When you hear someone say, then everything at first glance is quite simple: the mouth of the other person generates a sound that your ears hear. It seems that this scheme works great, what can go wrong?
In fact, your eyes can deceive you: vision is the dominant sense for most people, which means that sometimes it is the eyes that determine what your ears hear.
For example, a person again and again says something like "bah-bah-bah", and after that he suddenly changes the sound to "fah-fah-fah" - at least if you believe your eyes. In fact, the sound does not change, only the "picture" changes: that is, the voice still says "bang", but since the articulation has changed somewhat, you automatically begin to hear a different sound, and if you close your eyes or look away, the sound will again turn into Bang.
This illusion is called the McGurk effect, and the most amazing thing is that even if you know what sound is actually being pronounced, your ears will still hear what your eyes tell you. As a rule, the McGurk effect is minimized when you are dealing with a familiar person, but it manifests itself fully when talking with a stranger. Even what a person is wearing matters - you subconsciously expect certain words from him.

2. Your brain removes some objects from your field of view when you are driving

We've all observed optical illusions more than once, but this is just a small part of how the brain can trick our senses: it can ignore the light of the flashlight at night in the rearview mirror when you are driving. For example, look at the blinking green dot in the center of the picture for ten seconds.

Have you noticed the yellow dots in a circle? No, because after a few seconds they disappear from the field of view: you know that the points are still there, but your brain refuses to see them. Likewise, headlights and headlights disappear when you focus on the road ahead. That is why the people responsible for road accidents often say: "He appeared out of nowhere!"
Scientists call this phenomenon "motion blindness." It is believed that this is the ability of the brain to discard information that it currently identifies as irrelevant. There are too many stimuli in the world - sounds, smells, objects moving towards them - and if the brain processed all the incoming information, it would receive a significant overload. Instead, it filters out “useless” things: this is why it is so difficult to track all the bystanders walking along the same street with you.
The problem is that the brain does not always respond correctly to signals: in our example, the brain takes the blue lines for something important because they are moving, and ignores the yellow dots because they stay in place.

3. Your eyes are able to influence the taste of food

If you do not have a deviation called synesthesia, then you are unlikely to think about what the color tastes like, or vice versa - what the taste looks like. But in fact, these feelings are interconnected: our eyes determine how much this or that food will please us, and the point is not only that we want to eat more that food that looks appetizing.
For example, tasters believe that some products are better combined with red wine, and others with white wine, moreover, each type of wine reveals its taste at a certain temperature. The researchers set out to find out what influences the perception of taste, and asked members of a London wine club to describe the aroma of white wine. At first, people talked about the flavors traditionally considered characteristic of white wine - bananas, passionfruit, red pepper, however, when the researchers added red dye to the wine, experts began to talk about the flavors characteristic of red wine. Note that it was the same wine, only of a different color.
This experiment was repeated many times in different clubs and the result was always the same. Once one of the most reputable tasters tried to describe the taste of a red-colored white wine, and tried it for a long time - not because he correctly identified the variety, but because he was trying to recognize what red berries this wine was made of.
The wine example is not the only one: the shade of the glass can affect the temperature and taste of the drink, for example, in one experiment, the participants tasted hot chocolate if they drank it from orange or coffee-colored cups, and the strawberry jelly tastes fuller if the dish is served on a white plate, not a dark one.

4. Your brain "changes" the size of the surrounding objects

The eyes often deceive us about the size of the objects we see: take a look at the two red lines in the photo and try to figure out which one is longer.

If you answered that the line is on the right, then you are an absolutely normal person, and you are also mistaken - if you put the lines next to each other, it becomes obvious that they are the same. The brain has reduced the line on the left for the same reason that distant objects seem smaller to you - it's a matter of perspective.

To see such illusions in real life, it is enough to look at the night sky: when the moon just rises above the horizon, it looks huge, but over the next few hours it gradually "decreases" and closer to midnight it seems very small. This does not mean that the Moon has suddenly moved away from the Earth - it looks larger only because the objects in front of it - trees and buildings - create the illusion of perspective.
And the strange thing is, how easily you succumb to illusions depends on what you are used to seeing: for example, city dwellers are more vulnerable to optical illusions. On the other hand, if you grew up far from civilization, your brain will not store as many memories of large rectangular objects, so it will be more difficult to deceive it with an illusion.

5. You can easily forget where your limbs are.

If you put a fake rubber hand next to your hand and ask which hand is actually yours, then you will probably answer this question without hesitation, but most likely you will be mistaken. If your real hand is covered with something, and you only see the hands, then simply touching both hands at the same time is enough to mislead your brain: you do not see your real hand and automatically mistake the fake - visible - hand for yours. If you hit the artificial hand with a hammer, then you flinch, although you will not feel pain - the brain will instinctively react to the blow.
Even more interesting is that as soon as your brain mistakes the artificial hand for your own, the temperature of the real hand, hidden from your eyes, drops sharply, indicating that blood flow is limited at this time - in other words, your brain begins to deny the very existence of your real hand on the physiological level.
This phenomenon, also called proprioception, shows that your eyes play a huge role in being aware of your own body parts: it allows you to drive without looking at your feet, or to blindly type on a keyboard. For the same reason, adolescents seem clumsy - they do not have time to get used to the fact that they have grown up right away, and their brains often distort the visual perception of their own body.
Proprioception is often used to treat phantom pain after amputation - it is enough to show the patient an artificial limb with a mirror to make the brain think that the arm or leg is still in place.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus
Belarusian State University
Faculty of Law

Deception of the brain and senses

Is done by a student
2nd year Faculty of Law
Branch "Economic Law"
11 groups of full-time education
Bakanov Maxim Olegovich
_____________________________
Lecturer Professor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Barkovsky L.M. Minsk, 2012
The sense organs are a peripheral anatomical and physiological system, which, thanks to its receptors, ensures the receipt and primary analysis from the primary world and from other organs of the organism itself, that is, the external and internal environment of the organism.
Man has five senses, namely touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. More than 80% of information received by a person is perceived visually. Not all objects can be clearly seen by a person. Delusion in general refers to things that a person perceives inaccurately. The most common effect is visual illusion. The wrong perception of things can be for many reasons, but most often this happens due to the reason closely related to the psychological and physiological properties of the person.
The brain unites all the information that we see, hear, feel, etc. Our brains can play a trick on us, and often the consequences of incorrect sensory responses in the brain are reflected in our daily life. There is even a special science that studies brain deception - psychoacoustics. The discoveries within the framework of this science have shown that our ears do not perceive all the parameters of signals, but only the frequency of sound, its beginning and end, as well as the force of sound pressure. All other parameters: timbre, pitch and loudness are already the result of brain work. Therefore, we may not hear some signals, but our brain will definitely feel them. By the way, thanks to this feature, popular audio drugs were created. By acting on brain signals, these audio files are able to penetrate the psyche and consciousness of a person.
The greatest benefit of brain trickery has been for amputees. Discoveries in the field of anatomy have led to ways to trick the brain and relieve pain where the limb used to be. This method became "mirror therapy". With its help, the reflection of the whole limb was transmitted to the brain and after several repeated sessions the feeling was created that the limb that did not exist anymore was in place again.
Similar studies have proven that the brain has unique plasticity. He can be fraudulently instilled in beneficial changes at the bodily and cellular level. Thanks to these discoveries, it became possible to correct neurological diseases. For example, you can now change gait, posture, adjust body weight, and even cure anorexia.
Vision is the most sensitive organ in our body. However, this sense organ is not only a source of information for us, but also serves as a means of deceiving the brain. Scientists have demonstrated this using the famous "GA-GA experiment". This experiment is as follows:
The invited actor with good diction spoke clearly in front of the video camera "GA-GA-GA-GA". His face was shot in close-up. Then the same actor spoke clearly "BA-BA-BA-BA" into the microphone without a video camera. Then the video engineer took the audio track from the "GA-GA" video and replaced it with the "BA-BA" audio. That is, the person in the frame said "GA-GA", but the sound was "BA-BA"
If you stand in front of a mirror and say "Ha", and then "Ba" - you will see that the movements of the lips are different at the same time.
Then the subjects were invited, who were put in front of the video recording. And they asked to look at the recording and say = what they hear, as well as listen with their eyes closed and also say - what they hear. If the subject watched the video, he heard "GA", if he listened with his eyes closed, he heard "BA".
How could a person hear the sound "GA" if it was not there?
Information enters the human brain through several channels - visual, auditory, tactile ... When a person closed his eyes, he ...

All mental activity of a person is included in the process of cognition. However, the main role is played by sensory and rational cognition. Sensual, or sensitive cognition is cognition with the help of the senses, it gives direct knowledge about objects and their properties and proceeds in three main forms: sensation, perception, representation.

Sensation is a sensory image of a separate property of an object - its color, shape, taste, etc. The holistic image of an object that arises as a result of its direct impact on the senses is called perception. Perceptions are formed on the basis of sensations, representing their combination. An apple, for example, is perceived as a combination of the sensation of its shape, color, and taste. A more complex form of sensory cognition is representation - the image of a separate object preserved in consciousness, which was perceived by a person earlier. Representation is the result of past influences of the object on the sense organs, reproduction and preserved of the image of the object in its absence at the moment. Memory and imagination play an important role in the formation of representation, thanks to which we can imagine the place where we were before, the event described in the story of the interlocutor or in the book. Imagination and memory form an idea not only of a real object, for example an apple, but also fantastic images that are a combination of several real objects (centaur, satyr, witch in a mortar and with a broomstick, etc.).

Thus, sensory knowledge gives knowledge about individual properties and objects of reality. Can we assume that this knowledge is reliable? Do not our feelings deceive us as the ancient skeptics believed?

It is known that many animals have sense organs that are superior in their capabilities to the human sense organs. The sight of an eagle is sharper than a person's sight, a dog's sense of smell is thinner than a human. But the human sense organs were formed not only as a result of biological evolution, as in animals, but also in the process of practical interaction of man with the outside world. They were humanized. The nature of the senses is biosocial. “The eagle sees much farther than a man,” notes Engels, “but the human eye sees much more in things than the eye of an eagle. A dog has a much finer sense of smell than a person, but it does not distinguish between the proportion of those smells that for a person are the defining signs of various things. And the sense of touch, which the monkey possesses in the most primitive, crude, rudimentary form, was developed only together with the development of the human hand itself, thanks to labor. "

It should also be borne in mind that a person improves his cognitive abilities with the help of manufactured and used instruments of cognition - a variety of instruments and devices that enhance his sense organs (microscope, telescope, locator, etc.). Therefore, the physiological limitation of the human sense organs is not any serious obstacle in the knowledge of the external world.

As for the reliability of sensory images, their correspondence to things and their properties, we note the following. The same objects cause unequal sensations in different people, which skeptics have noticed. The subjectivity of sensations is due to physiological differences in the sensory organs of individual people, their emotional state and other factors. But it would be wrong to absolutize the subjective side of cognition, believing that in the sensations and perceptions of an objective content that does not depend on a person, reflecting reality. If this were so, then a person would not be able to navigate in the world around him. He would not be able to distinguish objects by their size, color, taste, and without knowing the real properties of wood, stone, iron, he would not have made and used tools of labor, to obtain means of subsistence. Therefore, sensory cognition, including the moment of the subjective, has an objective content independent of a person, thanks to which the senses provide basically correct knowledge about reality. Feelings, perceptions, representations are subjective images of the objective world.

In addition, it is necessary to emphasize that cognitive activity is not limited to sensory perception. It includes rational cognition, which, interacting with sensory perception, complements and corrects the cognitive process and its results.

Sensory cognition gives knowledge about individual objects and their properties. It is impossible to generalize this knowledge, to penetrate into the essence of things, to know the cause of phenomena, the laws of being with the help of only the senses. This is achieved through rational knowledge.

Rational cognition, or abstract thinking, is mediated by knowledge obtained with the help of the senses, and is expressed in basic logical forms: concepts, judgments and inferences, reflecting the general, essential in objects.

Based on the generalization of knowledge about individual objects and their properties, abstract thinking forms the concept of the properties inherent in a certain set of them (round, cold, sour), about a variety of objects (apple, house, person), it is able to form high-order abstractions containing knowledge about the most general properties and relationships of reality. Such are, for example, the philosophical categories: "being", "objective reality", "movement", "society", etc. Being an abstraction, a departure from reality, thinking, at the same time and thanks to this, is able to single out general properties, essential connections of things and processes, to establish their causes, to learn the laws of motion and development of nature and society, to create a holistic picture of the world.

Thinking is inextricably linked with language. Concepts, judgments, inferences are expressed in certain linguistic forms: words and phrases, sentences and their connections.Variety of language - inner speech, the language of the deaf, various means of transmitting information using artificial languages ​​do not refute, but, on the contrary, confirm the unity of language and thinking. Language is a sign system that performs the function of forming, storing and transmitting information in the process of knowing reality, a means of communication between people.

The unity of language and thinking does not mean their identity. Thinking has an ideal nature, language is a material phenomenon, it is a system of sounds or signs; not reflecting objects, he designates them, acts as their symbol.

Sensual and rational cognition are the sides of a single cognitive process. Reflecting an object from the external, superficial side, sensory cognition contains elements of generalization, which is characteristic not only of being presented also to perceptions and sensations. They constitute a prerequisite for the transition to rational knowledge. Rational cognition not only includes a sensible moment, which it would be deprived of objective content and with the objective world, but, in addition, it orientates and conditions sensory cognition. And although sensory cognition is primary in relation to thinking, however, in the formed cognition, the sensual appears in an inextricable connection with the rational, making up a single cognitive process.

From the understanding of the process of cognition as a dialectical unity of the sensible and the rational, it follows that sensationalism and rationalism are one-sided epistemological currents that absolutize one of the sides of this unity. Sensualists absolutize the role of sensory cognition, believing that all knowledge comes from experience, from sensory perception. Rationalists absolutize rational knowledge, believing that only the mind is capable of knowing what exists. If the empiricists-materialists (Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Helvetia, Holbach, etc.) proceeded from the recognition of the material world, the images of which are sensations, then the empiricists-idealists (Berkeley, Mach, positivists) limited experience to a combination of sensations, recognizing sensations as the only reality. In the teachings of rationalists who take idealistic positions (for example, in the philosophy of Hegel), reason is understood not as the mind of a person, but as absolute reason, the world spirit. At the same time, defending the thesis about the activity of thinking, its ability to unlimited knowledge, rationalism in any of its forms opposes various currents of irrationalism, belittling rational inquiry, intellect, highlighting superintelligent ways of mastering reality.

Considering cognition as a process, it is important to note that this process also includes attention and memory, imagination and intuition. In addition, cognitive activity interacts with the emotional and motivational-volitional spheres of consciousness, as well as with all the background knowledge.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

Deceptions of the senses

(hallucinations, illusions). - At the heart of all our ideas about the external world are perceptions that we receive due to irritation of the senses - sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Each of them has the ability to perceive the irritations falling on him exclusively in the form of a sensation characteristic of him, according to the law of the so-called specific energy. These specific sensations can also arise when the stimulation of a given sense organ does not correspond to its nature; so, for example, light is also perceived when pressure is applied to the eyeball, when the retina is electrically excited, at the moment of cutting the optic nerve; with catarrhal damage to the auditory organ, tinnitus is heard; with mechanical stimulation of the sensitive nerve trunk, a sensation arises in a distant skin area, in which its endings branch, and so on. Thus, in the very conditions of the physiological departure of the sense organs, there are moments due to which sensations can arise without corresponding external stimulation. In addition, even under conditions of normal function of the sense organs, there are sources of errors in the assessment of external impressions, an example of which are some phenomena of light refraction, double vision, the fusion of two tactile sensations into one at a very close distance, etc. Finally, with different diseases of the nervous system, such as neurasthenia, hysteria, tabes dorsal, and others, there are various imaginary sensations, perversions of sensitivity, etc. All these categories of misperception are not considered O. feelings in the narrow sense of the word. In these cases, perverted and imaginary sensations are recognized as such and, moreover, they are either completely elementary, or occur in such a form that they do not in the least disturb the simultaneous correct perception of real stimuli. The technical term "O. feelings" is applied only to such erroneous or imaginary perceptions in which the subject receives a sensation of external stimulation of the sense organ and refers it to the external world. If at the same time there is still some object that creates perception, but the latter is perverted, then the sense of the senses are called "illusions"; if there is no external object at all serving as a source of perception, then we speak of "hallucinations". This division of O. feelings was introduced at the beginning of our century by the French psychiatrist Eskirol, but the difference between them was already known earlier, and it is not significant, since illusions undoubtedly also contain a hallucinatory element. Therefore, in the future we will only talk about hallucinations. The origin of the word "hallucination" is not known with certainty; it is produced either from the verb άλύω (to be outside of oneself, to worry, to worry), then from the onomatopoeic word όλολύζειν (ululari - to scream like an owl). First of all, let us consider the nature and content of O. feelings in those cases in which they are most often observed, namely in the mentally ill. Visual hallucinations sometimes in the form of elementary light phenomena, and the subject sees sparks, lightning, rainbow colors, pillars of fire, etc., then in the form of more complex visual images: certain faces, animals, figures, complex scenes, moving or motionless , quite distinct or indistinct, like shadows. Other patients see monsters, fantastic figures that come closer to them, then move away. The sizes of these shapes are subject to change. Whole spectacles are sometimes played out before the eyes of patients - processions pass, execution is performed. Under the influence of visual illusions, the faces of those around them change their expression: they depict contempt or tenderness, take on the features of other faces, old acquaintances, the dead; patterns of wallpaper and furniture turn into insects, bizarre figures emerge from them. Hearing hallucinations consist mainly of voices, sometimes distinct, loud, recognizable as the voice of a certain person, sometimes indistinct, soundless. These voices are heard from a certain place, from the ceiling or from the next room, or from below, from furniture, from under the floor, or they are heard at the very ear, or, finally, from their own body, in the head, in the stomach. They call the patient by name, scold him, ask him questions, give advice, orders, answer his questions and thoughts. Sometimes he hears conversations of different people, listens to them, talks to them. The content heard is often religious in nature, and the voice is attributed to God. In addition to speeches, one can hear singing, the cry of children, screams, noise, cannon fire, ringing of bells. The starting point of all these hallucinatory speeches and sounds can be actual sound impressions. Under the influence of such sound illusions: barking of dogs, singing of birds, rustling of leaves, noise of moving wheels - all this scolds the patient, repeats his thoughts, answers them, etc. smell and taste, due to the special conditions of functioning of these senses, it is difficult to separate illusions from real hallucinations. In terms of content, here O. feelings are mostly unpleasant in nature, patients complain of suffocating gases, cadaverous odor, the taste of feces, carrion, metals, acids, etc. Tastes and odors of a pleasant nature are rarely observed. With O. feelings from the side touch it seems to patients that they feel various external stimuli in certain areas of the body surface, and they attribute their imaginary sensations to those sources from which such stimuli usually emanate. It seems to patients that they are electrified, magnetized in an invisible way, that they are beaten, pricked, burned, dropped on them hot liquid or sprayed with poisonous powder, spiders, snakes, etc. crawl on their skin very often O. feelings in the area of ​​the skin combined with illusions from the internal organs. Then the most ridiculous, endlessly varied delusional ideas arise. Patients complain that their skull is invisibly pierced and the brain is sucked out, that their blood is thinned, muscle bundles are crushed, that their insides have been turned into glass or stone, or completely removed, or that they have no stomach or tongue at all, which is in the stomach people or animals settled, etc. A special group, extremely common mainly among women, is made up of hallucinations in sexual sphere: they feel touch to the genitals, the introduction of foreign bodies there, they feel the movements of the fetus in the abdomen, the approach of labor. And in men there are sensations in the genital area. In addition, hallucinations from the outside take part in complex pseudo-sensations that give rise to such delusional ideas. muscular feelings; this includes cases when it seems to patients that their body has become light, that it rises into the air, hangs freely in space, etc.

From the considered nature of the deception of feelings inherent in the mentally ill, it is clear that the imaginary perception created by the hallucination becomes the property of consciousness in the form of an absurd idea, in the form of material for delirium, and in many cases, mainly in the field of general feeling and touch, hallucinations are completely inseparable from delusional the form in which they are expressed. In relation to hallucinations of sight and hearing, for the most part it is possible to separate imaginary sensory perception from its delusional interpretation. For example, if a patient declares that he hears swear words that are transmitted to him over the phone, then it is quite clear that this idea is an invention, conditioned by the desire to explain the origin of hallucinations. Similarly, in the complaint that by means of hypnotism the patient is shown obscene parts of the body, we can distinguish delirium from optical illusion. However, often such statements of patients or their behavior, which at first glance makes them accept deceptions of the senses, in fact, do not at all depend on actual hallucinations. For example, paralytics sometimes say that they had various dignitaries, kings and princes as guests, and that they said something or promised them something; or that he was having breakfast with God and such and such dishes were served to him, and such and such persons were sitting next to him. Another time you can observe in maniacs or imbeciles how they have long conversations with someone, answer someone, quarrel with someone. Or, also predominantly imbeciles or maniacs collect various rubbish, dirty papers, old buttons, hide these things and pass them off as big jewelry. In all these cases, through careful questioning, one can make sure that here the patients did not have a real sensation at all - a perception that constitutes the essence of the hallucination, but it is either about O. memories, or about mixing dreams with reality, or, finally, about simple fantasizing. In addition, very often with various psychosis, mainly with primary insanity, a peculiar subjective phenomenon is observed, reminiscent of O. hearing, but undoubtedly having a different character. Namely, many patients talk about some kind of inner voice, that they hear their own thoughts, they complain that someone is talking in them, that someone else is making them thoughts. Some clearly distinguish voices that they hear from the outside, and those that they hear only "mentally", and the latter sometimes cannot be localized at all. Others complain that their thoughts are constantly being repeated in an inner voice, like an echo. The ways of expressing this peculiar subjective phenomenon are extremely different, and it may be that it presents numerous shades and modifications. But in essence, we are always talking about obsessive sensations accompanying the thinking of patients, and for them these sensations seem to be something different from auditory perceptions. For this category of subjective phenomena that do not completely coincide with the actual O. feelings, in psychiatry the name was established mental hallucinations as well as pseudo-hallucinations.

Relatively O. frequency of feelings in the mentally ill accurate numerical data cannot be provided. The divergence of observers largely depends on what forms of mental illness they were dealing with, since various psychoses are contained very differently in the sense of complications of O. feelings. In general, in acute forms of insanity, hallucinations are much more common and play a much greater role than in chronic ones. Also, the value of O. feelings for the course and manifestation of mental illness is very different: in some cases, it is possible to trace the direct development of delirium from O. feelings, in others, delirium is formed more or less independently of them; in some cases, the patient retains clarity of consciousness and himself complains about O. feelings, in other patients take hallucinations for real reality and under the influence of O. hearing, for example, the orders they hear, are ready to commit and commit the most dangerous acts. In a well-known category of mental disorders, designated by the name of acute hallucinatory insanity, O. feelings play the role of the most prominent symptom, appear in huge numbers, sometimes simultaneously in all the senses, and cause deep confusion of consciousness. With progressive paralysis of the insane, on the contrary, hallucinations are often completely absent for the entire long-term course of the disease. Of great interest are observations in which the mentally ill were exposed to O. feelings only from one side - in one eye or in one ear, or in which hallucinations in two symmetrical organs are different. For example, a patient hears with his right ear various abuse, and with his left ear, praise, encouragement, or with one ear hears voices suggesting to him to commit suicide, and, on the contrary, warning him against suicide. For all the rarity of such observations, they deserve great attention, which will be discussed below.

In addition to mental illness, conditions poisoning organism with known poisons are accompanied by O. feelings, as a more or less constant symptom. These poisons include mainly alcohol, atropine and other preparations of belladonna, then opium, hashish (ondian hemp), cocaine, santonin. All these means, especially the first two, in their influence on the nervous system are not at all limited to the O. feelings, but produce, in addition, changes in consciousness, delirium, in general, a real mental disorder. But with a certain degree of poisoning, a picture is obtained which in many respects does not coincide with insanity in the precise sense of the word, and which is characterized predominantly by profuse hallucinations; moreover, the influence of one or another poison is manifested by certain features, sometimes so characteristic that by them alone one can sometimes determine the nature of the poison. For example, santonin, even in small doses, produces a yellow coloration of all visual perceptions (the so-called xanthopsia); and with more severe poisoning, in addition, hallucinations of taste and smell are found. Numerous small animals - mice, cockroaches, snakes - are typical for alcohol poisoning, and such deceptions of the senses are observed with amazing consistency when so. called delirium tremens; in addition, in chronic alcoholism, auditory hallucinations in the form of swear words and threats are very common. Intoxication with opium and hashish, along with a peculiar change in well-being, is accompanied by hallucinations of vision and muscular feeling. Atropine poisoning is also characterized by multiple visual hallucinations, cocaine poisoning - a kind of pseudo-sensation under the skin. The close affinity with the poisoning-dependent deceptions of the senses just discussed represent the hallucinations inherent in feverish infectious diseases. In the initial periods of typhoid, smallpox, measles and other febrile processes, with evening rises in temperature, a peculiar state of consciousness is often observed: it represents rapid fluctuations between clarity and obscuration with incoherent, fragmentary delirium, and this delusion is based on massive hallucinations, mainly of sight and hearing ... The origin of these feverish deceptions of the senses, in addition to an increase in the temperature of the blood, may also be due to self-poisoning, due to the entry into the blood of poisonous products of bacteria that produce a febrile illness.

A special category of O. feelings is represented by hallucinations caused artificially by suggestion in a hypnotic state (hypnotic hallucinations). The hypnotized, at the request of the hypnotist, admires the fragrance of a nonexistent rose, the taste of water, which he takes for sweet wine, etc. However, such suggestions succeed only in the somnambulistic stage of hypnosis, of which the subject does not retain any recollection upon awakening. In addition, it is possible, by means of suggestion, to create post-hypnotic hallucinations and not only positive ones, that is, make the hypnotized person upon awakening to see something that does not actually exist, as well as negative ones, and the well-known objects in front of the subject's eyes do not exist for him. (see Hypnotism). Here, mention should be made of the deceptions of the senses, which are sometimes observed in perfectly healthy persons before falling asleep (the so-called hypnagogic). Similar hallucinations are experienced during fatigue in the transition from wakefulness to sleep. In these cases, we are talking mainly about visual hallucinations, less often about auditory.

Finally, deceptions of the senses are also found in completely healthy people in a waking state, outside of any conditions that violate mental health or clarity of consciousness. First of all, there are quite reliable indications in the biographies of some historical figures, such as Socrates, Mohammed, Benvenuto Cellini, the Virgin of Orleans, Luther, Pascal, Goethe, etc. Among them, two categories should be distinguished - those who believed in their hallucinations, taking them for reality and explaining them according to the views of the era, and those who, being deceived by the senses, clearly perceived them as such. But it would be a mistake to consider deception of feelings in mental health as a feature characteristic of great, genius people, and to see in this trait evidence that speaks in favor of the relationship between genius and insanity. Among the various details from the life of celebrities, information reaches us about the random hallucinations to which one or the other of them was exposed; there is no doubt that a number of other brilliant and remarkable personalities were free from this phenomenon. On the other hand, people who are not at all outstanding are subject to it. There have been few examples of this category before. Of these, the most popular is the case of the Berlin bookseller Nicholas, who experienced hallucinations of sight and hearing for a long time in full mental health and a clear consciousness of the nature of these phenomena. He saw a large number of faces, men and women, who moved and talked to each other, and these phenomena lasted for several months with clear consciousness and the absence of mental disorder. At present, to clarify the issue of deception of the senses in healthy individuals, there is material collected through collective research undertaken by various psychological societies, which addressed in print with a request whether it happened to anyone in a healthy and waking state to have the feeling that he sees someone or hears sounds which actually did not exist. Such studies, carried out for the first time in the 80s. the English Society for Psychical Research, and subsequently other societies and individuals in France, America and Germany, showed that for several tens of thousands of people who responded to such a request, on average, about 12% gave an affirmative answer. Although the data obtained in this way cannot be recognized as completely reliable, nevertheless, on the basis of them, the fact of the existence of hallucinations of sight, hearing and touch in healthy individuals cannot be considered an exceptional rarity. It should be noted that in a known number of cases, hallucinations in healthy individuals coincided with some important event (death, danger to life) for the subject who is the subject of hallucination. These O. feelings, by analogy with prophetic dreams, premonitions, clairvoyance, etc., mystical phenomena, have recently been singled out into a special group called telepathic and were explained by the supersensible influence of one soul on another at a distance.

Moving on to the question of origin and mechanism hallucinations, it must be borne in mind that, after all, it is mainly mental illnesses that provide material for its solution. Posthumous changes in the brain with insanity are such that it is not possible to find out on what reasons this or that symptom of a given mental illness depended on them; moreover, these changes are so diverse and spread to such different parts of the brain that on the basis of them it is not possible to connect the O. feelings with a certain part of the brain. It goes without saying that in these cases the research was mainly directed to those areas of the brain that are central stations for nerve fibers branching in the sensory organs, and it turns out that painful tissue changes in these parts of the brain do not always coincide with hallucinations. ... The same applies to the peripheral parts of the sense organs and to the nerve conductors that connect them to the central nervous system. Although in some cases it was observed that a change in the functions of the sense organ, mainly vision, affects the nature of hallucinations, therefore, the latter to a certain extent depend on the peripheral part of the system that serves for the perception of external impressions, this dependence cannot be generalized in any way, and how as a rule, in hallucinations it is impossible to grasp any connection with the state of the corresponding peripheral organ. Often, visual hallucinations were observed in the blind, auditory - in the deaf. The above-mentioned cases, in which the content of O. feelings from both sides is not the same, also indicate the central origin of hallucinations. Therefore, judgments about the mechanism of origin of O. feelings can only have a hypothetical character. Theories hallucinations, proposed by various authors, have changed depending on psychological views and existing teachings about the connection between the senses and the brain. The old French psychiatrists accepted that the process that occurs during hallucination is more or less the same as that on which vivid imagination, reproduction and association of representations are based. This so-called "psychic" theory assumed that the hallucinatory image was essentially no different from the subjective image of a fantasy or memory. Subsequently, this view was abandoned and replaced by the so-called psycho-sensory theory, which is based on the proposition that the excitement of the imagination alone is not enough for the living objectification of hallucinatory images, and that for this, the excitement must also extend to the substance of the corresponding sense organ. This point of view, placing the source of the hallucinatory process in the central ending of the sense organ with the condition of simultaneous excitation of its peripheral part, can be considered generally accepted at present. Another question is, in which parts of the brain is it necessary to look for the initial excitement in O. feelings? To understand it, it must be borne in mind that the nerve conductors going from the sense organs to the brain have several central stations in the latter. Of these, the final one lies in the cerebral cortex, but before reaching it, the conductors of the sense organs enter into communication with the centers located in the so-called subcortical cerebral nodes. There is no doubt that conscious mental life, which also embraces the perception of the sense organs from the external world, is mainly associated with the activity of the cerebral cortex, and that images created by normal sensory perception are localized in the sensory centers of the latter. It is very tempting to imagine that under certain conditions a painful irritation of these centers occurs, and that hallucinations arise in this way. This view of the origin of hallucinations is known as cortical(crustal) theory, and there are a number of anatomical and physiological facts that support this theory. However, it allows the propagation of excitation from the cortical centers to the periphery, that is, in the direction opposite to that in which normal function occurs. Therefore, until now, on a par with the cortical theory, there is another one that places the source of excitation during hallucinations in the subcortical centers, assuming that it extends from here to the cerebral cortex. A more detailed assessment of these theories is possible only with the help of special data on the anatomy and physiology of the brain. In conclusion, it should be noted that, with the exception of those rare cases when a completely healthy person temporarily experiences O. feelings, hallucinations generally belong to psychopathic phenomena, moreover, they very rarely constitute the only manifestation of a psychopathic state, and in the overwhelming majority of cases, there are others on a par with them. symptoms of mental illness or abnormal brain activity. Therefore, hallucinations in themselves do not constitute a separate disease that might require special treatment, regardless of the underlying mental or cerebral distress.

Literature. See psychiatry guides; in addition, Brierre de Boismont. "Des hallucinations" (P., 1845); Baillarger, "Recherches sur les maladies mentales" (P., 1890); V. Kh. Kandinsky, "On pseudo-hallucinations" (1888); E. Parish, "Ueber die Trugwahrnehmung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der internationalen Enquête über Wachhallucinationen bei Gesunden" (Leipzig, 1894); Lazarus, "Zur Lehre von den Sinnestäuschungen" (B., 1867).

D. Rosenbach.

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• - ...

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• - - a complex personality state associated with the simultaneous emergence of opposite emotions and feelings; manifestation of an internal personality conflict ...

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• - see Optical illusions ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

• - Wed And remember that you often used to say to me: - such were your speeches ... Yes, you told me the truth: only deceptions in the world, there is no truth in people. Everything is wrong ... Melnikov. In forests. 4, 13. See fog in your eyes ...

  Explanatory phraseological dictionary of Michelson

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• - From French: L "Education sentimentale. The title of the novel by the French writer Gustave Flaubert. The authors of the Russian version of the title are translators A. V. Fedorov and A. V. Dmitrievsky ...

  Dictionary of winged words and expressions

• - without feeling adverb. qualities - are. colloquial 1. Having lost the ability to perceive the environment; unconscious. Ott. transfer Delighted, delighted with someone or something; without memory, crazy. 2 ...

  Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary

• - There are fogs in the sea, deceptions in the world. Wed And remember that you often used to say to me: in the sea of ​​fog, in the world of deceptions - such were your words ... Yes, you told me the truth: some deceptions in the world, truths in people ...

  Michelson's Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original orph.)

• - Book. High. On the impact, the impact of the environment on the emotions, feelings of young people. / i> According to the title of the novel by G. Flaubert. BMS 1998, 100 ...
• - Sib. Lose consciousness. FSS, 33 ...

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• - adverb, number of synonyms: 1 dead ...

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• - adj., number of synonyms: 10 falling into an unconscious, fainting state fading out fading out disconnecting falling unconscious falling unconscious falling into ...

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• - cut out, fall unconscious, fall unconscious, fall dead, disconnect, faint, lose ...

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• - adj., number of synonyms: 6 knocked out unconscious lonely departed unconscious somlew ...

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• - lose consciousness, lose consciousness, pass out, ...

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"Deceptions of the senses" in books

Deceptions under the letter "D *"

From the book of Sholokhov the author Osipov Valentin Osipovich

Deceptions under the letter "D *" Solzhenitsyn blessed with his foreword and afterword the main book for anti-Sholokhovites - "The stirrup of the Quiet Don". Riddles of the novel. ”It was published in Paris in 1974 in Russian, as I have already mentioned, under the pseudonym D *. Only at the time of perestroika authorship

Promises and deceptions

From the book Nobel Empire [The Story of the Famous Swedes, Baku Oil and the Revolution in Russia] author Osbrink Brita

Promises and Deceptions In the Caucasus, a movement of the Black Hundreds is developing, incited by representatives of the authorities, headed by the nationalist and reactionary, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Plehve. The pogroms are designed to divert the discontent of the workers, to sow discord, firstly, between the poor

Street cheats and scams

From the book A Difficult Situation. What to do if ... A guide for survival in a family, school, on the street the author Surzhenko Leonid Anatolievich

Street deceptions and frauds Have you read about Ostap Bender and his relatively honest ways of taking money? The original was the person. And very resourceful. However, if you take our time, then, perhaps, the frauds of the son of a Turkish citizen would seem childish

DECEPTIONS OF THE MIND

From the book Life Without Borders. Concentration. Meditation the author Zhikarantsev Vladimir Vasilievich

DECEPTIONS OF THE MIND Have you noticed that you never do what you long and persistently think and dream of bringing into your life? For example, my son has a barbell in his room for several years, and from time to time someone beats it against it. Even a cat suffers. He thinks all the time about

Perelman Yakov Isidorovich

Deceptions of sight

59. CONCEPT AND STRUCTURE OF SENSES. CLASSIFICATION OF SENSES

From the book Cheat Sheet on General Psychology the author Voytina Yulia Mikhailovna

59. CONCEPT AND STRUCTURE OF SENSES. CLASSIFICATION OF SENSES In this issue, we will consider the concept of "feeling", its structure and classification of feelings. Feeling is understood as a special form of mental reflection, peculiar only to a person, in which the reflected is

Stereotypical deceptions of the senses and the meaning of self-abuse

From the book Suggestion and Its Role in Public Life the author Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich

Stereotypical deceptions of the senses and the meaning of self-abuse From the same point of view, it is necessary to explain the stereotypical deceptions of feelings, characteristic only of famous families, in which these hallucinations are given one or the other, for the most part, a fatal meaning.

The deceptions are disappointing!

From the book Overcome the Life Crisis. Divorce, job loss, death of loved ones ... There is a way out! author Liss Max

The deceptions are disappointing! The first thing to understand is that we are frustrated with deception. My friend should have realized that he had misled himself and his sister by trying to help her. Until now, he needed to control everything, although he had repeatedly admitted to himself that he was powerless.

Technique number 6. Awakening the Senses Focus on the senses and find peace

From the book Thoughtful [How to free yourself from unnecessary thoughts and focus on the main thing] the author Newbigging Sandy

Technique # 6. Awakening the Senses Focus on the senses and find peace The more you immerse yourself in the present moment, the less you are in your mind. Moreover, active awareness of what is happening helps to more fully experience your own consciousness -

59. Raising feelings with an insult // About how long would Christ be given for insulting the feelings of the Orthodox

From the book Below the Line (collection) the author Gubin Dmitry

59. Raising feelings with an insult // About how long would Christ be given for insulting the feelings of Orthodox Christians (Published in Ogonyok under the heading "In all the flexibility of the law" http://kommersant.ru/doc/2224022) the force of the law on insulting the feelings of believers by some already

Chapter IX. How do demons get into the bodies and heads of people without hurting them when they are deceiving the senses?

From the book Hammer of the Witches author Sprenger Yakov

Chapter IX. How do demons get into the bodies and heads of people without hurting them when they deceive the senses? When examining how the deception of the senses occurs, how demons penetrate and dwell in bodies and heads, is it necessary to consider as possessed those in which they penetrated

Awareness of the senses (observing the senses in the senses)

From the book Mindful Eating - Mindful Living: A Zen Buddhist Approach to Overweight by Chang Liliana

Awareness of feelings (observation of feelings in feelings) Many people in their desire to lose weight are obsessed with only one desire - to change what they do not like about themselves. But when we take the time to enhance our joy and healthy qualities, it also contributes to

DECEPTIONS IN MOTOR SALONS

From the book How motorists are deceived. Purchase, lending, insurance, traffic police, TRP the author Geiko Yuri Vasilievich

DECEPTIONS IN MOTOR SALONS Take note of several fresh schemes of deceiving buyers and sellers in car dealerships - just the other day, friends and injured motorists told me about them, first-hand, as they say.