A new theory of the origin of the universe has been proposed. Holographic Universe: a new theory of space-time? New theory of the environment of the universe

The grandeur and diversity of the surrounding world can amaze any imagination. All objects and objects surrounding a person, other people, various types of plants and animals, particles that can only be seen with a microscope, as well as incomprehensible star clusters: they are all united by the concept of "Universe".

Theories of the origin of the universe have been developed by man for a long time. Despite the absence of even the initial concept of religion or science, in the inquisitive minds of ancient people questions arose about the principles of the world order and about the position of a person in the space that surrounds him. It is difficult to count how many theories of the origin of the Universe exist today, some of them are being studied by leading world-famous scientists, others are frankly fantastic.

Cosmology and its subject

Modern cosmology - the science of the structure and development of the universe - considers the question of its origin as one of the most interesting and still insufficiently studied mysteries. The nature of the processes that contributed to the emergence of stars, galaxies, solar systems and planets, their development, the source of the emergence of the Universe, as well as its size and boundaries: all this is just a short list of issues studied by modern scientists.

The search for answers to the fundamental riddle about the formation of the world has led to the fact that today there are various theories of the origin, existence, development of the Universe. The excitement of specialists looking for answers, building and testing hypotheses is justified, because a reliable theory of the birth of the Universe will reveal to all mankind the probability of the existence of life in other systems and planets.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have the character of scientific concepts, individual hypotheses, religious teachings, philosophical ideas and myths. They are all conditionally divided into two main categories:

1. Theories according to which the universe was created by a creator. In other words, their essence is that the process of creating the Universe was a conscious and spiritualized action, a manifestation of the will
2. Theories of the origin of the Universe, built on the basis of scientific factors. Their postulates categorically reject both the existence of a creator and the possibility of a conscious creation of the world. Such hypotheses are often based on what is called the principle of mediocrity. They suggest the likelihood of life not only on our planet, but also on others.

Creationism - the theory of the creation of the world by the Creator

As the name implies, creationism (creation) is a religious theory of the origin of the universe. This worldview is based on the concept of the creation of the Universe, the planet and man by God or the Creator.

The idea was dominant for a long time, until the end of the 19th century, when the process of accumulating knowledge in various fields of science (biology, astronomy, physics) accelerated, and evolutionary theory became widespread. Creationism has become a kind of reaction of Christians who adhere to conservative views on the discoveries being made. The dominant idea at that time only increased the contradictions that existed between religious and other theories.

What is the difference between scientific and religious theories

The main differences between theories of various categories lie primarily in the terms used by their adherents. So, in scientific hypotheses, instead of the creator - nature, and instead of creation - origin. Along with this, there are questions that are similarly covered by different theories or even completely duplicated.

Theories of the origin of the universe, belonging to opposite categories, date its very appearance in different ways. For example, according to the most common hypothesis (the Big Bang theory), the Universe was formed about 13 billion years ago.

In contrast, the religious theory of the origin of the universe gives completely different figures:

• According to Christian sources, the age of the universe created by God at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ was 3483-6984 years.
• Hinduism suggests that our world is approximately 155 trillion years old.

Kant and his cosmological model

Until the 20th century, most scientists were of the opinion that the universe was infinite. This quality they characterized time and space. In addition, in their opinion, the Universe was static and uniform.

The idea of ​​the infinity of the universe in space was put forward by Isaac Newton. The development of this assumption was engaged in who developed the theory about the absence of time limits as well. Moving further, in theoretical assumptions, Kant extended the infinity of the universe to the number of possible biological products. This postulate meant that in the conditions of the ancient and vast world, without end and beginning, there can be an innumerable number of possible options, as a result of which the emergence of any biological species is real.

Based on the possible emergence of life forms, Darwin's theory was later developed. Observations of the starry sky and the results of astronomers' calculations confirmed Kant's cosmological model.

Einstein's reflections

At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Einstein published his own model of the universe. According to his theory of relativity, two opposite processes take place simultaneously in the Universe: expansion and contraction. However, he agreed with the opinion of most scientists about the stationarity of the Universe, so he introduced the concept of the cosmic repulsive force. Its impact is designed to balance the attraction of stars and stop the process of movement of all celestial bodies in order to maintain the static nature of the Universe.

The model of the Universe - according to Einstein - has a certain size, but there are no boundaries. Such a combination is feasible only when the space is curved in such a way as it occurs in a sphere.

The characteristics of the space of such a model are:

• Three-dimensionality.
• Closing yourself.
• Homogeneity (lack of center and edge), in which galaxies are evenly distributed.

A. A. Fridman: The Universe is expanding

The creator of the revolutionary expanding model of the Universe, A. A. Fridman (USSR) built his theory on the basis of the equations characterizing the general theory of relativity. True, the generally accepted opinion in the scientific world of that time was the static nature of our world, therefore, due attention was not paid to his work.

A few years later, astronomer Edwin Hubble made a discovery that confirmed Friedman's ideas. The removal of galaxies from the nearby Milky Way has been discovered. At the same time, the fact that the speed of their movement is proportional to the distance between them and our galaxy has become irrefutable.

This discovery explains the constant "retreat" of stars and galaxies in relation to each other, which leads to the conclusion about the expansion of the universe.

Ultimately, Friedman's conclusions were recognized by Einstein, who subsequently mentioned the merits of the Soviet scientist as the founder of the hypothesis of the expansion of the Universe.

It cannot be said that there are contradictions between this theory and the general theory of relativity, however, with the expansion of the Universe, there must have been an initial impulse that provoked the scattering of stars. By analogy with the explosion, the idea was called the "Big Bang".

Stephen Hawking and the Anthropic Principle

The result of the calculations and discoveries of Stephen Hawking was the anthropocentric theory of the origin of the universe. Its creator claims that the existence of a planet so well prepared for human life cannot be accidental.

Stephen Hawking's theory of the origin of the universe also provides for the gradual evaporation of black holes, their loss of energy and the emission of Hawking radiation.

As a result of the search for evidence, more than 40 characteristics were identified and verified, the observance of which is necessary for the development of civilization. The American astrophysicist Hugh Ross estimated the probability of such an unintentional coincidence. The result was the number 10 -53.

Our universe contains a trillion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars. According to scientists' calculations, the total number of planets should be 10 20. This figure is 33 orders of magnitude smaller than the previously calculated one. Consequently, none of the planets in all galaxies can combine conditions that would be suitable for the spontaneous emergence of life.

The big bang theory: the emergence of the universe from a negligible particle

Scientists who support the big bang theory share the hypothesis that the universe is the result of a grand bang. The main postulate of the theory is the assertion that before this event, all the elements of the current Universe were enclosed in a particle that had microscopic dimensions. While inside it, the elements were characterized by a singular state in which indicators such as temperature, density and pressure could not be measured. They are endless. Matter and energy in this state are not affected by the laws of physics.

What happened 15 billion years ago is called the instability that arose inside the particle. The scattered smallest elements laid the foundation for the world that we know today.

In the beginning, the Universe was a nebula formed by tiny particles (smaller than an atom). Then, when combined, they formed atoms, which served as the basis of stellar galaxies. Answering questions about what happened before the explosion, as well as what caused it, are the most important tasks of this theory of the origin of the Universe.

The table schematically depicts the stages of the formation of the universe after the big bang.

As follows from the above data, the universe continues to expand and cool.

The constant increase in the distance between galaxies is the main postulate: what distinguishes the big bang theory. The emergence of the universe in this way can be confirmed by the evidence found. There are also grounds for its refutation.

Problems of the theory

Given that the big bang theory is not proven in practice, it is not surprising that there are several questions that it is not able to answer:

1. Singularity. This word denotes the state of the universe, compressed to a single point. The problem of the big bang theory is the impossibility of describing the processes occurring in matter and space in such a state. The general law of relativity does not apply here, so it is impossible to make a mathematical description and equations for modeling.
   The fundamental impossibility of obtaining an answer to the question about the initial state of the Universe discredits the theory from the very beginning. Her non-fiction writings tend to gloss over or only mention this complexity in passing. However, for scientists working to lay a mathematical foundation for the big bang theory, this difficulty is recognized as a major obstacle.
2. Astronomy. In this area, the big bang theory is faced with the fact that it cannot describe the process of the origin of galaxies. Based on modern versions of theories, it is possible to predict how a homogeneous cloud of gas appears. At the same time, its density by now should be about one atom per cubic meter. To get something more, one cannot do without adjusting the initial state of the Universe. The lack of information and practical experience in this area become serious obstacles to further modeling.

There is also a discrepancy between the estimated mass of our galaxy and the data obtained when studying the speed of its attraction to Judging by everything, the weight of our galaxy is ten times greater than previously thought.

Cosmology and quantum physics

Today there are no cosmological theories that do not rely on quantum mechanics. After all, it deals with the description of the behavior of atomic and quantum physics. The difference between quantum physics and classical physics (expounded by Newton) is that the second one observes and describes material objects, while the first assumes an exclusively mathematical description of the observation and measurement itself. For quantum physics, material values ​​do not represent the subject of research, here the observer himself acts as part of the situation under study.

Based on these features, quantum mechanics has difficulty describing the universe, because the observer is part of the universe. However, speaking of the emergence of the universe, it is impossible to imagine outsiders. Attempts to develop a model without the participation of an outside observer were crowned with the quantum theory of the origin of the Universe by J. Wheeler.

Its essence is that at each moment of time there is a splitting of the Universe and the formation of an infinite number of copies. As a result, each of the parallel Universes can be observed, and observers can see all quantum alternatives. At the same time, the original and new worlds are real.

inflation model

The main task that the theory of inflation is called upon to solve is the search for an answer to questions that have remained unexplored by the big bang theory and the expansion theory. Namely:

1. Why is the universe expanding?
2. What is the big bang?

To this end, the inflationary theory of the origin of the universe provides for the extrapolation of the expansion to the zero point in time, the conclusion of the entire mass of the universe at one point and the formation of a cosmological singularity, which is often referred to as the big bang.

The irrelevance of the general theory of relativity, which cannot be applied at this moment, becomes obvious. As a result, only theoretical methods, calculations and conclusions can be applied to develop a more general theory (or "new physics") and solve the problem of the cosmological singularity.

New alternative theories

Despite the success of the cosmic inflation model, there are scientists who oppose it, calling it untenable. Their main argument is criticism of the solutions proposed by the theory. Opponents argue that the resulting solutions leave some details omitted, in other words, instead of solving the problem of initial values, the theory only skillfully drapes them.

An alternative is a few exotic theories, the idea of ​​which is based on the formation of initial values ​​before the big bang. New theories of the origin of the universe can be briefly described as follows:

• String theory. Its adherents propose, in addition to the usual four dimensions of space and time, to introduce additional dimensions. They could play a role in the early stages of the universe, and at the moment be in a compactified state. Answering the question about the reason for their compactification, scientists offer an answer saying that the property of superstrings is T-duality. Therefore, the strings are "wound" on additional dimensions and their size is limited.
• Brane theory. It is also called M-theory. In accordance with its postulates, at the beginning of the formation of the Universe, there is a cold static five-dimensional space-time. Four of them (spatial) have restrictions, or walls - three-branes. Our space is one of the walls, and the second is hidden. The third three-brane is located in four-dimensional space, it is limited by two boundary branes. The theory considers a third brane colliding with ours and releasing a large amount of energy. It is these conditions that become favorable for the emergence of a big bang.

1. Cyclic theories deny the uniqueness of the big bang, arguing that the universe goes from one state to another. The problem with such theories is the increase in entropy, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Consequently, the duration of the previous cycles was shorter, and the temperature of the substance was significantly higher than during the big bang. The probability of this is extremely low.

No matter how many theories of the origin of the universe exist, only two of them have stood the test of time and overcome the problem of ever-increasing entropy. They were developed by scientists Steinhardt-Turok and Baum-Frampton.

These relatively new theories of the origin of the universe were put forward in the 80s of the last century. They have many followers who develop models based on it, search for evidence of reliability and work to eliminate contradictions.

String theory

One of the most popular among the theory of the origin of the Universe - Before proceeding to the description of its idea, it is necessary to understand the concepts of one of the closest competitors, the standard model. It assumes that matter and interactions can be described as a certain set of particles, divided into several groups:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

These particles are, in fact, the building blocks of the universe, since they are so small that they cannot be divided into components.

A distinctive feature of string theory is the assertion that such bricks are not particles, but ultramicroscopic strings that oscillate. In this case, oscillating at different frequencies, the strings become analogues of various particles described in the standard model.

To understand the theory, one must realize that strings are not any matter, they are energy. Therefore, string theory concludes that all the elements of the universe are composed of energy.

Fire is a good analogy. When looking at it, one gets the impression of its materiality, but it cannot be touched.

Cosmology for schoolchildren

Theories of the origin of the Universe are briefly studied in schools in astronomy classes. Students are taught the basic theories about how our world was formed, what is happening to it now and how it will develop in the future.

The purpose of the lessons is to familiarize children with the nature of the formation of elementary particles, chemical elements and celestial bodies. Theories of the origin of the universe for children are reduced to a presentation of the big bang theory. Teachers use visual material: slides, tables, posters, illustrations. Their main task is to awaken children's interest in the world that surrounds them.

We present you a completely new view of the origin of the Universe, developed by a group of theoretical physicists from the University of Indiana and presented by Nikodim Poplavsky, an employee of this university.
Every black hole contains a new universe, ours is no exception, it also exists inside a black hole. Such a statement may seem strange, but it is this assumption that best explains the birth of the Universe and the course of all the processes that we observe today.
The standard Big Bang theory fails to answer many questions. It suggests that the Universe began as a "singularity" of an infinitely small point containing an infinitely high concentration of matter expanding its size to the state we observe today. The theory of inflation, the super-rapid expansion of space, of course answers many questions, such as why it was not large pieces of concentrated matter at the early stage of the development of the Universe that combined into large celestial bodies: galaxies and clusters of galaxies. But many questions remain unanswered. For example: what began after the Big Bang? What caused the Big Bang? What is the source of the mysterious dark energy that comes from beyond the boundaries of the Universe?
The theory that our universe is entirely inside a black hole provides answers to these and many other questions. It excludes the notion of physically impossible features of our universe. And it relies on two central theories of physics.
First, it is the general theory of relativity, the modern theory of gravity. It describes the universe on a large scale. Any event in the Universe is considered as a point in space, and time, and space-time. Massive objects such as the Sun distort or create "curves" of space-time comparable to a bowling ball resting on a suspended canvas. A gravitational dent from the Sun alters the motion of the Earth and other planets orbiting it. The attraction of the planets by the Sun appears to us as a force of gravity.
The second law of quantum mechanics, on which the new theory is based, describes the Universe on the smallest scales, such as an atom and other elementary particles.
Currently, physicists are striving to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of "quantum gravity" in order to adequately describe the most important natural phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles in black holes.
In the 1960s, an adaptation of general relativity to take into account the effects of quantum mechanics was called the Einstein-Carton-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity. It not only provides a new step towards understanding quantum gravity, but also creates an alternative picture of the world. This variation of general relativity includes an important quantum property of the mother known as SPINOM.
The smallest particles, such as atoms and electrons, have SPINOM, or internal angular momentum, similar to the rotation of a skater on ice. In this picture, the SPIN of particles interacts with space-time and provides it with a property called "torsion". To understand this twisting, think of space not as a two-dimensional canvas, but as a flexible one-dimensional rod. The bending of the rod corresponds to spatio-temporal twisting. If the rod is thin, you can twist it, but it's hard to see if it's twisted or not.
The twisting of space should be noticeable, or rather, very significant at an early stage of the origin of the Universe or in a black hole. Under these extreme conditions, the twisting of space-time should manifest itself as a repulsive force or gravity for the closest objects from the curvature of space-time.
As with the standard version of general relativity, very massive stars end up in black holes: regions of space from which nothing, not even light, can escape.
Here is what role the twisting process can play in the initial moment of the birth of the universe:
Initially, the gravitational attraction of curved space will allow twisting to be turned into a repulsive force, leading to the disappearance of matter in smaller regions of space. But then the twisting process becomes very strong, turning into a point of infinite density, reaching a state of extremely large, but finite density. Since energy can be converted into mass, the very high gravitational energy in this extremely dense state can cause intense particle creation, which greatly increases the mass inside the black hole.
An increasing number of particles with SPIN will lead to a higher level of spatiotemporal twisting. The repulsive twisting moment can stop the collapse of matter and create the effect of a "big bounce" resembling a ball flying out of the water before that, which will lead to the process of an expanding universe. As a result of this, we observe the processes of mass distribution, shape and geometry of the universe corresponding to this phenomenon.
In turn, the torsion mechanism offers an amazing scenario, based on which each black hole is capable of producing a new, young Universe inside itself.
Thus, our own universe can be inside a black hole located in another universe.
Just as we cannot see what is happening inside a black hole, any observers in the parent universe cannot see what is happening in our world.
The movement of matter through the boundary of a black hole is called the "event horizon" and occurs in only one direction, providing the direction of the time vector, which we perceive as forward movement.
The arrow of time in our Universe, we inherited from the parent Universe, through the process of twisting.
Twisting can also explain the observed imbalance between matter and antimatter in the universe. Finally, the twisting process may be the source of dark energy, a mysterious form of energy that pervades all of our space, increasing the expansion rate of the universe. The twisting geometry produces a "cosmological constant" that extends to external forces and is the simplest way to explain the existence of dark energy. Thus, the observed accelerating expansion of the universe may be the strongest evidence for a twisting process.
Twisting therefore provides the theoretical basis for a scenario in which a new universe exists within each black hole. This scenario also acts as a means of solving several major problems in modern gravity theory and cosmology, although physicists still need to combine the quantum mechanics of Einstein-Carton-Sciama-Kibble with the quantum theory of gravity.
Meanwhile, the new understanding of cosmic processes raises other important questions. For example, what do we know about the parent universe and the black hole that contains our own universe? How many layers of the parent universe do we have? How can we check that our universe is in a black hole?
Potentially the latter questions can be explored, since all stars and black holes rotate, our universe should have inherited the parent universe's axis of rotation as the "preferred direction".
A recent survey of 15,000 galaxies in one hemisphere of the universe found that they are "left", that is, rotate clockwise, while in the other hemisphere, galaxies are "right" or counterclockwise. But this discovery still requires reflection. In any case, it is now clear that the process of twisting in the geometry of space-time is the right step towards a successful theory of cosmology.

New elementary particles can no longer be detected. Also, an alternative scenario allows solving the problem of mass hierarchy. The study is published on arXiv.org.

© Diomedia

The theory is called Nnaturalness. It is defined on energy scales of the order of the electroweak interaction, after separating the electromagnetic and weak interactions. This was about ten at minus thirty-two - ten at minus twelfth seconds after the Big Bang. Then, according to the authors of the new concept, in the Universe there existed a hypothetical elementary particle - a rechiton (or reheaton, from the English reheaton), the decay of which led to the formation of the physics observed today.

As the Universe became colder (the temperature of matter and radiation decreased) and flatter (the geometry of space approached Euclidean), the rechiton broke up into many other particles. They formed almost non-interacting groups of particles, almost identical in terms of species, but differing in the mass of the Higgs boson, and hence their own masses.

The number of such groups of particles, which, according to scientists, exist in the modern Universe, reaches several thousand trillion. One of these families includes both the physics described by the Standard Model (SM) and the particles and interactions observed in experiments at the LHC. The new theory makes it possible to abandon supersymmetry, which is still unsuccessfully sought, and solves the problem of particle hierarchy.

In particular, if the mass of the Higgs boson formed as a result of the decay of the rechiton is small, then the mass of the remaining particles will be large, and vice versa. This is what solves the problem of the electroweak hierarchy associated with a large gap between the experimentally observed masses of elementary particles and the energy scales of the early Universe. For example, the question of why an electron with a mass of 0.5 megaelectronvolts is almost 200 times lighter than a muon with the same quantum numbers disappears by itself - there are exactly the same sets of particles in the Universe where this difference is not so strong.

According to the new theory, the Higgs boson observed in experiments at the LHC is the lightest particle of this type, formed as a result of the decay of a rechiton. Other groups of yet undiscovered particles are associated with heavier bosons - analogues of the currently discovered and well-studied leptons (not participating in the strong interaction) and hadrons (participating in the strong interaction).

© EP Department / CERN

The new theory does not cancel, but makes it not so necessary the introduction of supersymmetry, which implies doubling (at least) the number of known elementary particles due to the presence of superpartners. For example, for a photon - photino, quark - squark, higgs - higgsino, and so on. The spin of the superpartners must differ by a half-integer from the spin of the original particle.

Mathematically, a particle and a superparticle are combined into one system (supermultiplet); all quantum parameters and masses of particles and their partners in exact supersymmetry coincide. It is believed that supersymmetry is broken in nature, and therefore the mass of superpartners significantly exceeds the mass of their particles. To detect supersymmetric particles, powerful accelerators like the LHC were needed.

If supersymmetry or any new particles or interactions exist, the authors of the new study believe they could be discovered on scales of ten teraelectronvolts. This is almost at the limit of the LHC's capabilities, and if the proposed theory is correct, the discovery of new particles there is extremely unlikely.

© arXiv.org

A signal near 750 gigaelectronvolts, which could indicate the decay of a heavy particle into two gamma photons, as scientists from the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) collaborations working at the LHC reported in December 2015 and March 2016 , is recognized as statistical noise. Since 2012, when the discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN became known, no new fundamental particles predicted by SM extensions have been identified.

Canadian and American scientist of Iranian origin Nima Arkani-Hamed, who proposed a new theory, received the Fundamental Physics Prize in 2012. The award was established in the same year by Russian businessman Yuri Milner.

Therefore, the emergence of theories in which the need for supersymmetry disappears is expected. “There are many theorists, myself included, who believe that this is a completely unique time when we are solving important and systemic questions, and not about the details of any next elementary particle,” said the lead author of the new study, a physicist from Princeton University ( USA).

Not everyone shares his optimism. So, physicist Matt Strassler from Harvard University believes the mathematical justification of the new theory is far-fetched. Meanwhile, Paddy Fox from the Enrico Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia (USA) believes that the new theory will be tested in the next ten years. In his opinion, particles formed in a group with any heavy Higgs boson should leave their traces on the CMB - the ancient microwave radiation predicted by the Big Bang theory.

Cosmology can be conditionally divided into three areas. 1. Stationary Universe with a unified approach about radiation aging proportional to ~ t ½ , variations of this model allow solving almost all cosmological problems, except for one - this is relic radiation. The relic, like radiation, also ages, then in the distant past its energy was much higher, up to the plasma state of all matter, i.e. The universe must change over time, which contradicts the very essence of the term stationarity. 2. Many-sided Universe - zero starting variant of the total energy. In hyperspace, an innumerable set of Universes can form, and each has its own physics, its own laws, these are one-time balanced models. Dark energy has questioned the feasibility of this direction: the zero starting variant of the total energy is violated, which automatically leads to imbalance, the Universe begins to expand rapidly. 3. The cyclic Universe, until the 80s, was considered the most promising direction, therefore it has a great variety in physical constructions. But at the moment it does not fit in with cosmological acceleration at all, there is no phase of transition from expansion to contraction. You are invited to consider a scientific article where, based on a new approach to the physical essence of the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, you can explain the nature of the origin of dark matter and dark energy, the anomaly of the pioneers, the physical meaning of the relationship of large numbers and, to some extent, a new look at the anthropic principle.

Abbreviations

BV --- big bang

VYA --- vacuum cell

GK --- gravitational collapse

GZ --- gravitational charge

Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn

GP --- gravitational potential

EC --- elementary particle

FV --- physical vacuum

SRT --- special theory of relativity

GR --- general theory of relativity

QED --- quantum electrodynamics

ZSE --- law of conservation of energy

Theory of a unified physical universe (TEPV)

The mat/device used is purely indicative.

Before entering into the essence of TEPW, it is necessary to consider modern theoretical and experimental developments in the origin and development of the Universe, then it will be easier for us to see the emergence of questions that have not yet been answered. Let's start with the original basic material, the BV theory with a version of the inflationary beginning.

Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn

Inflationary Universe (designed by A. Gut A. Linde)

Every effect needs a cause. Inflation is a consequence, the cause is clearly absent. Let us consider the question of interactions purely philosophically. All theories about the Universe agree that at the beginning of BV all forces were united, there was a single superpower (Theory of Supergravity or Superstrings). As the Universe expanded, the forces separated, acquiring their individuality in the form of fundamental constants. In the future, the Universe went through a whole stage of transformations to obtain the source material in the form of EC and quanta. The question arises: if this principle is one-time (an open model of the Universe), then how can the born Universe know about the existence of all forces, if before that there was nothing but PV. Nature cannot invent itself creating diversity, which means that these forces were closed, somewhere incorporated in the PV. Any law of nature is formed and acts in reality, in other words, in order to close any interaction, you must first really exist (act). And this means: before the BV, the Universe must have existed, which closed and brought the mechanism of the BV into action, i.e. The Universe is cyclic (closed model of the Universe). Then what kind of force or forces govern the cycle of the Universe, undoubtedly the key role in this process is played by the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe.

What is the essence of balance?

According to Friedman, the universe can be open or closed. Balance is just the line between open and closed, i.e. "Inflation" created the conditions for equality of the force of the explosion, in the future inertia, with the gravity of space. In order to understand what the essence of this equality is, let us model the ideal Universe in accordance with the strict solution of the BV scenario, by introducing ephemeral theoretical EPs. We will consider the initial starting conditions of the BV as the Planck era, the initial state after inflation, then the EP mass is equal to the Planck mass M plank=10 -8 kg distance between them Lplank\u003d 10 -35 m, the starting speed of expansion is equal to the speed of light. The expansion of the Universe obeyed the following laws (from the BV theory). Let n- the number of particles that fit along the line of the diameter of the Universe, then the expansion rate, during the time of signal passage between neighboring particles (layers), starting from WITH falls like Vext.=C/n, (Where n= 1.2. etc.) i.e. at the moment of BV, all particles were causally unrelated, respectively, the distances between adjacent layers grow as Lext=Lplank*n, in the same order, according to QED, the SP mass decreases \u003d M plank / p.(we assume that the rest mass of the introduced SP is always equal to M ext). The scope of the universe corresponds to the arrow of time Rall L=C*Dt, it is easy to prove that Rall L = Lplank* n 2 , A Lext=Ö WITH*Dtall L* Lplank. The Universe began to expand approximately 13.7 billion years ago, then in the modern era Lext= 10 -4.5 m, i.e. 10 1.5 times less than Lrelic, the size of the universe Rall L=C*Dt=10 26 m, then the number of layers n= Ö Rall L/ Lplank=10 30.5 . So, the size of the universe starting from Lplank* n rose to = Lplank* n 2 , stretching step, starting from Lplank rose to Lplank* n. Energy, respectively, starting from Eplank=10 8 j, decreased to E ext\u003d 10 -22.5 j. Balance means equality of gravity g*M 2 ext /Lext with expansion inertia M ext *V 2 ext, we generalize this condition to the entire arrow of time M ext \u003d M plank / p, Vext.=C/n, Lext=Lplank*n, Then g*M 2 plank /Lplank* n 3 = M plank with 2 /n 3 , i.e. BV theory in its ideal version strictly but locally maintains a balance. Note that in building a model of the Universe, due to Rall L = Lplank* n 2 =C*Dtall L only one observable parameter is used Dtall L= 13.7 billion, everything else is QED constants, then the mass of the Universe is determined by a simple relationship:

M universe \u003d M plank *Dtall L/tplank\u003d 10 -8 * 10 18 / 10 - 43 \u003d 10 53 kg, therefore:

g *M universe/ Rall L= g *M plank/ Lplank\u003d C 2

And this means that the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, based on the homogeneity and isotropy of space, requires the invariance of the Gravitational Potential (GP) at all points in space and throughout the arrow of time, the assumption is controversial and requires additional argumentation. Let's consider how the HP is formed at the stage of expansion of the Universe, based on the following considerations. The main contribution to the formation of the HP is played by distant masses, since their number increases with distance proportionally n 2 , besides this, the gravitational effect of distant masses obeys the law of cosmological expansion, so the mass of ephemeral EPs with acceptable accuracy can be considered equal to M ext at any point in space. Then the result of integrating mass layers over the entire volume will be GP equal to:

F(t) =g* M sat (t)/ Rall L(t) = g* M ext* n 3 / Lplank*n 2 = g *M plank/ Lplank\u003d C 2

Those. we have proved that if the introduced ephemeral EPs obey QED, then in the balanced Universe the HP is a constant and is equal to From 2 at least in the expansion phase. Let us pay attention to the fact that the GP is equal to the constant From 2 there is a constant scale factor Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 throughout the arrow of time, such a model of the universe must be flat. And what the real Universe gives us, let's consider how the HP behaves in terms of the mass of all ECs in the modern era.

F(t) = g* M sat (t)/ Rall L(t) = g* Mnuk* n 3 / WITH*Dtall L(where p=10 26.5) =10 15 those. less than C 2 .

For analysis, we will choose one more period of time, the era of recombination: Dt int = 10 13 sec, F(10 13 sec) =g* Mnuk* n 3 / WITH*Dtall L(where n =10 24)=10 13

We see that even without taking into account the change in the scale factor, the mass of the Universe practically does not play any role in the balance. Let us consider the GP for cosmic microwave background radiation in the recombination epoch:

F(10 13 sec) = g* Mrel * n 3 / WITH*Dtall L = 10 17 Where Mrel \u003d 10 -35 kg. n=10 27

The potential is stable and almost equal From 2, at the present stage due to a change in the scale factor from Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 to ~ t 2/3 , the relic in the balance practically does not play any role, what this is leading to. The theory of the development of the Universe is built on the idea of ​​the most severe balance, but the modern theory of gravity does not provide a mechanism for its observance, we, with different ratios of matter and radiation, get a different scenario for the development of the Universe, and this is already alarming. We still need to figure out what kind of ideal ephemeral ECs correspond to an ideal balanced Universe, whether they actually exist. The general picture of the development of the Universe speaks of one thing, everything is interconnected, while in an incomprehensible way, for some reason, gravity globally and locally is absolutely exactly always and everywhere equal to the inertia of expansion. In addition, calculations of the masses of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing, give an unambiguous conclusion: the mass of the real Universe must be 4-5 times heavier, it is present, but we do not see it. This is generally recognized real dark matter, dead to all interactions except gravity. And what is interesting, taking into account this matter, the theoretical and experimental calculations of the average density of matter in the Universe completely coincided and corresponded to the balance (critical) RCrete= 10 -29 g / cm 3. Let us analyze this variant of the origin of the Universe, and also state the key prerequisites, i.e. foundation for the emergence of TEFV.

Arguments and Facts

Inflation solved the problem of balance, but dragged along a trail of new problems. In fact, we have the emergence of the Universe from nothing, and in order not to violate the law of conservation of energy, the concept of the total energy of the Universe equal to zero is introduced, the negative energy grows, then the positive energy should grow in the same order, in inflation these two processes are separated in time, correctly whether it. Further, in the period of inflation, the inhomogeneities necessary for the formation of galaxies should be laid, which is done, laying the "freeze" of vacuum fluctuations. Countless vacuum bubbles can form in the PV, and each has its own Universe with its own physics. Does it make sense to consider the diversity of the Universes with their own laws, which do not have any influence on each other. The end result of inflation was to be either the theory of Superstrings or the theory of Supergravity, i.e. fundamental constants must somehow be interconnected, flow from something, this problem in inflation has remained open.

Let us touch more specifically on the problem of causality. The emergence of a causally related vacuum bubble, a spontaneous process, which eventually, absolutely causally, breaks up into 10 91.5 causally unrelated areas, is there a conflict here. Can this conflict be resolved in the following way. Inflation allows the emergence and immediate collapse of unripe vacuum bubbles, but is a complete reverse process possible, for example, the collapse of our Universe, then reverse inflation and, as a result, the collapse of a vacuum bubble, according to the idea, it is not prohibited. Can this event be considered the cause of inflation, i.e. we sort of loop the process. Inflation is an elegant theory, but such an assumption makes it more pure and complete. We finally have a closed cyclic system reproducing itself according to the laws of precisely our physics. But here we are faced with one significant cosmological problem, which is not compatible with the version of the cyclical nature of the Universe. It turns out that the Universe, closer to the modern era, is slowing down not as prescribed by the Hubble law. To explain this behavior, the concept of dark energy was introduced, the negative pressure of which remains unchanged as the Universe expands. Approximately 7 billion years ago, the negative pressure became equal to the gravity of space and dominates in the modern era, the Universe began to expand, while accelerating. Dark energy has no physical explanation, upsets the balance, practically puts an end to the purity of the theory of inflation, nature has not yet presented us with a discovery more ridiculous in its harmfulness. The Universe is developing in a strange way, at first it required the introduction of dark matter, then dark energy, and at the present stage, having reached its maximum, dark energy does not manifest itself at all on small scales. Nature demanded the introduction of two completely opposite concepts, but separated in time, something is wrong here. The best solution to the problem that has arisen is not to build theories about the nature of the origin of dark matter and energy, but simply to get rid of them. The inconsistency of the radiation intensity of supernovae with the spectrum of galaxies, the absence of large clusters of galaxies in the modern era, perhaps this is a disguise of “something, under something” that does not require an accelerated expansion of the Universe at all. The mechanism for controlling the cycle of the Universe proposed below gives one interesting consequence directly related to the effects under the interpretation of dark matter and energy. To understand what the essence is here, it is necessary to observe the stages of the theory presented, so the version of the cyclic Universe with an inflationary beginning is taken as the starting position for constructing the TEPW.

gravity

The lack of causality in the emergence of the Universe and processes in the physics of the microworld have one common feature from a philosophical point of view. The accuracy of the applied laws is absolute, but their manifestation is probabilistic in nature, leading to a scatter of the measured parameters (uncertainty principle). This can be stated very carefully and so, the more accurately we try to measure the accuracy of one law (parameter), the greater the spread of another law (parameter) we get, translating into philosophical language, we state: the reason for the accuracy of the law at a given moment, at a given area there is an inaccuracy in the operation of another law. Some kind of “principle of inconsistency”, the principle of uncertainty is not denied here - this is the basis of QED, the matter is different, we get a real causal relationship from chains of causeless events, maybe the essence here is completely different. Let us assume that an unmeasurable process lies in all these spreads, i.e. there is a reason, but it is impossible to detect (measure) it. Such unmeasurable effects are unexpectedly presented to us by Einstein's theory. Let us consider the most important consequences of Einstein's SRT and GR.

Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn

Einstein's General Relativity says - gravity is not a force, it is a curvature of space, the body, as it were, automatically chooses the shortest path of movement (the principle of laziness), i.e. the source of gravity (mass) changes the geometry of space. Gravity has no screens, it has a cumulative character, it equally affects both mass and radiation. Let us consider in more detail the assertion of the equivalence of the gravitational field and accelerated mechanical motion, for example, in a rapidly moving closed system, we will feel gravity and it is impossible to prove by any experiments that it was created artificially. Being inside this non-inertial system, we get all the signs of gravity, i.e. accelerated motion creates a gravitational field. And vice versa, gravitation, having created an accelerated motion of an object, removes all the inertial features of the object. It turns out the following picture: the body is moving rapidly in some kind of medium, then the reaction of the medium to this process is the creation of a gravitational field and vice versa, the medium cancels all signs of inertia, while creating motion in the gravitational field. Conclusion, the action of the gravitational field and inertia on space is identical and has a local character. And what place SRT takes in gravity, the principle of relativity says: it is impossible to determine the absoluteness of motion, while it is impossible to deal with the effects of SRT, for example, over time, if it is impossible to determine what is moving. And here the judge in this dispute is acceleration, which accelerates (slows down) and SRT acts on that. But accelerated motion creates a gravitational field. Having ceased to accelerate, we simply moved into a uniform gravitational field with our GP in accordance with the achieved speed. As a matter of fact, SRT is the theory of a homogeneous gravitational field, then the effects of SRT and gravity are indistinguishable. Here the conversation is not about the equivalent, but about the unified nature of the occurrence of effects, i.e. reaction of the environment. And physically what is the primary source of all effects, for example, time dilation, GPU or speed. Let's consider a simple example. Let the body be on the Earth, naturally, under the influence of gravity, its own time has slowed down (there is no movement). Let's place the body in the center of the Earth. Let's pay attention to an important point, there is gravity, but there is no gravitation, calculations show that the HP has decreased by 2 times, respectively, the time dilation has decreased (there is no movement). Now let the body move over the surface of the Earth with the 1st cosmic velocity. There is no gravity, the calculations give an increase in deceleration compared to the time of the body on Earth, i.e. on the GP of the Earth, the formed GP is superimposed due to movement. We see the slowdown of time is not connected with the movement as such, but with the process of creating the HP, i.e. space (PV) reacts to a change in motion by changing its own GP. Let's summarize.

1. According to Einstein's General Relativity, gravity is a curvature of space, then since there is an impact (gravity) and there is a reaction to this impact (curvature), then space (PV) must have a certain structure with specific parameters, including mass, absurdity, but the impact and the reaction is explicit, it is not an abstraction.

2. Any accelerated movement is identical to the gravitational field, then the reaction of the medium (space) to any movement of the object (inertia) is its coupler, although there are no sources of gravity at all. The action of gravity and inertia on space is identical and has a local character.

3. Uniform motion must correspond to a uniform gravitational field.

4. Gravity, if considered as a homogeneous gravitational field, under no circumstances can be detected (measured), the absolute GP value is not measurable.

5. Gravity in its pure form cannot be detected (measured), the effect of its manifestation occurs only in opposition to other types of forces. For example: gravity on Earth arises in opposition to the forces of e / m origin.

6. Gravity, acting on the body in its pure form, removes all the inertial features of the object. If you mentally imagine an alternating gravitational field, for example, dig a through tunnel through the center of the Earth and create a vacuum, then its effect will cause the body to oscillate with an amplitude equal to the diameter of the Earth with a complete absence of inertia (reaction), i.e. the body will not feel these vibrations at all.

7. Talk about the fundamental nature of conservation laws in the framework of Einstein's theory can only be conducted in closed systems.

Why such a special place is given to gravity. One of the key points of the theory of inflation is the zero condition, the potential energy of the Universe is strictly equal to the total energy of all matter, g* M 2 universe */Rall L + M universe*From 2=0, which is basically true, then we simply have to somehow connect the total inertial energy of any body with the cosmic gravity. And the keys to this connection are not obvious, but are seen in the consequences of SRT and GR in relation to the Mach principle.

Mach, based on the idea of ​​the complete similarity of inertial and gravitational forces, argued: the nature of inertia lies in the influence of the entire mass of the Universe on a particular body. This means nothing else, if we remove all the matter of the Universe except for one body, then this body would have no inertia. The assumption is very controversial, at the moment it is not recognized by modern science, but on the other hand it would be very tempting to link together the gravity of the infinitely large (the Universe), with the inertia of the infinitely small, for example, EC. How could the gravitation of the cosmos create the inertia of bodies, the difficulty is that, according to SRT, the speed of propagation of gravitation cannot exceed the speed of light, but the Universe is huge, and the impact, i.e. inertia arises instantly, the quantitative side is not solved at all. And we state that Einstein's theory, recognizing the Mach principle, is not able to describe the mechanism of this influence. Let us pay attention to the following facts: 1. The GP of the Universe corresponding to the balance is always and everywhere equal to From 2, an amazing coincidence with the formula for the total energy of any inertial body. 2. The balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, means the equality always and everywhere of the BV force (hereinafter inertia) with the cosmic gravity. 3. The action of gravity and inertia on space are identical. 4. Gravity in its pure form removes all the inertial features of the object. All the four facts stated are a different form of interpretation of the very essence of Mach's principle, i.e. gravity without inertia does not exist and vice versa. Perhaps this is the key to unraveling the nature of inertia, if we find how the Mach principle is implemented, we will thereby create a single mechanism that controls the cycle of the Universe, therefore, in order to understand the infinitely large (the Universe), you need to deal with the infinitely small (Physical Vacuum) .

Physical Vacuum

PV is a carrier of all types of interactions and these processes are of an exchange nature (quantization principle), but there are nuances. The following problems are connected with PV: in QED it is completely unclear what ECs arise from and what they turn into, where indivisible electric charges go. In the BV theory - what specifically exploded, space is assumed, but for a physical description of this phenomenon, it is necessary at least to endow emptiness, some structure with certain parameters. And as a result, the question arises, what is the real mechanism of space curvature, under the influence of gravity. There is only one way, this is the materialization of space, and one of the keys to the approach to PV is the following. What is annihilation? We understand that this pair (particle-antiparticle) does not go anywhere and does not decay, they simply pass into a special bound state, i.e. into the PV structure with the lowest background energy, we will try to physically model this coupled structure. First of all, let's introduce the concept of gravitational charge (GC), all modern theories work only with charges and exchange quanta, and we have no reason to separate gravity from this fundamental principle, then what is it equal to. We return to the BV, in the Planck era, all ECs had the Planck mass, so we will assume that all ECs have a GZ equal to the Planck mass and this charge is indivisible, similar to an electric charge. But in nature there are no such charges as to be here. In the Planck era, the total energy of the EC M plank *S 2 was equal to the gravitational energy g*M 2 plank /Lplank between them, but these are the same conditions for the formation of a classical gravitational collapse (GC). So we will assume that the beginning of the BV was marked by the GC of each trio of leptoquarks, this can be interpreted as the separation of gravity (all gravitons) from matter (the first stage in the theory of supergravity), and then into particle-antiparticle pairs (relic radiation). The GB must be closed according to a linear law, this requirement follows from the principle of correspondence between quantum electrodynamics and the law of expansion of the Universe, knowing the physical essence of Planck's constant, we derive the GC formula in a purely logical way Mya=M plank *Lplank/ Lext. Then the PV is a special medium of collapsed states, let's call them vacuum cells (VC), the VC mass corresponds to the formula Mya=M plank *Lplank/ Lext, these are just those ideal EPs responsible for maintaining the balance of the Universe, endowing the PV with mass, this is the background positive energy, i.e. we materialized PV. Then what is the mass of a particle? This is a residual phenomenon of the asymmetry of the HA, i.e. imbalance of the work of gravitational forces with other types of interaction, and it is also closed according to a linear law. Then what about classical reality? The fact is that in the (naked) form, the EP cannot be considered, it is always surrounded by a cloud, everything with an expanding spatial step of the WY, and since the WL has mass, we get a classical transition to Newton's theory of gravity (will be considered below). The introduction of the Civil Code is a necessary measure, we will try to justify it.

1. Cosmology at the present stage has unexpectedly encountered the problem of dark matter, because The VC has a mass and, as it was found out above, are responsible for the balance of the Universe in total, then the role of the PV as a dark matter is quite visible.

2. Everything is true ES according to QED are point objects, then infinities appear in the calculations of their parameters. In QED, this problem is solved with the help of an artificial mathematical trick, renormalization. Perhaps true elementarity does not exist (there is nothing to collapse with, the GK covers exactly three leptoquarks, why only three is a separate issue), then each EP should have three faces, for example, an electron - a muon - a tau-lepton, also for quarks (b ,d,s), it is possible that EC is a spatial quantum rotation in the direction of motion, i.e. asymmetry in three directions of a composite object. A GC with a stable internal balance (which will be discussed later) removes infinities, i.e. at infinity there is a limit based on the balance of gravitational forces with other types of interaction.

By endowing any EC with a collapsed state and materializing the PV, we thereby slightly open the way to understanding the mechanism of QED action, there is something to transform into and out of.

Dark matter and energy

Before the era of recombination, the Universe was a strictly balanced system, the energy of the relic with matter was strictly equal to the energy of the PV, i.e. There is one VY per relic. If dark matter is also introduced into this balanced system, in the form as it is presented by modern science, which makes up 23% of the total energy, then we will get catastrophic consequences, the Universe should have collapsed even then, something is wrong here. All the troubles began from the era of the separation of radiation from matter, i.e. scale factor change from Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 on Rall L(t) ~ t 2/3 , and this leads to an ever-increasing imbalance and, as a result, to an ever-increasing manifestation of dark energy. We concluded that the materialized PV is globally responsible for the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, which corresponds to the stability of HP = From 2 throughout the arrow of time. All the matter of the Universe is in balance, practically does not play any role, the entire expansion function is taken over by the PV, and this radically changes the picture, the PV is a special form of matter practically unexplored, to some extent it is a graviton plasma with HP = From 2. Then we have a real argument not to change the scale factor during the recombination period, with Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 on Rall L(t) ~ t 2/3 and leave it unchanged. In this simple solution to the problem, the main stumbling block is the relic, the fact is that the observed energy of the relic = 3 0 K, and according to the scenario t 1/2 , should be 7-8 times higher, this is a powerful fact in favor of the generally accepted model of the Universe. The energy of the relic can be reduced to 3 0 K by assuming that the Universe continues to expand up to Lext= 10 -3 m according to the scenario t 1/2 , then its age should be about 200 billion. years, which is completely unacceptable. Everything seemed to be over, attempts to tame dark energy were a complete fiasco, and yet there is one clue. The substance, having separated from the relic, is the Friedmann model of the dusty expanding Universe, according to which space expands with a scale factor Rrelic(t) ~ t 2/3 and here comes the conflict. The relic and matter, having become free, began to control the law of the expansion of the Universe, i.e. space gravity. The PV is a strictly balanced material medium with local oscillations of the VY. Wouldn't it be better to consider: the relic expands according to the laws of thermodynamics, the Universe according to the law of balance. But the question arises: where does the energy of a cooler relic go and what does the relic expand into, if there is no “free space”, the relic expanded to Lrelic= 10 -3.3 m, space up to Lext= 10 -4.5 m. Let's try to approach this problem from the inside, i.e. locally. For any EP, the balance locally means the concentration of HE around the EP to balance (equality), both in terms of GB and in terms of energies. Very figuratively: the total energy of the chain from the VY, blurred to the background, is always equal to the energy of the EP, the same is true for the GB. In the era of separation of the relic, due to the equality of energies, one quantum corresponded to one VN, or the wavelength of the relic corresponded to the stretching step between VN. What is it leading to, in order for the relic to expand, we need the asymmetry of the VN and radiation in the proportion of 10 3.3 VN per quantum, then the cooling of the relic would just fill these vacancies. Back to BV, we have one white spot, this is the stage in units of length: Lplank- the operation of the theory of Supergravity, Lplank*Ö 137 - the action of the TVO (equality Lplank*Ö 137 follows from the condition g*M 2 plank *L 2 plank/ L 3 ext=e 2/Lext). At this stage, there is a separation of gravity from HWO, global deceleration begins, VY are formed, this is a non-quantum process. Further, the same process begins to interfere with an ever-increasing speed of HWO and on a segment, on a scale of length equal to Lplank*Ö 137 the velocities are aligned, but this process leads to the formation of Higgs particles rather than VY. The material was exhausted, all the HE and all the primary matter were formed, we got an acceptable asymmetry, which at the same time solved the problem with dark matter and energy, everything fell into place. If the Universe develops according to the scenario with the parameter t 1/2 , and all free radiation (relic, luminosity, redshift of the spectrum) expands according to the laws of thermodynamics with the parameter t 2/3 , then we naturally have inconsistencies, the compensation of which requires the introduction of dark energy and matter. Growing distortions began to manifest themselves during the period of complete recombination, the age of the Universe then was approximately 0.5 billion years. years. On the other hand, we look at the Universe, as if through a magnifying glass, i.e. distortions grow in proportion to the distance, summing up these two components, we get a maximum in distortions of 3-4 times at a distance of 7-8 billion km. years, which is consistent with observations.

Pioneer Anomaly

Here it is appropriate to consider the version of the solution to the anomaly of the pioneers, what is its essence. Having gone beyond the solar system, both satellites began to experience deceleration equal to 10 -10 m / s 2, the nature of this phenomenon is unknown and, interestingly, the same deceleration gives us the law of expansion of the Universe WITH*H Hubble\u003d 10 8 * 10 -18 \u003d 10 -10 m / s 2. What exactly happened, two satellites just went out of the solar system, physically, this means that the effect of gravity of the entire solar system is practically zero, i.e. it is no longer a connected system. In the stated theory, it is proved that in the expanding (contracting) Universe, the consequence of maintaining balance is the invariance of the stretching step (tie) between neighboring VCs, always and everywhere equal to Lplank. If we take into account that Lplank is the minimum fundamental length, then the process of stretching (stretching) at the micro level takes on a quantum character. Let us calculate this acceleration proceeding from the following considerations: according to QED, each VH must have an energy equal to Eya =hc/ Lext,= Myasince 2, then the VL being in place should oscillate with acceleration From 2/Lext, for a cycle time equal to WITH/Lext step changes to Lext-Lplank, Then Da vya=From 2/Lext-From 2/Lext-Lplank= C 2*Lplank/L 2 ext\u003d 10 16 * 10 -35 /10 -9 \u003d 10 -10 m / and this value, based on the foregoing, is discrete. Three coincidences is something global, it means nothing else, the Universe at the present stage began to shrink. Then why not assume that the pioneers experience the effect of cosmological braking, we emphasize that such an effect applies only to unbound systems. True, the value of 10 -10 m / s 2 is very large, it is 10 30.5 orders of magnitude larger than the classical one, here the modern theory of gravity does not work, this value can be interpreted as follows: this is the local value of a particular VY and this discreteness can change both larger and smaller side Lext-/+Lplank, then the generalized average acceleration can take any minimum values, but most likely negative discreteness in the modern era is becoming widespread. It is possible that compression first occurs in massive objects such as a galaxy, and intergalactic space is not yet covered by this process, in any case, this version does not contradict physics. But consideration of this version has a completely different purpose, everything is directed to dark energy. Dark energy began to manifest itself about 7-8 billion years ago and dominates at the present stage, surface calculations show: due to accelerated expansion, we see only 1/7-1/8th of the Universe, and according to the theory 1/2, using the proportion by distances and time, we get the cosmological acceleration at the distance of the pioneers in the range of 10 -16 m/s 2 which is quite measurable. Then the pioneers, on the contrary, should accelerate, which is not true, the conclusion is: dark energy does not exist.

Consider another interesting problem, this is the coincidence of large numbers, we first write out the formulas: M universe/M nucle=10 80 ; Rall L/Lnucleus=10 41 ;

hc/ g* M 2 nucle \u003d 10 39 ; inaccuracies in the equalities are associated with the discrepancy between the entire baryon mass and the balance mass within 1/20, so there is reason to replace M nucle to balance M vya.

M universe/M vya=10 53 /10 -38 =10 91 ; Rall L/Lext=10 26 /10 -4.5 =10 30.5 ;

hc/ g* M 2 vya = 10 -26 /10 -11 *10 -76 =10 61 ; or (M universe/M vya) 2/3 =(Rall L/Lext) 2 = hc/ g* M 2 ya, we will prove these equalities based on the consequences of the balance of the Universe:

(M vya* n 3 /M vya) 2/3 =(Lext* n/Lext) 2 = g*M 2 plank *n 2 / g*M 2 plank

n 2 = n 2 = n 2

To understand the physical meaning of these equalities, we consider them in pairs.

M universe/M vya =(Rall L/Lext) 3 ; g*M universe/ R 2 all L= g*M vya*Rall L/L 3 ext ; g*M universe/ R 2 all L = g*M plank/L 2 ext; 10 -11 *10 53 /10 52 = 10 -11 *10 -8 /10 -9 ; 10 -10 \u003d 10 -10 m / s 2.

Consider the second pair: (M universe/M vya) 2/3 = g*M 2 plank /g* M 2 ya; M universe \u003d M 3 plank/M 2 ya;g*M universe/R 2 all L=M plank*L 2 ext/R 2 all L* L 2 plank;

g*M universe/R 2 all L= C 2/Rall L; 10 -11 * 10 53 / 10 52 \u003d 10 16 / 10 26; 10 -10 \u003d 10 -10 m / s 2.

And we again get from two independent equalities the same notorious acceleration of the same order. What does this mean, these formulas show the state of the Universe in the modern era and their equality says one thing, the Universe is at the point of transition from expansion to contraction, according to the arrow of time to the past and future, relations in equalities decrease and become equal in the Planck era. We see (gravitationally) exactly half of the universe. The dynamics of the development of the Universe is shown by the generalized formula From 2/R(t) all L. =g*M(t) all L/R(t) 2 universe, it follows from it, R(t) all L this is an increase (coverage) of causally related areas of space, due to From 2=g*M(t) all L/R(t) all L GP must take a constant absolute value and it is not measurable, then the GP of the Earth, the Sun at any point is also equal to From 2. In principle, GP as a scalar is a convenient mat / tool, by gravity we should mean a change in tension (acceleration), i.e. a change in gravity is gravity. Nature, using the example of the Pioneers, unexpectedly presented us with a hint of a completely new type of quantization through a measure of length, in relation to gravity this is a graviton, but with one serious problem: such gravity should be 10 30.5 orders of magnitude greater than the classical one, but there is a plus in this problem, this value is completely unmeasurable. But why it is not measurable, because we assume that this is a quantum quantity, is suggestive. But is there any connection here inertia + gravity = zero, i.e. zero version of the total energy in the theory of inflation, but at the micro level, separated in time through quantum uncertainty, in fact it is a quantum unmeasurable "strong" gravity with a QED mat/apparatus. Logically, if this condition is satisfied in relation to the entire Universe, then it must also be satisfied locally. Let's start this disassembly with the classical principle of quantization.

One-dimensionality in three-dimensional space

Perhaps we do not fully understand the physical essence of the principle of quantization, because there are no analogues, we have nothing to compare with, to present quantum phenomena. For example, how can one imagine the absorption of a three-dimensional three-dimensional e/m quantum, while absolutely completely, by a point object, let it be an electron, why a quantum of any length does not scatter, has no physical explanation in QED and is accepted as a postulate. The question lies much deeper, because all energy, matter is quantized, using the terminology - quantum gravity, we are obliged to quantize both space and time. First of all, we must clearly understand what the exchange process (interaction) means. EC cannot emit (absorb) quanta all the time; in order to radiate, it must first absorb and vice versa. Then it turns out that the EC can exchange with only one object, the process of interaction takes place in this direction and with this object for a certain period of time, at this moment there is no interaction with other objects, the EC "does not see" them. All this in sum mathematically at the moment means that the dimension is equal to one. In principle, this is a mathematical game; physically, at the quantum level, this is of fundamental importance. Quantization brings us to the seemingly absurd idea of ​​a one-dimensional impact, like a string (Superstring theory). In physics, scattering is completely absent only in one-dimensional processes, the whole process goes as if along a line, attributing one-dimensionality to any quantum exchange process, we thereby mathematically substantiate the integrity of any quantum behavior. Then any EP is a point, the parameters of the probability of finding are determined by QED, a quantum is also a point but with a time parameter of influence, i.e. line. And what is very important, the lines (quanta), in a closed three-dimensional space, obeying the volumetric step in the distribution, do not intersect anywhere, therefore the quanta do not collide and do not scatter. One-dimensionality is the basis for maintaining order in the chaos of PV, for example: a massive body moves at a speed close to WITH, and we state the fact that, according to SRT, all processes slow down with exactly the same synchronicity. If this were not so, then we have a mechanism for measuring absolute speed. It would seem that moving in this chaos (PV) and observing incredible synchronism is absurd. Doesn't this mean that PV is an absolute order. From the world of quantum chaos, we get absolute order (television, cellular communications, etc.). Three-dimensional space is the only way to form the basic laws of nature, which are integrated from simpler one-dimensional exchange processes.

Here another problem arises, the most philosophically confusing, because it has no reasoned physical explanations. Its essence is as follows: What is a closed space (gravitationally) - this is when gravitational exchange particles (gravitons) left a specific point in all directions in a certain time sequence and they, in the same sequence, returned to the same point in all directions, those. space becomes finite. Einstein's SRT and GR showed the interrelationships of space - time - matter, this single whole (the Universe) does not exist without the other. Gravity is engaged in space tightening and is cumulative, then in the closed model of the Universe we get the effect of the influence of the source of gravity on itself, i.e. the arrival of gravity emitted in all directions, which bypassed the entire Universe again to the source, is a physical absurdity; in a closed Universe, this can be called a violation of cause / effect relationships. This problem already imposes a limitation on the speed of propagation of gravity, no more than the speed of light, therefore, when simulating a closed Universe, we simply have to consider this problem. Let's pay attention that in the closed cyclic Universe from infinite mathematical constructions, there is a unique variant of the decision not overtaking or lagging behind, namely coincidence of the reason with a consequence. Then it is theoretically possible to model, taking into account SRT, such a Universe in which the beginning of the Universe (BV) and its collapse, i.e. a full cycle is equal in time to the passage of a graviton (quantum) at the speed of light from a particular point to the same point. This is a physically justified causally connected closed infinity. And interestingly, it does not need to be modeled, this is one of the solutions of the BV theory, for the case of an ideal balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe at the expansion stage. We have already solved it, then the law of the expansion of the Universe should proceed according to the scenario with a scale factor R sat (t)~ t 1/2, i.e. all points began to expand among themselves at the speed of light, and as the layers were covered, the expansion rate fell in proportion to this coverage, as C/n. If we simulate for the same period of time the reverse process of the stage of compression, then we get a complete closed cycle of the Universe. BV divided the simultaneity of events according to SRT by the time of the complete cycle of the Universe. Such a model of the universe gives an unexpected interpretation to the philosophical problem of cause and effect. The event that is happening at the moment and the information about this event that has passed the entire cycle of the Universe (the previous cycle), in theory, should correspond to each other. And if we prove that the absolute order with respect to gravitons is preserved always and everywhere, then this fact of the meeting of the current event with the event of the previous cycle applies to any point of the Universe, to any moment of time. We are, as it were, synchronizing the cause from the previous cycle with the effect of a real event of the present time. All the time we must “see gravitationally” BV of the next N-th layer. For example, at the present moment, the gravitons of 10 30.5 -1 of the BV layer have reached us, and at the moment of collapse, the gravitons of the last layer will come, i.e. left the same point 2*13.7 billion years ago, which will produce BV (the next cycle of the Universe). Then the cause of the BV is the collapse of the Universe from the previous cycle, which will produce the BV. The universe in the cycle repeats itself, moreover, in exactly the same way. To some extent, this is an anthropic principle, i.e. the control of the course of history is information from the previous cycle, it looks like superfiction, but mathematically the problem is solvable. In a closed universe, the fundamental conservation laws work absolutely, energy is matter, as well as "information" does not go anywhere, the course of history cannot be changed. It seems that nature has polished itself. Here are the initial data for the construction of a cyclic universe.

Building a cyclic universe

An analysis of the current state of the Universe and all theoretical calculations speak of one thing, the Universe is on the verge between expansion and contraction, the criterion of which is the HP. The intensity of the gravitational interaction according to the classics is unusually small, but due to the superposition of the potentials of all sources of gravity (masses), we get the total GP = From 2 throughout space and throughout the arrow of time. We consider gravity as the interaction of gravitons with EF PV, i.e. we must quantize a homogeneous gravitational field with HP = From 2. At the time of the BV, we have two starting parameters of the gravitational field, which can be considered as graviton parameters, these are GP = From 2=g*M plank /Lplank remaining stable throughout the arrow of time and acceleration From 2 /Lplank=g*M plank /L 2 plank, the graviton as an exchange particle must obey all the laws of the development of the Universe, in particular the law of cosmological expansion, for example, the graviton that has come down to us from the nth layer has an action n times less, then in the modern era the action of the graviton is From 2/Lext =g*M plank /Lplank* Lext= 10 21 m/s 2 ! According to the classics, this formula has the form g*M ext /L 2 ext\u003d 10 -40 m / s 2, which does not fit at all with the GP of the Universe equal to From 2. And we come to a striking result, the background unmeasured energy of the graviton is comparable to e/m quanta by interactions. We, as it were, turn the graviton from a faceless state into an unmeasured monster. Now it becomes clear what force, according to QED, causes the VC to oscillate with acceleration From 2/Lext- this is a graviton, then the question arises whether gravity, as a flow of gravitons of different energies, is the primary source of all quantum phenomena (virtuality, fluctuations), i.e. reason. And most importantly, we have a real tool for the physical description of the consequences of SRT, GR and the Mach principle. How to combine this incredibly large value with actually observed gravity, how to be with the classics, in the future we will see how the correspondence principle is created, but first we will consider where the very mechanism of the cyclicity of the Universe is laid.

Let's ask ourselves this question, what does the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe at the micro level mean, this is the equality of the gravitational parameters of the graviton with the inertial properties of the VC, and now we will combine these actions - counteractions into a single process. What we will get is an oscillation at the level of VY, but a special one, due to the expansion with different shoulders. Let's calculate this difference, we have already performed this operation, but from other positions:

Vext= C/ n=10 -23 m/c, text= Lext/ C\u003d 10 -12 s, Then Lasim= text* Vext\u003d 10 -35 m \u003d \u003dLext/ n= Lplank is a constant, which is in full agreement with Hubble's law Vext / Lext=10 -23 /10 -4.5 =10 -18.5 sec -1 =H Hubble

F asim =g*M ext /Lext\u003d 10 -45 m 2 / s 2, which corresponds V 2 ext

Then the graviton, passing through each VH, changes the structure of space, i.e. an asymmetry arises in the oscillation arms, always and everywhere equal to Lplank, which corresponds, on the one hand, to the dynamics of the expansion, and, on the other hand, to the gravitational balance between the WLs. In other words, the graviton slows down the expansion dynamics, compresses the space one-dimensionally. You can say so, the graviton supports itself (increases) by reducing the rate of expansion of space. There is a transition of the kinetic energy of the expansion into the potential energy of the graviton. Then what caused the phase of a smooth transition. The process of ever slowing down balance expansion would be infinite if not for the mass of all ECs. In order for the countdown to work, the graviton, having increased due to masses, during the expansion stage equal to 13.7 billion years, must change the difference in oscillation from positive to negative, by only Lplank= 10 -35 m. At an early stage, the relic and neutrinos made the main contribution, closer to the modern era, all other EPs were added to them, i.e. EC masses play the role of a “soft damper” in the transition phase. Then the mass of all EPs is responsible for the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, and the mass of all EPs is responsible for the time interval of the cycle. For the entire cycle of the Universe, each graviton, interacting 10 30.5 times, first expands the VC oscillation in the given direction up to L 0 = 10 -4.5 m (expansion stage), and then compresses to Lplank=10 -35 m (compression stage). And since there are at least 10 30.5 of them in the ring, then for the entire cycle, the expansion and contraction of the entire ring will be 10 26 m and 10 -4.5 m, respectively. It is interesting how the law of universal gravitation is built from these positions. According to the theory, any EC during the cycle is equal to WITH/Lext\u003d 10 -12 sec. makes the space coupler proportional to its mass, for the nucleon we get:

M nucle/M vya=10 11.5 ; Vnucleus=Lplank*M nucle/M vya *tcycle= 10 -35 *10 11.5 /10 -12 =10 -11.5 m/s then:

and nucle =V 2 nucleus/Lnucleus\u003d 10 -23 / 10 -15 \u003d 10 -8 m / s 2, which corresponds to the classics:

g*M nucle/L 2 nucleus\u003d 10 -11 * 10 -27 / 10 -30 \u003d 10 -8 m / s 2:

With regard to our planet, 10 17 pieces fit into the diameter of the Earth. nucleons, then their total effect will create an acceleration equal to:

a earth1 = a null *Nnucleus\u003d 10 -8 * 10 17 \u003d 10 9 m / s 2, this acceleration corresponds to the neutron Earth (the distances between nucleons are Lnucleus\u003d 10 -15 m), then we push the nucleons apart to the size of the average density equal to LWednesdays=10 -11 m, i.e. by four orders. In this case, the strength of gravitons does not change, only the intensity changes in proportion to the square of the separation, then:

a earth2 = a earth1 *N 2 section\u003d 10 9 * 10 8 \u003d 10 1 m / s 2, which coincides with the classics.

Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn

Only one constant is involved in this construction Lplank, no field forces are applied, we have performed only one-dimensional operations. While one thing is clear here, the gravitational force (the force of a single graviton) does not depend on the distance and is cumulative, only the intensity changes. We note right away that the meaning of gravity and gravitation is fundamentally changing here, the fact is that gravity and gravitation, having a single nature of origin, are still different things. HP= From 2, it is not possible to measure the parameters of gravitons (gravitation in total), in fact this is a theory of unmeasured quantities. What is the fundamental difference between the classic and the proposed version of gravity. The classic under gravity means the action (imposition) of all sources of gravity simultaneously on each point in space. According to the theory, it is as if scanning by gravitons of each point of space takes place, where the enhanced gravitons correspond to the masses of the sources, and the intensity corresponds to the distances to the sources. In sum, this is the same thing, but the physical meaning is completely different. It is this mechanism of interaction of the graviton with VY, EP that explains the meaning of the geometrization of gravitation. Gravity is the integration of all one-dimensional screeds of space by gravitons throughout the volume. The implementation of the proposed variant of the cyclicity of the Universe requires a new approach to the physics of inertia, as an absolute equality of the inertial properties of all VH, SP with gravity both locally and globally, otherwise this entire system loses stability. We must really prove the stability of such behavior of the PV and such a mechanism was found, this is symmetry in gravity and the quantum principle of motion.

Symmetry in gravity

Having materialized the space, it becomes clear what specifically exploded, but it remains a mystery what caused the BW, the emergence and further maintenance of the balance. We have to introduce a new ephemeral type of force with incredible parameters, this force, having realized BV, further strictly balances with the gravitation of space, both at the local level and on the scale of the entire Universe, i.e. somehow adjusts to the dynamics of expansion. This is where the mechanism for solving the Mach principle will help us. The action of gravity and inertia on space is identical, even the very equality suggests the idea whether the force of inertia is an integral part of gravity, which it looks like. Action-reaction, gravity-inertia, and in total the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, i.e. gravity and inertia are integral components of the gravitational interaction, then gravity is symmetrical. Here are four more arguments in favor of symmetry. 1. Gravity in this form clearly fulfills the zero conditions of the total energy, both locally and globally. Roughly speaking, without a graviton as a carrier of inertia and gravity, VY, EP is left with nothing. 2. Gravity is not measurable, because it is symmetrical, then the primary source of Planck's constant, as a carrier of inertia, should be gravity. 3. If we take the picture of the expansion of the Universe and scroll back, as it were, up to BV, then we will get the purest mechanism for the formation of the phase of compression of the Universe and its collapse, i.e. BV and collapse are symmetrical. Then we can answer the question without introducing any new force. Who has implemented locally BV - Graviton, who has implemented local collapse - Graviton, there are 10 91.5 such areas, the same number of gravitons, in total it is the whole Universe. 4.VN is a stable structure and at the same time VN is the source of the birth of any forms of EP, i.e. the GC is somehow overcome, which contradicts the physical essence of the collapse itself. This is where symmetry in gravity will help us, allowing us to divide the GC into two parts. In the scientific literature, it is proved that only three-dimensional space can really exist (meaning open dimensions), and how many closed ones are already variations of theories. Three generations of fundamental fermions (three pairs of quark + lepton) - three dimensions of space, is there a connection here. The geometry of the motion of gravitons can be represented as a ring of chains of VL with the dimensions of the Universe, in which at least 10 30.5 units move. gravitons. In the Universe as a whole, a strict number of gravitational rings, there are at least n 2 =10 61 , these rings are evenly distributed in the volume of the Universe with a certain volume step equal to 10 -4.5 m. The rings should not intersect, this requirement is necessary to comply with the order of the PV structure together with gravitons. The construction of the simplest figure (mathematically), where these rings do not intersect, is a three-dimensional ball. In the four-dimensional space of these rings there should be n 3 , if we assume that three types of fundamental fermions should correspond to three dimensions (remember, each EP has three faces), then the VY should be a three-dimensional object. The fourth dimension requires a fourth pair of fermions, but since The universe in this situation is inoperable, there can be no fourth pair. It remains for us to model the VL for a three-dimensional space, as the main building block in the construction of the PV. Then the EL, consisting of two bricks with three elements in each, represents a structure of the type:

Let's analyze this structure in more detail.

We assumed earlier that the VR is a closed state of the GB according to the simple law Mvya=M plank *Lplank/ Lext. Now the question arises about the stability of this state. We really have three directions, in each direction there are elements of the VY (leptoquarks) with GBs in total equal to M plank and a total electric charge equal to e , and there are six of them. The balance of this system leads to the following theoretical conclusions: there should be two types of GBs “+” and “-”, but unlike electrical ones, like ones attract, unlike ones repel. For example: all EPs are endowed with GP "+" and, accordingly, all anti EPs have GP "-". Three leptoquarks are in the GC due to like GBs, and the compensation balance is formed due to the electromagnetic repulsion of like charges and occurs at Lext= Lplank/ Ö 137, (According to the TVO, at these distances, the electroweak and strong interactions are combined). The other three anti-leptoquarks are in balance for the same reason. Then, taking into account the closure of the GB and the symmetry in gravity, the mechanism of annihilation and the creation of EPs becomes clear. Symmetry in gravity clearly explains the meaning of inertia and provides a return mechanism in oscillation. The graviton is the carrier of both inertia and gravity and physically substantiates the entire process of the Universe's cyclicity. We may no longer need an inflationary stage in the development of the Universe. The fact is that when the Universe collapses, the velocities between adjacent layers approach the speed of light, and this leads, as it were, to the merging of the graviton with the VH and, accordingly, to a decrease in the influence of gravitational forces between the VH. Gravity, having generated a collapse, buried itself, the BV scenario began, and this is very similar to the phase transition of a false vacuum into a true one. In addition, the inhomogeneities necessary for the formation of galaxies are automatically laid down by the collapsing Universe itself. Here, the solution of another problem is greatly simplified. In the theories of unification of all interactions and matter, in particular Supergravity, to compensate for positive infinities that arise during renormalization from graviton loops, eight new EPs with spin 3/2 such as gravitino, photino, gluino, etc. are introduced. creating negative infinities. At the head of this eight is a graviton with spin = 2, symmetry in gravity automatically creates a compensation mechanism, and the servants of these exotic particles can be abandoned.

Quantum principle of motion

PV is the foundation in the construction of the entire QED and at the same time is not acceptable for the creation of SRT. How to reconcile these mutually contradictory positions on the question of PV. The effects of SRT GR, quantum effects, the problem of the ether force us to rethink the concepts of space, time and the very essence of motion. The fact is that the ether is an undeniable reality (the supporters of the ether are right), but all experiments within the framework of SRT indicate the opposite, there is no ether (the opponents are right). What problem is jointly solved is the principle of movement in the environment and without the environment. And what if we refuse the source of the dispute, not the ether is a consequence, but the very essence of the movement and thereby satisfy both the supporters and opponents of the ether. Suppose that there is no movement as such in PV, there is only a transfer of state, as it can be imagined. Let's use one of the properties of PV - virtuality. Let us assume that EC is a vacancy for PV, i.e. an incomplete VY always striving to be filled with PV elements (virtual annihilation), while creating a similar vacancy but at a different point, a movement effect is created, somewhere there is an analogy with semiconductor holes. In fact, we are not inventing anything new here, this principle of movement is not explicit, but is visible in QED. The movement of the EP is identical to its stay in a uniform gravitational field, which is equivalent to the exchange process between the EP-VY directly gravitons with energy in accordance with the achieved speed. Then dimension and time arise only during exchange processes, no matter real or virtual, such as there is interaction in a given direction, there is also a mechanism for measuring dimension (orientation) and time. These requirements follow from the principle of correspondence between SRT and the concept of the physical essence of time. Moving at the speed of light, the EC "has a connection" with only one graviton, with which it moves, but since the gravitons do not intersect, all exchange processes and time, in accordance with SRT, are suspended, and so the EC passes into the absolute order of the PV. EC becomes a dead object, its state always corresponds to the last interaction, indirectly this fact is manifested in Aspek's experiment. Two EC being in a bound state after that, flying apart in different directions with a speed WITH retain the memory of the bound state until they are legalized, i.e. The measurements made over the ES do not depend on the length of their run-up, then the correlation corresponding to the start of the run-up is transferred to the moment of measurements. The graviton is the carrier of gravity and inertia, combining this innovation with the quantum principle of motion, we can more reasonably state: the graviton is the true cause of all without causal events, this is a purely quantum effect.

Gravity Laser

The material presented above may give rise to various judgments. Without an experiment (confirmation), any theory can be generated and the idea of ​​setting up an experiment was found, you can call it like a gravitational laser. We take an extra-long and ultra-thin massive rod and place an EC with special measuring equipment along its direction. Thus, we create a local area of ​​influences coming out of the enhanced gravitons rod on the EP, special equipment fixes the EP fluctuations. Let us excite a mechanical wave process in the rod, i.e. we change the local region of enhanced gravitons, in time with the wave in the rod, which is fixed by the equipment. If the theory is true, for the first time we have a real mechanism for measuring the speed of propagation of gravity.

Literature

1. P. Davis Superpower. Ed. Peace 1989.

2. V.L. Yanchilin Secrets of Gravity M. New Center 2004.

3. A.D. Chernin Cosmology: The Big Bang. Ed. Vek-2 2005.

4. Magazine: Earth and Universe 2002 №5 Strange acceleration of the Pioneers.

5. V.A. Rubakov lecture: Dark matter is dark energy in the Universe.

I offer cooperation in creating a single project within the framework of physical realism.