1.Parts of speech in Russian, criteria for their selection.

In modern Russian, independent and service parts of speech, interjections and onomatopoeic words are distinguished. Independent (significant) parts of speech name objects, their qualities, properties or actions, or indicate them. They have their own grammatical meanings, bear verbal stress and play the role of the main or secondary members of the sentence. Independent parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs. Some scholars - authors of textbooks (V.V.Baitseva, L.D. Chesnokova) consider the participle and the gerunds to be independent parts of speech. But more often scientists attribute the participle and gerunds to special forms of the verb (N.M.Shansky, M.M. Razumovskaya). Official parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) do not name the phenomena of reality, but indicate different relationships between words (prepositions), words and sentences (conjunctions) or give semantic and emotional shades to words and sentences (particles). They do not have forms of inflection, do not have verbal stress, are not members of a sentence. Interjections in Russian express, but do not name, the speaker's feelings: Oh! Uh-huh! Alas! etc. Onomatopoeic words reproduce sounds, cries: ku-ka-re-ku, mu-u-u, etc. Neither interjections nor onomatopoeic words are members of the sentence.

2. Collocation, its purpose in the language. The structure and types of phrases

by the way the main word is expressed.

3. Parse the sentence, draw a diagram.

1. Nominal parts of speech, their common and distinctive features.

Nominal parts of speech in Russian are a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a pronoun. The features of these parts of speech are studied by morphology.

Nominal parts of speech are independent (meaningful), changeable (declined) parts of speech that are members of a sentence.

The noun occupies one of the main places in our speech. Everything that exists in the world is called a word - a noun. Nouns denote an object, who answer questions? what? (young man, cat, blizzard, decision, Moscow, blue, excitement). A subject in grammar is everything that you can ask who is it? what is it ?, for example: who is it? - human; what is it? - textbook. Nouns are divided into groups depending on the lexical meaning:

1) concrete - they call the objects of the surrounding world (living or inanimate nature): a house, a picture, a TV; boy, dog, bullfinch, oak;

2) real - substances are called: gold, oil, gas, salt, polyethylene;

3) abstract - they call the phenomena perceived mentally: properties, qualities: whiteness, kindness, stupidity; actions: running, changing, hustling; states: joy, sleep, laziness; natural phenomena: blizzard, rainbow; social phenomena: parade, reform;

4) collective - they call a lot of the same objects as one whole: foliage, children.

Nouns denoting generalized names of homogeneous objects (phenomena) are called common nouns, for example: river, mountain, city, kindness, rebellion, titmouse. Nouns denoting the names of single (separate) objects are called proper, for example: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Yuri Dolgoruky, the cat Marquis, Europe, Arbat. Nouns are divided into animate (Volzhanin, carpenter, bear cub) and inanimate (house, newspaper, Meshchera).

The division into animate and inanimate nouns does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and inanimate, for example, the names of plants, the words people, children, flock, youth refer to inanimate, and the words doll, dead, dead, ace, jack, trump card (card terms) - to animate.

Nouns refer to masculine (man, house, tiger), feminine (sister, hut, tigress), middle (generation, impression, patronymic) gender. Usually it is not difficult to determine the gender of nouns, but there is a group of words for which you can correctly determine the gender only by referring to the dictionary: swan - masculine; shampoo - masculine; chassis - neuter; corn is feminine.

Some masculine nouns denoting a profession, occupation, can be used to denote both male and female persons (lawyer, geologist, salesman).

Foreign-language nouns often belong to the middle gender (cafe, menu, atelier); the masculine gender includes nouns that call males or animals (maestro, kangaroo); to feminine - nouns calling female persons (miss, madam, frau, lady).

The genus of geographical names is determined by the genus of the related common nouns (Tbilisi - city - masculine).

Depending on belonging to the genus, nouns belong to the 1st declension (masculine, feminine with the endings -а, -я, words of the general gender - egoz®); to the 2nd declension (masculine gender with zero ending, neuter gender with endings -o, -e); to the 3rd declension (feminine with a zero ending), for example: hotels®, Ban @ - 1st declension, cases \ o ±, nail ^ - 2nd declension, youth ^), sensitivity ^] - 3rd declination.

So, nouns have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (subject), are divided into groups depending on the meaning, have constant morphological features (proper - common noun; animate - inanimate; gender, declension).

Adjectives denote a feature of an object and answer the questions what? which one? which one? what kind? With the help of adjectives, an object can be characterized from various points of view. If adjectives indicate the quality of an object, which can manifest itself to a greater or lesser degree (smart - smarter (comparative) - most intelligent (superlative), they are called qualitative. Qualitative adjectives characterize the subject: ruddy, kind, big, warm.

Adjectives indicating that the object they define is related to another object are called relative: silver - refers to silver, made of silver; Moscow - has to do with Moscow. The belonging of an object to any person or animal is determined by possessive adjectives: mother's (dress), foxes (footprints), Petina (book).

So, adjectives have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (attribute of an object) and a constant attribute - category by meaning (qualitative, relative, possessive). In the Russian language there are many words that have the meaning of numbers, counts, for example: two, two, double, double, double. But only the word two is a numeral name.

Numeral name - the nominal part of speech, which denotes the number, the number of objects (two days), their order when counting (the second student) and answers the questions how much? which one? which the? (by invoice).

Numerals by value are divided into quantitative (answer the question how many? - five, fifteen, twenty-five, one hundred twenty-five) and ordinal (answer the question which? Or which? - fifth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

Cardinal numbers can denote whole numbers (five), fractional (one-fifth), or have a collective meaning (five).

Numeral names are simple (consist of one word), complex and compound (of two or more words): eleven, five hundred, one thousand two hundred and thirty-one.

So, numeral names have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (numbers) and constant morphological features: they are ordinal and quantitative, simple, complex and composite, whole, fractional and collective (only quantitative).

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name, designate persons (I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), indicate objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically (one, this, any , so much). Pronouns differ from all other nominal parts of speech in that they themselves do not have an independent meaning, but in speech, in the text, this meaning becomes specific, because it correlates with a specific person, object, sign, quantity: There was a vase on the table. It [the vase] was of an extraordinary shape. It happened in a city that [the city] is known to everyone. In terms of meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: 1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they); 2) returnable (yourself); 3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); 4) indicative (this, that, such, such, such, so much); 5) attributive (himself, himself, all, everyone, each, different); 6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose); 7) interrogative (who? What? What? Whose? Which? How much? Where? When? Where? From where? Why? Why? What?); 8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody's); 9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone). Pronouns have morphological features of the part of speech with which they relate.

So, all nominal parts of speech are independent, have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning and constant morphological features (grammatical meanings).

The initial form for the nominal parts of speech is the nominative case, singular, masculine (except for the noun). Irregular symptoms are also common. Nominal parts of speech change in cases, numbers, gender (except for the noun). We will prove this by successively changing all the words in a phrase consisting of nominal parts of speech.

For quality adjectives, a changeable feature is a change in the form of a word (full or short), the degree of comparison (comparative and excellent).

Nominal parts of speech in a sentence act as major or minor members.

Morphology

INDEPENDENT SPEECH PARTS (13)

• 32. Words of the category of state (22 - 22)

  SPEECH SERVICE PARTS (22)

MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

PARTS OF SPEECH are lexico-grammatical categories into which the words of the language break down due to the presence of

1. a semantic feature (some general meaning accompanying the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
2. a morphological feature (a system of grammatical categories specific to a given category of words),
3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

In the Russian language, independent and official words are distinguished.

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent (significant) parts of speech are the categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or indicate them and which have independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (major or minor).

Independent parts of speech include:

1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.

1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups, which are called parts of speech.

Together with syntax, morphology makes up a section of the science of language called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:

3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and service... Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.

4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions for independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

	Part of speech	Questions and Answers	Examples of
1	Noun	Who? what?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
2	Verb	what to do? what to do?	Saw, saw, know, learn.
3	Adjective	which one? whose?	Nice, blue, mother's, door.
4	Numeral	how much? which the?	Five, five, fifth.
5	Adverb	as? when? Where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
6	Pronoun	Who? which one? how much? as? and etc.	I, he, so, mine, so much, so, there.
7	Participle	which one? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.)	Dreaming, dreaming.
8	Gerunds	as? (doing what? doing what?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes.

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of the participle and gerunds. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, while others consider them to be special forms of the verb. The participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position and we in this manual.

3) The composition of pronouns is characterized in different ways in different textbooks. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks refer to adverbs, in others - to pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

5. Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.

The question cannot be put to the official words.

Service words are not members of the sentence.

Service words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.

The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, on, out, because of);

union (and, but, however, because, so that if);

particle (whether, whether, not, not even, exactly, only).

6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express the relationship between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as service parts of speech).

Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as oh, oh, uh; to express the feeling of coldness - brr, to express fear or pain - Oh etc.

7. As noted, some words in the Russian language can change, while others do not.

TO immutable includes all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:

adverbs ( forward always);

gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also do not change:

nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);

adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);

pronouns ( then, there).

via endings;

Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.

via endings and prepositions;

Sister - to the sister, to the sister, with the sister.

via auxiliary words.

Nominal parts of speech- it is a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a pronoun. These are significant parts of speech. They either name objects, qualities and properties, quantity, or indicate them.

These parts of speech have common grammatical features: number, gender, case.

These parts of speech can be both singular and plural: nouns - earth and earth, adjectives - beautiful and beautiful, numerals - first and first, pronouns - mine and mine.

Nouns, adjectives, numbers and pronouns are declined, i.e. change in cases.

Each part of speech has its own characteristics of declension, but they all answer the same case questions, for example:

Nominative - Who? What? textbook school, fourth, own.

Genitive - whom? What? textbook school, fourth, his own.

Dative - to whom? What? textbook school, fourth, his own.

Accusative - whom? What? textbook school, fourth, own.

Creative - by whom? Than? textbook school, fourth, his own.

Prepositional - about whom? about what?(about) the textbook school, fourth, his.

Nominal parts of speech in a sentence are the main or secondary members of the sentence.

Morphological features of nouns.

Noun- an independent part of speech that identifies the subject and answers questions Who? what?

Morphologically signs of a noun: own or common noun.

Nouns that name homogeneous objects or phenomena are called common nouns. Nouns that name single objects from a number of similar ones are called own.

Animate nouns name objects of living nature, a question is asked to them Who?Inanimate nouns name objects of inanimate nature, a question is asked to them what? An example from the text:

Rod. Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Nouns by gender do not change. An example from the text:

Death. There are six cases in Russian: nominative (who? What?), Genitive (who? What?), Dative (to whom? What?), Accusative (whom? What?), Instrumental (by whom? What?), Prepositional (about whom ? about what?). Changing a word by case is called declension.

Declination. Nouns are divided into three declensions:

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine nouns with endings -and I.

The 2nd declension includes neuter nouns with endings -o, -e or masculine nouns with zero ending. The 3rd declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending. They have b at the end.

Number. Nouns have two numbers - singular and plural. There are nouns that are used only in the plural.

In a sentence, nouns most often they are subjects and additions, but can be any member of a sentence.

Pronoun as parts of speech, use as a means of communication of sentences in the text.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.

Pronouns (with a few exceptions) change in cases; some by gender and number.

In a sentence, pronouns are usually subjects, additions, definitions.

By meaning, pronouns are divided into the following discharges:

Personal - I, we, you, you, she, it, they.

Returnable - yourself.

Possessive - mine, yours, ours, yours, him, her, them, yours.

Indicative - this, that, such, so much, this.

Definitives - all, every, every, most, himself, different, any, other, every kind.

Interrogative - Who? what? which one? what? which the? whose? how much?

Relative - who, what, what, what, who, whose, how much.

Undefined - someone, something, someone, someone, something, something, something, something, something, some, some, some, some, some, some, someone's, someone's, a few, some, some.

Negative - nobody, nobody, nothing, nothing, nothing, nobody.

Adjectives.

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers questions which one? Whose?(autumn, red).

In a sentence, adjectives can be definitions or predicates: Day was clear, fresh rays of the sun illuminate the entire garden.

By meaning, adjectives are divided into three categories:

Qualitative- denote such a feature (quality) of an object, which can be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

2. Indicate different qualities of objects: color (blue-black), inner qualities of a person, his state of mind (strong-willed), age (aged), item size (scanty), qualities perceived by the senses (sour), general description and assessment of the subject (doubtful).

3. May have a suffix- -ist-, -owat-, -enk- dr. (sweetish).

4. Form a short form and degree of comparison brave- dare

bolder, most courageous.

5. Form complex adjectives and prefixed adjectives not-.

6. Combine with adverbs very, extremely, too and etc.

Relative- denote a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

1. Which questions are answered? which one? which one?

2. They designate the attribute of an object not directly, but through its relation to another object: the material from which the object is made (wooden), time (day), a place (suburban), purpose of the subject (bookshelf) etc.

3. Have suffixes -an - (- yang-), -sk-, -oe- and etc. (Moscow).

not-.

very, extremely, too and etc.

Possessive- denote the belonging of something to a person or animal and answer questions whose? whose? whose?

1. Whose questions are being answered? whose? whose? whose?

2. Designate belonging to any person or animal: daddy, fathers, bearish.

3. Have suffixes s (s), -in (-yn), -y (sister).

4. They do not have a short form, do not form degrees of comparison.

5. Do not form complex adjectives and adjectives with a prefix not-.

6. Do not combine with adverbs very, extremely, too and etc.

When using adjectives, their meanings can change, for example, the adjective wolf in the phrase wolf trail(i.e. wolf footprint) is possessive (whose track? wolf), and this is the adjective in the phrase wolf coat will be relative (fur coat from what? from a wolf), and ravenous appetite - high quality.

The meaning and formation of degrees of comparison.

Adjectives (only qualitative) can have degrees of comparison: comparative and excellent.

comparative shows that in one or another object the sign is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in another: This work is better than the previous one. This book is more interesting hot you can form a comparative degree. This day is hotter than yesterday).

Superlative degree denotes that this or that item is superior to other items in some way. Some sign manifests itself in the subject to a greater or lesser extent: he is the nicest person(in the text: from the adjective calm you can form a superlative degree: the calmest sky, the calmest sky).

When using adjectives in the form of degrees of comparison, remember that you cannot say: better, less best, sweetest, less preferred etc. It will be right: best, sweetest, preferred.

Adverbs on the -o (s), formed from qualitative adjectives, they can have degrees of comparison, which mean that some feature can be, to a greater or lesser extent: high- above- higher- below(in the text: hurry up - comparative adverb soon). From adverb diligently you can form a comparative degree more diligently excellent most diligently).

Comparison of adverbs

Comparative Excellent

simple compound formed from the combination

formed using consists of a combination of a word two words - simple suffixes -es (s), -es, more or less and comparative

-she from the original form of the original adverb form: adverbs and pronouns

adverbs from which more (less) beautiful. all (total): the final wrote the best.

-o (s), - ho: easy- easier.

Similarities and differences between adjectives and participles.

Name adjective and participle have many common grammatical features.

1. Answer the same questions: which one? which one? which one? what kind?

Early, autumn What? - adjectives

Yellowed What? - participle.

2. An adjective denotes a sign of an object, and a participle denotes a sign of an object in action. The participles are formed from verbs, but there are adjectives that are also formed from verbs and are called verbs.

3. Common to both adjectives and participles is the category of number, singular and plural, gender, which depends on which noun the adjective or participle belongs to. Both adjectives and participles change in cases and have the same endings.

4. Both adjectives and participles can be short:

Hot(adj.) - brought up(acc.).

But the participle also has differences:

1. The participles are formed using suffixes that do not have adjectives:

valid participles present tense are formed by suffixes -sch --- yusch, -sch --- yasch, past tense - lice; -sh.

passive participles present tense are formed by suffixes -im, -em, -th, past tense -enn, -nn, -t.

2. Derived from a verb, the participle retains the following features:

1) view (imperfect and perfect):

what to do? which one? what did you do?

what to do? which one? what did you do?

2) time (present and past):

playing looking(present, time) - who plays

gamer uh] (last time) - who played

3) returnable (returnable or irrevocable):

decide(non-return) - decided ui (unreturnable)

make up my mind(return) - decided ui Xia(return)

4) transitivity (transient or intransitive)

cook(transition.) - welded ui (what?) pickle ( transition.)

wash up(intransitive) - washing(non-transferable)

5) Ability to carry a dependent noun or adverb.

Part of speech- This is a category of words in a language, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. In the languages ​​of the world, first of all, a name (further divided into a noun, an adjective, etc.) and a verb are opposed. It is also generally accepted to divide the parts of speech into independent and service ones. In the article Morphological parsing, you can see many additional characteristics of parts of speech.

Independent parts of speech(includes words that name objects, their actions and various signs):
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Numeral
5. Pronoun
6. Adverb
7. Participle
8. Gerunds
9. Status category words

Service parts of speech(they do not name objects, actions, or signs, but only express the relationship between them):
1. Pretext
2. Particles
3. Alliances
4. Interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Noun

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object. The noun answers the questions: who? what? (dad, song). They are distinguished by gender, and nouns change by case and number. There are animate (human) and inanimate (house).

Adjective

Qualitative adjectives are adjectives denoting a property of an object that can manifest itself with different intensities: fast, white, old. Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison and short forms: fast, bel, old. Relative adjectives are adjectives denoting the property of the object itself in relation to its action or other object: iron, measuring, door, inflatable. Possessive adjectives are adjectives that indicate the belonging of the object they define to someone or something: sisters, fathers, foxes.

Numeral

The numeral is a part of speech that means:

• number of items answering the question: how much?, these are cardinal numbers: three, fifteen, one hundred thirty five;
• order of items when counting, answering the question: which the?, these are ordinal numbers: third, fifteenth, one hundred thirty-fifth;
• the total number of items, this is a collective numeral: both, two, four, six, nine, etc.

Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates a person, sign, or object without naming them. Pronouns are subdivided into:

• personal: we, me, you, you, she, it, he, they;
• returnable: yourself;
• possessive: ours, mine, yours, yours, yours;
• interrogative-relative: what, who, what, what, whose, how much, which, which;
• indicative: one, this, such, so many, such;
• determinants: most, himself, all, all, all, all, each, every, different, any;
• negative: nothing, nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody;
• indefinite: some, something, some, someone, several, something, someone, some, something, some.

Learn more about the pronoun for beginners in the video:

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that denotes a state or action, answers any of the questions: what to do?, what have you been doing?, what is he doing?, what will it do?, and has the characteristics of a species, person, voice, time, number, gender and mood (in the subjunctive mood, in the past tense). There are such verb forms: infinitive, participle and gerunds.

1. The infinitive is an indefinite form without signs of a person, time, number, voice, gender and mood: sleep, run, read.
2. Participle- non-conjugated form of the verb, denotes the action or state of an object in a time-variable form; the participle can change in cases, numbers and gender, and also has signs of type, time and voice (this differs from the adjective). The participles, in turn, are subdivided into several more types:
3. A valid participle is an action performed by the bearer of the sign: a blossoming garden, a student reading;
4. The passive participle is a sign that arose as a result of the impact of something or someone on the bearer of the sign: leaves blown by the wind, a stone thrown.
5. Gerunds- this is an unchangeable form of the verb, denotes an action as a sign of another action: exhausted, sat down on a bench; spoke without looking into his eyes. It differs from the participle in that it has signs of a pledge and type, but does not change.

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a sign of quality, action or object, answering the question: when?, as?, Where?, why? etc. The main feature of an adverb is immutability: yesterday, slowly, everywhere, etc., adverbs also include pronominal adverbs: nowhere, where, in any way, how, when, sometimes, never, whence, from here, to where , there, why, therefore, because, why, then, etc.

Pretext

A preposition is an unchangeable official part of speech used to combine words: to, to, s, from, to, y, between, through, for the sake of, during, by, around, like, about, relatively, thanks, according to, later, is it really, in spite of, in force, in connection with, depending on, in relation to, etc.

Union

A union is an unchangeable service part of speech that serves to connect the members of a sentence and (or) parts of a complex sentence (it is necessary to distinguish a union from prepositions, a preposition connects words, not syntactic units). Types of unions:

1. creative conjunctions: yes, and, a, or, but, or, also, too.
2. Submissive unions: before, when, while, so that, what, how, because, since, thanks to what, if, so, as if, if, though, in order that, despite the fact that, not only ... but also ..., not so much ... as ... and so on.

Particle

Particles are service words that give semantic or emotional shades to individual words or sentences: neither, not, something, -nothing, -or, -that, -sya (s), -te, -ka, same, -de, whether, it happened, it would, yes, let it, even, even, only, already, almost, at least, only, maybe, let it, really, know, well, come on, they say, after all, they say, well, and, as if, as if , exactly, like, like, like, like, perhaps, tea, maybe, just, just, almost, perhaps, almost, etc.

Bundle

A link is a service word that has broken away from the paradigm of a pronoun or verb. The link indicates the syntactic relations of the components of the sentence. Bundles include words, phrases, conjugated forms of verbs, verb forms be, for example: this, this is, is, to appear, to mean, to appear, to be called, to mean. Often the ligaments are omitted and a dash is put in their place in the sentence, for example: Car - [is] not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

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