking in uncharted places. Untouched nature, fresh air, songs with a guitar by the fire and other attributes of romance, however, are good only when travelers feel confident in the forest. And for this you need to be able to navigate in unfamiliar places.

A person who is in a foreign city usually does not have problems with orientation in the area. In a large metropolis, it is quite easy to determine your location. This tourist will be helped by elements of urban infrastructure, signs with the names of streets or metro stations, and other information signs. To feel confident, it is enough to have at hand the most general map of the city.

Another thing is if you are in nature. There are no usual attributes of civilization here, and most often there is no one to ask for directions. And then the compass comes to the rescue. It is precisely the device with which you can relatively easily navigate in the field, in the mountains or in the forest, that is, where the wind of wandering has thrown you. This compact device, equipped with a dial and a magnetized needle, allows a trained tourist to confidently determine the sides of the horizon and outline the correct direction of movement.

To bring the compass into "combat readiness", remove it from the latch and place it on a horizontal plane. At the same time, the magnetized needle will be released and begin to oscillate, after which it will be fixed, pointing north with its blue end, and south with its red end. Now you need to turn the body of the device so that the zero on the dial coincides with the end of the arrow pointing north.

Please note that it is necessary to start orienteering not at the moment when you find yourself in a hopeless situation and get lost, but at the moment you start moving through unfamiliar terrain. Knowing the location of the sides of the horizon at the moment you enter the forest, you can immediately understand in which direction you will move. To return, of course, you will need to return in the opposite direction.

Using the marks printed on the compass dial, you can choose for yourself any direction of movement. In order not to get lost on a hike, it will only be necessary to remember or write down the azimuth to a noticeable landmark marked on the map or clearly visible on the ground. Azimuth is the angle, expressed in degrees, between the direction of north and the object you have selected. This angle, which can range from 0 to 360 degrees, is measured clockwise.

If you change direction along the way, you should each time measure a new azimuth using the compass, drawing a broken line on the map or traffic pattern. To learn how to work with a compass and a map, it is advisable to conduct one or two field exercises in an area with which you are relatively familiar. This skill, combined with a compass, will help you easily navigate where no human has gone before.

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We write and talk a lot about the importance of accessibility of streets and public spaces for people, and in some cities this is even starting to pay off. However, for some reason, during the construction or reconstruction of bridges and overpasses, people are completely forgotten, as if this is an exclusive zone for cars. But we all understand that this is not the case, that bridges are more important for the accessibility of pedestrians and cyclists than simple streets, because as a rule they connect urban areas through physical obstacles and have no alternatives. Alas, judging by the latest all-Russian projects, everything is very bad.

01. Bridge of a healthy person:

02. Junkie Bridge:

03. Differences are visible even from above - the desire to build traffic-free roads in several levels, which are typical for country roads, and not for the city, in addition to killing inter-district communications, they also occupy too much valuable urban land:

04. The project of the overpass in Kirov. Even the visualization shows that they didn’t even think about pedestrians and cyclists (thanks that at least the sidewalk on the bridge was added, which still breaks right away)

05. What is there to hide, most often the designers do not think about people at all, therefore they do not make comfortable sidewalks, but technical passages that you can’t even walk on (hello to the Golden Bridge from Vladivostok). In this regard, the bridge from Rostov-on-Don surprises and pleases:

06. And upsets the new Krasnoyarsk bridge, which seeks to repeat the fate of the Vladivostok Golden Bridge. Although here it will still be necessary to try, in principle, to climb it:

07. You can immediately see how people are treated in the city:

08. And this is the projected congress from the chords in Moscow on the street. Ak. Queen. Insanity in the minds of the designers reached the point that they had to lay a separate pedestrian overpass next to the new road:

It's very bad, sir. The design of objects in the city will not lead to good, counting on the fact that pedestrians and cyclists are second-class people.

photos honestly taken from the Internet