To determine how to correctly write the prefixes pre- and pre-, you need to learn to distinguish what lexical meaning they attach to a particular word. This is in most cases.

Because there are some words that you just need to remember or check in a dictionary.

Prefixes pre- and pre-. Their semantics

1. The prefix pre- means:

a) The highest degree of quality (action) with the meaning "very" or "very". For example: much, exaggerate, elderly.

b) The meaning of the prefix pre- is practically the same as that of the morpheme re-. For example: overcome (overpower), block (block), transform (rebuild).

2. The prefix at- means:

a) adding to something. For example: surcharge, addition.

b) Approaching or being close to something. For example: suburb, coastal.

c) An action occurring at the same time as another action. For example: sing and dance.

d) Incomplete action. For example: open, sit down.

e) The perfect form of the verb, formed from the imperfect, if its meaning does not change. For example: beat-nail, think-think.

More examples

Eloquently testify to the need (for the correct spelling of words) to distinguish what the prefixes pre- and pre- mean, the examples below. To despise (shelter) and despise (consider insignificant, unworthy), arrive (come) and stay (locate somewhere), give (add) and betray (change), receiver (device that receives electric current, etc.) and successor ( heir), proceed (start) and transgress (violate), pretend (cover) and transform (realize).

However, there are words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- have an unclear meaning. For example: freedom, neglect, habit, welcome, sentence, adventure, picky, apply, decent, swear. This also applies to words of foreign origin: privilege, drug, president, priority. Their spelling should be checked in a dictionary or memorized. In addition, there is a group of words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- were singled out as a separate morpheme, but now they are not. These include: subject, advantage, limit, contradict, pass over, seduce, obstacle, punctuation (signs), bicker, obstacle, satiate, notorious, stumbling, disgust, fastidious, device, order, comely, primitive, decent, take communion, claim , affection, reason.

Spelling: prefixes pre- and pre-

The rule again depends on the semantics of these morphemes.

In unstressed position in attachments pre- And at- usually a vowel sound And.

For example: when twisting, pre funny, etc.

How not to make mistakes in writing words with these prefixes?

To spell words correctly with prefixes pre- And at-, you need to understand the differences in their meanings:

Values ​​​​of prefixes for - and pre-

The prefix pre- means:

• Accession
• Approximation
• closeness to something
• Incomplete action

The prefix pre- means:

• The highest degree of action or quality (close in meaning to the word very)
• Coincides in meaning with the prefix re-

Consider the table with examples:

Dictionary words with prefixes pre- and pre-

In some cases, it is impossible to determine the meaning of the prefixes pre- and pre-, and such words must be remembered. We check them in a dictionary (dictionary words). Here are some vocabulary words:

Special cases of writing words with prefixes pre- and pre-

In Russian there are words with prefixes at- And pre-, which sound the same but are spelled differently depending on their meaning. Here are some pairs of such words:

• despise (disrespect) - despise (take care of someone, give shelter)
• Betray (change someone, betray someone) - give a shade (add)
• Break the law (break) - get down to business (start)
• Successor (person, successor) - receiver (device)
• To bow (respect) - to bow (to bend down)
• Bring to life (realize, implement) - close the door (cover)

And finally, you need to remember some words of foreign origin,

For example:

presidium, president, privilege, priority.

To reinforce the topic of prefixes, we offer you two online simulators: in the first simulator, which includes 60 words, you need to select and press the letter e or and. If the answer is correct, it will move to the next word. If you answer incorrectly, you will be shown the correct spelling and meaning of the prefix. Click "Next" to continue. There is a counter of correct answers.

Online simulator in Russian Spelling prefixes pre- and pre-

The second simulator is more like an online game. There are more than 40 phrases on the field, in some of them the words are spelled with errors in the prefixes pre- or pre-. Mostly vocabulary words. You need to find all the misspelled words and click them. Then they will disappear. Keep in mind, the game counts correct and incorrect answers.

Spelling of prefixes is an important section in the study of the Russian language. Vowels in the prefixes pre- and pre- depend on lexical meaning words. Their spelling principles are few and not complicated. But, despite this, not only children, but also adults get confused in the rules when the vowel -e or -i is written. Consider the rule of writing pre-/at-.

In contact with

Prefix at-

Words with attached express:

1. Attachment and approach. Addition, application, come, come, fasten.
2. Incomplete action. To lull, to snuggle up, to jump up, to keep an eye on, to warm, to sip, to rise, to limp.
3. Being close to something. Save, near-mountain, bedside, front-line, suburban, railway station.
4. Gradual completion of the process. Taming, instill, get used to, addiction, reconciliation, save.

Note! What is incomplete action? These are expressing the half-action of a person or object, i.e. doing something incomplete. Get up - get up, sit down - sit down, lie down - lie down

learning Russian

The value of the prefix pre- can be expressed:

1. The superlative meaning of the word. Great, pre-important, wise, advantage, ripe, insipid.
2. The prefix pre- can be replaced by re-. Transient moment - passing (a moment that will change); to swim (obsolete form) - to swim across.

Important! In there are words in which pre- and come to the root of the word. It is difficult to explain the spelling of such words (in most cases it is), so it is better to remember them. Examples: president, price list, teacher, drug, throne, pretender, preference, private, privilege.

Spelling confusion can occur in homophones - words that sound the same but have different spellings. Convert - bring to life, pretend - close, transient - temporary, coming - appearing somewhere; despise - hate, despise - take care of someone; bow - respectfully lower, bow - bend down; to betray - to deceive, to attach - to strengthen the role of the subject.

Spelling prefixes pre-/pre- verbs

Pre-/attachment prefixes are often used with verbs, so we will pay special attention to them.

Words with the prefix pre- have the following interpretation:

1. Change something. The frog turned into a princess. Spring has changed everything around.
2. Implement = bring something to life.
3. Ending an action or process. Block the way, interrupt the speech, stop the crime, stop the activity, prevent the flow.
4. An action is above or below a certain measure. exalt, exceed, exceed, underestimate.
5. To abide = to live, to be, to exist. He lives in Rostov. = He is in Rostov.

You can use the hint site http://bezbukv.ru/mask/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5$/verb, on the page of which there are verbs with a prefix in which -e- is written.

Note! Most verbs with are found in works of fiction.

The prefix pre- is used in the spelling of verbs in the following cases:

1. Completion of an action or movement. Come, run, drive, fly.
2. The specific position of one object in relation to another. Apply a compress, glue a sheet, stick tightly, touch your hand, attach a shelf, attach details, pin a brooch.
3. Addition. Add speed, attribute too much, buy things, attach a balcony, increase capital.
4. Incomplete action. The verbs "sit down" and "lie down" can have the meaning of a short-term action. I lay down on the bed to take a nap. I'll sit down for a minute and run further on business.
5. The verbs of perception "look" and "listen" with the prefix pre- and postfix -sya express deepening into action - to look better, listen carefully.
6. The verbs “call” and “attract” with the prefix prefix = refer to someone, induce to action - call, attract.
7. The verbs “teach”, “tame”, “instill” (figurative meaning), “get used to” = transfer or acquisition of any qualities, properties, skills. Parents taught children to discipline. Animal lovers can even tame a lion. The teacher of literature instilled in us a love of poetry. Those who are used to getting up early do a lot.

The prefix pre- can be used with verbs not only literally but also figuratively. Verbs of motion fall under this category. Let's look at examples in which the verb "come" is in a figurative sense:

1. Meaning "get a certain result". We have arrived at a definite solution to this problem.
2. May contain a conclusion/conclusion or agreement. After working after school for two years, he came to the decision to leave his hometown and start life anew. As a result of lengthy negotiations, representatives of the two countries came to an agreement on territorial issues. The commission came to the conclusion that there were no violations in the work of the bank.
3. The meaning is "to agree", "to have a common decision". We argued for a long time where we should go on vacation, and when we came to a common opinion, we decided to go to the White Sea.
4. Meaning "understanding" or "realization". With age, he began to understand how important it is to protect health.
5. Meaning "get power". As a result of the elections, the Republicans came to power in the country.

In verbal parts of speech, the spelling pre-/pri will be preserved. Blocking - blocking - blocking, trying on - trying on - trying on.

The verb "to come" is also found in phraseological turns: How could that come to your mind? - Think about something. He never recovered from that terrible accident. - Come to your senses.

If you are in doubt about the spelling of a word and cannot decide which vowel, -e- or -i-, should be inserted into this word, then be sure to look in the explanatory dictionary. We remind you that the spelling of pre-/at- directly depends on the meaning of the word.

Rules for writing prefixes in Russian

Spelling of words with prefixes

It happens like this: a child graduated from the 5th grade in one school, and in the 6th grade he went to another, more advanced one. And there - another program in the Russian language, and all the spelling has already been studied (but he has not yet). How to catch up? For such purposes - to remember what has been passed or to study what has not been passed, to structure fragmentary information - now there is a "Non-textbook on the Russian language". These are funny and useful books written with great respect for the reader. Here is an example of a chapter on pre and pri prefixes.

boring story

From this side of the hill, Sigismund the Prezhadny ruled, at the top - Vasily the Beautiful, and beyond the hillock - Arthur the Most Terrible.

Sigismund had only one courtier left, the rest fled to Vasily. In general, everyone fled from Arthur to Vasily. Well, Vasily got 29 courtiers.

Another in place of Basil would have conquered two neighboring kingdoms long ago. With such an army! But Vasily did not even think about it. He released criminals from prison. A strong king, an army nearly thirty times larger than that of the enemy!..

The Minister of Defense said a hundred times at the military council that the descendants would not forgive Vasily for such a boring story. "What will they teach at school in history lessons! Not a single war!" - got excited Minister of Defense.

But Basil doesn't care. He will stomp on the minister, for the sake of appearance, to lag behind, and again runs after his mice. Enthusiasm. They would bring him as many mice as you like on a golden tray - no, he runs around.

Wool on end, tail pipe - so beautiful.

In Arthur Givargizov's story, prefixes in words fearful, greedy, on the one hand, and stomp, courtier, bring- these are two different prefixes, and they must be learned to distinguish.

You need to distinguish them by value, but the trouble is that each prefix has several different meanings. The prefix is ​​​​especially rich in them. Here are its most important meanings.

The first is related to the idea of ​​contact, rapprochement, connection: run, tie, land, come, stick, bring, attach, attract, sew and etc.

With movement verbs, the idea of ​​contact is most often concretized as getting somewhere or to someone: Today the children brought paint to school or We have guests.

The idea of ​​rapprochement is often concretized as a bond with something bigger: To send a letter, you need to stick a stamp on the envelope or Mom sewed a button to the shirt.

The second important meaning of the prefix with is associated with incomplete, weak: get sick, muffle, lie down, hug, sit down, sprinkle etc. So, sit down differs from sit down the fact that it is either not for long, or somehow not completely, for example, on the edge of the sofa, or just a person is ready to jump up at the first request: Petya sat down in an armchair and looked at Yasha, who sat uncertainly on the edge of the chair. A embrace means hug softly, slightly closer to him. This is the meaning of the prefix at often combined with words a little, a little, not completely, not for long: to get sick a little, muffle the sound a little, lie down for a while.

Both of these meanings are characteristic of verbs, but with adjectives and nouns, the prefix with can also mean closeness or closeness: Urals(the area around the Ural Mountains), Amur region(the area around the Amur River), Primorye(area near the sea), seaside(located near the sea or in a suitable locality), coastal(located close to the coast or in the appropriate area), etc.

Prefix meanings

Console pre also has several meanings. To adjectives and adverbs, she adds the idea high degree: kind, amiable, obnoxious, obnoxious etc., that is, it is equal in meaning to the word very. nasty- This very nasty.__

With verbs, the prefix pre can also denote a high degree and even excessive action: exalt, exaggerate, exaggerate Xia, etc. In addition, it can mean moving through something: overcome, transcend- And separation or termination: block, break, interrupt.

These last two ideas are also characteristic of the prefix pen with which they are related: for example, to cross, as well as to block and break. Verbs with the prefix pre are more archaic, often having not a physical, but figurative meaning: break the law, block the way, break off the relationship I.

If nouns and adjectives are formed from verbs, then they, of course, keep the prefix: to transgress is a crime; to surpass - superiority, excellent; to arrive - arrival, visitor.

Let us turn once again to Arthur Givargizov's story "A Boring Story", where there are several words with these prefixes.

with a letter And words are written stomp And courtier. The first of them means "lightly stomp", that is, it contains the prefix at. The second can be both an adjective and a noun and means closeness to royalty and the royal court. These words also contain the prefix at, which matters proximity not so much in physical as in social position.

with a letter e words are written fearful, greedy and criminal. They have an attachment pre, because the first two words have high degree value: "very scary" And "very greedy", A criminal- This "one who broke the law" .

Two more remarks need to be made.

First, with pre And at many words borrowed from other languages ​​begin in Russian, for example: president, present, prestige, privilege. In Russian, prefixes are not distinguished in them, and they do not obey the rule. Such words need to be checked with a dictionary and memorized.

Interestingly, some of these words have a Latin prefix. Word the president spelled with a letter e, because it goes back to the Latin word praesidentis, in which the prefix prae means "ahead" sidentis- "sitting". It is easy to see that in meaning this Latin word corresponds to the Russian word chairman, which consists of morphemes close in meaning.

Secondly, there are words in which it is very difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix. For example, here are the words whim, adventure or neglect were once formed using one of our two prefixes. But gradually the meanings of the prefix and the root have merged so much that they can no longer be separated. Even the prefix can not be distinguished, but considered part of the root.

In Arthur Givargizov's tale, King Vasily is named twice wonderful. Once a word red was the same root as the word Beautiful- they had a common root kras and the meaning is the same. So, the red maiden meant the same thing as beautiful girl. Yes and Red Square called so because of the beauty, not because of the red color.

The adjective beautiful was formed from the word red("beautiful") with the prefix pre in the meaning of a high degree. Time has passed, and the adjective red has a meaning of color, and now the root stands out in it red. And in the adjective beautiful it is already difficult to separate the prefix and the root, especially since its meaning has changed: it means not only “very beautiful”, but also “very good”, for example great solution.

The spelling of such words must be memorized, and in doubtful cases, seek help from a dictionary. Here are some examples:

turn
beautiful
let
neglect
chase
order
adventure
fad
capricious

Let's pay attention to pairs of words that differ in prefixes. Yes, as a couple arrive and stay the first verb is associated with the idea of ​​arrival (arrival, arrival), that is, approach: The train arrives at the station, and the second - with the idea of ​​staying (finding): The theater is on tour.

In the pair to give and betray, the first verb is associated with the idea of ​​​​connection, bonding and ultimately creation ( give meaning to something), and the second is associated with betrayal, extradition, that is, in the original meaning, the transfer of someone to someone or something to something ( betray a friend).

Exercise 1. Which explanation is incorrect?

1. In a word (old) pr_daniye a letter is written e, since the prefix used to have a meaning close to the meaning of the prefix re. Tradition is a story that is passed down from generation to generation.
2. In a word pr_strange(sound) a letter is written at the gap e, since the prefix in this word means "very".
3. In a word turn off(sound) a letter is written And, since the prefix in this word means "approximation".
4. Word pr_neglect spelled with a letter e. It is difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix in this word, so the basic rule cannot be applied. The correct spelling must be found in the dictionary and memorized.

Exercise 2.| Which example in each line would be superfluous?

Sample:

Pro_rich, pr_big, pr_shut up, pr_flattering. All words, except for the word shut up, have the prefix pre with the meaning "very". So, the word to be silent is superfluous: there is a different prefix.

1. Pr_heat, pr_hold, pr_cut, pr_pocket.
2. Bring a kettle, send a horse, send a friend, bring a son.
3. Pro_coarse, pro_sea, pro_evil, pro_sweet.
4. To squint, to limp, to be ill, to protect.
5. Pro_huge, pr_estate, pr_harmful, pr_nasty.
6. Project_flight, pr_sticking, pr_liv, pr_elevation.
7. Pro_powdered, pr_covered, pr_puffy, pr_wise.
8. Pr_to lift, pr_boil, pr_stab, pr_manka.
9. Pr_dirty, Pr_Volga, Pr_voskhodny, Pr_curious.
10. Pr_krat, pr_fasten, pr_lep, pr_twist.

Exercise 3 In each paragraph, the phrases are chosen so as to illustrate the different meanings of the prefixes pre or at. In addition, in the exercise there are words in which the prefix is ​​not highlighted, for example, borrowings or words that have changed meanings.

Insert the missing letters.

1. High city, building to the house, bad weather, nowhere to sit, space adventures.
2. Good ugly appearance, break bread, lie a little, right station buffet, follow the enemy.
3. Price list for new products, screwing to the ceiling, bending the head, electric breaker, bad weather.
4. Stand on tiptoe, long conversation, terrible vision, hellish plan, hellish fish.
5. Great deep canyon, overcome difficulties, sprinkle with snow, Siberian freedom, successful earth.
6. The potato burned, the light broke, the long film, stared at, thought of a fairy tale.
7. The sun is warming up, a dangerous obstacle, a root layer of the earth, a horrible monster, a cut of disgrace.
8. To block the road, to hit it painfully, to shout at the horses, court lady, to fight for trifles.
9. Pro_steep slope, a few delays, pro_movable table, rust producer, medical pro_parat.
10. Open window, stern talk, stop traffic, funny accident, stop work.

The spelling of prefixes is one of the most difficult topics in Russian orthography. In particular, this applies to the spelling of prefixes pre- and pre-, which are sometimes very difficult to distinguish.

Prefix PRE-

The spelling of the prefixes pre- and dependent depends on the meaning that this morpheme gives to the word.

The prefix is ​​used if the meaning of the morpheme is close to the meaning of the prefix re-.

In addition, the meaning of the prefix may be synonymous with the word "very".

Here are some examples : to be fed up - to be very satiated, nasty - very nasty, to block - to block, to transform - to remake, change the image.

Prefix PRI-

The prefix pre-, according to this rule, is written in several cases:

• approximation (come, arrive);
• accession (glue, attach);
• territorial proximity (school, seaside);
• incomplete action (sit down, embellish).

Special cases of writing pre and when

In some cases, using this rule is not easy, but it is absolutely necessary, because the vowel in the prefix helps to distinguish the meaning.

Here are some examples:

• bend the knee - bend a branch;
• break the law - get down to business;
• to be at a loss - to arrive at the station;
• transient difficulties - incoming servants;
• to betray friends - to attach importance.

There are a number of words in which the prefix has largely lost its meaning or has become part of the root. These words must be remembered or looked up in the dictionary: nature, reason, device, obstacle, rebuke, etc.

Prefixes in words of foreign origin

Morphemes that sound like pre- and pre- are also found in other languages, including Latin, from which we have borrowed many terms. Such words cannot be verified using this rule. You need to either remember them, or clarify the spelling with the help of a dictionary.

Here are some examples: president, privilege, preamble, primitive, priority, private, prestige, premiere.

How to distinguish pre- from pre-

To correctly write a prefix, you must first try to determine its meaning:

• if the meaning is close to "re" or "very", write pre-;
• if it has the meaning of approximation, accession, territorial proximity and incomplete action, write at-;
• if it is not possible to determine the spelling of a prefix or a foreign word with certainty, he will turn to a dictionary for help.

Here are some examples:

• turn- the prefix is ​​close in meaning to the prefix re-, because this word means “remake”, so we write pre-;
• bizarre- slightly wonderful, close in meaning to the incompleteness of the action, therefore, at-;
• reptile- it is difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix, so it is wiser to look in the dictionary.

Words with pre- and pre- prefixes are very common in our speech, so difficult cases are worth remembering. To do this, you can use mnemonic formulas. For example, like this: "An aged reptile pursued a criminal."

What have we learned?

The spelling of the prefixes pre- and depends on their meaning. The prefix pre- is used if it is close in meaning to the prefix re- or the word “very”. The prefix at - is appropriate in that case, the word has the meaning of approaching (to arrive), joining (to screw), territorial proximity (school), incompleteness of action (to open). The spelling of a number of words (foreign and those whose meaning is unclear) must be memorized or clarified in the dictionary.

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