Compound nominal sentence examples. Russian lesson "nominal sentences"

Class: 8

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Lesson on the textbook "Russian language: a textbook for the 8th grade of educational institutions" S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov and others.

Place of employment in the educational process: The theme is “A simple sentence. One-part proposals.

Lesson form: a lesson in learning new material using ICT.

Equipment: interactive whiteboard, presentation for the lesson.

This lesson is one of the lessons devoted to the study of the topic "One-part sentences". In the next lesson, it is supposed to control the knowledge of students on this topic. Differentiation is used when fixing the material.

Lesson Objectives: to introduce students to nominal sentences; show the difference between nominal sentences and other one-part sentences; to cultivate in students an interest in the work of Russian poets, a love for the Russian language; formation of skills to use denominative sentences in speech; determine the role of nominal sentences in fiction.

During the classes

I. Checking homework

II. Checking the knowledge, skills, abilities of students

1. Make an analysis of the members of the proposal(2 slide)

The hay smells good.
Smells good of hay.

2. Determine the type of one-part sentence(3 slide)

1. I love winter forest.
2. I'm shivering.
3. I'm cold.
4. A new school is being built in the village.
5. Tears of sorrow will not help.
6. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

3. Conversation(4 slide)

What do these proposals have in common?

Name the distinguishing features of each type of proposals.

III. new material

1. Teacher's word:

– We continue to work on the study of one-part proposals. And today we will get acquainted with interesting one-part sentences - nominal ones. Studying one-part sentences today, let's observe nominal sentences, answer the question: “What role do one-part nominal sentences play not only in prose texts, but also in poetry?”

2. Expressive reading of a poem by A. Fet“Whisper, timid breathing ...” (5 slide)

Whisper, timid breath,
trill nightingale,
Silver and flutter
sleepy stream,

Night light, night shadows,
Shadows without end
A series of magical changes
sweet face,

In smoky clouds purple roses,
reflection of amber,
And kisses, and tears,
And dawn, dawn!..

- It's unusual. The appearance of this poem caused a mixed reaction from readers. Some admired, surprised that it is possible to depict the beauty of the world without verbs. L. N. Tolstoy enthusiastically noted: “There is not a single verb in it. Every expression is a picture. Others saw in this speechlessness an encroachment on the laws of poetics. A. Fet often uses this technique in his works.

- Name the grammatical foundations of the sentences. What part of speech is the main term in these sentences?

- Such one-part sentences, in which the main member is expressed by the subject, are called nominal. Nominative sentences denote the existence of an object or phenomenon in the present tense. (6 slide)

3. Presentation of a nominal sentence(pre-prepared student)

Let's hear what the nominative sentence tells us about itself.

Let me name myself: A name sentence! Surely you have guessed what I do? Yes Yes! I like to name, that is, to report on the very existence of something: objects, events, phenomena ... I am around you, I am at every step, but you do not notice me. You arrived, got off the train and saw: “N. Novgorod”, “Station”, “Exit to the city”, “Cashier”, “Buffet”, “Trolley bus stop”, etc. - this is all me, a nominal sentence. You are going to the city, the conductor announces the stops: "Park of Culture and Leisure", "Metallurgical Plant", "Port" - these are Nominative sentences. And the child looks out the window and shouts: “Out with the sea!” - and it's me again, a nominative sentence. What a pity that no one will ask what are these proposals that are so often found? What offer was given to the stores "Bread", "Obuv", "Books"? And that's all me, a title sentence. One word is enough for me to make people happy. Hearing me on the train, in the tram they say joyfully: “Here is my city. Here is my stop, and there is my house! And W is my son!” I have one main member of the sentence - the subject, but it tells people so much. The subject can have different definitions, and sometimes I have particles - here and out. Sometimes I also report terrible events: “Fire!”, “Earthquake!”, “Accident!” or I give orders: “Fire!”, “Start!”, “Stop!” But my main task is to name what people need, what pleases them and helps them live. I am used in both poetry and prose. There are even whole poems that are written only in nominal sentences. You have already met one of them. Listen to one more thing, A. Koltsova:

smoky tents,
Black bread, water,
Spinning cough, crying child.
O need! Need!

True, it’s a little disappointing that the guys rarely invite me into their compositions.

- What did the Name sentence tell us about its meaning and structure? (Meaning: reports that some phenomenon or object exists in the present. Structure: one main member is the subject; may have indicative particles with it here and out; can be common and non-common.) (7 slide)

Nominative sentences are used when writing in diaries, letters, those. in such genres that are distinguished by the speed of fixing the main, main details, or are used at the beginning of the description (8 slide)

Let's compare our observations with the theory of the textbook.

4. Introduction to textbook theory(pp. 106-107)

5. Exercise 241(orally)

6. Filling in the table "One-piece sentences"

IV. The difference between denominative sentences and incomplete ones

- Naming sentences can be common and non-common (slide 9). Compare: Evening. - Quiet evening. Whisper. - Shy breathing. The second sentences are extended by agreed definitions. Only minor members belonging to the subject group, that is, all types of definitions (agreed and inconsistent), can distribute nominal sentences.

If the sentence contains a circumstance or an addition, then such a sentence is considered by most scientists to be two-part incomplete with an omitted predicate, and the circumstance reminds of its existence (10 slide).

Silence in the snowy forest. Purple roses in smoky clouds...

We will talk about this in more detail in subsequent lessons.

V. Fixing the material

1. Write down from dictation, find nominal sentences.

1. Indian summer. Threshing time. As if inviting someone to go, the cranes fly. (V. Bokov.)
2. The scent of rose and jasmine. The flutter of leaves. Shine of the moon... The song of the south side pours from the open windows. (A. Pleshcheev.)
3. Silence. Cuckoo. Herbs. I am alone in the forest deaf.

2. Working with reproduction I.I. Levitan "March" (11 slide) (weak students - individual cards)

- The expressive capacity of nominal sentences makes them an indispensable tool when you need to succinctly, laconicly describe a picture, create the impression of a swift action.

Consider a reproduction of I. Levitan's painting "March". Try using uncommon noun sentences to describe this picture. (Suggestions are displayed on the slide.)

Day. Snow. tree. Sky. Horse. House. Path. Mood.

– Spread these nominative sentences with agreed and non-agreed definitions. Write the resulting text in your notebook.

Clear March day. Snow that has lost its winter splendor. Trees awakening from sleep. Sky without clouds. Harnessed horse. Two-storey house. Dirty path. Spring, sunny, joyful mood.

Card number 1

1) Bright blue days. Blue ocean. The evening was quiet and light. 2) A small stream. The water is a little brownish. It does not flow, but oozes from the mosses, from the foot of low birches, willows, alders and marsh grass... 3) Night. The shutter creaks and creaks. 4) It freezes hard. 5) Frost. Snow crunches under boots.

Card number 2

Write, indicating the grammatical basis of each sentence and determining its type.

1) Clean walls upholstered in wood. The smell of water and resin. 2) The third hour of the day. Mainly cloudy. 3) There is a rainbow. Have fun living! 4) Calm, and the whole sky is filled with paint. 5) Here is a gray old house. Now it is empty and deaf.

Card number 3

Write, indicating the grammatical basis of each sentence and determining its type.

1) Stuffy night. There will be a thunderstorm ... There it flashed pale and alarming. 2) The night is quiet, quiet. The snow is loose. Somewhere far in the sky it pulls in the spring. 3) Freezes. Dried up. I went for a walk to the river. 4) In everything I want to get to the very essence: in work, in search of a path, in turmoil of the heart. 5) Winter is approaching the middle, the roads are getting wet, it is leaking from the roofs, and the sun is basking on the ice floe.

VI.Text analysis

Analysis of texts in terms of the role of nominal sentences in them. Write the second and sixth texts in your notebook.

Tasks for texts:

1. Read the poems carefully, determine the ideological intent and position of the author.
2. Find one-part sentences. Determine their role in the poetic text.
3. How do one-part sentences help in identifying the author's intention and understanding the ideological meaning of the poem?

1) Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind.
The majestic cry of the waves.
Storm is near. Beats on the shore
Uncharmed black boat.
(K. Balmont.)

(Enchantment - magic, witchcraft.)

2) Wilderness and swamp, snags and hemp.
old birch grove,
Rare forest on the river bank.
(D. Kedrin.)

3) Autumn. Fairy tale,
All open for viewing.
clearings of forest roads,
Looking into the lakes
Like in an art exhibition:
Halls, halls, halls, halls
Elm, ash, aspen
Unprecedented in gilding.
(B. Pasternak.)

(The hall is a palace.)

4) Small town.
Northern town.
Faded moon.
Northern Dvina.
Ripples of dark blue waters.
Music. Motor ship.
The girl on the hill.
Young man at the stern.
(K. Vanshenkin)

5) The last day of the month of July. Around - Russia - native land. The entire sky is filled with blue. Only one cloud on it either floats or melts. Calm, warm. Air is fresh milk.
A deep but gentle ravine... A stream runs along the ravine; at the bottom of it, small pebbles seem to tremble through light ripples. Far away are the ends of earth and sky. The bluish line of a big river...
(According to I. Turgenev)

- The use of nominal sentences in the text helps the author to paint a picture of his native land in a colorful, concise, terse way.

6) So (n ...) life goes on in a hurry. Days, evenings, nights, holidays... Nicks, weekdays.
Yarm...rka. Kr...shchensky m...roses. Trees in fur coats. On sh ... stah rinse ... t ... flags. And winter, winter. From the snow all my ... something.
(According to E. Zamyatin)

- The use of nominal sentences in the text helps the author to concisely and accurately draw a picture of the Russian winter, Epiphany frosts.

VII. Literary task

- Remember the heroes of the comedy by N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General" and guess according to the proposed characteristic, determine who it is about (12-13 slides)

1. ..., already aged in the service and a very intelligent person in his own way.
2. ..., a provincial coquette, not yet quite old, brought up half on novels and albums, half on chores in her pantry and girl's.
3. ..., a young man of about twenty-three, thin, thin; somewhat stupid and, as they say, without a king in his head - one of those people who are called empty in the offices.
4. ..., a servant, such as servants of a few older years usually are.
5. ..., a judge, a person who has read five or six books, and therefore somewhat freethinking.
6. ..., the trustee of charitable institutions, a very fat, clumsy and clumsy person, but for all that, a sly and a rogue.
7. ..., a simple-minded person to the point of naivety.

(ANSWER: 1) Mayor; 2) Anna Andreevna; 3) Khlestakov; 4) Osip; 5) Lyapkin-Tyapkin; 6) Strawberries; 7) Postmaster).

VIII. Summing up the lesson

1. Blitz survey

- Nominal - one-part sentences? (Yes).

- Nominal - two-part sentences? (Not).

- Do you agree that denominative sentences have only one main member of the sentence, resembling the subject in form? (Yes).

– Can a denominative sentence be uncommon? (Yes).

Can a denominative sentence be common? (Yes).

- Can the main member of a sentence in a nominal sentence be a combination of a numeral with a noun? (Yes).

2. Problem solving

- Today at the lesson we talked about nominal sentences. You have noticed that there are many such sentences in poems. It is no coincidence that N.V. Gogol said: "The spring of poetry is beauty." Observing nominal sentences, you can answer the question: “What role do one-part nominal sentences play not only in prose texts, but also in poetry?” (Nominative sentences make poems melodic, specifically pointing to objects, phenomena that excite the poet).

- It was a pleasure to work with you at the lesson today. I saw smart, interested children. And if something didn’t work out for someone, it doesn’t matter. You still learned something new, which means you have become smarter.

Let each of you say to yourself: “I am well done! I thought. I did my best. I made discoveries." (Slide 14)

Homework:§24, exercises 243 (written), 248 (oral); prepare for the control dictation (15 slide).

- Thank you for your cooperation. (Slide 16)

One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".

Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.

Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.

The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.

For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.

The sufficiency of one main member is due here to the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person, with their endings, unambiguously indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.

We use one-component sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to the action, and not to the person who performs this action.

Indefinitely personal sentences

- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.

For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).

The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.

The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.

Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.

As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).

When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.

Generalized personal offers

Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic attribute.

The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).

Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).

The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).

In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.

impersonal proposals

impersonal proposals - These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.

The main term can be expressed:

1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);

2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);

3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);

5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);

6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)

Name sentences

denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: Autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties nominal proposals.

1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).

3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).

feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the general picture of the situation or events being described.

Most often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn ... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).

In Russian, in addition to two-part sentences characterized by the presence of two main members, subject and predicate, there are also one-part sentences, that is, those in which there is only one main member. And nominal sentences are those in which the given main member is expressed by a noun. The topic studied in the 8th grade is very important because it is the basis for understanding the basic principles of syntax and the formation of complex text writing skills.

Features and examples of nominal sentences

Nominative sentences (they are nominative) can only consist of a subject, but this is not necessary, it can also have dependent words. The subject in such a syntactic construction will always be a noun in the nominative case. In addition, interjections and particles (indicative or exclamatory) can be included in this sentence.

As a rule, definitions, agreed or inconsistent, act as a distributing member of the proposal.

A nominal sentence can have one subject or several homogeneous ones: Noise and din around.

Here are examples of nominal sentences.

Insomnia.- the sentence consists only of the subject. Silhouette of a man in the fog.- in this sentence, the subject has dependent words. Here is the rain!- in this nominative sentence, a pronoun and a demonstrative particle are used.

A nominative sentence always reports the existence of an object or phenomenon in the present tense.

In cases where the nominative sentence is distributed with the help of circumstances (usually with the meaning of time or place), some researchers classify them in another category - two-part incomplete sentences. For example: Spring is coming (that is, spring will come soon) - this sentence can be considered as one where the predicate is missing.

Types of nominal sentences

Their classification is based on the semantic load. So, nominative sentences are divided into.

a predicative attribute expresses the fact of existence, presence in objective reality.

In denominative sentences, the main member is framed as a subject and denotes an object characteristic of the situation being transmitted.

The main form of the main member and the minimum composition of the sentence is the nominative case of a noun, less often a pronoun or numeral.

Both the semantic and grammatical features of denominative sentences are characterized by a sharp originality in comparison not only with two-part sentences, but also with one-part sentences of various types. The main feature of nominal sentences is fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name individual details of the situation, but important details, designed for the experience and imagination of the listener or reader, such that it is easy to imagine the overall picture of the situation or event being described, for example: Night. The outside. Flashlight. Pharmacy.

The main member of a one-part sentence has a form that matches the subject, but does not denote the carrier of the feature, as in two-part sentences, but a special kind of feature. At the same time, N.S. Valgina notes, the main member of denominative sentences does not have the features of a predicate: it is not able to be used with a bunch and be an exponent of modal-temporal meanings; the relation of the object or phenomenon called by him to reality, the speaker conveys only with the help of stating intonation. At the same time, it is noted that denominative sentences always imply a real modality and one of the meanings of the present tense, do not allow paradigmatic changes in moods and tenses, are only affirmative, for example: The tops of lindens rustled. Light. Thunder strike.

Thus, N.S. Valgina and a number of other authors, including the authors of school textbooks, adhere to traditional views and sentences like It was night are classified as two-part sentences. However, in Grammars -70 and 80, as well as in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maksimov, the two-part nature of these sentences is rejected, and the verb to be is characterized as a service syntactic formant - an indicator of temporal reference.

The question of the composition and boundaries of single-component sentences does not have an unambiguous solution either, namely demonstrative sentences, headings and titles, nominative themes, forms of greeting and gratitude, nominatives of an evaluative nature, nominal sentences with determinants receive different interpretations. Some authors, in particular V.V. Babaitseva, include these constructions in the composition of nominative sentences, others, for example N.S. Valgina, classify them as special constructions. Let us consider the last point of view in more detail.

The distinction between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form seems possible when taking into account such a property of the sentence as independent functioning. This approach makes it possible to single out as nominative sentences only those constructions that are able to function independently without context. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite definite and relatively narrow. Their composition, no doubt, includes: Winter. Here is the stream. Well, the weather. Four hours, etc.

We list constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences:

1) The nominative case in the role of a simple name - names, inscriptions on signs.

These constructs have no meaning of being: Weaversham. "Eugene Onegin".

2) The nominative case in the function of a predicate of a two-part sentence can be used in incomplete sentences: Chichikov once again looked askance at him when they went into the dining room: Bear! The perfect bear! The guest held out his hand: - Ivanov. (the value of im.p. is a sign).

3) Isolated use of the nominative case, nominative. There are prepositive and postpositive nominatives.

A prepositive nominative is a nominative representation or topic that names the subject of speech (thought) in order to evoke an idea about it in the mind of the interlocutor, reader: Minority ... Age that requires special close attention.

The post-positive nominative is located after the message, serves the purpose of revealing the content of the subject in front, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance it is - 12 months.

Thus, nominative sentences are one-part sentences of a substantive type, the main member of which has the form of the nominative case and combines the functions of naming an object and the idea of ​​its existence, being. The value of beingness is dominant, and this is the static being of an object, in contrast to the dynamic one, which emphasizes the process of the emergence of an object or phenomenon, compare: Behind the corner is a store; Again bad weather. N.S. Valgina refers such constructions to elliptical two-part sentences with adverbial words, and V.V. Babaytsev refers to the transitional type between one-part and two-part sentences.

There are two classifications of nominative sentences in linguistic literature: 1) semantic, 2) structural. Each classification has a number of options, which are also reflected in the educational literature.

Semantic classification.

1) Option 1, presented in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maksimova, 1987, pp. 105-107:

Existential (And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears; And azure, and midday heat);

indexes (Here is the mill. Here is the evening of life);

incentive: a) incentive-desirable (Attention! Good afternoon! Hello!); b) incentive-imperative (situational) (Fire! (situation - battle). Syringe! Probe! (situation - surgical operation);

evaluative-existential (What a frost! Well, frost! Flowers, well, flowers!);

Properly-named ("First Joys", "Unusual Summer" (books); "Tehran-43", "Russian Field" (movies));

· “nominative representations” (specific variety) (Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!).

2) Option 2, presented in Modern Russian under the editorship of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, M., 1964, part 2, pp. 429-431:

Natural phenomena (Hot noon);

· Environment and furnishings, pointing to the subject (Two-story house. Veranda. Flower beds. Several benches and deck chairs.);

the appearance of living beings (correct, gently outlined oval of the face, fairly regular features, thick, beautiful hair, ordinary homemade hairstyle, quiet gaze); the psychological state of a person, emotions (Confusion, fainting, haste, anger, fear); emotional evaluation in the form of an exclamation (What passions! What a wonderful night, what shadows and glitter);

result, generalization, conclusion, reason (-What to do, what to do! - the chairman sighed, leaning back in his chair. - A ruin ... an hourglass);

modal meanings: doubt, distrust, approval, message-representation (What is your name? - Natasha. Natasha Chistyakova);

greetings, wishes, calls (Hello! Good afternoon! Happy journey!); incentive.

3) Option 3, presented in the Syntax of the Modern Russian Language by N.S. Valgina. M., 1978, pp. 186-188. This option takes into account the independent functioning of the nominative sentence out of context:

· self-existential (drizzle. Twilight. Road);

Object-existential (Shrub. Moss. Squat spruce);

index (Here is a willow. Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden);

evaluative-existential (with emotionally expressive particles) (Well, it's night! Fear. And boredom, my brother. And character!);

Desirable-existential (If only health! If only not death! If only happiness!).

In the version presented in the textbook by D.E.Rosenthal, two semantic varieties are presented: existential and demonstrative.

In Grammar-80, semantic varieties are divided into two groups: non-personal-subjective and personal-subjective sentences. The general meaning of the 1st group - the whole situation "an object - its existence, presence" is designated as one that either does not have its own carrier or producer, or is presented in abstraction from it, semantic varieties - the state of nature, the environment; events, situations, objects - persons or not persons, for example: Winter. Rain. Victory. Noise. The outside. Random bystanders.

The general meaning of the sentences of the 2nd group - the whole situation “objectively represented action, state - its existence” has its own carrier, which is denoted with a high degree of regularity by a spreading word form with a subjective or subjectively definitive meaning, for example: Whisper. Rave. Shame and shame! The child has the flu. Conversations among those present. He has experience.

Structural classification involves the division of nominative sentences on the basis of prevalence and the way the main member is expressed.

So, in Grammar-60, non-common and common nominative sentences are distinguished. In uncommon sentences, the main member can be expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun or a numeral, quantitative-nominal phrase. A common proposal may include an agreed and a non-agreed definition.

In the textbook by P.A. Lekant “The syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian”, M., 1974, pp. 43-53, the structural types of nominative sentences are distinguished on the basis of the sign of dismemberment-non-dismemberment.

Undivided, non-spread, syntactically indecomposable, with verbal distributors, for example: Table. Four chairs. Clear afternoon. Here is the house. Here is the sun. What silence!

Dissected, common with determinants, for example: Around the taiga. And six months later - a new miracle. You are hysterical, Vasya.

N.S. Valgina singles out a special group of nominative sentences in the Russian language, which have an independent genitive case of a name as the main member, which not only conveys the meaning of the presence, being of an object, but also characterizes it from a quantitative side - the presence of a multitude of something is affirmed. This type of sentence is called genitive. Examples: People! Laughter! Colors! Food, food!

Among the structural types of a simple sentence, vocative sentences (VP) are distinguished. VP are appeals complicated by the expression of an undivided thought, feeling, expression of will (V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maksimov, specified textbook, part 3., p. 113).

The place of the EP in the classification schemes of structural types of a simple sentence is defined in different ways: a special type of one-component sentences, a variety of indivisible sentences, a variety of nominative sentences, a type standing on the border of one-component and indivisible sentences. The feature that distinguishes them from one-component sentences is the impossibility of separating the members of the sentence in them. A sign that distinguishes them from inarticulate sentences is the presence in them of the nominative-vocative function of words that form their constructive basis.

EPs have two semantic varieties in terms of the speaker's reaction: 1) incentive and 2) emotional. Incentive VP express an appeal, a demand, a ban, a warning, a request, a protest, etc., for example: -Sentry, - Novikov (Bondarev) shouted severely; - Comrade Colonel! - Protested, running up, the pilot (Simonov).

The purpose of the lesson : learning new material
1) repetition of information about single-part sentences;
2) familiarity with nominal sentences;
3) study of the practical orientation of the acquired knowledge.

Methods and techniques:
1) methods of verbal transmission of information and auditory perception of information (techniques:conversation, story, discussion );
2) methods of visual transmission of information and visual perception of information (techniques: observation, painting );
3) methods of transferring information through practical activities (experimental work in groups, work with a book, creative work );
4) methods of stimulating and motivating students (techniques:partial search activity, group research activity, creation of a situation of success, creation of a situation of mutual assistance)
5) methods of control (techniques:frontal survey, self-assessment)

Form of organization of work in the classroom: frontal, group, individual.
Means of education:
Material and technical: a projector, a reproduction of a picture.
Didactic: Russian language textbooks, notebooks, task cards.
Lesson timing:
1) Organizational moment -2 minutes;
2) Repetition of the material covered -8 min.;
3) Explanation of new material -10 min.;
4) Consolidation of knowledge -20 min.;
5) Summing up - 2 minutes;
6) Presentation and discussion of homework -3 min.

During the classes:

Organizational stage
Mutual greeting of students and teacher; fixing absent; checking the readiness of students for the lesson; checking the availability of diaries, notebooks, textbooks; organization of attention.

2) Blitz - poll :

1) What is the difference between one-part sentences and two-part sentences?

(In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and both of these members are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. In one-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of one main member (subject or predicate), and the second main member is not needed for understanding the meaning of the sentence.)

2) What groups are single-part sentences divided into according to the form of the main member?

(According to the form of the main member, one-component sentences are divided into two groups: with

main member - predicate and main member - subject.)

3) Name the main groups of one-part sentences with the main member

predicate.

(Definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal.)
4) What sentences are called definitely personal?

(Definitely - personal sentences are one-part sentences with

predicate - a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person.)

5) What sentences are called indefinitely personal?

(Indefinitely - personal sentences are one-part sentences

with a predicate-verb in the form of the 3rd person plural in the present

and the future tense and the plural form of the past tense.)
6) What sentences are called impersonal?

(Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate,

in which there is not and cannot be a subject.)

3) The text is projected onto the board:

It is cold outside. And the children are waiting for the frost. Then they will go skiing and skating. Love winter!

-Can the totality of these sentences be called a text?
-Name it ("Waiting for Winter")
-Name the grammatical foundations of these sentences and determine the type of sentences (chilly- impersonal; children are waiting - two-part;will ride - indefinitely personal;love - definitely personal

4) Transition to a new topic of the lesson
The teacher reads a poem by A.A. Feta "Whisper, timid breathing." (see Appendix1)
- Did you like this poem?
-Here is how Leo Tolstoy said about it: "There is not a single verb in it, every expression is a picture."
Teacher: there is no action in this poem, but a picture of the night is drawn very figuratively with the help of nouns. The author uses only nouns that name objects. A. Fet uses denominative sentences (or nominative ones).
The topic of the lesson is recorded: "Nominative sentences."
Teacher: Nominative sentences make up a specific group among one-part sentences. In scientific grammar, they are interpreted in different ways, but in practice they represent a rather motley group in which subject and indicative nouns act as the main member.Room. Table. Sofa. Night. Cool. Silence. Nominative sentences, like impersonal ones, are expositional. They are mainly used in fiction (poetry, prose), in newspaper and magazine essays and articles. The nominal sentences are very short, but expressive. With the help of them, the writer subtly and concisely draws the place, time of action, landscape, setting. They contribute to the rapid development of the plot. A.P. Chekhov often used nominal sentences in his stories.
Land hospital. Morning . (story "Surgery")
Evening twilight. Large, wet snow . (story "Tosca")
A.A. Akhmatova often used nominal sentences in her poems:
Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist. (note: all suggestions are displayed on the dock using a projector)
We pay attention to the reading of nominal sentences. They are read with a long pause.
To distinguish denominative sentences from two-part incomplete ones, you need to know the grammatical features of denominative sentences:
a) Denominative sentences have one main member - the subject, which can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case (Forest. clearing ), quantitative-nominal phrase (Twenty past ten. ), personal pronoun(Here she is.) and numeral( Twenty three! - continues Grisha). The scheme of these nominal sentences also includes particleshere and out and, then such sentences acquire a demonstrative value.

b) Name sentences can be common and non-common. The specificity of denominative sentences in this regard lies in the fact that their main member can be extended only by definitions, agreed and inconsistent.
- What definitions are called agreed? (definitions related to the noun being defined by the method of agreement, i.e. in case, number, gender. Starry night.)
- What definitions are called inconsistent? (definitions related to the explained word by the method of control or adjunction . A chain of wolf pits with oak bristles.)

5) The sentence is written under dictation:
Frost and sun; wonderful day!
- Where does this line come from, who is the author? (“Winter Morning” by A.S. Pushkin)
- Perform syntactic analysis (declarative, exclamatory, complex, non-union sentence; 1st sentence one-part, nominative, non-common, 2nd sentence two-part, non-common)
Conclusion: denominative sentences can also be part of a complex sentence.
Differentiated task:
1st group (strong students): write a miniature essay based on the painting by V.D. Polenov “Overgrown Pond”, using one-component sentences;
2nd group (average performers): task on cards; (see Appendix 2, card number 1)
3rd group (poor performers): exercise 213, write out nominal sentences.
Assignments are checked one by one from each group.
Independent work
The class does exercise 216 as assigned.
= A student works at the board on a card (the task can be given either to a strong student or a weak one), see Appendix2 , card number 2 or card number 3)

6) Summing up
1) The teacher analyzes the activities of students in the lesson.
2) Joint assessment of the activities of the teacher and students in the lesson.

7) Presentation and discussion of homework
Paragraph 24, differentiated task, each group receives task cards. (see Appendix3)

Attachment 1

Poem by A.A. Fet “Whisper, timid breathing”

Whisper, timid breath,

trill nightingale,

Silver and flutter

sleepy stream,

Night light, night shadows,

Shadows without end

A series of magical changes

sweet face,

In smoky clouds purple roses,

reflection of amber,

And kisses, and tears,

And dawn, dawn!..
(1850)

Appendix 2

Differentiated task by cards.

Card #1
With the help of agreed and inconsistent definitions, distribute nominal sentences.

Morning. River. Island. bushes. A fisherman sits in their dense shade.

Card number 2
(note: task for a strong learner)

Place punctuation marks, parse the sentence.

Silence and only seagulls fishermen break the peace of the night.

Card #3
(note: assignment for a low performing student)

Find nominal sentences and emphasize the grammatical foundations in them, give a description of the sentences.

Autumn. Thickets of the forest.
Moss of dry swamps.
The lake is white.
Pale sky.
I. Bunin

Appendix 3

Differentiated homework on the topic "Nominative sentences"

Task 1st group:

Make short verbal sketches: 1) describe the situation in your apartment at different times of the day - early morning, afternoon, late evening; 2) Describe the situation at school during the big recess. What nominal sentences will help you expressively and vividly convey pictures of home and school life?

Task 2nd group:

Remember what pictures of nature you remember (on a hike, on a trip, when traveling out of town, during a vacation, etc.). Describe them. What types of one-part sentences can be used in this case?

Task 3rd group:

Write out two or three remarks with nominal sentences from a dramatic work. Determine what the author is expressing with these sentences.