Comparative characteristics of ecosystems and agroecosystems table. Comparative characteristics of natural ecosystems and agroecosystems

To solve the problems of ecologization of agriculture, it is necessary to represent the patterns of functioning of natural and man-made phytocenoses. The main distinctive features of the functioning of natural ecosystems and agroecosystems are as follows:

1. Miscellaneous selection direction. Natural ecosystems are characterized by natural selection, which leads to a fundamental property - sustainability, sweeping aside unviable forms of organisms and communities.

Agroecosystems are created and maintained by man. The main direction of selection here is artificial, which is aimed at increasing crop yields. Often the yield of a variety is not related to its resistance to environmental factors, harmful organisms.

2. Natural ecosystems use the only energy source- Sun. The efficiency of using solar energy is low, but natural ecosystems sustainably exist on this amount of energy, transforming it in various food chains.

Along with solar energy, agrocenoses receive an additional amount of anthropogenic energy in the form of widespread use of fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, soil reclamation, fuel, machinery, chemical feed additives, etc. irrigation is 5-10%.

3.Diversity of ecological composition of phytocenosis ensures the stability of the production process in case of fluctuations in weather conditions over the years. The oppression of some plants leads to an increase in the productivity of others due to the weakening of competition. As a result, the phytocenosis retains the ability to create a certain level of production in different years.

The agrocenosis of field crops is a monodominant community, often single-varietal. On all plants of agrocenosis, the effect of unfavorable factors is reflected in the same way. The inhibition of the growth and development of the main crop cannot be compensated for by the increased growth of other plant species. And as a result, the stability of agrocenosis productivity is lower than in natural ecosystems.

4.The presence of diversity in the species composition of plants with different phenological rhythms makes it possible for the phytocenosis as an integral system to carry out the production process continuously throughout the entire growing season, fully and economically consuming the resources of heat, moisture and nutrients.

The growing season of cultivated plants in agrocenoses is shorter than the growing season. Unlike natural phytocenoses, where species of different biological rhythms reach their maximum biomass at different times of the growing season, in agrocenosis, plant growth is simultaneous and the sequence of developmental stages is usually synchronized. Hence, the time of interaction of the phytocomponent with other components (for example, soil) in the agrocenosis is much shorter, which affects the intensity of metabolic processes in the whole system.

5. A significant difference between natural ecosystems and agroecosystems is the degree of compensation of the circulation of substances within the ecosystem. The cycles of substances (chemical elements) in natural ecosystems are carried out in closed cycles or are close to compensation: the arrival of a substance in a cycle for a certain period is on average equal to the exit of a substance from a cycle, and hence, within a cycle, the arrival of a substance in each block is approximately equal to the exit of a substance from it.

Anthropogenic impacts violate the closed nature of the circulation of substances in ecosystems. Part of the substance in agrocenoses is irretrievably withdrawn from the ecosystem. At high rates of fertilizer application for individual elements, a phenomenon can be observed when the amount of input of nutrients into plants from the soil is less

higher than the input of nutrients into the soil from decaying plant residues and fertilizers. With economically useful products in agrocenoses, 50-60% of organic matter is alienated from its amount accumulated in products.

6.Natural ecosystems are autoregulatory systems, agrocenoses are man-managed. In order to achieve his goal (to provide food), a person in an agrocenosis controls or changes to a large extent the influence of natural factors, and also gives advantages in growth and development only to food-producing components. The main task in this regard is to find conditions for increasing productivity while minimizing energy and material costs and increasing soil fertility. The solution of this problem consists in the most complete use of natural resources by agrophytocenoses and the creation of compensated cycles of chemical elements in agrocenoses. The completeness of the use of resources is determined by the genetic characteristics of the variety, the duration of the growing season, the heterogeneity of the components in joint crops, the sowing layering, etc.

With the development of agricultural ecosystems, the impact on nature, due to the redistribution of energy and substances on the Earth's surface, is constantly increasing. The improvement of labor tools, the introduction of high-yielding crops and varieties that require a large amount of nutrients, began to drastically disrupt natural processes.

A decrease in the humus content worsens the conditions for the development of beneficial microflora, including the “soil-cleaning” microflora, leads to the loss of intrasoil energy reserves, mineral nutrition elements, to an increase in the processes of flushing and leaching, i.e. causes degradation of the base.

Some processes in agroecosystems are not the same as in natural systems. So , water infiltration rate in natural ecosystems is higher, which significantly reduces both surface runoff and the likelihood of soil erosion. Under natural conditions, erosion is also restrained by vegetation cover that persists throughout the year.

Moisture loss in a natural ecosystem is usually higher. Due to the large moisture loss, a smaller volume of water moves along the soil profile, which reduces the leaching and entry of nutrients into the groundwater.

Natural ecosystems contain large amounts of organic colloids, which provide ion-exchange and water-holding capacity of the soil. Soil losses of colloids in agroecosystems are caused by the oxidation and destruction of organic matter, which occurs as a result of long-term tillage, as well as during irrigation. In parallel with the oxidation of organic matter, intensive mineralization also occurs, which leads to significant losses of its mobile part. In agroecosystems, the processes of oxidation and mineralization are intensified due to a decrease in the density of vegetation cover and an increase in soil temperature.

Cycle of circulation of biogenic elements in natural ecosystems, it is more closed than in agroecosystems, where a significant part of them is alienated with the harvest. Gaseous losses of nitrogen from the soil in agroecosystems are much higher than in natural ones, due to the greater activity of denitrifying microorganisms.

In natural ecosystems, the ability of plants to absorb nutrients is higher than the rate of formation of their available forms in the soil. Plants of natural ecosystems have a more diverse root system, which allows better use of the soil profile. Agricultural practices that reduce the diversity of cultivated crops not only reduce the efficiency of water use, but also increase the risk of nutrient loss when they are washed out of the root layer of the soil.

Natural ecosystems perform three basic life-supporting functions (place, means, living conditions). Agroecosystems, unlike them, are formed to obtain the maximum possible amount of products that serve as the primary source of food, feed, medicinal and raw materials, i.e. the functions of agro-ecosystems are mainly limited to the provision of livelihoods. This is the main reason for the predominance of resource-intensive and nature-destroying types of agrosystems. Perspective for nature conservation agroecosystems. This can be achieved only when agroecosystems perform the functions of reproduction and preservation of living conditions.

Science-based organization of agroecosystems provides for the creation of a rational natural and natural-economic infrastructure (roads, canals, ponds, forest plantations, agricultural land, etc.), corresponding to the characteristics of the local landscape and the economic use of the territory as a whole.

Practical work No. 4
Topic: "Comparative description of natural systems and agroecosystems".
1.. Purpose: to consolidate knowledge about the structure of ecosystems, learn how to write a description of natural and artificial ecosystems, explain the differences between them and their significance;
2. Order of execution:
3.1. Development of terms and concepts.
3.2. Doing work, solving problems.
3.3. Execution of a test task.
3. Report scheme:
4.1. Theme and purpose of the lesson.
4.2. Answers to tasks.
4.3. Test answers.
Equipment: textbook, tables
Progress.
Task 1. Study the description of the natural ecosystem and divide the inhabitants of the forest into 3 groups (producers, consumers, decomposers). Make 3 food chains characteristic of this ecosystem.
The biocenosis of a deciduous forest is characterized not only by species diversity, but also by a complex structure. Plants living in the forest differ in the height of their ground parts. In this regard, several "floors" or tiers are distinguished in plant communities. The first tier - wood - is made up of the most light-loving species - oak, linden. The second tier includes less light-loving and shorter trees - pear, maple, apple. The third tier consists of hazel bushes, euonymus, viburnum, etc. The fourth tier is grassy. Plant roots are distributed in the same floors. The layering of terrestrial plants and their roots allows better use of sunlight and soil mineral reserves. In the herbaceous layer, the vegetation cover changes during the season. One group of herbs, called ephemera, are photophilous. This is a lungwort, corydalis, anemone; they start growing in early spring, when there are no leaves on the trees and the soil surface is brightly lit. These herbs in a short time have time to form flowers, bear fruit and accumulate reserve nutrients. In summer, shade-tolerant plants develop in these places under the cover of blossoming trees. In addition to plants, the forest is inhabited by: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, round and annelids, insect larvae and adult insects in the soil. Spiders weave their webs in grass and shrub layers. Higher in the crowns of deciduous species, caterpillars of moths, silkworms, leafworms, adult forms of leaf beetles, beetles are abundant. Numerous vertebrates live in the ground tiers - amphibians, reptiles, various birds, from mammals - rodents (voles, mice), hares, ungulates (moose, deer), carnivores - fox, wolf. Moles are found in the upper layers of the soil.
Task 2. Study the agrocenosis of a wheat field and distribute the inhabitants of the forest into 3 groups (producers, consumers, decomposers). Compose 3 food chains characteristic of this agroecosystem.
Its vegetation is, in addition to wheat itself, also various weeds: white gauze, field thistle, yellow sweet clover, field bindweed, creeping wheatgrass. In addition to voles and other rodents, there are granivorous and predatory birds, foxes, wagtails, earthworms, ground beetles, harmful turtle bugs, aphids, insect larvae, ladybugs, and riders. The soil is inhabited by earthworms, beetles, bacteria and fungi that decompose and mineralize the straw and wheat roots left after the harvest.
Task 3. Assess the driving forces that shape natural and agroecosystems. Enter the following statements in the table:
minimal effect on the ecosystem
does not affect the ecosystem
action is aimed at achieving maximum productivity.
Natural ecosystem AgroecosystemNatural selection action aimed at achieving maximum productivity does not affect the ecosystem
Artificial selection acts on the ecosystem minimally the action is aimed at achieving maximum productivity
Task 4. Assess some quantitative characteristics of ecosystems. (more less)
Natural AgroecosystemSpecies Composition More Less
Productivity less more
The correct answer is in bold!
Control questions (testing):
1. The main source of energy for agroecosystems are A) mineral fertilizers B) sunlight C) organic fertilizers? D) soil water
2. Why a field sown with cultivated plants cannot be considered a natural ecosystem A) there are no food chains B) there is no circulation of substances C) additional energy is used in addition to solar energy D) plants are not arranged in tiers in space3. What is the similarity between sugar beet plantations and meadow ecosystems?
4. Agrocenosis is considered an artificial ecosystem, since it A) exists only due to the energy of sunlight B) cannot exist without additional energy C) consists of producers, consumers and decomposers D) does not include consumers and decomposers5. An important role in increasing the productivity of agroecosystems is played by A) exceeding the sowing rate of seeds B) introducing crop rotation in the fields C) growing plants of the same species D) increasing the area of agrocenosis6. Agrocenoses are characterized by A) the dominance of monoculture B) a decrease in the number of pests C) the diversity of their constituent species D) a decrease in the competitiveness of cultivated plants
7. When insect pests are destroyed by pesticides, their mass reproduction is sometimes observed, since A) the number of birds of prey increases B) the growth of agricultural plants accelerates C) their natural enemies are destroyed D) the number of cultivated plants decreases
8. The agroecosystem, in comparison with the natural ecosystem, is less stable, since A) it consists of a wide variety of species B) it has a closed cycle of substances and energy C) the producers in it absorb the energy of the Sun D) it has short food chains
Conclusion: It is necessary not only to create artificial ecosystems, but also to preserve natural ones. Careful protection of these ecosystems is required, because everything that nature has created is much better than artificial ecosystems. The driving forces in natural and agroecosystems are the main factors that support and help these ecosystems to develop.

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1 Practical work Comparative characteristics of ecosystems and agroecosystems Efremova Tatyana Ivanovna The purpose of the work: to find similarities and differences between ecosystems and agroecosystems Planned results: Personal: Formation of cognitive interests and motives aimed at studying natural objects; Development of intellectual skills; Motivation to gain new knowledge and further study of natural sciences. Meta-subject: Mastering the components of research activities; Ability to work with different sources of information; Mastering cognitive UUD (compare, determine, master the method of observation and fixing the results in the form of drawings and captions to them); communicative (adequately use speech means to formulate conclusions, work in pairs); regulatory (independent work according to the instructions for a set time) Subject: Identification of essential features of biological objects and processes; Comparison of biological objects and processes; Determination of the belonging of biological objects to a certain systematic group Argumentation of the relationship between man and the environment Theme "Ecosystem level of organization of wildlife" The lesson is held after studying the topic "Biogeocenosis" or "Ecosystem" Preparation for work: Presentation, instruction card Purpose of work: Compare natural and artificial ecosystems according to the suggested options. Parameters for comparison Ecosystem type Components Active selection Species diversity Food chains Energy source Ecosystem Meadow Field

2 Nutrient balance. Sustainability Circulation of substances 1. Checking knowledge on the topic of the ecosystem: 1. In the list above, find and place in different columns the names of producers, consumers and decomposers. Moss cuckoo flax, ant, white fungus, chemosynthetic bacterium, dragonfly, earthworm, putrefactive bacterium, cyanobacteria, lion, fly agaric, cactus, human, mukor fungus, birch, soil bacteria. producers consumers decomposers moss kukushkin flax chemosynthetic bacterium cyanobacterium cactus birch ant porcini mushroom dragonfly earthworm lion fly agaric putrefactive bacterium fungus mukor soil bacteria algae (1), daphnia (2), pike perch (4), gudgeon (3). Discussion of the results of the work. 2. Motivation, defining the purpose of the lesson. Look carefully at these pictures, is it possible to call what is depicted on them a biogeocenosis? Slide 3-5 What do you think they have in common? What are your guesses: what is the topic of our lesson today? Possible answer: Artificial ecosystems or ecosystems created by man 3. Introduction to the topic on the example of slides 6-19 of the presentation. 4. Then work with the table slide 20 Look at the table and compare what is the feature of artificial biogeocenosis? Comparative characteristics of biogeocenoses and agrocenoses. Compared category Biogeocenosis Agrocenosis

3 Direction of selection action Cycle of main nutrients Species diversity and stability Ability to self-regulation, self-maintenance and turnover Productivity (the amount of biomass created per unit area) Natural selection operates, rejecting non-viable individuals and preserving adaptations to environmental conditions, i.e. ecosystem All elements consumed by plants, animals, and other organisms return to the soil, i.e., the cycle is carried out completely. As a rule, they are distinguished by a large species diversity of organisms that are in complex relationships with each other, ensuring stability Self-regulating, constantly renewing, capable of directed replacement of one community by another (succession) The biomass of terrestrial ecosystems exceeds the productivity of the ecosystems of the World Ocean by 3 times; the main production of biomass is consumed by consumers. The action of natural selection is weakened by man; artificial selection is predominantly carried out in the direction of preserving organisms with maximum productivity. Part of the nutrient elements is taken out of the cycle with the mass of organisms grown and harvested as a crop, i.e., the cycle is not carried out. The number of species is often limited to one or two; interrelations of organisms cannot provide stability. Regulated and controlled by man through changes in natural factors (irrigation, etc.), weed and pest control, change of varieties, increase Occupied by 10% of the land area, annually produce 2.5 billion tons of agricultural products; are significantly more productive than biogeocenoses

4 Discuss with students during a frontal conversation the differences between agrocenoses and biocenoses for each criterion. 5. We found differences between agrocenoses and biogeocenoses, but do they have similarities? During the discussion, students offer options for general criteria (you can organize 5-minute work in pairs, and then provide each pair with 1 criterion to complete the general list of similarities) Similarities between agrocenosis and natural biogeocenosis. 1. They are open systems (for example, they absorb solar energy from the outside). 2. Within each of them there are factors of evolution (artificial or natural selection, struggle for existence, hereditary variability) 3. They have a similar structure (they consist of producers, consumers, decomposers). 4. In both biogeocenoses, the rule of the ecological pyramid operates. 5. The community is based on producers (autotrophic organisms) that directly use the energy of the Sun for the synthesis of organic substances. 6. In biogeocenoses of any type, there are food chains. 6. To consolidate the material, fill in the comparison table of meadow and field ecosystems (work in pairs) - 10 minutes .. Parameters for comparison Type of ecosystem Components Current selection Species diversity Food chains Energy source Balance of nutrients. Sustainability Cycle of substances Ecosystem Meadow Field Pairs of 1 parameter name and complement the material An approximate version of filling in the table: Parameters for comparison Meadow Ecosystem Field

5 Ecosystem type Components Active selection Species diversity Food chains Energy source Nutrient balance. Biogeocenosis Producers, Consumers Decomposers Natural Rich Long Sunlight Producers, Consumers Decomposers Artificially small Short Stability Cycle of substances Production is consumed mainly by consumers Sunlight Intensive energy High Productively sustainable Implemented Consumer human regulates human unstable not implemented were more stable than modern ones. Arable lands occupied relatively small areas surrounded by natural vegetation. The world of animals was rich - regulators and pollinators. Cultivated plants were not pure varieties and were a mixture of forms with different hereditary qualities. In dry years, some forms survived, in wet years, others. Weeds in the fields attracted a variety of insects. There was a system of connections close to natural. Such agrocenoses gave relatively low but reliable yields, and outbreaks of pests in them were rare.

7 This level is called the "threshold of harmfulness". If a species does not reach the threshold of harmfulness, it is not considered a pest and is not controlled. Cultivated plants vary greatly in resistance to weeds. The number of weeds that is detrimental to one species is almost harmless to another. If we take the yield in a net crop as a unit, then in heavily weedy areas it will leave 0.75 for wheat, 0.65 for potatoes, 0.56 for corn, 0.42 for flax, 0.23 for sugar beet, and 0.23 for cotton. 0.12. Thus, wheat is the most resistant crop to contamination. When covering 10-15% of the soil with weeds, the cost of chemical weeding in wheat fields usually does not pay off with an increase in yield, and the use of pesticides can be avoided. 7. Reflection Presentation slides from 20 to 26 with test tasks Self-examination Evaluation criteria: The work is estimated at 8 points (part A 1 point, part B 2 points, if there is one mistake 1 point, 2 mistakes 0 points) 7-8 points -- "5" 5-6 points - "4" At the request of the students, you can put marks in the journal, you can additionally evaluate the active work in the lesson to fill in the tables, the correct completion of tests to check the material of the last lesson. You can finish the lesson with the words of A.P. Chekhov, slide 27, and teach the students the creative role of man in creating agrocenoses, transforming his native Earth. Slide 28-29

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In the biosphere, in addition to natural biogeocenoses (forest, meadow, swamp, river, etc.) and ecosystems, there are also communities created by human economic activity. Such a community artificially created by man is called an agroecosystem (agrocenosis, agrobiocenosis, agricultural ecosystem).

Agroecosystem (from Greek agros - field - agricultural ecosystem, agrocenosis, agrobiocenosis) - a biotic community created and regularly maintained by man in order to obtain agricultural products. Usually includes the totality of organisms that live on agricultural land.

Agroecosystems include fields, orchards, vegetable gardens, vineyards, large livestock complexes with adjacent artificial pastures. A characteristic feature of agroecosystems is low ecological reliability, but high productivity of one or more species (or varieties of cultivated plants) or animals.

Agroecosystems differ from natural ecosystems in a number of ways.

Agroecosystems have several natural, natural ones that are different from ecosystems.

1. Species diversity in them is sharply reduced to obtain the highest possible production. On a rye or wheat field, in addition to a cereal monoculture, only a few types of weeds can be found. In a natural meadow, the biological diversity is much higher, but the biological productivity is many times lower than the sown field.

2. Species of agricultural plants and animals in agroecosystems are obtained as a result of artificial rather than natural selection, which significantly affects the narrowing of their genetic base. In agroecosystems, there is a sharp narrowing of the genetic base of agricultural crops, which are extremely sensitive to mass reproduction of pests and diseases.

3. Agroecosystems, in comparison with natural biocenoses, are characterized by greater openness. This means that in natural biocenoses, the primary production of plants is consumed in numerous food chains and is again returned to the biological cycle in the form of carbon dioxide, water, and mineral nutrients. Agroecosystems, on the other hand, are more open, and matter and energy are withdrawn from them with crops, livestock products, and also as a result of soil destruction.

Due to the constant harvesting and disruption of soil formation processes, as well as with long-term cultivation of monoculture, soil fertility is gradually decreasing on cultivated lands. That is why, in order to obtain high yields, it is necessary to apply a large amount of mineral fertilizers in order to maintain soil fertility.

4. The change of vegetation cover in agroecosystems does not occur naturally, but at the will of man, which is not always well reflected in the quality of abiotic factors included in it. This is especially true for soil fertility.

The soil is the most important system of life support and existence of agricultural production. However, the productivity of agroecosystems depends not only on soil fertility and maintaining its quality. It is no less affected by the preservation of the habitat of beneficial insects (pollinators) and other representatives of the animal world. In addition, many natural enemies of agricultural pests live in this environment. Thus, a textbook example of the mass death of pollinators in buckwheat fields in the United States, which occurred when they collided with cars in places close to agricultural lands and highways, has already become a textbook example.

5. One of the main features of ecosystems is to obtain additional energy for normal functioning. Without additional energy from outside, agroecosystems, unlike natural ecosystems, cannot exist. Supplementary refers to any type of energy that is added to agroecosystems. This can be the muscular strength of a person or animals, various types of fuel for the operation of agricultural machines, fertilizers, pesticides, pesticides, additional lighting, etc. Additional energy can also be understood as new breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants introduced into the structure of agroecosystems.

6. All agro-ecosystems of fields, gardens, pasture meadows, kitchen gardens, greenhouses artificially created in agricultural practice are systems specially supported by man.

In agroecosystems, it is precisely their ability to produce high net products that is used, since all competitive effects on cultivated plants from weeds are restrained by agrotechnical measures, and the formation of food chains due to pests is suppressed by various measures, for example, chemical and biological control.

It should be noted that agroecosystems are extremely unstable communities. They are not capable of self-healing and self-regulation, subject to the threat of death from the mass reproduction of pests or diseases. To maintain them, constant human activity is necessary.

And what signs of a community, ecosystems are considered sustainable? First of all, it is a complex, polydominant structure, including the largest possible number of species and populations under given conditions. Then, maximum biomass. And the last - the relative balance between the income and expenditure of energy. There is no doubt that in such ecosystems the lowest level of productivity is observed. The biomass is large and the productivity is low. This is due to the fact that the main part of the energy entering the ecosystem goes to maintain life processes.

The most important negative consequence of the existence of agroecosystems is their destabilizing effect on the biogeochemical cycles of the biosphere, where the main types of ecological resources are reproduced and the chemical composition of living environments is regulated. On agricultural lands, the cycle of nutrients is open by tens of percent. Therefore, there is every reason to say that agrocenoses from the very beginning of their existence are in antagonistic relations with the natural environment. Now it has become obvious that they threaten the destruction of fundamental biospheric processes and are guilty of a global ecological crisis. This applies to all forms created by man, including the most productive varieties and breeds.

What has been said is apparently enough to demonstrate the fundamental inability of agrocenoses to assume the functions of natural ecosystems. It should only be added that at present, humanity has not yet come up with another way to supply itself with food than by creating artificial agro-ecosystems.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the meaning of the ecosystem concept?

2. What dimension can ecosystems be.

Give examples of ecosystems.

4. What features are inherent in natural ecosystems?

5. Define the food chain.

6. What types of ecological pyramids do you know?

7. What is biogeocenosis:

8. Give examples of biogeocenoses.

9. What is common and what is the difference between biogeocenosis and ecosystem?

10. What functionally related parts can be distinguished in the biogeocenosis?

11. What determines the boundaries of biogeocenosis?

12. What determines the dynamics of ecosystems?

13. Describe the daily and seasonal dynamics of ecosystems.

14. What is succession? Give examples of successions.

15. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?

16. What is anthropogenic succession?

17. Define an agroecosystem, give examples of agroecosystems.

18. What are the significant differences between natural ecosystems and agroecosystems?

Nature is multifaceted and beautiful. We can say that this is a whole system that includes both living and inanimate nature. Inside it there are many other different systems that are inferior to it in scale. But not all of them are completely created by nature. In some of them, a person contributes. The anthropogenic factor can radically change the natural landscape and its orientation.

Agroecosystem - resulting from anthropogenic activity. People can plow the land, plant the territory with trees, but no matter what we do, we have always been surrounded and will be surrounded by nature. This is some of its peculiarity. How are agroecosystems different from natural ecosystems? This is worth looking into.

generally

In general, an ecological system is any combination of organic and inorganic components in which there is a circulation of substances.

Whether natural or man-made, it is still an ecological system. But still, how do agroecosystems differ from natural ecosystems? About everything in order.

natural ecosystem

A natural system, or, as it is also called, biogeocenosis, is a combination of organic and inorganic components on a plot of the earth's surface with homogeneous natural phenomena: the atmosphere, rocks, hydrological conditions, soils, plants, animals and the world of microorganisms.

The natural system has its own structure, which includes the following components. Producers, or, as they are also called, autotrophs, are all those plants capable of producing organic matter, that is, capable of photosynthesis. Consumers are those who eat plants. It is worth noting that they belong to the first order. In addition, there are consumers and other orders. And, finally, another group is the group of decomposers. It is customary to include various kinds of bacteria, fungi.

The structure of the natural ecosystem

In any ecosystem, food chains, food webs, and trophic levels are distinguished. The food chain is the sequential transfer of energy. all chains connected to each other are called. Trophic levels are the places that organisms occupy in food chains. Producers belong to the very first level, consumers of the first order belong to the second, consumers of the second order to the third, and so on.

A saprophytic chain, or otherwise detrital, begins with dead remains and ends with some kind of animal. There is an omnivorous food chain. Grazing grazing) in any case begins with photosynthetic organisms.

This is all about biogeocenosis. How are agroecosystems different from natural ecosystems?

Agroecosystem

An agroecosystem is an ecosystem created by man. This includes gardens, arable land, vineyards, parks.

Like the previous one, the agroecosystem includes the following blocks: producers, consumers, decomposers. The former include cultivated plants, weeds, plants of pastures, gardens and forest belts. Consumers are all farm animals and humans. The decomposer block is a complex of soil organisms.

Types of agroecosystems

The creation of anthropogenic landscapes includes several types:

agricultural landscapes: arable lands, pastures, irrigated lands, gardens and others;
forest: forest parks, shelterbelts;
water: ponds, reservoirs, canals;
urban: cities, towns;
industrial: mines, quarries.

There is another classification of agroecosystems.

Types of agroecosystems

Depending on the level of economic use, the systems are divided into:

agrosphere (global ecosystem),
agricultural Landscape,
agroecosystem,
agrocenosis.

Depending on the energy features of natural zones, the division occurs into:

tropical;
subtropical;
moderate;
arctic types.

The first is characterized by high heat supply, continuous vegetation and the predominance of perennial crops. The second - two periods of vegetation, namely summer and winter. The third type has only one growing season, as well as a long dormant period. As for the fourth type, here the cultivation of crops is very difficult due to low temperatures, as well as cold spells for a long time.

Variety of features

All cultivated plants must have certain properties. Firstly, high ecological plasticity, that is, the ability to produce crops in a wide range of fluctuations in climatic conditions.

Secondly, the heterogeneity of populations, that is, in each of them there should be plants that differ in such characteristics as flowering time, drought resistance, and frost resistance.

Thirdly, precocity - the ability for rapid development, which will outstrip the development of weeds.

Fourth, resistance to fungal and other diseases.

Fifth, resistance to harmful insects.

Comparative and agroecosystems

In addition, as mentioned above, these ecosystems are very different in a number of other features. Unlike natural, in the agroecosystem, the main consumer is the person himself. It is he who seeks to maximize the receipt of primary production (crop) and secondary (livestock). The second consumer are farm animals.

The second difference is that the agroecosystem is formed and regulated by man. Many people ask why an agroecosystem is less resilient than an ecosystem. The thing is that they have a weakly expressed ability for self-regulation and self-renewal. Without human intervention, they exist only for a short time.

The next difference is selection. The stability of the natural ecosystem is ensured by natural selection. In the agroecosystem, it is artificial, provided by man and aimed at obtaining the maximum possible production. The energy received by the agricultural system includes the sun and everything that a person gives: irrigation, fertilizers, and so on.

Natural biogeocenosis feeds only on natural energy. As a rule, plants grown by man include several species, while the natural ecosystem is very diverse.

Different nutritional balance is another difference. The products of plants in a natural ecosystem are used in many food chains, but still return to the system. It turns out the circulation of substances.

How are agroecosystems different from natural ecosystems?

Natural and agroecosystems differ from each other in many ways: plants, consumption, vitality, resistance to pests and diseases, species diversity, type of selection, and many other traits.

A human-made ecosystem has both advantages and disadvantages. The natural system, in turn, cannot have any disadvantages. Everything is beautiful and harmonious in it.

When creating artificial systems, a person must carefully treat nature so as not to disturb this harmony.