How I easily learned the names of the planets. Jupiter

In the section on the question, what is the name of the 5th planet of the solar system? given by the author Irina the best answer is Well, it doesn't really exist. There is a version that as a result of the cosmic catastrophe, the asteroid belt was left from it.

Answer from Admiral Kaz[master]
Jupiter

Answer from Nick Gore[guru]
Jupiter is the most massive planet in the solar system (it "competes" even with the Sun in influencing the movement of bodies!
BUT between Jupiter and Mars was, oh, could not "get together" due to the destructive influence of Jupiter, the planet Phaeton ??! !
Now in its place is the asteroid belt. this is the greatest mystery of our planetary system. Legends exist for a reason...

Answer from Ruskom[guru]
JUPITER (astrological sign G), planet, average distance from the Sun 5.2 AU. e. (778.3 million km), sidereal circulation period 11.9 years, rotation period (cloud layer near the equator) approx. 10 h, equivalent to a diameter of approx. 142,800 km, weight 1.90 1027 kg. Atmospheric composition: H2, CH4, NH3, He. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission, has a radiation belt and an extensive magnetosphere. Jupiter has 16 satellites (Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia, Lysiteya, Elara, Ananke, Karme, Pasiphe, Sinope), as well as a ring approx. 6 thousand km, almost closely adjacent to the planet ....

Answer from Rus[active]
Jupiter is called

Answer from Natalia[guru]
Jupiter

Answer from [email protected] [guru]
Mercury

Answer from OlegVik[guru]
Jupiter!
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter

Answer from Natalie Ganicheva[guru]
Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in the solar system, more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined.

Answer from Konstantin Kalmykov[newbie]
Jupiter

Answer from Enjoy[guru]
I guess saturn

Answer from User deleted[newbie]
Like Jupiter.

List of medical abbreviations on Wikipedia
List of medical abbreviations

Hypothesis of the fifth gas giant on Wikipedia
Check out the wikipedia article on Hypothesis about the fifth gas giant

Planets of the solar system

According to the official position of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), an organization that assigns names to astronomical objects, there are only 8 planets.

Pluto was removed from the category of planets in 2006. because in the Kuiper belt are objects that are larger / or equal in size to Pluto. Therefore, even if it is taken as a full-fledged celestial body, then it is necessary to add Eris to this category, which has almost the same size with Pluto.

As defined by MAC, there are 8 known planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

All planets are divided into two categories depending on their physical characteristics: terrestrial and gas giants.

Schematic representation of the location of the planets

terrestrial planets

Mercury

The smallest planet in the solar system has a radius of only 2440 km. The period of revolution around the Sun, for ease of understanding, equated to the earth's year, is 88 days, while Mercury has time to complete a revolution around its own axis only one and a half times. Thus, its day lasts approximately 59 Earth days. For a long time it was believed that this planet is always turned to the Sun by the same side, since the periods of its visibility from the Earth were repeated with a frequency approximately equal to four Mercury days. This misconception was dispelled with the advent of the possibility of using radar research and conducting continuous observations using space stations. The orbit of Mercury is one of the most unstable; not only the speed of movement and its distance from the Sun change, but also the position itself. Anyone interested can observe this effect.

Mercury in color, as seen by the MESSENGER spacecraft

Mercury's proximity to the Sun has caused it to experience the largest temperature fluctuations of any of the planets in our system. The average daytime temperature is about 350 degrees Celsius, and the nighttime temperature is -170 °C. Sodium, oxygen, helium, potassium, hydrogen and argon have been identified in the atmosphere. There is a theory that it was previously a satellite of Venus, but so far this remains unproven. It has no satellites of its own.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun, the atmosphere of which is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide. It is often called the Morning Star and the Evening Star, because it is the first of the stars to become visible after sunset, just as before dawn it continues to be visible even when all other stars have disappeared from view. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 96%, there is relatively little nitrogen in it - almost 4%, and water vapor and oxygen are present in very small amounts.

Venus in the UV spectrum

Such an atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect, the temperature on the surface because of this is even higher than that of Mercury and reaches 475 ° C. Considered the slowest, the Venusian day lasts 243 Earth days, which is almost equal to a year on Venus - 225 Earth days. Many call it the sister of the Earth because of the mass and radius, the values ​​​​of which are very close to the earth's indicators. The radius of Venus is 6052 km (0.85% of the earth). There are no satellites, like Mercury.

The third planet from the Sun and the only one in our system where there is liquid water on the surface, without which life on the planet could not develop. At least life as we know it. The radius of the Earth is 6371 km and, unlike the rest of the celestial bodies in our system, more than 70% of its surface is covered with water. The rest of the space is occupied by the continents. Another feature of the Earth is the tectonic plates hidden under the planet's mantle. At the same time, they are able to move, albeit at a very low speed, which over time causes a change in the landscape. The speed of the planet moving along it is 29-30 km / s.

Our planet from space

One rotation around its axis takes almost 24 hours, and a complete orbit lasts 365 days, which is much longer in comparison with the nearest neighboring planets. The Earth day and year are also taken as a standard, but this is done only for the convenience of perceiving time intervals on other planets. The Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon.

Mars

The fourth planet from the Sun, known for its rarefied atmosphere. Since 1960, Mars has been actively explored by scientists from several countries, including the USSR and the USA. Not all research programs have been successful, but water found in some areas suggests that primitive life exists on Mars, or existed in the past.

The brightness of this planet allows you to see it from Earth without any instruments. Moreover, once every 15-17 years, during the Opposition, it becomes the brightest object in the sky, eclipsing even Jupiter and Venus.

The radius is almost half that of the earth and is 3390 km, but the year is much longer - 687 days. He has 2 satellites - Phobos and Deimos .

Visual model of the solar system

Attention! The animation only works in browsers that support the -webkit standard (Google Chrome, Opera or Safari).

• Sun

  The sun is a star, which is a hot ball of hot gases at the center of our solar system. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. Without the Sun and its intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. There are billions of stars, like our Sun, scattered throughout the Milky Way galaxy.

• Mercury

  Sun-scorched Mercury is only slightly larger than Earth's moon. Like the Moon, Mercury is practically devoid of an atmosphere and cannot smooth out the traces of impact from the fall of meteorites, therefore, like the Moon, it is covered with craters. The day side of Mercury is very hot on the Sun, and on the night side the temperature drops hundreds of degrees below zero. In the craters of Mercury, which are located at the poles, there is ice. Mercury makes one revolution around the Sun in 88 days.

• Venus

  Venus is a world of monstrous heat (even more than on Mercury) and volcanic activity. Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus is covered in a thick and toxic atmosphere that creates a strong greenhouse effect. This scorched world is hot enough to melt lead. Radar images through the mighty atmosphere revealed volcanoes and deformed mountains. Venus rotates in the opposite direction from the rotation of most planets.

• Earth is an ocean planet. Our home, with its abundance of water and life, makes it unique in our solar system. Other planets, including several moons, also have ice deposits, atmospheres, seasons, and even weather, but only on Earth did all these components come together in such a way that life became possible.

• Mars

  Although details of the surface of Mars are difficult to see from Earth, telescope observations show that Mars has seasons and white spots at the poles. For decades, people have assumed that the bright and dark areas on Mars are patches of vegetation and that Mars might be a suitable place for life, and that water exists in the polar caps. When the Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars in 1965, many of the scientists were shocked to see pictures of the bleak, cratered planet. Mars turned out to be a dead planet. More recent missions, however, have revealed that Mars holds many mysteries that have yet to be solved.

• Jupiter

  Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, has four large moons and many small moons. Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. To turn into a full-fledged star, Jupiter had to become 80 times more massive.

• Saturn

  Saturn is the most distant of the five planets that were known before the invention of the telescope. Like Jupiter, Saturn is made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 755 times that of the Earth. Winds in its atmosphere reach speeds of 500 meters per second. These fast winds, combined with heat rising from the planet's interior, cause the yellow and golden streaks we see in the atmosphere.

• Uranus

  The first planet found with a telescope, Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. The seventh planet is so far from the Sun that one revolution around the Sun takes 84 years.

• Neptune

  Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers from the Sun, distant Neptune rotates. It takes 165 years to complete one revolution around the Sun. It is invisible to the naked eye due to its vast distance from Earth. Interestingly, its unusual elliptical orbit intersects with the orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto, which is why Pluto is inside Neptune's orbit for about 20 out of 248 years during which it makes one revolution around the Sun.

• Pluto

  Tiny, cold and incredibly distant, Pluto was discovered in 1930 and has long been considered the ninth planet. But after the discovery of Pluto-like worlds even further away, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.

The planets are giants

There are four gas giants located beyond the orbit of Mars: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are in the outer solar system. They differ in their massiveness and gas composition.

Planets of the solar system, not to scale

Jupiter

The fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in our system. Its radius is 69912 km, it is 19 times larger than the Earth and only 10 times smaller than the Sun. A year on Jupiter is not the longest in the solar system, lasting 4333 Earth days (incomplete 12 years). His own day has a duration of about 10 Earth hours. The exact composition of the planet's surface has not yet been determined, but it is known that krypton, argon and xenon are present on Jupiter in much larger quantities than on the Sun.

There is an opinion that one of the four gas giants is actually a failed star. This theory is also supported by the largest number of satellites, of which Jupiter has many - as many as 67. To imagine their behavior in the orbit of the planet, a fairly accurate and clear model of the solar system is needed. The largest of them are Callisto, Ganymede, Io and Europa. At the same time, Ganymede is the largest satellite of the planets in the entire solar system, its radius is 2634 km, which is 8% larger than the size of Mercury, the smallest planet in our system. Io has the distinction of being one of only three moons with an atmosphere.

Saturn

The second largest planet and the sixth largest in the solar system. In comparison with other planets, the composition of chemical elements is most similar to the Sun. The surface radius is 57,350 km, the year is 10,759 days (almost 30 Earth years). A day here lasts a little longer than on Jupiter - 10.5 Earth hours. In terms of the number of satellites, it is not far behind its neighbor - 62 versus 67. The largest satellite of Saturn is Titan, just like Io, which is distinguished by the presence of an atmosphere. Slightly smaller than it, but no less famous for this - Enceladus, Rhea, Dione, Tethys, Iapetus and Mimas. It is these satellites that are the objects for the most frequent observation, and therefore we can say that they are the most studied in comparison with the rest.

For a long time, the rings on Saturn were considered a unique phenomenon, inherent only to him. Only recently it was found that all gas giants have rings, but the rest are not so clearly visible. Their origin has not yet been established, although there are several hypotheses about how they appeared. In addition, it was recently discovered that Rhea, one of the satellites of the sixth planet, also has some kind of rings.

The sun is an ordinary star, its age is about 5 billion years. All the planets of the solar system revolve in this star.
SUN, the central body of the solar system, a hot plasma ball, a typical G2 dwarf star; mass M~2.1030 kg, radius R=696 t. km, average density 1.416.103 kg/m3, luminosity L=3.86.1023 kW, effective surface (photosphere) temperature approx. 6000 K.

The rotation period (synodic) varies from 27 days at the equator to 32 days at the poles, the free fall acceleration is 274 m/s2. Chemical composition determined from analysis of the solar spectrum: hydrogen approx. 90%, helium 10%, other elements less than 0.1% (by number of atoms).

The source of solar energy is the nuclear transformation of hydrogen into helium in the central region of the Sun, where the temperature is 15 million K (thermonuclear reactions).

Energy from the depths is transferred by radiation, and then in the outer layer with a thickness of approx. 0.2 R by convection. The existence of photospheric granulation, sunspots, spicules, etc. is associated with the convective motion of plasma.
The intensity of plasma processes on the Sun changes periodically (11-year period; see C

solar activity). The solar atmosphere (the chromosphere and the solar corona) is very dynamic, flares and prominences are observed in it, there is a constant outflow of corona matter into interplanetary space (solar wind).

Features of the motion Venus moves in an orbit located between the orbits of Mercury and the Earth, with a sidereal period equal to 224.7 Earth days. ;
- Third Earth. The only planet where life exists. Due to its unique, perhaps the only natural conditions in the Universe, it became the place where organic life originated and developed. The shape, dimensions and movement of the Earth The shape of the Earth is close to an ellipsoid, flattened at the poles and stretched in the equatorial zone. ;
- the fourth from the solar system. Behind him is the asteroid belt.

The average distance from the Sun is 228 million km, the period of revolution is 687 days, the period of rotation is 24.5 hours, the average diameter is 6780 km, the mass is 6.4 × 1023 kg; 2 natural satellites Phobos and Deimos. Atmospheric composition: CO2 (>95%), N2 (2.5%), Ar (1.5-2%), CO (0.06%), H2O (up to 0.1%); surface pressure 5-7 hPa. The areas of the surface of Mars covered with craters are similar to the lunar mainland. Significant scientific material about Mars was obtained with the help of the Mariner and Mars spacecraft.

Movement, size, mass Mars moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.0934. The plane of the orbit is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at a small angle (1° 51). ;
- the fifth from the sun of our solar system. the average distance from the Sun is 5.2 AU. e. (778.3 million km), sidereal circulation period 11.9 years, rotation period (cloud layer near the equator) approx. 10 h, equivalent to a diameter of approx. 142,800 km, weight 1.90 1027 kg.

Atmospheric composition: H2, CH4, NH3, He. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission, has a radiation belt and an extensive magnetosphere. Jupiter has 16 satellites;
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun in our solar system. Orbital period 29.46 years, rotation period

at the equator (cloud layer) 10.2 hours, equatorial diameter 120 660 km, mass 5.68 1026 kg, has 17 satellites, the atmosphere includes CH4, H2, He, NH3. Saturn has radiation belts. , which has rings. SATURN, the second largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter; refers to the giant planets.

Movement, size, shape Saturn's elliptical orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0556 and an average radius of 9.539 AU. e. (1427 million km). The maximum and minimum distances from the Sun are approximately 10 and 9 AU. e. Distances from the Earth vary from 1.2 to 1.6 billion km.

The inclination of the planet's orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is 2°29.4. ;
- the seventh from the sun of our solar system. Refers to the giant planets, the average distance from the Sun is 19.18 AU. e. (2871 million km), circulation period 84 years, rotation period approx. 17 hours, equatorial diameter 51,200 km, mass 8.7 1025 kg, atmospheric composition: H2, He, CH4. The axis of rotation of Uranus is tilted at an angle of 98°. Uranus has 15 satellites (5 discovered from Earth Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and 10 discovered by the Voyager 2 spacecraft Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Pack) and ring system. Movement, dimensions, mass Uranus moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, the major semi-axis of which (average heliocentric distance) is 19.182 greater than that of the Earth, and is 2871 million km. ;
is the eighth from the sun in our solar system. Orbital period 164.8 years, rotation period 17.8 hours, equatorial diameter 49,500 km, mass 1.03.1026 kg, atmospheric composition: CH4, H2, He. Neptune has 6 moons.

It was discovered in 1846 by I. Galle according to the theoretical predictions of W. J. Le Verrier and J. C. Adams. The remoteness of Neptune from the Earth significantly limits the possibilities of its study. NEPTUNE, the eighth largest planet from the Sun, belongs to the giant planets. Some parameters of the planet Neptune moves around the Sun in an elliptical, close to circular (eccentricity 0.009) orbit; its average distance from the Sun is 30.058 times greater than that of the Earth, which is approximately 4500 million km. This means that the light from the Sun reaches Neptune in a little over 4 hours. ;
- the ninth from the sun of our solar system. The average distance from the Sun is 39.4 AU. e., circulation period 247.7 years, rotation period 6.4 days, diameter approx. 3000 km, weight approx. 1.79.1022 kg. Methane has been discovered on Pluto. Pluto is a double planet, its satellite, about 3 times smaller in diameter, moves at a distance of only approx. 20,000 km from the center of the planet, making 1 revolution in 6.4 days. Some parameters of the planet Pluto moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with a significant eccentricity equal to 0.25, exceeding even the eccentricity of Mercury's orbit (0.206).

The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit is 39.439 AU. e. or approximately 5.8 billion km. The plane of the orbit is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 17.2°. One revolution of Pluto lasts 247.7 Earth years;
, their satellites, many small planets, comets, small meteoroids and cosmic dust moving in the area of ​​the prevailing gravitational action of the Sun. According to the prevailing scientific ideas, the formation of the solar system began with the emergence of the central body of the Sun;

The gravitational field of the Sun led to the capture of an incident gas-dust cloud, from which the Solar System was formed as a result of gravitational separation and condensation. The radiation pressure of the Sun caused the heterogeneity of its chemical composition: lighter elements, primarily hydrogen and helium, predominate in the peripheral (so-called outer, or distant) planets. The age of the Earth has been most reliably determined: it is approximately equal to 4.6 billion years.

The general structure of the solar system was revealed in the middle of the 16th century. N. Copernicus, who substantiated the idea of ​​the motion of the planets around the Sun. Such solar system model called heliocentric. In the 17th century I. Kepler discovered the laws of planetary motion, and I. Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation. The study of the physical characteristics of the cosmic bodies that make up the solar system became possible only after the invention by G. Galileo in 1609 of the telescope. So, observing sunspots, Galileo first discovered the rotation of the Sun around its axis.

The fifth planet from the Sun, classified as a giant planet. In terms of brightness, it occupies the fourth position among celestial objects, behind the sun, moon and venus. The mass exceeds the total mass of other planets by more than twice! The earth's mass exceeds 318 times! If we compare the Jupiter's gravity with the earth's, then Jupiter has it more: the earth's 100 kg there will be equivalent in weight to the earth's 240 kg.
Galileo, observing him in the sky through a telescope in 1610, discovered four, as is now known, large moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. The first visit to Jupiter took place in 1973, the visitor was called Pioneer 10, then there were Pioneer 11, Voyagers. Apparatus Galileo served in orbit around Jupiter eight years.
Gas planets do not have solid surfaces. All we see when we look at them is just a dense layer of clouds in their atmosphere. The composition of Jupiter is a mixture of ninety percent hydrogen and ten percent helium with traces of water, ammonia, methane. Very similar to the composition of the original solar nebula, from which the solar system was theoretically formed.

Our understanding of the internal structure of gas planets is very indirect.n s, and will probably remain so for some time to come. The data from the Galileo probe does not go deeper than 150 km below the clouds. According to the theory, Jupiter has a core of rocky material. Surrounding the core is a mass of liquid metallic hydrogen, the main constituent of the planet. Next comes the outer layer of hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere we see is only the tip of this deep layer.

Water, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other simple elements are also present. There are no clear boundaries between the layers of the internal structure of the planet. Galileo's data indicate that there is much less water on Jupiter than expected. Also surprising is the high temperature and density of the upper atmosphere. The presence of winds with tremendous speeds up to six hundred kilometers per hour was detected. Jupiter gives off more energy than it receives from the sun.

The appearance of Jupiter is characterized by stripes, about the origin of which various hypotheses are put forward. The Great Red Spot (discovered in 1664 by Robert Hooke) is a unique phenomenon - it is a long-lived hurricane in which rotation occurs in the opposite direction to the clockwise direction. One complete rotation of the hurricane takes six Earth days.

Jupiter has radiation belts powerful magnetic field, and rings, like those of Saturn. But his rings do not contain ice and are also dark. They probably consist of very small grains of rocks.

As of January of this year Jupiter is fixed sixty-seven satellites, which are divided into internal, which includes eight (four Galilean and four non-Galilean) satellites, and external, which includes fifty-five satellites, also divided into two groups, and thus we have four types of satellites.

When the planet Jupiter is in the night sky(as mentioned above, this planet is bright), then you can see its four Galilean satellites with binoculars, and even the Great Red Spot and some Jupiterian bands can be admired with an amateur telescope.

The solar system is a system of planets, which includes its center - the Sun, as well as other objects of the Cosmos. They revolve around the sun. More recently, 9 objects of the Cosmos that revolve around the Sun were called “planet”. Now scientists have established that beyond the boundaries of the solar system there are planets that revolve around stars.

In 2006, the Union of Astronomers declared that the planets of the solar system are spherical cosmic objects revolving around the sun. On the scale of the solar system, the Earth appears to be extremely small. In addition to the Earth, eight planets revolve around the Sun in their individual orbits. All of them are larger than the Earth. They rotate in the plane of the ecliptic.

Planets in the solar system: types

Location of the terrestrial group in relation to the Sun

The first planet is Mercury, followed by Venus; next comes our Earth and finally Mars.
The terrestrial planets do not have many satellites or moons. Of these four planets, only Earth and Mars have moons.

The planets that belong to the terrestrial group are highly dense, composed of metal or stone. Basically, they are small and rotate around their own axis. Their rotation speed is also low.

gas giants

These are the four space objects that are at the greatest distance from the Sun: Jupiter is at number 5, followed by Saturn, then Uranus and Neptune.

Jupiter and Saturn are impressive planets, made up of compounds of hydrogen and helium. The density of gas planets is low. They rotate at high speed, have satellites and are surrounded by asteroid rings.
“Ice giants”, which include Uranus and Neptune, are smaller, their atmospheres contain methane, carbon monoxide.

Gas giants have a strong gravitational field, so they can attract many space objects, unlike the terrestrial group.

According to scientists, asteroid rings are the remains of moons altered by the gravitational field of the planets.

dwarf planet

Dwarfs are space objects, the size of which does not reach the planet, but exceeds the dimensions of the asteroid. There are many such objects in the solar system. They are concentrated in the Kuiper belt region. The satellites of the gas giants are dwarf planets that have left their orbit.

Planets of the solar system: the process of emergence

According to the hypothesis of cosmic nebulae, stars are born in clouds of dust and gas, in nebulae.
Due to the force of attraction, substances are combined. Under the influence of the concentrated force of gravity, the center of the nebula is compressed and stars are formed. Dust and gases are transformed into rings. The rings rotate under the influence of gravity, and planetasimals form in whirlpools, which increase and attract cosmetic objects to themselves.

Under the influence of the force of gravity, the planetazimals are compressed and acquire a spherical shape. Spheres can combine and gradually turn into protoplanets.



There are eight planets within the solar system. They revolve around the sun. Their location is:
The nearest “neighbor” of the Sun is Mercury, followed by Venus, then the Earth, then Mars and Jupiter, further from the Sun are Saturn, Uranus and the last one, Neptune.