The partisan movement in the Kuban is a severe test for the Soviet people, the main feature of the movement. Partisans who fought in the great patriotic war are remembered in the kuban Partisan detachments in the kuban during the wwii
The partisan movement in the Kuban developed in difficult conditions and was a severe test for the Soviet people.
In the first month of combat activity, most partisan detachments did not have the required amount of weapons and equipment. There were not enough rifles, cartridges, grenades, machine guns, radio communications. Only in the course of the struggle was this deficiency made up for by captured weapons. At times the partisans had to experience great difficulties due to the lack of food, footwear and warm outer clothing.
The main feature of the partisan movement in the Kuban was that partisan detachments operated on the front line and in the front-line zone in conditions of a high saturation of the areas of their operations with enemy troops. The bases of most of the detachments were located in the rear of the Soviet Army. In the battles with the Nazi invaders, the Kuban partisans and underground fighters showed high morale, boundless courage, and courage, a willingness to fight the enemy to the last drop of blood.
The partisan movement in the Kuban was deeply patriotic in nature. It is caused by the ardent desire of the Soviet people to defend the world-historical gains of the Great October Socialist Revolution at any cost, to defend their Fatherland, native towns, villages, farms, to defend their honor, freedom, their home, family from Hitler's bandits.
There is an inexhaustible variety of methods and means of partisan struggle against all military, economic and political measures of the enemy. The people's avengers inflicted damage on the invaders by all possible forces and means: they derailed enemy echelons, blew up bridges, set fire to military warehouses, attacked enemy garrisons, put out of action industrial enterprises, disrupted raw materials and food supplies, hid crops, exterminated invaders and traitors, destroyed bases, communications and transport.
During the period of the struggle behind enemy lines, the partisans and underground fighters of the Kuban exterminated over twelve thousand Nazi soldiers and officers, including two generals, wounded three thousand six hundred and captured more than three hundred fascists. They destroyed and captured two hundred and six enemy vehicles with troops and cargo, thirty-two carts with ammunition, eighty motorcycles, six tankettes, one tank, eight armored vehicles, two aircraft, over one hundred machine guns, one thousand one hundred and fifteen rifles and machine guns and many other weapons.
Behind these figures lies the selflessness and fearlessness of the partisans and underground fighters of the Krasnodar Territory, their difficult struggle associated with everyday risk.
In the fall of 1943, the troops of the Soviet Army finally liberated the Krasnodar Territory from the German fascist pogromists. On September 16, Soviet armed forces entered Novorossiysk. On October 9, the liberation of Taman was fully completed. Kuban became Soviet again. The working people of the region have returned to the happiness of a free, joyful and creative life.
nomination - "Thank you, soldier!"
Slide 2
Work tasks:
The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it makes it possible to fill the gap existing in historiography in the coverage of the urgent problem of the history of the Great Patriotic War. Introduces the activities of partisan detachments during the Second World War on the territory of the Kuban. Contributes to the patriotic education of youth.
Slide 3
The most valuable and informative layer of materials revealing the problem under consideration is stored in the Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Territory. These are, first of all, the documents of the partisan detachments and formations of the Kuban themselves, party bodies that regulated their creation and activities, and other sources. However, at present, there are certain restrictions on the work of researchers with these materials due to the confidentiality of personal information, the presence in them of information that remains secret. Taking into account the existing procedure for accessing these materials, the work used documents from funds 1774-A (Krasnodar Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks), 1774-R (Collection of documents on the history of the Kuban), 4372 (Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (hereinafter - YUSHPD)), characterizing the processes of formation and development of the partisan movement in the Kuban, its results, the relationship of partisans with the population and other aspects of the problem.
Slide 4
Formation of partisan detachments in the Kuban and the deployment of their activities
Only on June 29, 1941, the first official document appeared, calling for the organization of a rebuff to the invaders in the occupied territory - the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to "Party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions." It spoke of the need to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight parts of the Wehrmacht, to kindle a partisan war "everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to warehouses, and so on." In the occupied areas, it was supposed to "create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, to pursue and destroy them at every step, to disrupt all their activities." To guide this activity, it was necessary in advance, "under the responsibility of the first secretaries of the regional and district committees, to create from the best people reliable underground cells and safe houses in every city, district center, workers' settlement, railway station, in state and collective farms."
Slide 5
Partisans of the Maryanskiy detachment "Kubanets"
At the same time, the partisans provided assistance to the military, acting as guides. For example, the detachments of the Neftegorsk bush for the period from September 20 to October 7, 1942, conducted eight army reconnaissance forces behind enemy lines and removed 500 Red Army soldiers from the enemy's position. The most combat-ready partisan detachments began to practice raids on garrisons and individual fortified positions of the enemy. The most famous among this category of operations carried out by partisans in September 1942 was the raid of the partisans of the detachment. Gastello of the Absheron region to the garrison in the village of Konoboz. The raid was carried out at dawn on September 27, Sunday, after careful reconnaissance, by 64 partisans, including a group of 18 submachine gunners. At the site of the battle there were 50 (according to other sources 90) killed Nazis, many were wounded. The partisans seized a heavy machine gun, burned all the timber and fled.
Slide 6
In October, the anti-fascist underground intensified in the occupied territory of the region.
One of the most famous operational groups of the NKVD Directorate for the Krasnodar Territory - "Kubans" - successfully engaged in reconnaissance in the occupied Krasnodar and adjacent areas, making up to 60 group and single transitions across the front line. On the night of February 12, 1943, the scouts, together with the advanced military units, entered the liberated Krasnodar. This picture "Kubans" made "for memory" on February 10, 1945 - on the eve of the second anniversary of the liberation of Krasnodar and three months before the Victory. In the first row, 2nd from the left - group commander P.E. Krivonosov ("Batko"), 3rd - deputy. intelligence commander I.E. Vinnichenko, 4th - A.A. Ryakhin
Slide 7
Leaflet of the partisans of the Absheron detachment, printed "We will come soon!"
Simultaneously with the combat activities, the propaganda work of partisans among the population of the occupied regions was developed. A printing house in the Apsheron partisan detachment was equipped, the reports of the Sovinformburo, an appeal to the workers of the region and an ultimatum to the workers of the narrow-gauge railway with a demand to stop working were printed and distributed. The detachments of the Novorossiysk bush published and distributed leaflets with an appeal to the population in all settlements, and on September 26 the first issue of the newspaper Partizanskaya Pravda was printed.
Slide 8
"Avenger" - newspaper of the Seversky district partisans
In the area of the villages of Ilskaya and Kholmskaya, an enemy echelon with ammunition, blown up by the Chernoerkovsky partisan detachment, flew down a derailment. The reports also mention a military echelon destroyed in September by partisans of the "Storm", "Boyky" and "Resolute" detachments between Abinskaya and Lineina. As a result of this sabotage, up to 200 enemy soldiers and officers were eliminated.
Slide 9
Evgeny Petrovich Ignatov (1915 - 1942) Genius Petrovich Ignatov (1925 - 1942) Hero of the Soviet Union
On the Severskaya-Afipskaya line, an enemy train was derailed, and two cars with fascists were blown up on a dirt road. During the mining of the railroad bed with homemade mines (made on the model of antipersonnel mines with an increase in explosives up to 1.2 kilograms), the mine explosion killed the brothers Yevgeny and Gennady (Genius) Ignatov, sons of the commander of the Stalinist partisan detachment P. Ignatov. The participants in the operation were nominated for government awards on March 7, 1943. Evgeny Petrovich Ignatov, born in 1915, who was in the detachment as a reconnaissance commander and at the same time a group of miners, and his younger brother, a soldier of the detachment, Gennady Petrovich Ignatov, born in 1925, were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Slide 10
Guerrilla sabotage
During September 1942, there was not a day that was not marked by one or another episode of the partisan struggle. According to the operational reports of the Southern Headquarters of the partisan movement, over a hundred cases of combat contact between partisans and the enemy were recorded this month. The most famous among this category of operations carried out by partisans in September 1942 was the raid of the partisans of the detachment. Gastello of the Absheron region to the garrison in the village of Konoboz. The raid was carried out at dawn on September 27, on Sunday, after thorough reconnaissance, by 64 partisans, including a group of 18 submachine gunners. At the site of the battle there were 50 (according to other sources 90) killed Nazis, many were wounded. The partisans seized a heavy machine gun, burned all the timber and fled.
Slide 11
On the night of October 24. An airborne assault was carried out on the enemy's Maikop airfield, which later became a textbook example of the successful conduct of sabotage landings during the Second World War. Within 40 minutes, Soviet paratroopers, with strong enemy fire resistance, destroyed and damaged 22 aircraft (out of 54 that were at the airfield) and then went to the location of their troops. This daring action was carried out in anticipation of the counter-attacks of the ChGV units in the Tuapse direction at one of the most well-guarded enemy airfields, and the courage of the landing party, half of whom died during the operation, became a legend.
Slide 12
From history we know about many battles during the Great Patriotic War: Stalingrad, Moscow, Kursk. We know the names of the commanders, soldiers who distinguished themselves in these battles. And the names of the partisans are less known to us, but after all, they are also soldiers of that Great War. In my work, I wanted to show little-known facts about the activities of partisans. Tell that they participated in hostilities, performed feats. Risking my life. I want to say to all members of the partisan detachments - "Thank you, soldier!"
Slide 13
List of sources of main content
1. Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945: Declassified documents. Chronicle of events. 2. In 3 vols. Book 1. Chronicle of events 1941 - 1942 Krasnodar, 2000. 3. Book 2. 4.1. Chronicle of events 1943. Krasnodar, 2003. 4. There were partisans. Memories of the Kuban people - partisans of the Great Patriotic War. Krasnodar, 1975; 5. Volkov I. T. Behind Enemy Lines. Partisan's notes. Krasnodar, 1979; Grezin V.I.People's Avengers. Krasnodar, 1982
Slide 14
List of illustration sources
Photos from the state archive of the Krasnodar Territory.
View all slides
On August 10, 1942, fascist troops occupied Krasnodar. Berlin radio broadcasted to the whole world: “Events have taken place on the Eastern Front in the last 24 hours that will have a decisive influence on the outcome of the war. A new crushing blow has been dealt to the Soviets, the consequences of which still cannot be truly appreciated. German troops captured Krasnodar and Maykop. The losses of these two largest cities will have an impact on the overall martial law. " The German occupation lasted until February 12, 1943. It was the most terrible time in the history of Krasnodar. 13 thousand inhabitants of the city were killed by martyrdom. About seven thousand townspeople died in gas chambers. The Nazis first used them in Krasnodar. The damage caused to Krasnodar exceeded two billion rubles. The Sedin and Kalinin factories, an oil refinery, mills, bakeries, a power plant, a railway station and a river pier lay in ruins. More than 800 houses were destroyed and burned, including 420 large buildings, including 127 industrial, 98 public, 66 cultural and educational and 120 residential. Four universities, theaters, the Palace of Pioneers, almost all schools, clubs and cinemas were burned down.
In the summer of 1942, the situation for our country became seriously complicated. Having created a significant advantage in manpower and equipment, the Nazis launched an offensive towards the Volga and the Caucasus.
During the days of defensive battles in the summer of 1942, more than 100 thousand Kuban residents joined the ranks of the Red Army.
During the fighting, by the beginning of September 1942, the Germans managed to occupy almost the entire Kuban, with the exception of four regions - Lazarevsky, Tuapse, Adler and Gelendzhik.
August 2, 1942 near the village of Kushchevskaya two regiments of the 13th Kuban division in equestrian formation attacked the 101st German infantry division "Green Rose" and two SS regiments. The attack was led by the division commander, Colonel Millerov, and the division commander, regimental commissar Shipilov. The commanders on bay beauties rushed far ahead of their subordinates, so that they could see and follow them (can you now imagine that the division commander ran into battle in front of the formation?). Cossack lava went along a front two kilometers wide. Cossacks M.F. Grachev and P.G. The stone was hacked together by 25 Germans. Cossack Shevchenko killed 17 and killed four invaders. The steppe was covered with fascists, the remnants of the "Green Rose" fled in wild horror.
At the direction of the regional committee, 86 partisan detachments were created in the Krasnodar Territory, united in 7 partisan bushes. 3455 communists, 4 regional committee secretaries and 147 secretaries of city and district party committees were sent to the partisan detachments of the Kuban. On August 3, 1942, the Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (YUSHPD) was created under the Military Council of the North Caucasian Front. The secretary of the Krasnodar regional committee P.I. Seleznev. The following cluster headquarters were formed: Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Maikop, Neftegorsk, Armavir (until November 27, 1942 Mostovskaya), Slavyansky and Anapsky.
Only the partisans of the Krasnodar bush were transferred to units of the 56th Army over 400 reconnaissance data on the deployment and movement of the Wehrmacht troops.
During the occupation of the Kuban, the partisans made many successful attacks on the garrisons of the Wehrmacht, in particular: in the villages of Verkhnebakansky, Konoboz, Guamka, in the villages: Novosvobodnaya, Smolenskaya, farms: Novoalekseevsky, Supovsky, the village of Belaya Glina and other settlements of the Krasnodar Territory .
Underground partisans with the participation of the population of the oil regions of the region - Abinsky, Apsheronsky and Neftegorsky - bold sabotage actions thwarted attempts to establish oil production by the Germans in the Kuban.
The partisans of the Kuban conducted a lot of sabotage actions on the roads, in particular on the highway and railway roads Krasnodar - Novorossiysk. Detachments named after the Ignatov brothers, "Gadfly" and "Groza" were active here. The most sensitive blows to the enemy were managed by the detachment named after the Ignatov brothers.
During the years of occupation, the partisans of the Kuban killed about 12 thousand soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, and also wounded about 4 thousand. The partisans of the Krasnodar Territory destroyed 206 vehicles, derailed 14 trains with Wehrmacht troops and goods, blew up 20 railway bridges, 7 ammunition depots, cut over 700 kilometers of telephone and telegraph communications.
During the war years there was a saying:
The Soviet Kuban gave many hot baths to the Nazis!
More than a thousand partisans and underground fighters were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union. Two partisans, the Ignatov brothers, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 356 sons and daughters of the Kuban were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the war. V.A. Kubants Aleksenko, V.K. Kokkinaki, E. Ya. Savitsky, T.T. Khryukin was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1943, the region was allocated (by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 01/23/1943): 3900 tractors, 350 vehicles, 450 combines, 3000 plows, 1000 seeders. Between February and December 1943, 40,000 workers were trained in short courses. In the region, 11 trade and railway schools and 16 schools of FZO were restored with a total contingent of 7496 students. As of October 1, 1943, 66,770 women worked in industry and in the countryside in the Krasnodar Territory. By September 1943, 30 restored timber industry artels, 8 sawmills, 123 different workshops were already producing products. In 1943, 2,517 km of track, 636 bridges, 4 tunnels, 25 stations were restored in the region. The oilmen put into operation a compressor station, 8 new wells, laid the Khadyzhi-Krasnodar oil pipeline 90 km long, the Khadyzhi-Shirokaya Balka narrow-gauge road. In 1945, the country received over 650 thousand tons of oil from the Kuban oil industry, which amounted to 33.6% of oil production. in the region in 1940. Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. Figures and facts.
During the first month of the war in the military enlistment offices the edges received 17 thousand applications with a request to be sent to the front. The regional party organization in the first 4 months of the war sent 26,000 communists or 42% of its composition to the front. By August 10, 1941, about a million citizens between the ages of 18 and 60 had been trained in chemical protection and air defense. 13992 instructors were trained in PVHO. A people's militia was formed under the leadership of the party. By the end of July 1941, there were 110 thousand soldiers in it, and by November 20, their number had increased to 224 thousand. A total of 86 city and regional and 6 railway fighter battalions were created, numbering 14 thousand fighters.
At the beginning of 1942, 8 separate battalions, 163 companies and 236 platoons of general education functioned in the region. In the second half of 1941, the Osoaviakhimov organizations of the Krasnodar Territory trained 76,120 fighters to replenish the Soviet armed forces (shooters, grenade launchers, tank destroyers, snipers, signalmen, orderlies, etc.). In the first half of 1942, the 17th Kuban Cavalry Corps was formed in the Kuban (75% of the personnel of the corps were participants in the civil war). The 29th cavalry regiment from Adygea was also introduced into the corps. For their courage and valor on the battlefield, on August 27, 1942, the corps was renamed the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps. The corps soldiers took part in battles in the Kuban, Don, southern Ukraine and Belarus, liberated the peoples of Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia. During the first three months of the war Krasnodar region sent more than 42 thousand horses to the active army - the regional funds "Horse of the Red Army" and "Defense - a cart with harness" were created. The railway workers of the Kuban in overtime built and put into service with the Red Army in December 1941, six heavy armored trains and two light armored trains. In the Krasnodar Territory, in the first months of the war, the bloc was created and equipped with 145 hospitals. Surgeon I.A. Ageenko (then professor Kuban Medical Institute) during the war years he returned to the front over 7 thousand servicemen. Improving the production process, the turner of the Krasnodar plant "October" Komsomolets A.F. Dubyaga completed the shift task by 2154%! By the 30th of July Kuban collective farms and state farms handed over grain twice as much as in 1940. The Nazis took with them the former Cossack chieftains, the White Guard generals Krasnov and Shkuro, to the Kuban. During the occupation of the Kuban, Hitler's monsters shot, hanged, strangled 61 thousand Soviet citizens in the dungeons of the Gestapo. With heavy fighting, overcoming stubborn enemy resistance, Soviet troops approached the capital of the Kuban - the city of Krasnodar by February 12.
The enemy clung to every street, road, height, crossing. On its way, he burned, mined, undermined.
The Germans were cruel and merciless.
One attack followed another. But nothing could stop the Soviet fighters.
The fascist occupation lasted from August 9, 1942. These 6 months have become the most terrible in the entire history of the city. Entering the city, the Nazis established a "new order". More than 13 thousand residents of Krasnodar - about one in fifteen - died as a martyr. For the first time in our city, the Germans used their death machines - gas chambers. The city suffered great damage during the occupation: factories, 18 schools, 2 hospitals, 807 residential buildings, a water supply system, a power plant, and a railway station were destroyed.
Introduction
Chapter I. Formation and development of the partisan movement on the territory of Krasnodar Territory during the defense of the Caucasus 29-78
1.1. Formation of partisan detachments in the Kuban and the deployment of their activities in August - September 1942 29 - 55
1.2. Organization of combat activities of the partisans of the Kuban in October-December 1942 55-78
Chapter II. Guerrilla warfare on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory during the Soviet offensive in 1943 79- 114
2.1. Partisans' participation in the liberation of the Kuban in winter - spring 1943 79-96
2.2. Actions of partisan detachments at the final stage of the battle for the Caucasus and their overall results 96- 114
Chapter III. Combat activities and daily life of the Kuban partisans 115-160
3.1. Features of the tactics of the partisan detachments of the Kuban. .. 115-135
3.2. Composition of detachments and organization of partisan life 135 - 160
Conclusion 161-166
List of used sources and literature 167 - 186
Introduction to work
The Great Patriotic War is one of the most tragic periods in the history of Russia in the 20th century, attracting not only increased attention from professional researchers, but also wide public interest. The victory, paid for by millions of Soviet citizens' lives, went to the people at an extremely high price; the war became an ordeal for the entire Russian society. The memory of the victims continues today to affect the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War, imposing additional responsibility on researchers for the content of the works created.
The historiography of the military theme numbers tens of thousands of general and special works of a very different genre, however, conjuncture has always had a significant influence on its development, reflecting the close interconnection of science, ideology and politics. As a result, the picture of the events of the Great Patriotic War, which took shape not only in the mass consciousness, but also in historical science, was filled with propaganda myths and ideological stereotypes. Despite the six decades that have passed since the end of the war, some kind of "blank spots" still persist in its history.
The coverage of one of the most difficult problems in the history of the Great Patriotic War - the partisan movement in the occupied Soviet territory - did not escape dogmatism and exaggeration. The new methodological situation in Russian historical science makes it possible to overestimate many aspects of this problem. At the same time, the refusal from the excessive glorification of the problem inherent in the historiography of previous years is sometimes accompanied by an underestimation of the contribution of partisans to the achievement of victory, attention is focused on negative issues in the history of the partisan movement.
The desire to comprehend the whole problem often comes into conflict with the specific circumstances of the development of the partisan movement in a particular region of the country, and the enthusiasm for general reasoning does not
4 inevitably leads to schematism and simplifications. Meanwhile, the creation of a reliable and scientifically grounded picture of the partisan movement is associated with the identification of its specificity in various regions of the country, based on the use of all sources currently available to researchers. Certain features characterize the development of the partisan movement on the territory of the Kuban, the history of which is an integral part of the battle for the Caucasus as one of the most important battles of the Great Patriotic War.
Scientific relevance The topic is the need for a comprehensive development of such a complex and poorly studied problem of a regional nature as the partisan movement on the territory of the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. Understanding the processes of the formation and development of the partisan movement in the Kuban allows not only to reveal the general and special features of resistance to the occupiers in a particular region, but also to significantly supplement the system of ideas about the development of events in the territory occupied by the enemy, to understand their logic, essence and significance as the most important components of the Soviet-German confrontation in general.
Object this study is the partisan movement in the Kuban, considered as an integral part of the resistance to the invaders in the territory they occupied during the Great Patriotic War.
The subject of the research is the processes of formation and development of the partisan movement in the Kuban, its effectiveness and results, organization and management, interaction of partisans with units of the Red Army, their tactics, social composition and everyday life.
Chronological framework studies are limited by the period of the German occupation of most of the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, which lasted from July 1942 to October 1943. At the same time, the analysis of the processes of training and formation of detachments, the results and consequences of partisan actions required, in a number of cases, to turn to events that go beyond the indicated framework.
Geographic scope works are determined by the administrative boundaries of the Krasnodar Territory and the Adyghe Autonomous Region, which was part of it, as a region in which the partisan movement during the war years had a certain specificity.
Historiography of the problem. Questions of the history of the partisan movement in the occupied Soviet territories quite often attracted the attention of domestic and foreign authors. They are reflected both in generalizing works and in special studies. Researchers have repeatedly turned to the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. An analysis of the historiography of the problem allows us to single out three main stages in it: 1) the war years and the first post-war decade, 2) the second half of the 1950s -1980s, 3) from the beginning of the 1990s. until now. The main criteria of the proposed periodization are: expanding the range of issues studied, their reflection in generalizing works and special studies, the degree of study of the problem, the development of its source base.
The first works on the actions of Soviet partisans came out directly during the war. 1 Their authors emphasized the nation-wide character of the partisan movement, the origins of which were discovered in the Patriotic War of 1812, and as a theoretical basis they cited the propositions put forward by K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin on the essence of partisan struggle as a form of action by the oppressed masses. Special works promoted the most effective partisan experience, contained advice to partisans on how best to cross the front line, settle in the forest, disguise themselves, arrange an ambush, organize an attack on a settlement, and carry out other actions. 2 At the same time, the coverage of these issues was limited by censorship requirements.
1 Mints I. Partisan war. M., 1941; Volin B.M. National Partisan Warrior. M., 1942; Sidel-
sky R. Struggle of the Soviet partisans against the fascist invaders. M., 1942; Ponomarenko P.K. Partizan
sky movement in the Great Patriotic War. M., 1943, etc.
2 Afanasyev L. To help the partisan. M., 1942; Companion of the partisan. M., 1942, etc.
During the war, the first publications appeared in the central and local press, describing the exploits of individual partisans and the actions of a number of detachments of the Krasnodar Territory. For conspiratorial reasons, even the names of some authors, participants in the partisan movement, were not disclosed. The first experience of generalizing information about the Kuban partisans was a brochure by the editor-in-chief of the regional newspaper I.I. Yudin, who described partisan actions on enemy communications and attacks on enemy garrisons, battles in the Maikop forests and in Novorossiysk, the struggle in the oil fields and the participation of partisans in the liberation of the region by Soviet troops. I.I. Yudin not only used significant factual material about the actions of the partisans, but also summed up the results of their activities for the first time. 2
The works of the war years are distinguished by their journalistic and applied character, fragmentariness in presentation and increased emotionality in descriptions. It is no coincidence that some historians have proposed to consider them not research, but historical sources. 3 Nevertheless, most experts disagreed with them and continue to view the literature of the war years as the initial period in the development of Soviet historiography of the problem.
After the war, the development of questions of the partisan movement in the Kuban was continued. Among the authors of works on this problem were former members of the partisan movement. So, the secretary of the party bureau of the Maykop partisan detachment No. 1 "People's Avengers" I. M. Semkin, in the jubilee edition dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the Adyghe Autonomous Region, wrote a section on the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War, in which he cited new facts and general results of partisan actions
1 Partisans of the North Caucasus // Krasnaya Zvezda. 1942 December 13; Taman partisans // Red fleet.
1943.20 May; Lapigonov I. Maikop partisans // Grozny worker. 1942.10 October; Kikilo I.
People's avengers // Adygei truth. 1944 January 29; February 4, 11, 16, 18; Serafimov G. Maikop
partisans // Ibid. 1945.12 February, etc.
2 Yudin I. Partisans of the Kuban. Krasnodar, 1944.
3 Logunova T.L.Soviet historiography of the people's struggle in the rear of the German fascist troops 1941 - 1945.
M., 1984.S. 100, etc.
4 Krinko E. F. The North-West Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War: problems of historiography and
source study. M., 2004.S. 17 and others.
7 Adygea. 1 But the main role in the development of this problem in the post-war period was played by the first Ph.D. theses on the history of the region during the war years. N. I. Novak described the leading role of the Krasnodar Territory, V. M. Glukhov - the Adyghe regional, A. P. Khmyrov - the Novorossiysk city party organizations, and G. P. Ivanov - the Krasnodar Komsomol organization in the partisan movement. The significance of the problem under consideration was determined by the fact that in these works, as a rule, it was revealed in special chapters or sections. Other studies have also been devoted to the partisan movement in the region. 3
All this allows us to consider the war years and the post-war decade as a stage in the emergence of the historiography of the problem, when the first facts were accumulated and their partial generalization took place. The possibilities of researchers in these years were largely limited not only by the very situation in science, which was under strict ideological control, but also by the narrowness of the source base, since the archives remained practically inaccessible.
Significant changes in the development of the partisan movement took place in connection with the "thaw", which contributed to the expansion of historians' access to archives. In the 1960s - 1980s. the problem under consideration was reflected in fundamental works on the history of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War, the history of the USSR and the CPSU, generalizing works on the history of the Adyghe Autonomous Region and the Krasnodar Regional Party
Adygea during the Great Patriotic War // Adygeya Autonomous Region. Dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the autonomy of Soviet Adygea. 1922-1947. Maikop, 1947. S. 220-233.
2 Ivanov G.P. Komsomol of the Kuban in the Great Patriotic War (June 1941 - May 1945): day .... Cand.
ist. sciences. Krasnodar, 1948; Glukhov V.M. Adygea in the days of the Great Patriotic War: dis .... cand. ist.
sciences. Maykop, 1949; Novak N.I. Krasnodar regional party organization during the Great Patriotic War
military war (1941 - 1943): dis .... cand. ist. sciences. Kiev, 1951; Khmyrov A.P. Bolsheviks of Novorossiy
ska during the Great Patriotic War: dis. ... Cand. ist. sciences. M., 1951.
3 Chukhrpy P.G.Partisan movement against the German fascist invaders in the Black Sea paradise
onakh of the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union // Proceedings of the Odessa University.
Odessa, 1954.T.114. Series of Historical Sciences. Issue 4. Pp. 51 -72, etc.
4 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. 1941 - 1945. M., 1961. T.2-3; Second story
world war. 1939-1945 M., 1975 - 1976. V.4-6.
5 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. T.5. Book 1. M., 1970. S. 248 -272; History of the USSR
from ancient times to the present day. M., 1973.T. 10.
8 organizations. 1 Special studies and collections of articles summarized information on the history of the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR and the RSFSR. 2
In the late 1950s - early 1960s. the first works appeared directly devoted to the partisan movement in the Kuban - N. Ya. Latkina, NA Samoilo, AP Khmyrov. 3 In addition, this problem was revealed by studies carried out on the materials of the entire North Caucasus, first of all, the dissertation and articles of V.I. Sivkov. 4 But the most significant contribution to its development was made by the works of G.P. Ivanov, who introduced into scientific circulation a significant amount of new information on the history of the partisan movement in the Kuban, gave it a generalizing characteristic, highlighted the features, based on a thorough study of materials from central and local archives. 5 The scientific and pedagogical activity of G.P. Ivanov contributed to the emergence of a scientific school of researchers of the military theme in the region. 6 Largely under his influence in the second half of the 1960s -1980s. A.S.Shakumidov addressed various issues of the history of the Great Patriotic War, including the partisan struggle in the Kuban,
1 Essays on the history of the Krasnodar organization of the CPSU. 2nd ed. Krasnodar, 1976; Essays on the history of Adygea.
Maykop, 1981. T.N. Soviet period.
2 Soviet partisans. M, 1961; Bychkov A. N. Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War
we are 1941 -1945 Brief sketch. M., 1965; Behind enemy lines. M., 1974; Makarov N.I.
siyskaya. M., 1976; The party is at the head of the popular struggle behind enemy lines. 1941 - 1944 M., 1976; Ponomaren-
to P.K. The Unconquered: (The nationwide struggle in the rear of the fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War). M., 1986, etc.
3 Latkin N. People's avengers // In battles for the Kuban. Krasnodar, 1958.S. 149 - 167; Khmyrov A.P. Partisans
Novorossiysk compound during the Great Patriotic War (August 1942 - September 1943) //
Scientific notes of the Krasnodar House of Scientists. Krasnodar, 1959. Issue 2; Samoilo N. A. Communists Kras
Nodar region at the head of the partisan struggle in the Kuban (1942 - 1943) // Questions of the history of the CPSU. 1962.
No. 4.P.117-129.
4 Sivkov V.I.Party organizations at the head of the partisan movement in the North Caucasus during the Be
Face of the Patriotic War: dis .... cand. ist. sciences. Pyatigorsk, 1965; he is. Party organizations in
the head of the partisan movement in the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War // Scientists for
squeaks of the Pyatigorsk State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages. Stavropol, 1966.
Vol.27. Pp. 28-96 hydr.
5 Ivanov G.P. Behind Enemy Lines. Maykop, 1959; he is. Communist Party - organizer and leader
struggle in the rear of the German fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War (based on materials from pairs
military organizations of the North Caucasus). Krasnodar, 1969; he is. In the rear frontline. Partizanskoe
movement in the North Caucasus. A short military history sketch. M., 1971, etc.
6 The personal and professional influence of G.P. Ivanov is described in a collection of works dedicated to his
memory. See: Man. Scientist. Teacher. Memories of Professor G. P. Ivanov. To the 80th anniversary of the ro
waiting. Krasnodar, 1999.
9 V. F. Truntov, V. I. Cherny, S. N. Yakaev and other researchers. 1 Local historians made their contribution to the study of the problem, who established a number of unknown facts about the activities of individual detachments and groups. 2
Overall, 1950s - 1980s represent a stage in the further formation and development of the historiography of the partisan movement in the Kuban. Its study led to the emergence of special studies, the expansion of their problems, the introduction of new sources into scientific circulation. At the same time, the interpretation of various issues of partisan warfare, being influenced by ideology, was simplified and dogmatized, there was no serious analysis of the difficulties and contradictions in the development of resistance to the occupiers. The success of the partisans was associated, first of all, with the party leadership, reliance on the military-theoretical legacy of Marxism-Leninism.
In the early 1990s. In the study of partisan warfare in the occupied territory of the Kuban, a new stage began, associated with significant changes in the life of the country, declassification and publication of archival documents and other materials, updating the research methodology in domestic historical science. The new generalizing works on the history of the Great Patriotic War and the partisan movement in the USSR reveal the miscalculations in the formation and organization of the partisan movement, the activities of various bodies to create partisan detachments, the participation of Red Army servicemen in them, questions of the daily life and life of partisans, and other subjects that remained for a long time. time without attention
“Knowledge of researchers.
Shakumiyidov A.S. Activity of the Adyghe party organization during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941 - 1945: the day .... cand. ist. sciences. M., 1967; Truntov V.F. The exploits of Komsomol members and youth in the rear of the German fascist invaders (Based on the materials of the Don and the North Caucasus) // Scientific works of the Kuban State University. Issue 150. Krasnodar, 1972; Cherny V.I., The activities of the Caucasian party organizations to provide assistance to Soviet troops during the battle for the Caucasus (July 1942 - October 1943): dis .... cand. ist. sciences. Krasnodar, 1978; Yakaev S. N. Party leadership of the Komsomol of the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War. Rostov-on-Don, 1988, etc.
2 Zhernoklev I. V. Partisan paths. Notes of a local historian. Krasnodar, 1972, etc.
3 Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945. Military-historical essays. In 4 kn. M., 1998 - 1999; Party
Zan movement. Zhukovsky; M., 2001; Perezhogin V.A.Partisans and the population (1941 -1945) // Fatherland
natural history. 1997. No. 6. S. 150 - 154; he is. Soldiers of the partisan front. M., 2001, etc.
Regional historiography also notes the need for "cleansing the partisan movement from mythologization and embellishment." 1 Expansion of access of researchers to archives contributed to the emergence of new works, among which dissertation research and monographs by E.F. Krinko, S. I. Linz, and other historians. Based on a deep study of documents, they rethink the degree of effectiveness of the actions of partisans, their relationship with the population of the region, reveal the tragic fate of a number of detachments of the Kuban. At the same time, these researchers emphasize that the partisans made their contribution to the victory, doing everything that depended on them, in those difficult conditions. Along with them, a number of authors adhere to traditional approaches to the study of the problem, reducing its characterization to describing the heroic deeds of the partisans. 3
In general, researchers have more opportunities to further develop the history of the partisan movement in the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. As a result, a number of previous provisions of Soviet historiography are currently being revised, little-studied aspects of the problem are being revealed, and a new system of ideas about the actions of partisans on the territory of Krasnodar Territory is gradually being formed. At the same time, the modern stage is distinguished by research pluralism and diversity in approaches to the problem, and rejection of outdated provisions is a rather painful process.
A lot of foreign studies were also devoted to the actions of the Soviet partisans, written from positions that are largely opposite to those of
1 Contribution of the Kuban people to the Victory over fascism. Krasnodar, 1996.S. 22.
2 Shebzukhov M. Kh. Rear - front (rear of the North-West Caucasus during the war years 1941 - 1945): experience, lessons.
Maykop, 1993; Boldyrev Yu.L. Artistic culture of the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War
noah war. SPb., 1996; Chuguptsova N.A.Local Power and War. Local authorities of the North Caucasus
during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Krasnodar, 1996; Krinko E. F. Occupational
regime in the Kuban (1942 - 1943): dis. ... Cand. ist. sciences. M., 1997; Janush S. B. Bankruptcy of the German
fascist strategy in the Caucasus: dis. ... Cand. ist. sciences. Stavropol, 1998; Malysheva E. M. Test.
Society and power: problems of interaction during the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. Maikop,
2000; Linets S.I. The North Caucasus on the eve and during the Nazi occupation: state and special
development characteristics (July 1942 - October 1943): dis .... Dr. ist. sciences. Pyatigorsk, 2003, etc.
3 Savv R. X. Takhtamukaysky district during the Great Patriotic War (June 1941 - 1945). Part 1-2.
Takhtamukai, 1995; Lzashikov G. X. Adygea during the Great Patriotic War. Maykop, 1998; Ozov L. Yu.
Patriotic work and feats of arms of the youth of the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic War
war (1941 - 1945): dis ... cand. ist. sciences. Stavropol, 1999, etc.
what the Soviet historians claimed. So, back in the early 1950s. The leadership of the US Air Force organized a special research program for the partisan movement in the USSR during the war, based on captured documents. One of its results was the appearance of a fundamental work edited by J. Armstrong, in which it was said that the Soviet "peasantry was indignant at the partisans, considered them, at best, the lesser evil." Only the inhuman measures of the German authorities, their cruelty, caused an upsurge in resistance to the invaders. 1 This conclusion was also substantiated by other Western researchers. In particular, supporters of the theory of the "missed Russian chance" widespread in West German historiography (H.-A. Jacobsen and others) argued that the German leadership, relying on the "blitzkrieg", did not develop any plans to "defeat Russia with the help of the Russians themselves. ". Soviet historians subjected these provisions to sharp criticism, reproaching Western authors for their desire to belittle the role of the national struggle in the rear of the enemy, falsifying its character.
Thus, Russian and foreign historiography has accumulated considerable experience in studying the partisan movement in the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. In works of a general nature, this problem is considered in the context of the history of the war, the development of Soviet society and the region. In special studies, various aspects of the history of the partisan movement in the Krasnodar Territory are revealed. The state of scientific elaboration of the problem allows us to single out a range of basic issues that determine its study, to use the problem principle in characterizing the existing historiography.
A detailed analysis of the problem allowed a number of researchers to identify the stages and periods in the development of the partisan movement in the Kuban during the war.
1 Soviet Partisans in World War II. Madison, 1964. P.44.
2
Ivanov A.G. Exposing the bourgeois falsification of the Soviet partisan movement during the years of Veli
Coy of the Patriotic War, the role and activity of the CPSU in its organization and development: dis .... cand. ist. sciences.
M., 1974; Grinkevich L. D. Criticism of the main falsification concepts of the latest Anglo-American
bourgeois historiography of the Soviet partisan movement in 1941 - 1944: dis .... cand. ist. sciences,
M., 1984, etc.
12 us. G.P. Ivanov proposed a sufficiently reasoned periodization of the partisan movement in the Kuban, dividing it into two periods. First
Organizational (autumn 1941 - July 1942), the second - military operations
partisans of the Kuban during the occupation (August 1942 - October 1943). This
the period, in turn, he subdivided into three stages: the stage of formation of pairs
tizan movement, the development of tactics of struggle during the first clashes
niy with the enemy during the offensive of the German troops; stage of active
partisan warfare in conditions of relative and temporary stabilization
front in the foothills of the Caucasus; the stage of maximum assistance to the advancing
vetsky troops (January - October 1943). 1 The advantage of this period
zation is that it not only takes into account the evolution of partisan actions
actions directly during the period of occupation, but also draws attention to the under
preparatory work for the formation of partisan detachments.
The study of the organization, forms and methods of partisan struggle, based on declassified materials, allowed the Maykop researcher E.F. Krinko to propose a different version of the periodization of the partisan movement in the Kuban, considered in combination with the actions of the underground and popular sabotage. It also presupposes the allocation of two periods in the development of the partisan struggle in the Krasnodar Territory, which, in turn, are divided into stages. The first period - the development of popular resistance during the defense of the Caucasus - is limited to August - December 1942. It highlights the stage of formation of popular resistance to the invaders in August - September 1942, during which partisan formations unfolded and began hostilities, and the stage of its further development in September
December 1942 The second period - the rise of the struggle during the liberation of the
gion in January - October 1943. It is divided into a stage of active mutual
actions of partisans with units of the Red Army during the liberation of pain
part of the territory of the Krasnodar Territory in January - March 1943, and for
leading the stage in the development of resistance on Taman and Novorossiysk in ap-
1 Ivanov G.P. In the years of s> roy trials. Krasnodar. 1967. S. 49-50.
13 relay - October 1943 "This periodization closely links the development of the partisan movement in the Kuban with the events of the battle for the Caucasus and the evolution of the occupation regime, and also takes into account as much as possible the dynamics of the partisan actions themselves, their relations with the Red Army.
Considerable attention in Russian historiography was paid to the organization and management of partisan actions on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. According to the approaches prevailing in Soviet historical science, the main role in the partisan movement as its organizer and leader was played by the Communist Party. 2 At the same time, the activities of the partisans were often identified with the spontaneous protest of the people against the occupiers. Only in modern historiography is the previously practically hushed up role of the NKVD officers in the partisan movement gradually reflected. 3 Based on materials from the Krasnodar Territory, this problem was first considered in his Ph.D. thesis by V.E. Martianov, who mainly used documents from party bodies. 4 More complete information is contained in a collective work prepared by the FSB Directorate for the Krasnodar Territory and revealing a number of little-known issues in the history of regional state security agencies during the war years, including the creation and actions of operational-KGB groups during the German occupation of the Kuban. Its authors rely on declassified documents from the archives of the regional FSB Directorate. five
The motives for the participation of Soviet citizens in the struggle against the occupiers in previous years were associated, first of all, with the nature of the Soviet system, the desire to defend the socialist gains, to prevent the restoration of the pre-revolutionary order. Recently, researchers have more often
1 Kriiko E.F.Life behind the front line: Kuban in the occupation (1942 - 1943). Maikop, 2000.S. 156.
2 Gaur G. T. Party leadership of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War: dis. ...
Cand. ist. sciences. M., 1967; Kayushina N.V. Party leadership of the partisan struggle in the occupied
the territory of the RSFSR in 1941-44: dis .... cand. ist. sciences. L., 1988, etc.
3 Popov L. Yu. NKVD and the partisan movement. M., 2003, etc.
4 Martianov V.E. Bodies of the NKVD of the Krasnodar Territory on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War
(1937-1945): dis .... cand. ist. sciences. Krasnodar, 1997.
5 Not classified as classified. From the history of the security agencies of the Kuban. Essays, articles, documentary stories.
Krasnodar, 2005.
14 talk about the various motives of the participants in the resistance, along with the desire to defend the Soviet power, patriotism is usually indicated, "the desire to defend the big and small Motherland, their relatives and friends, whose lives are under a mortal threat." one
Perhaps the most difficult and painful problem considered within the framework of this topic is the relationship of the partisans with the local population. In the Russian historiography of the previous decades, it was believed that all Soviet citizens initially supported the partisans, who were the defenders of their interests. In contrast, Western scholars and émigré writers have emphasized the "unbridled brutality" of the partisans. In the opinion of C.O. Dixon and O. Heilbrunn, innocent people suffered in the partisan war, since, being unable to eliminate the threat of partisans, the enemy shot hostages instead of them: “When Soviet partisans could inflict damage on the Germans, they did not consider to what extent this could affect their compatriots. " 2 D. Karov argued that almost the entire population of the USSR hated the party, the Soviet system and Stalin, but it turned out to be “forced to fight in one formation with his robber,” 3 cited examples of moral decay in partisan detachments, including the Kuban, stressed the lack of communication between partisans with the people. But in his work there are direct errors and inaccuracies.
There is no consensus on this issue in modern Russian historiography. A number of authors turned to estimates first proposed by foreign researchers and previously criticized in Russian historical science. For example, B.V. Sokolov pays the main attention to those negative moments in the history of partisan warfare, which were bypassed by Soviet researchers, citing the facts of robbery and extermination of civilians by individual detachments disguised as German
The Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945. Military-historical essays. Book four. The people and the war. M. 1999, p. 131.
2 Dixon Ch. O., Heilbrunn O. Communist partisan actions. M., 1957, p. 76.
3 Karov D. Partisan movement in the USSR in 1941-1945. Munich, 1954, p. 7.
form, in order to provoke an upsurge of dissatisfaction with the actions of the occupiers. According to him, the partisans "sometimes became no less a disaster for the civilian population than the German occupiers." one
However, the majority of regional researchers, revising individual provisions and revealing the "blank spots" of this problem, follow the established tradition, believing that the majority of the Soviet population supported the partisans, which ensured the success of the popular struggle in the enemy's rear. At the same time, modern Russian historians point out that "unfortunately, the partisans and the population did not have complete unanimity and unity in the fight against the German occupiers." 3
Developments by military historians on the tactics of Soviet partisans, various forms and methods of partisan actions, and the organization of material supplies for detachments deserve attention. 4 Only recently there have appeared works containing an analysis of the social composition of the Kuban partisans. 5 The reevaluation of the results of the partisan movement in the Kuban is facilitated by the publication of the works of the famous Soviet saboteur I. G. Starinov, who accused I. V. Stalin of the failures of preparing the partisan struggle, believing that it could not develop more effectively precisely because of the “incompetence of the leaders ". 6 VI Boyarsky analyzes the lost opportunities in the development of the partisan movement during the war years, the specifics and effectiveness of partisan actions. 7 In this regard, modern research rethinking partisan
1 Sokolov B.V. Occupation. Truth and myths. M., 2002.C.2.
2 Malysheva E.M. In the struggle for victory (social relations and economic cooperation of workers and
peasants during the war 1941 - 1945). Maykop, 1992.S. 202 and others.
3 Lipets S.I. The North Caucasus on the eve and during the Nazi occupation: state and special
development (July 1942-October 1943). Rostov-on-Don, 2003 pp. 473 -474.
4 The experience of the partisan struggle of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War and the peoples of Europe in
years of the second world war. M., 1964; Absalyamov M.A., Andrianov V.N.Tactics of Soviet partisans //
Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal. 1968. No. 1. P.42 - 55; Andrianov V.N. Intelligence activities of the party
zan // Ibid. 1971. No. 8. P.20 - 28; he is. The basing and logistics of the partisans in
years of the Great Patriotic War // Military History Journal. 1972. No. 5. P. 80 - 84 and others.
5 Kriiko E.F.Social composition of the partisans of the Kuban (1942 - 1943): the possibilities of the source base //
Russian society and wars of the XX century. Materials of the All-Russian. scientific-practical conf., having eaten. 100th anniversary of the beginning of rus
Japanese-Japanese and 90th anniversary of the First World War. Adler, May 27 - 28, 2004 Krasnodar, 2004.S. 73 - 75.
6 Starinov I. G. On the war behind enemy lines // Questions of the history of the CPSU. 1990. No. 5. P.79.
7 Boyarsky V.I.Partisans and the army. History of Lost Opportunities. Mn., 2001.
movement on materials from neighboring regions. 1 The emergence of works introducing new data on the fate of individual detachments operating in the occupied territory also contributes to the formation of a more reliable picture of the partisan movement in the Kuban. 2
Summing up the results of the historiographic review, it should be noted that certain research traditions of studying the partisan movement in the Kuban have developed in domestic and foreign science. A solid factual material has been accumulated, a number of important conclusions and generalizations have been made, which were used in the preparation of this work. At the same time, at present, the degree of study of the problem does not correspond to its scientific significance; in the history of the partisan movement in the Kuban, there are still many unknown aspects.
The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the processes of formation and development of the partisan movement in the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War, its essence and characteristics. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:
analyze the process of formation of the partisan movement, highlight and reveal its main stages and their features;
trace the efforts made by the regional leadership to form detachments, assess the degree of their preparedness to conduct hostilities under the conditions of enemy occupation;
to reveal the control system and organization of the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the Krasnodar Territory, its correspondence to the tasks facing the partisans;
1 Aliev K.-M. Light and shadow of guerrilla warfare. M. - Stavropol, 2003; Linets A. S, Linets S. I. Partizan
movement in the Stavropol Territory during the Nazi occupation of the region (August 1942 - January
1943). Pyatigorsk, 2005, etc.
2 Armavir partisan detachment // Armavir people in the Great Patriotic War 1941 -45. Armavir,
2005.S. 80 - 111; Belyaev S. A. From the history of the partisan movement in the Kuban. Teuchezhsky partisan
detachment "Voroshilovets" of the Adyghe Autonomous Region // The Great Patriotic War in the context of history
riy of the XX century. International materials, scientific and practical. conf. (Adler, May 27 - 31, 2005). Krasnodar, 2005.
P.22 - 25; Ivanov V.A.From the history of the partisan movement in the Kuban. Red Guard partisan
detachment of the Adyghe Autonomous Region // Ibid. P. 78 - 80; Winners. Maykop, 2005.S. 593 - 607,641 -
656, etc.
consider the tactics of the Kuban partisans, highlight the main directions of their activities;
to characterize the features of the social composition of the partisan detachments of the Kuban, their daily life, the supply system and material support.
Theoretical and methodological basis dissertations constitute a number of fundamental research principles: historicism, scientific objectivity, systems approach. Their application allows us to consider the partisan movement on the territory of the Kuban during the Great Patriotic War in its development, specific historical conditioning, taking into account the interaction of various factors, to select the most significant positions for understanding the essence of the problem on the basis of the achieved level of scientific knowledge. The actions of the partisans and their effectiveness are assessed taking into account the capabilities they had, in the context of the general situation in the region during the battle for the Caucasus.
These principles are implemented using a number of specific methods of historical analysis, each of which allows you to solve specific problems. The method of periodization makes it possible to single out the stages in the development of the partisan movement in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. The historical-comparative method makes it possible to compare the development of the partisan movement in the Kuban at each of the stages, to highlight its features in comparison with all-Russian indicators. The dissertation candidate also used methods of critical interpretation of sources and problem-chronological presentation, logical and specific analysis, leading to the study of historical facts and sources, taking into account the conditions of their occurrence, specific reasons that caused certain phenomena.
Source base the research compiled both published and archival documents. In 1957, the journal "Historical Archive" published the first special publication of 35 different documents from the funds of the party archive of the Krasnodar Regional Committee of the CPSU: orders and resolutions
18 ning of the governing bodies and the command of individual detachments, operational and intelligence reports, memoranda, reports, leaflets, oaths of the partisans. Three years later, a separate publication of leaflets from the Kuban partisans came out, the text of several leaflets was also presented in a generalizing collection.
Documents telling about the partisan movement in the Kuban were published in thematic collections dedicated to the development of the Krasnodar Territory during the Great Patriotic War. 3 Separate materials on the problem are found in summarizing collections on the history of the Krasnodar Territory, the Krasnodar and Adyghe Komsomol organizations. 4 In these publications, first of all, Soviet documents from local archives are presented, while they were selected in accordance with the stereotypes prevailing in historiography. In particular, documents were not published at all that could at least somehow testify
0 contradictions that sometimes arose in relations between partisans and
population. Particular attention was paid to showing the role of the communist
the party as the organizer and leader of the people's struggle, and on the contrary, is not
materials were presented that revealed the role of the NKVD - NKGB in
organization of the partisan movement.
In the 1990s. new publications of archival materials on the problem under consideration appeared, among which a special volume dedicated to partisan struggle in the occupied Soviet territory from the series "Russian Archive" stands out. It contains declassified documents of the State Defense Committee (hereinafter - the GKO), the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissars of Defense, Internal Affairs and State Security of the USSR, the State
1 Partisan movement in the Kuban (1942-1943) // Historical archive. 1957. No. 3. P.3-47
2 Leaflets of party, Soviet, Komsomol organizations and partisans of the Kuban period of the Great Fatherland
war // Our land. Krasnodar, 1960. Issue 1. S. 124 - 139; Behind enemy lines. Party organ leaflets
nizatsii and partisans during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1962.
3 Documents of courage and heroism. Kuban in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 Sat. documents and
materials. Krasnodar, 1965; The feat of Novorossiysk. Sat. documents and materials. 2nd edition, add., Revised.
Krasnodar, 1978.
4 Documents and materials on the history of the Krasnodar organization of the Komsomol (1918 - 1976). Sat. Krasnodar,
1978; Reader on the history of the Kuban (1917-1967). Documents and materials. Part 2. Krasnodar, 1982;
Documents and materials on the history of the Adyghe organization of the Komsomol, 1917 - 1985. Maikop, 1985.
19 military political administration of the RKKA (hereinafter referred to as the GPU of the RKKA), the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement (hereinafter referred to as the TSSHPD), the General Staff, the Supreme Command Headquarters (hereinafter referred to as the Supreme Command Headquarters) and other materials from the funds of a number of central archives. one
In recent years, Krasnodar archivists have carried out significant work on the publication of wartime documents. Especially noteworthy is the fundamental documentary trilogy, which recreates the events of the war years in the Kuban in chronological sequence, mainly according to the documents of the regional archival fund (responsible compilers - A.M. Belyaev, I. Yu. Bondar). The unique information contained in it characterizes the process of formation of detachments, their entry into combat positions, tactics of actions, detachment life, interaction with the active army and other little-studied issues of the history of the partisan movement in the Krasnodar Territory. The publication is accompanied by a fairly solid scientific
help desk. Various aspects of the problem are also characterized by other publications that introduce new materials into scientific circulation. 3 A special kind of documentary publication was the Memory Books of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea, containing, among other information, lists of the dead partisans in individual regions. four
A significant group of sources was made up of documents extracted from 283 files of 10 funds of 5 archives of Moscow, Krasnodar, Maikop, Armavir, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (hereinafter - RGASPI) used materials from funds 17 (Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks) and 69 (TsSHPD), containing regulatory and reporting documents on the development of partisans.
Great Patriotic War: Sat. documents. T.9. Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. / Russian archive. T.20. M., 1999.
2 Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945: Declassified documents. Chronicle of events.
In 3 vols. Book 1. Chronicle of events 1941 - 1942 Krasnodar, 2000. Book 2. 4.1. Chronicle of events 1943. Kras
Nodar, 2003.
3 Kuban Cheka. State security agencies of the Kuban in documents and memoirs. Krasnodar, 1997, etc.
4 Book of Memory. Maikop, 1994 - 1995. T. 1-2; Memory Book: Russian Federation. Krasnodar region.
Krasnodar, 1994. T. 1-9.
20 movement in the region, as well as fund 625 (Personal fund of the head of the Central School of Public Administration P.K.Ponomarenko).
The most valuable and informative layer of materials revealing the problem under consideration is stored in the Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Territory (hereinafter - TsDNIKK). These are, first of all, the documents of the partisan detachments and formations of the Kuban themselves, party bodies that regulated their creation and activities, and other sources. However, at present, there are certain restrictions on the work of researchers with these materials due to the confidentiality of personal information, the presence in them of information that remains secret. Taking into account the existing procedure for accessing these materials, the work used documents from funds 1774-A (Krasnodar Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks), 1774-R (Collection of documents on the history of the Kuban), 4372 (Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (hereinafter - YUSHPD)), characterizing the processes of formation and development of the partisan movement in the Kuban, its results, the relationship of partisans with the population and other aspects of the problem.
In the State Archives of the Krasnodar Territory (hereinafter referred to as SACK), individual documents of the R-807 fund (Collection of documents and materials about the Great Patriotic War) were used, in the Repository of documents of the recent history of the National Archives of the Republic of Adygea (hereinafter referred to as the HDNI NAR A) - the P-1 fund ( Adyghe Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)), in the archival department of the administration of Armavir (hereinafter - AOAA) - funds R-22 (Collection of documents and materials of participants in the Great Patriotic War and internationalist soldiers), R-1271 (Collection of documents on the history of the city of Armavir and adjacent settlements). These are reports of party organs, materials of checks of detachments, memoirs and other sources of official and personal origin. The work also used a variety of materials from the collection of documents of the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve (hereinafter - KGIAMZ) and Fund 4 (Great Patriotic War) of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea
It should be noted that individual materials are often duplicated in various archival funds, thanks to the existing reporting procedure, as well as the very principles of their formation. In particular, the RGASPI, along with TsTSNIKK, stores operational reports of the YUSHPD and other documents characterizing the combat activities of the partisan detachments of the Krasnodar Territory (including their records). In this regard, it seems appropriate to divide into three main groups all published and unpublished, archival and museum documents used in the work, depending on their types.
The first group is made up of official documents. Among them, in turn, stand out, firstly, the normative legal acts that regulated the procedure for creating partisan detachments and formations, the organization of their internal life, and participation in hostilities. These are directives and resolutions of the highest and local party and Soviet bodies - the State Defense Committee, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, orders of the People's Commissars of Defense and Internal Affairs, resolutions of the plenums and bureaus of the regional committee, regional committee, city and district party committees, city defense committees, regional, regional , city and district executive committees. The same group includes orders and orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Partisan Movement, the Chief of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement, the Chief of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (hereinafter referred to as the KSHPD), the commanders of the partisan formations and individual detachments of the Kuban.
Secondly, various types of clerical documents - minutes and transcripts of meetings of party and state bodies, characterizing the very process of making decisions on the organization of the partisan movement in the region, information and reports on the morale and political condition and material support of detachments and formations, reports on the results of the check their activities. They also include a variety of
22 operational sources of different form and subject matter: acts of hostilities, which indicated the composition and responsibilities of participants, service diaries, operational and intelligence reports, certificates drawn up on the basis of combat reports and containing general information about the actions of detachments and formations for a certain period of time ...
Third, the reports of partisan detachments and formations summarizing the results of their activities. The most significant among them is the "Final report on the combat and reconnaissance activities of the Krasnodar headquarters of the partisan movement (August 1942 - October 1943)", which contains summarizing information on the organization and main areas of activity of detachments and formations of the region, the results of their combat operations, composition and losses the Kuban partisans, the damage they inflicted on the enemy.
The second group of sources used in this work consists of materials from periodicals, newspapers and leaflets. The work used individual issues of central periodicals - the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Krasnaya Zvezda, the main regional newspaper - Bolshevik (since 1943 - Sovetskaya Kuban), the regional newspaper Adygeiskaya Pravda ", regional and city newspapers -" Apsheronsky Rabochy "," Bolshevik Pravda "," Vyshka "," For the Commune "," Novorossiysk Rabochy "," Under the Banner of Lenin - Stalin "," Socialist Tobacco Growing ", containing information about the actions Kuban partisans.
During the occupation, the publication of a number of newspapers in the Krasnodar Territory ceased, others published special issues for the population of the occupied regions. Some regional newspapers became the organs of partisan detachments and formations, the information published in them characterizes, first of all, the propaganda activities of the partisans of the Kuban. The extremely few combat leaflets and wall newspapers of partisan detachments contain a description of individual facts of the internal detachment life. 1 Newspapers published after
In particular, KGIAMZ stores combat leaflets and wall newspapers of the party organization and platoons of the Tikhy partisan detachment. See: KPILMZ. F. D. No. KM 778/2.
On the initiative of the occupation authorities - "Kuban", "Maykop life", "Vestnik Kuban" - published materials reflecting their reaction to the actions of the partisans. Leaflets issued during the German occupation of the Kuban by party and Komsomol bodies, individual partisan detachments and formations, as well as the occupation administration also carried out propaganda tasks.
The third group is represented by various sources of personal origin - memoirs and diaries of the Kuban partisans. A significant part of these materials, collected and recorded back in the 1950s-1980s, is stored in archives and museums of the Krasnodar Territory (especially a large collection - in the 1774-R TsTSNIKK fund), many have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation. Memories and diaries were used in the work
V. G. Drevlyansky, S. S. Zhukova, V. E. Zinchenko, G. M. Kadushkina,
S. Ya. Kozlova, M. I. Laricheva, P. G. Obukhova, P. G. Romakhova, M. D. Ryzhikh,
V.G.Samokhin, Ya.R. Sverdlova, N.P. Sluzhva, Ya.D.Schepilov and others
participants of the partisan movement.
Published memoirs are relatively few in number. 1 Basically, they were subjected to literary processing, reflecting a certain socio-political order. One of the most widely known published memoirs is the memoirs of the commander of the Krasnodar city partisan detachment P.K. Ignatov, who described in detail the preparation of the detachment, the development of combat tactics, and the organization of detachment life. 2 However, the researchers noted that this author exaggerated the role of his own squad. 3 However, this feature is also inherent in other authors of memoirs. Recently, in separate editions, in special
1 There were partisans. Memories of the Kuban people - partisans of the Great Patriotic War. Krasnodar, 1975;
Volkov I. T. Behind Enemy Lines. Partisan's notes. Krasnodar, 1979; Grezin V.I.People's Avengers. Red
gift, 1982; Schneider K. Guerrilla paths // For our Soviet Motherland! Memories of veterans -
participants of the Great Patriotic War. Maykop, 1995.S. 104 - 107; Kokhyuv S. Ya. Hot paths.
Notes of a partisan // Literary Adygea. 2005. No. 2. P.28 - 70 and others.
2 Ignatov P.K. M., 1949, etc.
3 Khmyrov L.P. Some questions of the partisan movement and its organization in the Kuban during the Great
Patriotic War (1942 - 1943) // Questions of the history of party organizations in the North Caucasus.
Krasnodar, 1966, p. 114.
24 collections and periodicals published new memoirs of the partisans of the Kuban, freer in their assessments of the events in question. one
In sources of personal origin, events are interpreted on the basis of the author's own experience, so they have been criticized more than once for their inherent subjectivity. Of course, they are inherent in certain errors and contradictions, but the time and conditions of creation have an impact on any historical source. Modern researchers emphasize the prospects of using sources of personal origin as valuable evidence, allowing to represent the events of the war through individual human destinies. They play a particularly significant role in illuminating the daily life of partisans, their spiritual and moral state.
The scientific novelty of the provisions put forward in the work lies in the comprehensive study of the partisan movement in the Kuban as an independent and insufficiently developed historical problem on the basis of sources available to researchers and the current level of scientific knowledge, the introduction of a wide range of factual data into scientific circulation. The novelty of the research is also expressed in the following achieved results and conclusions:
The dissertation analyzes the genesis of the partisan movement in the Kuban, substantiates its periodization, gives a detailed description of individual stages that are closely associated with the course of hostilities during the battle for the Caucasus.
The general features and characteristics of the struggle of the partisans of the Kuban, determined by a combination of objective and subjective factors, are identified and revealed. The dissertation proves that the natural conditions of the Krasnodar Territory, the proximity of the front line and the short duration of the German occupation of most of its territory were of particular importance. Specific
II, P. Vasilyeva // Krinko EF Life behind the front line. S. 214-219; Mezokh V. 4. Life and profession of a test pilot of Civil Aviation. Maykop, 2001; Soldiers of Victory. Stories about the Great Patriotic War. Maykop, 2005, etc.
2 Senyavskaya E. S. Psychology of war in the XX century: the historical experience of Russia. M., 1999.S. 19 and others.
25 The nature of the partisan movement in the Kuban was also determined by the system of organization of detachments and formations, their number and composition, and finally, by the very logic of formation, development trends, forms and methods of partisan struggle.
On the basis of declassified materials, the complex process of forming partisan detachments, the difficulties and problems of deploying their combat activities, are revealed, largely due to the occupation of the Krasnodar Territory, which was unexpected for the Soviet leadership.
The complex relationship of partisan detachments with units of the active army, which received a simplified interpretation in Soviet historiography, is shown. Cooperation between the partisans and the army developed at different levels and in the most varied forms, but the potential for their interaction could be more effective if the military command took into account the specifics of the partisan struggle to a greater extent.
A detailed analysis of the organization and management of partisan detachments, their structure is offered, the role of the NKVD bodies, which actually controlled partisan intelligence and counterintelligence, as well as the army leadership, primarily of operational groups at the headquarters of the armies that fought in the North Caucasus, is revealed.
The tactics of the Kuban partisans are subjected to a special study, various tactical techniques are considered, conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of their use. It is proved that the choice of methods of struggle depended on the capabilities of the Kuban partisans and the conditions of their activity.
The socio-demographic and ethnic composition of the detachments, the level of education, professional and party affiliation of the partisans are analyzed. Based on the analysis of the social composition of the detachments, conclusions are drawn that certain mistakes were made in their recruitment, and leadership measures aimed at strengthening the detachment discipline are considered.
8. For the first time in historiography, the problem of the daily life of the partisans of the Kuban is posed, the analysis of which is carried out through the study of their living conditions, food, clothing, dwellings, their everyday life and holidays, the supply and armament of detachments.
Provisions for Defense:
The development of the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the Krasnodar Territory during the Great Patriotic War was a complex and dynamic process in which two main stages are distinguished. The chronological framework of the first was determined by the conduct of the defensive operation of the Soviet troops in the Caucasus in August - December 1942. The formation of the partisan movement took place in August - September 1942, when the Wehrmacht troops captured most of the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. With the stabilization of the front line and the Tuapse defensive operation in October - December 1942, further development of the partisan struggle took place in the occupied territory of the Kuban.
The second stage in the development of partisan warfare is associated with the offensive of Soviet troops in the North Caucasus. In winter - spring 1943, the partisans, together with units of the active army, took an active part in the liberation of their cities and regions. The Novorossiysk-Taman operation, which ended the battle for the Caucasus, also became the period of the end of the combat activities of the Kuban partisans.
The contradictory and inconsistent attitude of the Soviet leadership to the guerrilla war played a negative role in its preparation, and the unexpected occupation of the Kuban thwarted the systematic exit of detachments previously created in the province to the designated positions. Due to the natural conditions of the region, most of the detachments were located in the Soviet rear and systematically made transitions across the front line, a smaller part in the occupied territory, mainly in the south, in the mountain forest belt. The activity of the partisans especially increased in September 1942, after which the number of their combat clashes with the enemy steadily decreased. Despite all the hard-
27 problems and problems, the Kuban partisans made their contribution to achieving victory over the enemy.
The backbone of the partisan forces in the Kuban were detachments of several dozen people, most of which were created from fighters of fighter battalions and united into formations - bushes. Various structures took part in the formation of the partisan movement, the most significant role in this was played, in addition to party committees, by the NKVD organs, as well as operational groups under the political directorates of the armies of the North Caucasian Front, then the leadership passed to specially created YUSHPD, KSHPD and cluster headquarters.
The tactics of the Kuban partisans were diverse, they made extensive use of ambushes, raids, sabotage of communications, systematically carried out intelligence and propaganda activities, and used other methods of struggle. The use of individual tactics was often hampered by the lack of the necessary technical means and specialists.
A significant part of the Kuban partisans were communists and Komsomol members. At the same time, from the very beginning, in their ranks there were many people who were incapable of conducting military operations and living in the forest. In the future, most of these people left the detachments, the most combat-ready part of the partisans remained in them.
In addition to the detachments created by the regional leadership, other spontaneously emerging armed groups also operated in the occupied territory of the Kuban, but the sources currently at the disposal of researchers do not allow to draw reasonable conclusions about their composition and combat activities.
In the conditions of partisan life, a specific way of life was formed, which is, at the same time, an integral part of the world of daily wartime.
Theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it makes it possible to fill the gap existing in historiography in the coverage of the urgent problem of the history of the Great Patriotic War. Certain provisions and results of the dissertation research can be used by teachers of universities and schools in the development of training courses on Soviet history of the 20th century, local history and relevant special courses, writing generalizing and special works on the history of the Great Patriotic War and the history of the Kuban. In addition, the material of the work can find application in the patriotic education of young people, as well as in the professional activities of local historians and guides of the Krasnodar Territory.
Approbation of research results. The thesis was discussed and recommended for defense at a meeting of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Armavir Institute of Social Education (branch) of the Russian State Social University. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented by the applicant in speeches at 3 all-Russian and 1 regional scientific and practical conferences. They are also reflected in the brochure and 5 articles. The total number of publications on the topic of the dissertation was 6 works with a total volume of more than 4 printed sheets.
Formation of partisan detachments in the Kuban and the deployment of their activities in August - September 1942
An important condition for the success of the partisans was their preparation for the conduct of hostilities in the occupied territory, which included a whole range of various organizational, operational-tactical, logistical and personnel measures. First, the development of a system for organizing and controlling the partisan movement, the formation of detachments and sabotage groups, an intelligence network, and governing bodies. Secondly, the development of the most effective tactics based on the generalization of the previous experience of partisan actions, taking into account the climatic, socio-economic and political characteristics of the development of a particular region. Third, the creation of a material basis for operations behind enemy lines - the laying of food bases, warehouses with weapons, uniforms, equipment. Fourth, the selection of candidates for the detachments, their training in intelligence, subversive activities, fire, sanitary and other training. Naturally, it is no longer possible to carry out systematic and purposeful training directly under the conditions of enemy occupation, therefore, it was essential to carry out these measures in advance, before the invasion of the Wehrmacht troops into the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.
In this regard, it should be noted that back in the 1920s - early 1930s. In the USSR, considerable attention was paid to generalizing the experience of partisan struggle during the Civil War, secret bases and warehouses were created, detachment commanders, miners, saboteurs, and scouts underwent special training. But in the late 1930s. the already established bases and special schools were liquidated, and many commanders and specialists who had experience in partisan actions were repressed. The main reason for this was the approval of the military concept, which did not admit the recognition of the very possibility of conducting hostilities on its own territory.1 The erroneousness of this decision was especially evident in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, when the hastily created partisan detachments that had neither experience nor sufficient training for fighting behind enemy lines, they suffered unjustified losses, their actions were scattered and ineffective.
Only on June 29, 1941, the first official document appeared, calling for the organization of a rebuff to the invaders in the occupied territory - the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to "Party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions." It spoke of the need to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight parts of the Wehrmacht, to kindle a partisan war "everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to warehouses, and so on." In the occupied areas, it was supposed to "create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, to pursue and destroy them at every step, to disrupt all their activities." To manage this activity, it was necessary in advance, "under the responsibility of the first secretaries of the regional and district committees, to create from the best people reliable underground cells and safe houses in every city, district center, workers' settlement, railway station, in state and collective farms."
On July 3, in his address to the Soviet people, JV Stalin aloud repeated the main provisions of the directive, adding a number of new tasks. In particular, he spoke of the need to "set fire to the forests", urging "in the event of the forced withdrawal of the Red Army units" not to leave a single kilogram of bread to the enemy. The collective farmers should have evacuated livestock and grain to the rear areas, grain and fuel that could not be taken out had to be destroyed.3
These words reflected an obvious lack of understanding by the Soviet leadership of the specifics of the tasks and methods of partisan struggle; they did not contain any indication of the need for its thorough, comprehensive preparation. The chaotic implementation of calls to burn forests and destroy food, instead of distributing it to the population, could rather hinder the formation of the guerrilla movement than contribute to its development.
A more realistic program for the deployment of popular resistance was contained in the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On organizing the struggle in the rear of German troops" of July 18, 1941, which specified the actions of local party organizations. They were entrusted with the task of "immediately organizing combat squads and sabotage groups" from participants in the Civil War, well-proven fighters of extermination battalions and militia units, workers of the NKVD and NKGB, communists and Komsomol members. The partisan detachments should have been "provided with weapons, ammunition, money and valuables, for which the necessary supplies must be buried and hidden in advance in safe places." The need was noted "to take care of the organization of communication between the partisan detachments and the Soviet regions in advance, for which they should be equipped with radio devices, use walkers, secret writing, etc., as well as to ensure the sending and printing of leaflets, slogans, newspapers on the spot."
Partisans' participation in the liberation of the Kuban in winter - spring 1943
The second stage in the development of the partisan movement in the Krasnodar Territory fell on the period of the liberation of its territory from the German invaders. The beginning of 1943 coincided with the transition to the offensive of the troops of the Southern Front, created on January 1, 1943 on the basis of the Stalingrad Front, in the direction of Rostov-on-Don, with the exit to the rear of the enemy group in the North Caucasus. In an effort to avoid encirclement and prevent a "second Stalingrad", the Wehrmacht command began a hasty withdrawal of its troops from the North Caucasus, and from January 16 launched an offensive in the main direction of the ChGV of the Transcaucasian Front. On February 9, the Krasnodar operation began, during which the capital of the region was liberated on February 12. Providing fierce resistance, the enemy withdrew his troops to the lower reaches of the Kuban River and to the Taman Peninsula.
During the North Caucasian offensive operation in January-February 1943, the tasks and tactics of the Kuban partisans changed. The partisans, having reduced their activity at the end of 1942, in the following January, 1943, went on the offensive, in close connection with the advance of the Soviet troops. The interaction of partisan detachments and formations with units of the active army also evolved, as in many other occupied regions of the USSR, it grew from an operational to a tactical one.
In the first days of 1943, there were only isolated combat clashes between the partisans and the retreating enemy units. The partisan detachment "Kubanets" of the Maryanskiy District, together with units of the Red Army, attacked the garrison of the village of Azovskaya on January 6, 1943, killing more than 90 enemy soldiers and officers. , the commanders of individual detachments at this time created a network of new underground groups in the occupied territory of the region. Thus, the soldiers of the Maikop detachment No. 1 T. D. Alifanov and N. A. Dmitriev, who were in the city in an illegal position, managed to organize a group in Maikop that did not allow a number of enterprises to be set on fire and the destruction of their equipment at the time of the retreat of the invaders, and also saved seriously wounded soldiers and commanders of the Red Army. 2
In the planned offensive, the Soviet command attached significant importance to the actions of the partisan detachments of the Krasnodar Territory, designed to prevent the German retreat. On January 11, 1943, the Military Council of the Transcaucasian Front set the KSHPD tasks to separate the actions of the Maikop, Novorossiysk and Krasnodar enemy groupings, disrupting the movement on the railways Armavir - Belorechenskaya - Kha-Dyzhenskaya, Krasnodar - Krymskaya - Novorossiysk, Krymskaya - Varenikovskaya - Sennaya; disorganize enemy actions by ambushes, raids and sabotage. At the same time, the destruction should have been carried out "taking into account the rapid recovery when units of the Red Army entered these areas." The partisans were also ordered to prevent the export of equipment, livestock, bread and other valuables, disrupting the railway communication Kropotkin - Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar - Timashevskaya, Krymskaya - Timashevskaya, destroying railways, bridges and crossings. In general, the enemy's retreat should have been "turned into a panicky flight."
Features of the tactics of the partisan detachments of the Kuban.
The choice of optimal tactics testifies to the ability of the guerrillas to adapt to the conditions of combat operations, to determine their most effective methods and forms that allow them to perform assigned tasks with minimal losses. The tactics of the Kuban partisans during the Great Patriotic War were determined by various circumstances, which can be divided into two groups. First, these are objective factors: the natural and climatic features of the region, the season, the proximity of the front line. Secondly, subjective - the size and personnel of the detachments, their combat experience and weapons. According to E. Ch. Guevara: “Naturally, the geographical and social conditions of the country determine the special character and forms that the partisan struggle will take in each individual case, but its basic laws are in effect constantly.” 1 The invariable signs of partisan actions, the necessary conditions for their success there remained surprise for the enemy, maneuverability and speed of movement, high vigilance and a variety of techniques used.
The main form of struggle at the first stage of the development of the partisan movement in the Kuban was ambushes on the roads and attacks on columns or individual soldiers, vehicles and enemy carts. An ambush was a surprise attack by partisans on a moving enemy object in order to capture and destroy it, in which groups of partisans of various sizes, from squads and platoons to entire detachments, could be received.2 In August 1942 alone, the partisans of the Kuban carried out at least 29 ambushes. which accounted for more than half of all cases of collisions with the enemy in a month. In the future, this tactical operation, relatively easy to carry out, which allowed not only inflicting certain damage, but also capturing trophies, remained one of the most common forms of partisan warfare in the occupied territory of Krasnodar Territory. So, on September 14, the first combat operation was carried out by the Koshekhabl partisan detachment, which set up an ambush between the villages of Barakaevskaya and Gub -skaya. The partisans shot more than 60 German soldiers and officers, captured trophies without suffering any losses.1
The martial art of partisans in the organization of ambushes was gradually improved, as evidenced by the choice of their place, objects, time, the use of camouflage, intelligence data, as well as effectiveness. Usually, when organizing ambushes in the combat formations of partisans, a strike group was allocated to attack the enemy, as well as a support group and a reserve. Endurance and discipline, decisiveness and accurate calculation were an important factor in success. The partisans sometimes had to hunt down the enemy for hours, waiting for the right moment to attack. Since they were often opposed by a superior enemy in numbers, it was required to suppress his fire weapons with a sudden throw, to deliver such a blow so that he could no longer recover.
Beginning in August, but especially actively since September 1942, the Kuban partisans carried out sabotage of communications behind enemy lines, cut out telephone and telegraph wires, mined railways, highways and dirt roads and bridges. On September 11, the Chernoerkovsky partisan detachment near the villages of Ilskaya and Kholmskaya derailed an enemy train with ammunition. The reports also mention a military echelon destroyed in September by partisans of the Storm, Boyky and Resolute detachments between the villages of Abinskaya and Lineinaya, as a result of which up to 200 enemy soldiers and officers were killed. On September 15, the Ilskiy partisan detachment on the Ilskaya - Khabl stretch blew up a railway bridge and dismantled the track for 50-60 m. On September 20, partisans of the "Resolute" detachment blew up 2 wooden bridges on the Kholmskaya - Akhtyrskaya road and disabled telephone and telegraph communication for 500 l.
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