Peter the Great and his Paradise. Peter the Great A brief history of the reign of Peter I

Peter I Alekseevich the Great. Born May 30 (June 9), 1672 - died January 28 (February 8), 1725. The last tsar of all Russia (since 1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (since 1721).

As a representative of the Romanov dynasty, Peter was proclaimed king at the age of 10, began to rule independently from 1689. The formal co-ruler of Peter was his brother Ivan (until his death in 1696).

From a young age, showing interest in the sciences and a foreign way of life, Peter was the first of the Russian tsars to make a long journey to the countries of Western Europe. Upon returning from it, in 1698, Peter launched large-scale reforms of the Russian state and social order.

One of the main achievements of Peter was the solution of the task set in the 16th century: the expansion of the territories of Russia in the Baltic region after the victory in the Great Northern War, which allowed him to take the title of Russian emperor in 1721.

In historical science and in public opinion from the end of the 18th century to the present, there are diametrically opposed assessments of both the personality of Peter I and his role in the history of Russia.

In the official Russian historiography, Peter was considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen who determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. However, many historians, including N. M. Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky, P. N. Milyukov and others, expressed sharply critical assessments.

Peter the Great (documentary)

Peter was born on the night of May 30 (June 9), 1672 (in the year 7180, according to the then accepted chronology “from the creation of the world”): “In the current year of May 180, on the 30th day, for the prayers of the holy Father, God forgave Our Queen and the Great Princess Natalia Kirillovna, and gave birth to Us a son, the Blessed Tsarevich and Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich of All Great and Small and White Russia, and his name day is June 29th.

The exact place of Peter's birth is unknown. Some historians indicated the birthplace of the Terem Palace of the Kremlin, and according to folk tales, Peter was born in the village of Kolomenskoye, and Izmailovo was also indicated.

The father - the tsar - had numerous offspring: Peter I was the 14th child, but the first from his second wife, Tsaritsa Natalya Naryshkina.

June 29 on the day of St. Apostles Peter and Paul, the prince was baptized in the Miracle Monastery (according to other sources in the church of Gregory of Neocaesarea, in Derbitsy), by archpriest Andrei Savinov and named Peter. The reason why he received the name "Peter" is not clear, perhaps as a euphonic correspondence to the name of his older brother, since he was born on the same day as . It was not found either among the Romanovs or the Naryshkins. The last representative of the Moscow Rurik dynasty with that name was Pyotr Dmitrievich, who died in 1428.

After spending a year with the queen, he was given to the education of nannies. In the 4th year of Peter's life, in 1676, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich died. The guardian of the tsarevich was his half-brother, godfather and new tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Peter received a poor education, and until the end of his life he wrote with errors, using a poor vocabulary. This was due to the fact that the then Patriarch of Moscow, Joachim, as part of the fight against “Latinization” and “foreign influence”, removed from the royal court the students of Simeon of Polotsk, who taught Peter’s older brothers, and insisted that worse educated clerks be engaged in Peter’s education. N. M. Zotov and A. Nesterov.

In addition, Peter did not have the opportunity to get an education from a university graduate or from a secondary school teacher, since neither universities nor secondary schools existed in the Russian kingdom during Peter's childhood, and among the estates of Russian society, only clerks, clerks and higher clergy were taught to read.

The clerks taught Peter to read and write from 1676 to 1680. Peter was able to subsequently compensate for the shortcomings of basic education with rich practical exercises.

The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the accession of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her relatives, the Naryshkins, into the background. Tsarina Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

Streltsy revolt of 1682. Princess Sofia Alekseevna

On April 27 (May 7), 1682, after 6 years of reign, the sickly Tsar Fedor III Alekseevich died. The question arose of who should inherit the throne: the older, sickly Ivan, according to custom, or the young Peter.

Enlisting the support of Patriarch Joachim, the Naryshkins and their supporters on April 27 (May 7), 1682, elevated Peter to the throne. In fact, the Naryshkin clan came to power and Artamon Matveev, summoned from exile, declared the “great guardian”.

Supporters found it difficult to support their pretender, who could not reign due to extremely poor health. The organizers of the actual palace coup announced the version of the hand-written transfer of the “scepter” by the dying Fyodor Alekseevich to his younger brother Peter, but there was no reliable evidence of this.

The Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and by their mother, saw in the proclamation of Peter the Tsar an infringement of their interests. Streltsy, of which there were more than 20 thousand in Moscow, have long shown discontent and willfulness. Apparently, instigated by the Miloslavskys, on May 15 (May 25), 1682, they spoke openly: shouting that the Naryshkins had strangled Tsarevich Ivan, they moved to the Kremlin.

Natalya Kirillovna, hoping to calm the rebels, together with the patriarch and the boyars, led Peter and his brother to the Red Porch. However, the uprising was not over. In the first hours, the boyars Artamon Matveev and Mikhail Dolgoruky were killed, then other supporters of Queen Natalia, including her two brothers Naryshkins.

On May 26, elected representatives from the archery regiments came to the palace and demanded that the elder Ivan be recognized as the first tsar, and the younger Peter as the second. Fearing a repetition of the pogrom, the boyars agreed, and Patriarch Joachim immediately performed a solemn prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral for the health of the two named kings. On June 25, he crowned them to the kingdom.

On May 29, the archers insisted that Princess Sofya Alekseevna take over the government due to the infancy of her brothers. Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, together with her son Peter, the second tsar, had to retire from the court to a palace near Moscow in the village of Preobrazhensky. In the Armory of the Kremlin, a double throne for young tsars with a small window in the back, through which Princess Sophia and those close to her told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies, has been preserved.

funny shelves

Peter spent all his free time away from the palace - in the villages of Vorobyov and Preobrazhensky. Every year his interest in military affairs increased. Peter dressed and armed his "amusing" army, which consisted of peers in boyish games.

In 1685, his "amusing", dressed in foreign caftans, marched in regimental formation through Moscow from Preobrazhensky to the village of Vorobyovo to the beat of drums. Peter himself served as a drummer.

In 1686, 14-year-old Peter started artillery with his "amusing" ones. The gunsmith Fyodor Sommer showed the tsar grenade and firearms. 16 guns were delivered from the Pushkar Order. To control heavy guns, the tsar took adult servants eager for military affairs from the Stable Order, who were dressed in uniforms of foreign cut and identified as amusing gunners. Sergei Bukhvostov was the first to put on a foreign uniform. Subsequently, Peter ordered a bronze bust of this first Russian soldier, as he called Bukhvostov. The amusing regiment began to be called Preobrazhensky, in the place of its quartering - the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

In Preobrazhensky, opposite the palace, on the banks of the Yauza, a "fun town" was built. During the construction of the fortress, Peter himself worked actively, helping to cut logs and install cannons.

Here was quartered created by Peter "The Most Joking, The Most Drunk and the Most Maddened Cathedral"- a parody of the Orthodox Church. The fortress itself was named Preshburg, probably after the famous Austrian fortress of Presburg (now Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), which he heard about from Captain Sommer.

Then, in 1686, the first amusing ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - a large shnyak and a plow with boats. During these years, Peter became interested in all the sciences that were associated with military affairs. Under the guidance of the Dutchman Timmerman, he studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences.

Walking one day with Timmerman in the village of Izmailovo, Peter went to the Linen Yard, in the barn of which he found an English boat.

In 1688, he instructed the Dutchman Karshten Brandt to repair, arm and equip this boat, and then lower it onto the Yauza River. However, Yauza and Millet Pond turned out to be cramped for the ship, so Peter went to Pereslavl-Zalessky, to Lake Pleshcheyevo, where he laid the first shipyard for the construction of ships.

There were already two "amusing" regiments: Semyonovsky, located in the village of Semyonovskoye, was added to Preobrazhensky. Preshburg already looked like a real fortress. Knowledgeable and experienced people were needed to command regiments and study military science. But among the Russian courtiers there were none. So Peter appeared in the German settlement.

The first marriage of Peter I

The German settlement was the closest "neighbor" of the village of Preobrazhenskoye, and Peter had been looking at her life with curiosity for a long time. An increasing number of foreigners at the court of Tsar Peter, such as Franz Timmermann and Karsten Brandt, came from the German Quarter. All this imperceptibly led to the fact that the king became a frequent guest in the settlement, where he soon turned out to be a great admirer of the laid-back foreign life.

Peter lit a German pipe, began to attend German parties with dancing and drinking, met Patrick Gordon, Franz Lefort- future associates of Peter, started an affair with Anna Mons. Peter's mother strongly opposed this.

To reason with her 17-year-old son, Natalya Kirillovna decided to marry him to Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of a roundabout.

From this marriage, Peter had two sons: the eldest, Alexei, was heir to the throne until 1718, the youngest, Alexander, died in infancy.

Accession of Peter I

Peter's activity greatly disturbed Princess Sophia, who understood that with the coming of age of her half-brother, she would have to give up power. At one time, the supporters of the princess hatched a plan for the coronation, but Patriarch Joachim was categorically against it.

Campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, carried out in 1687 and 1689 by the favorite of the princess, Prince Vasily Golitsyn, were not very successful, but were presented as major and generously rewarded victories, which caused discontent among many.

On July 8, 1689, on the feast of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public conflict took place between the matured Peter and the Ruler.

On that day, according to custom, a religious procession was made from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral. At the end of mass, Peter approached his sister and announced that she should not dare to go along with the men in the procession. Sophia accepted the challenge: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and went for crosses and banners. Unprepared for such an outcome, Peter left the course.

On August 7, 1689, unexpectedly for everyone, a decisive event took place. On this day, Princess Sophia ordered the head of the archers, Fyodor Shaklovity, to equip more of his people to the Kremlin, as if to be escorted to the Donskoy Monastery on a pilgrimage. At the same time, a rumor spread about a letter with the news that Tsar Peter decided at night to occupy the Kremlin with his “amusing” regiments, kill the princess, Tsar Ivan’s brother, and seize power.

Shaklovity gathered archery regiments in order to march in a "great assembly" to Preobrazhenskoye and beat all the supporters of Peter for their intention to kill Princess Sophia. Then they sent three riders to observe what was happening in Preobrazhensky with the task to immediately inform if Tsar Peter went somewhere alone or with regiments.

Supporters of Peter among the archers sent two like-minded people to Preobrazhenskoye. After the report, Peter, with a small retinue, galloped in alarm to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The consequence of the horrors of the streltsy performances experienced was Peter's illness: with strong excitement, he began to have convulsive movements of his face.

On August 8, both queens, Natalya and Evdokia, arrived at the monastery, followed by “amusing” regiments with artillery.

On August 16, a letter came from Peter, so that from all the regiments commanders and 10 privates were sent to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Princess Sophia strictly forbade this command to be carried out on pain of death, and a letter was sent to Tsar Peter with a notice that it was impossible to fulfill his request.

On August 27, a new letter of tsar Peter came - to go to all the regiments to the Trinity. Most of the troops obeyed the legitimate king, and Princess Sophia had to admit defeat. She herself went to the Trinity Monastery, but in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye she was met by Peter's envoys with orders to return to Moscow.

Soon Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent under strict supervision.

On October 7, Fyodor Shaklovity was captured and then executed. The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or John), met Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and in fact gave him all power.

Since 1689, he did not take part in the reign, although until his death on January 29 (February 8), 1696, he nominally continued to be co-tsar.

After the overthrow of Princess Sophia, power passed into the hands of people who rallied around Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna. She tried to accustom her son to public administration, entrusting him with private affairs, which Peter found boring.

The most important decisions (declaration of war, election of the Patriarch, etc.) were made without taking into account the opinion of the young tsar. This led to conflicts. For example, at the beginning of 1692, offended by the fact that, contrary to his will, the Moscow government refused to resume the war with the Ottoman Empire, the tsar did not want to return from Pereyaslavl to meet the Persian ambassador, and the first persons of the government of Natalya Kirillovna (L.K. Naryshkin with B. A. Golitsyn) were forced to personally follow him.

On January 1, 1692, at the behest of Peter I, in Preobrazhenskoye, the “appointment” of N. M. Zotov to “all Yauza and all Kokuy patriarchs” was the tsar’s response to the appointment of Patriarch Adrian, committed against his will. After the death of Natalya Kirillovna, the tsar did not begin to remove the government of L.K. Naryshkin - B.A. Golitsyn, formed by his mother, but he ensured that it strictly carried out his will.

Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696

The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, ended unsuccessfully in September of the same year due to the lack of a fleet and the unwillingness of the Russian army to operate far from supply bases. However, already in the autumn of 1695, preparations began for a new campaign. In Voronezh, the construction of a rowing Russian flotilla began.

In a short time, a flotilla was built from different ships, led by the 36-gun ship "Apostle Peter".

In May 1696, the 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generalissimo Shein again laid siege to Azov, only this time the Russian flotilla blocked the fortress from the sea. Peter I took part in the siege with the rank of captain in a galley. Without waiting for the assault, on July 19, 1696, the fortress surrendered. So the first exit of Russia to the southern seas was opened.

The result of the Azov campaigns was the capture of the fortress of Azov, the beginning of the construction of the port of Taganrog, the possibility of an attack on the Crimean peninsula from the sea, which significantly secured the southern borders of Russia. However, Peter failed to get access to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Forces for the war with Turkey, as well as a full-fledged navy, Russia has not yet had.

To finance the construction of the fleet, new types of taxes were introduced: landowners were united in the so-called kumpanships of 10 thousand households, each of which had to build a ship with their own money. At this time, the first signs of dissatisfaction with the activities of Peter appear. The conspiracy of Zikler, who was trying to organize a streltsy uprising, was uncovered.

In the summer of 1699, the first large Russian ship "Fortress" (46-gun) took the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for peace negotiations. The very existence of such a ship persuaded the Sultan to conclude peace in July 1700, which left the fortress of Azov behind Russia.

During the construction of the fleet and the reorganization of the army, Peter was forced to rely on foreign specialists. Having completed the Azov campaigns, he decides to send young nobles for training abroad, and soon he himself goes on his first trip to Europe.

Grand Embassy 1697-1698

In March 1697, the Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe through Livonia, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. General-Admiral F. Ya. Lefort, General F. A. Golovin, head of the Ambassadorial Department P. B. Voznitsyn were appointed Grand Plenipotentiary Ambassadors.

In total, up to 250 people entered the embassy, among which, under the name of the constable of the Preobrazhensky regiment Peter Mikhailov, was Tsar Peter I himself. For the first time, the Russian Tsar undertook a trip outside his state.

Peter visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, a visit to Venice and to the Pope was planned.

The embassy recruited several hundred shipbuilding specialists to Russia and purchased military and other equipment.

In England he visited the foundry, the arsenal, the Parliament, the University of Oxford, the Greenwich Observatory and the Mint, whose caretaker at that time was Isaac Newton. He was primarily interested in the technical achievements of Western countries, and not in the legal system.

It is said that when Peter visited the Palace of Westminster, he saw there "lawyers", that is, barristers, in their robes and wigs. He asked: “What kind of people are these and what are they doing here?” They answered him: "These are all lawyers, Your Majesty." "Legalists! Peter was surprised. - Why are they? There are only two lawyers in my whole kingdom, and I propose to hang one of them when I return home.”

True, having visited the English parliament incognito, where the speeches of the deputies before King William III were translated to him, the tsar said: “It’s fun to hear when the sons of the patronymic tell the king clearly the truth, this should be learned from the British.”

The Grand Embassy did not achieve its main goal: it was not possible to create a coalition against the Ottoman Empire due to the preparation of a number of European powers for the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). However, thanks to this war, favorable conditions were created for Russia's struggle for the Baltic. Thus, there was a reorientation of Russia's foreign policy from the south to the north.

Peter in Russia

In July 1698, the Great Embassy was interrupted by the news of a new streltsy rebellion in Moscow, which was suppressed even before the arrival of Peter. Upon the arrival of the tsar in Moscow (August 25), a search and inquiry began, the result of which was a one-time execution of about 800 archers(except for those executed during the suppression of the rebellion), and subsequently several hundred more until the spring of 1699.

Princess Sophia was tonsured a nun under the name of Susanna and sent to the Novodevichy Convent where she spent the rest of her life. The same fate befell Peter's unloved wife - Evdokia Lopukhina, who was forcibly sent to the Suzdal Monastery even against the will of the clergy.

In the Transfiguration Palace, Peter suddenly began to cut the beards of the nobles, and already on August 29, 1698, the famous decree was issued "On wearing a German dress, on shaving beards and mustaches, on walking schismatics in the attire indicated for them", which forbade wearing beards from September 1.

“I want to transform secular goats, that is, citizens, and the clergy, that is, monks and priests. First, that without beards they should look good like Europeans, and others, so that, although with beards, they would teach parishioners in churches the Christian virtues in the same way that I saw and heard pastors teaching in Germany..

The new 7208th year according to the Russian-Byzantine calendar (“from the creation of the world”) became the 1700th year according to the Julian calendar. Peter also introduced the celebration of the New Year on January 1, and not on the day of the autumnal equinox, as was celebrated earlier.

In his special decree it was written: “Because in Russia they consider the New Year in different ways, from now on stop fooling people's heads and count the New Year everywhere from the first of January. And as a sign of a good undertaking and fun, congratulate each other on the New Year, wishing well-being in business and prosperity in the family. In honor of the New Year, make decorations from fir trees, amuse children, ride sleds from the mountains. And for adults, drunkenness and massacre should not be committed - there are enough other days for that ”.

Northern War 1700-1721

Kozhukhovsky maneuvers (1694) showed Peter the advantage of the regiments of the "foreign system" over the archers. The Azov campaigns, in which four regular regiments took part (Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky, Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments), finally convinced Peter of the low suitability of the troops of the old organization.

Therefore, in 1698, the old army was disbanded, except for 4 regular regiments, which became the basis of the new army.

Preparing for the war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to make a general recruitment and begin training recruits according to the model established by the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovites. At the same time, a large number of foreign officers were recruited.

The war was supposed to start with the siege of Narva, so the main focus was on the organization of the infantry. There was simply not enough time to create all the necessary military structure. There were legends about the impatience of the king, he was eager to enter the war and test his army in action. Management, a combat support service, a strong equipped rear still had to be created.

After returning from the Grand Embassy, the tsar began to prepare for a war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1699, the Northern Alliance was created against the Swedish king Charles XII, which, in addition to Russia, included Denmark, Saxony and the Commonwealth, led by the Saxon elector and the Polish king Augustus II. The driving force behind the union was the desire of Augustus II to take away Livonia from Sweden. For help, he promised Russia the return of lands that previously belonged to the Russians (Ingermanland and Karelia).

For Russia to enter the war, it was necessary to make peace with the Ottoman Empire. After reaching a truce with the Turkish Sultan for a period of 30 years On August 19, 1700, Russia declared war on Sweden. under the pretext of revenge for the insult shown to Tsar Peter in Riga.

In turn, the plan of Charles XII was to defeat the opponents one by one. Shortly after the bombing of Copenhagen, Denmark on August 8, 1700 withdrew from the war, even before Russia entered it. The attempts of August II to capture Riga ended unsuccessfully. After that, Charles XII turned against Russia.

The beginning of the war for Peter was discouraging: the newly recruited army, handed over to the Saxon field marshal Duke de Croa, was defeated near Narva on November 19 (30), 1700. This defeat showed that everything had to start virtually all over again.

Considering that Russia was sufficiently weakened, Charles XII went to Livonia in order to direct all his forces against Augustus II.

However, Peter, continuing the reforms of the army according to the European model, resumed hostilities. Already in the autumn of 1702, the Russian army, in the presence of the tsar, captured the Noteburg fortress (renamed Shlisselburg), in the spring of 1703, the Nienschanz fortress at the mouth of the Neva.

On May 10 (21), 1703, for the bold capture of two Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva, Peter (then held the rank of captain of the Bombardier Company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment) received a certificate approved by him Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called.

Here On May 16 (27), 1703, the construction of St. Petersburg began, and on the island of Kotlin the base of the Russian fleet was located - the fortress of Kronshlot (later Kronstadt). The exit to the Baltic Sea was broken.

In 1704, after the capture of Derpt and Narva, Russia gained a foothold in the Eastern Baltic. On the offer to make peace, Peter I was refused. After the deposition of Augustus II in 1706 and his replacement by the Polish king Stanisław Leszczynski, Charles XII began his fatal campaign against Russia.

Having passed the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the king did not dare to continue the attack on Smolensk. Enlisting the support of the Little Russian Hetman Ivan Mazepa, Karl moved troops south for food reasons and with the intention of strengthening the army with Mazepa's supporters. In the battle of Lesnaya on September 28 (October 9), 1708, Peter personally led the corvolant and defeated the Swedish corps of Lewenhaupt, which was going to join the army of Charles XII from Livonia. The Swedish army lost reinforcements and convoys with military supplies. Later, Peter celebrated the anniversary of this battle as a turning point in the Northern War.

In the Battle of Poltava on June 27 (July 8), 1709, in which the army of Charles XII was utterly defeated, Peter again commanded on the battlefield. Peter's hat was shot through. After the victory, he accepted the rank of first lieutenant general and schautbenacht from the blue flag.

Turkey intervened in 1710. After the defeat in the Prut campaign in 1711, Russia returned Azov to Turkey and destroyed Taganrog, but due to this, it was possible to conclude another truce with the Turks.

Peter again focused on the war with the Swedes, in 1713 the Swedes were defeated in Pomerania and lost all possessions in continental Europe. However, thanks to the dominance of Sweden at sea, the Northern War dragged on. The Baltic Fleet was just being created by Russia, but managed to win the first victory in the Gangut battle in the summer of 1714.

In 1716, Peter led the combined fleet from Russia, England, Denmark and Holland, but due to disagreements in the camp of the allies, it was not possible to organize an attack on Sweden.

As the Russian Baltic Fleet strengthened, Sweden felt the danger of an invasion of its lands. In 1718, peace negotiations began, interrupted by the sudden death of Charles XII. The Swedish queen Ulrika Eleonora resumed the war, hoping for help from England.

The devastating landings of the Russians in 1720 on the Swedish coast prompted Sweden to resume negotiations. August 30 (September 10), 1721 between Russia and Sweden was concluded Peace of Nystadt, which ended the 21-year war.

Russia received access to the Baltic Sea, annexed the territory of Ingria, part of Karelia, Estonia and Livonia. Russia became a great European power, in commemoration of which on October 22 (November 2), 1721 Peter, at the request of the senators, took the title of Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great: "... we thought, from the butt of the ancients, especially the Roman and Greek peoples, the boldness to perceive, on the day of the celebration and the announcement of the only glorious and prosperous world concluded by these century labors throughout Russia, after reading the treatise thereof in the church, according to our the most humble thanksgiving for the intercession of this world, to bring his petition to you publicly, so that he deigns to accept from us, as from his faithful subjects, in gratitude the title of the Father of the Fatherland, the Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great, as usual from the Roman Senate for the noble deeds of emperors, their such titles publicly presented to them as a gift and signed on statutes for memory in eternal childbirth"(Senators' petition to Tsar Peter I. October 22, 1721).

Russian-Turkish war 1710-1713. Prut campaign

After the defeat in the Battle of Poltava, the Swedish king Charles XII took refuge in the possessions of the Ottoman Empire, the city of Bendery. Peter I concluded an agreement with Turkey on the expulsion of Charles XII from Turkish territory, but then the Swedish king was allowed to stay and threaten the southern border of Russia with the help of part of the Ukrainian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars.

Seeking the expulsion of Charles XII, Peter I began to threaten Turkey with war, but in response, on November 20, 1710, the Sultan himself declared war on Russia. The real cause of the war was the capture of Azov by Russian troops in 1696 and the appearance of the Russian fleet in the Sea of Azov.

The Turkish war was limited to a winter raid of the Crimean Tatars, vassals of the Ottoman Empire, into Ukraine. Russia waged war on 3 fronts: the troops made campaigns against the Tatars in the Crimea and the Kuban, Peter I himself, relying on the help of the rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia, decided to make a deep campaign to the Danube, where he hoped to raise Christian vassals of the Ottoman Empire to fight the Turks.

On March 6 (17), 1711, Peter I went to the troops from Moscow with his faithful girlfriend Ekaterina Alekseevna, whom he ordered to be considered his wife and queen (even before the official wedding, which took place in 1712).

The army crossed the border of Moldova in June 1711, but already on July 20, 1711, 190 thousand Turks and Crimean Tatars pressed the 38 thousandth Russian army to the right bank of the Prut River, completely surrounding it. In a seemingly hopeless situation, Peter managed to conclude the Treaty of Prut with the Grand Vizier, according to which the army and the tsar himself escaped capture, but in return Russia gave Azov to Turkey and lost access to the Sea of Azov.

From August 1711, there was no fighting, although in the process of negotiating the final treaty, Turkey threatened several times to resume the war. Only in June 1713 was the Adrianople peace treaty concluded, which generally confirmed the terms of the Prut agreement. Russia got the opportunity to continue the Northern War without a 2nd front, although it lost the gains of the Azov campaigns.

The expansion of Russia to the east under Peter I did not stop. In 1716, the Buchholz expedition founded Omsk at the confluence of the Irtysh and Om., upstream of the Irtysh: Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk and other fortresses.

In 1716-1717, a detachment of Bekovich-Cherkassky was sent to Central Asia with the aim of persuading the Khiva khan to citizenship and reconnoitering the way to India. However, the Russian detachment was destroyed by the khan. During the reign of Peter I, Kamchatka was annexed to Russia. Peter planned an expedition across the Pacific Ocean to America (intentioning to establish Russian colonies there), but did not manage to carry out his plan.

Caspian campaign 1722-1723

The largest foreign policy event of Peter after the Northern War was the Caspian (or Persian) campaign in 1722-1724. The conditions for the campaign were created as a result of Persian civil strife and the actual collapse of the once powerful state.

On July 18, 1722, after the son of the Persian Shah Tokhmas Mirza applied for help, a 22,000-strong Russian detachment sailed from Astrakhan across the Caspian Sea. In August, Derbent surrendered, after which the Russians returned to Astrakhan due to problems with provisions.

In the next 1723, the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the fortresses of Baku, Resht, and Astrabad was conquered. Further progress was stopped by the threat of the Ottoman Empire entering the war, which seized the western and central Transcaucasus.

On September 12, 1723, the Petersburg Treaty was concluded with Persia, according to which the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad were included in the Russian Empire. Russia and Persia also entered into a defensive alliance against Turkey, which, however, turned out to be inoperative.

Under the Treaty of Constantinople of June 12, 1724, Turkey recognized all Russian acquisitions in the western part of the Caspian Sea and renounced further claims to Persia. The junction of the borders between Russia, Turkey and Persia was established at the confluence of the Araks and Kura rivers. In Persia, the turmoil continued, and Turkey challenged the provisions of the Treaty of Constantinople before the border was clearly established. It should be noted that soon after Peter's death, these possessions were lost due to the high losses of garrisons from diseases, and, in the opinion of Tsaritsa Anna Ioannovna, the hopelessness of the region.

Russian Empire under Peter I

After the victory in the Northern War and the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystadt in September 1721, the Senate and the Synod decided to present Peter with the title of emperor of all Russia with the following wording: “as usual, from the Roman Senate, for the noble deeds of emperors, such titles were publicly presented to them as a gift and signed on statutes for memory in eternal birth”.

October 22 (November 2), 1721, Peter I took the title, not just honorary, but testifying to the new role of Russia in international affairs. Prussia and Holland immediately recognized the new title of Russian Tsar, Sweden in 1723, Turkey in 1739, England and Austria in 1742, France and Spain in 1745, and finally Poland in 1764.

Secretary of the Prussian Embassy in Russia in 1717-1733, I.-G. Fokkerodt, at the request of who was working on the history of the reign of Peter, wrote memoirs about Russia under Peter. Fokkerodt tried to estimate the population of the Russian Empire by the end of the reign of Peter I. According to his information, the number of taxpayers was 5 million 198 thousand people, from which the number of peasants and townspeople, including females, was estimated at about 10 million.

Many souls were concealed by the landlords, the second revision increased the number of taxable souls to almost 6 million people.

There were up to 500 thousand Russian nobles with families, up to 200 thousand officials, and clergymen with families up to 300 thousand souls.

The inhabitants of the conquered regions, who were not under the total tax, were estimated to be from 500 to 600 thousand souls. Cossacks with families in the Ukraine, on the Don and Yaik, and in the border towns were considered to be from 700 to 800 thousand souls. The number of Siberian peoples was unknown, but Fokkerodt put it up to a million people.

In this way, the population of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great was up to 15 million subjects and was inferior in Europe in number only to France (about 20 million).

According to the calculations of the Soviet historian Yaroslav Vodarsky, the number of males and children increased from 5.6 million to 7.8 million from 1678 to 1719. Thus, taking the number of women approximately equal to the number of men, the total population of Russia during this period grew from 11.2 to 15.6 million

Reforms of Peter I

All internal state activity of Peter can be conditionally divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.

The peculiarity of the first stage was the haste and not always thoughtful nature, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the war, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to state reforms, extensive reforms were carried out at the first stage in order to modernize the way of life. In the second period, the reforms were more systematic.

A number of historians, such as V.O. Klyuchevsky, pointed out that the reforms of Peter I were not something fundamentally new, but were only a continuation of those transformations that were carried out during the 17th century. Other historians (for example, Sergei Solovyov), on the contrary, emphasized the revolutionary nature of Peter's transformations.

Peter carried out a reform of public administration, transformations in the army, a navy was created, a reform of church administration was carried out in the spirit of Caesaropapism, aimed at eliminating church jurisdiction autonomous from the state and subordinating the Russian church hierarchy to the emperor.

Financial reform was also carried out, measures were taken to develop industry and trade.

After returning from the Great Embassy, Peter I led the fight against the external manifestations of the "outdated" way of life (the most famous ban on beards), but no less paid attention to the introduction of the nobility to education and secular Europeanized culture. Secular educational institutions began to appear, the first Russian newspaper was founded, translations of many books into Russian appeared. Success in the service of Peter made the nobles dependent on education.

Peter was clearly aware of the need for enlightenment, and took a number of drastic measures to this end.

On January 14 (25), 1701, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow.

In 1701-1721, artillery, engineering and medical schools were opened in Moscow, an engineering school and a naval academy in St. Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories.

In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened.

The goals of mass education were to be served by the digital schools created by decree of 1714 in provincial cities, called upon "to teach children of all ranks to read and write, numbers and geometry."

It was supposed to create two such schools in each province, where education was supposed to be free. For soldiers' children, garrison schools were opened, for the training of priests, starting from 1721, a network of theological schools was created.

Peter's decrees introduced compulsory education for nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met with fierce resistance and was canceled.

Peter's attempt to create an all-estate elementary school failed (the creation of a network of schools ceased after his death, most of the digital schools under his successors were redesigned into class schools for the training of the clergy), but nevertheless, during his reign, the foundations were laid for the spread of education in Russia.

Peter created new printing houses, in which 1312 titles of books were printed in 1700-1725 (twice as many as in the entire previous history of Russian book printing). Thanks to the rise of printing, paper consumption increased from 4,000 to 8,000 sheets at the end of the 17th century to 50,000 sheets in 1719.

There have been changes in the Russian language, which included 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages.

In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the Academy of Sciences being organized (it opened a few months after his death).

Of particular importance was the construction of stone St. Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out according to the plan developed by the tsar. He created a new urban environment with previously unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theatre, masquerades). The interior decoration of houses, the way of life, the composition of food, etc., changed. By a special decree of the tsar in 1718, assemblies were introduced, representing a new form of communication between people in Russia. At the assemblies, the nobles danced and mingled freely, unlike earlier feasts and feasts.

The reforms carried out by Peter I affected not only politics, economics, but also art. Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study "arts" abroad. In the second quarter of the XVIII century. "Peter's pensioners" began to return to Russia, bringing with them new artistic experience and acquired skills.

On December 30, 1701 (January 10, 1702), Peter issued a decree ordering to write full names in petitions and other documents instead of derogatory half-names (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), do not fall on your knees in front of the king, wear a hat in the cold in winter in front of the house where the king is, do not shoot. He explained the need for these innovations as follows: “Less meanness, more zeal for service and loyalty to me and the state - this honor is characteristic of the king ...”.

Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. He by special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) forbade forced marriage and marriage.

It was prescribed that there should be at least six weeks between the betrothal and the wedding, "so that the bride and groom may recognize each other". If during this time, it was said in the decree, “the bridegroom will not want to take the bride, or the bride will not want to marry the groom” no matter how parents insist, "in being free".

Since 1702, the bride herself (and not just her relatives) was given the formal right to terminate the betrothal and upset the arranged marriage, and neither of the parties had the right to “strike with a forfeit”.

Legislative prescriptions 1696-1704 about public festivities introduced the obligation to participate in the celebrations and festivities of all Russians, including "female".

From the “old” in the structure of the nobility under Peter, the former serfdom of the service class remained unchanged through the personal service of each service person to the state. But in this enslavement, its form has changed somewhat. Now they were obliged to serve in the regular regiments and in the navy, as well as in the civil service in all those administrative and judicial institutions that were transformed from the old ones and arose again.

The decree of uniform inheritance of 1714 regulated the legal status of the nobility and secured the legal merger of such forms of land ownership as patrimony and estate.

Peasants from the reign of Peter I began to be divided into serfs (landlords), monastic and state peasants. All three categories were recorded in the revision tales and subjected to a poll tax.

Since 1724, the owner's peasants could leave their villages to work and for other needs only with the written permission of the master, witnessed by the zemstvo commissar and the colonel of the regiment that was stationed in the area. Thus, the landowner's power over the personality of the peasants received even more opportunities to increase, taking both the personality and property of the privately owned peasant into their unaccountable disposal. From that time on, this new state of the rural worker received the name of the "serf" or "revisionist" soul.

Gradually, among the nobility, a different system of values, worldview, aesthetic ideas took shape, which was fundamentally different from the values and worldview of most representatives of other estates. At the same time, the people's forces were extremely depleted, the prerequisites (Decree of Succession) were created for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the "epoch of palace coups".

Having set himself the goal of arming the economy with the best Western production technologies, Peter reorganized all sectors of the national economy.

During the Great Embassy, the tsar studied various aspects of European life, including technical ones. He learned the basics of the then dominant economic theory - mercantilism.

The mercantilists based their economic doctrine on two propositions: first, each people, in order not to become impoverished, must produce everything it needs, without turning to the help of other people's labor, the labor of other peoples; second, every nation, in order to grow rich, must export as much as possible the manufactured products from its country and import foreign products as little as possible.

Under Peter, the development of geological exploration begins, thanks to which deposits of metal ore are found in the Urals. Only in the Urals, at least 27 metallurgical plants were built under Peter. Gunpowder factories, sawmills, glass manufactories were founded in Moscow, Tula, St. Petersburg. In Astrakhan, Samara, Krasnoyarsk, the production of potash, sulfur, saltpeter was established, sailing, linen and cloth manufactories were created. This made it possible to start phasing out imports.

By the end of the reign of Peter I, there were already 233 factories, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. The largest were shipyards (3.5 thousand people worked at the St. Petersburg shipyard alone), sailing manufactories and mining and metallurgical plants (25 thousand workers worked at 9 Ural factories), there were a number of other enterprises with a number of employees from 500 to 1000 people.

To supply the new capital the first canals in Russia were dug.

Peter's transformations were achieved through violence against the population, its complete subordination to the will of the monarch, and the eradication of any dissent. Even Pushkin, who sincerely admired Peter, wrote that many of his decrees were "cruel, capricious and, it seems, written with a whip", as if "broke out of an impatient autocratic landowner."

Klyuchevsky points out that the triumph of the absolute monarchy, which sought to drag its subjects from the Middle Ages into the present by force, contained a fundamental contradiction: “Peter's reform was a struggle of despotism with the people, with their inertia. to establish European science in Russia... wanted the slave, remaining a slave, to act consciously and freely.

The construction of St. Petersburg from 1704 to 1717 was mainly carried out by the forces of "working people" mobilized as part of natural labor service. They felled the forest, filled up the swamps, built embankments, etc.

In 1704, up to 40,000 working people were summoned to St. Petersburg from various provinces, mostly serfs, landowners and state peasants. In 1707, many workers fled, sent to St. Petersburg from the Belozersky region. Peter I ordered to take the family members of the fugitives - their fathers, mothers, wives, children "or who live in their houses" and keep them in prisons until the fugitives are found.

The factory workers of the time of Peter the Great came from a wide variety of strata of the population: runaway serfs, vagabonds, beggars, even criminals - all of them, according to strict orders, were taken and sent to “work” in factories.

Peter could not stand "walking" people who were not attached to any business, it was ordered to seize them, not sparing even the monastic rank, and send them to factories. There were frequent cases when, in order to supply factories, and especially factories, with working hands, villages and villages of peasants were attributed to factories and factories, as was still practiced in the 17th century. Such assigned to the factory worked for it and in it by order of the owner.

In November 1702, a decree was issued stating: “From now on, in Moscow and in the Moscow Judgment Order, no matter what ranks, people or governors and clerks from cities, and send authorities from monasteries, and landowners and estates will bring their people and peasants, and those people and peasants will learn to say behind themselves“ the sovereign’s word and deed,” and without asking those people in the Moscow Court Order, send them to the Preobrazhensky Order to the steward to Prince Fedor Yuryevich Romodanovsky. Yes, and in the cities, governors and clerks of such people who will teach themselves to say “the sovereign’s word and deed”, send them to Moscow without asking”.

In 1718, the Secret Chancellery was created to investigate the case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich., then other political cases of extreme importance were transferred to her.

On August 18, 1718, a decree was issued, which, under the threat of the death penalty, was forbidden to "write locked up." The non-informer about this was also supposed to be the death penalty. This decree was aimed at combating anti-government "anonymous letters".

The decree of Peter I, issued in 1702, proclaimed religious tolerance as one of the main state principles.

“One must deal with the opponents of the church with meekness and understanding,” said Peter. “The Lord gave kings power over the nations, but Christ alone has power over the conscience of the people.” But this decree did not apply to the Old Believers.

In 1716, to facilitate their accounting, they were given the opportunity of a semi-legal existence, on the condition that they pay "for this split all payments doubled." At the same time, control and punishment of those who evaded registration and payment of double tax was strengthened.

Those who did not confess and did not pay double tax were ordered to be fined, each time increasing the rate of the fine, and even sent to hard labor. For seduction into schism (seduction was considered any Old Believer worship or the performance of trebs), as before Peter I, the death penalty was due, which was confirmed in 1722.

Old Believer priests were declared either schismatic teachers, if they were Old Believer mentors, or traitors to Orthodoxy, if they used to be priests, and they were punished for both. Schismatic sketes and chapels were ruined. Through torture, punishment with a whip, tearing out of the nostrils, threats of executions and exile, Bishop Pitirim of Nizhny Novgorod managed to return a considerable number of Old Believers to the bosom of the official church, but most of them soon “fallen into schism” again. Deacon Alexander Pitirim, who headed the Kerzhensky Old Believers, forced him to abandon the Old Believers by shackling him and threatening him with beatings, as a result of which the deacon “feared from him, from the bishop, great torment, and exile, and nostrils of tearing, as if it had been done to others.”

When Alexander complained in a letter to Peter I about the actions of Pitirim, he was subjected to terrible torture and on May 21, 1720 was executed.

The adoption of the imperial title by Peter I, as the Old Believers believed, testified that he was the Antichrist, as this emphasized the continuity of state power from Catholic Rome. According to the Old Believers, the antichrist essence of Peter was also evidenced by the calendar changes made during his reign and the population census he introduced for the head salary.

Family of Peter I

For the first time, Peter married at the age of 17 at the insistence of his mother to Evdokia Lopukhina in 1689. A year later, Tsarevich Alexei was born to them, who was brought up with his mother in terms that were alien to Peter's reformist activities. The rest of the children of Peter and Evdokia died shortly after birth. In 1698, Evdokia Lopukhina was involved in the Streltsy rebellion, the purpose of which was to raise her son to the kingdom, and was exiled to a monastery.

On June 24 (July 5), 1718, the Supreme Court, which consisted of 127 people, sentenced Alexei to death, finding him guilty of high treason. On June 26 (July 7), 1718, the prince, without waiting for the execution of the sentence, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

The true cause of the death of Tsarevich Alexei has not yet been reliably established. From his marriage with Princess Charlotte of Brunswick, Tsarevich Alexei left his son Peter Alekseevich (1715-1730), who became Emperor Peter II in 1727, and his daughter Natalia Alekseevna (1714-1728).

In 1703, Peter I met 19-year-old Katerina, nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya(the widow of the dragoon Johann Kruse), captured by Russian troops as war booty during the capture of the Swedish fortress of Marienburg.

Peter took the former maid from the Baltic peasants from Alexander Menshikov and made her his mistress. In 1704, Katerina gave birth to their first child, named Peter, the next year, Pavel (both died soon after). Even before her legal marriage to Peter, Katerina gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709). Elizabeth later became Empress (ruled 1741-1761).

Katerina alone could cope with the tsar in his fits of anger, knew how to calm Peter's attacks of convulsive headache with kindness and patient attention. The sound of Katerina's voice calmed Peter. Then she “sitting him down and taking it, caressing it, by the head, which she scratched lightly. This had a magical effect on him, he fell asleep in a few minutes. In order not to disturb his sleep, she held his head on her breast, sitting motionless for two or three hours. After that, he woke up completely fresh and vigorous.

The official wedding of Peter I with Ekaterina Alekseevna took place on February 19, 1712, shortly after returning from the Prut campaign.

In 1724, Peter crowned Catherine as empress and co-ruler.

Ekaterina Alekseevna gave birth to her husband 11 children, but most of them died in childhood, except for Anna and Elizabeth.

After the death of Peter in January 1725, Ekaterina Alekseevna, with the support of the serving nobility and guards regiments, became the first ruling Russian empress, but she did not reign for long and died in 1727, vacating the throne for Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich. The first wife of Peter the Great, Evdokia Lopukhina, outlived her happy rival and died in 1731, having managed to see the reign of her grandson Peter Alekseevich.

Children of Peter I:

With Evdokia Lopukhina:

Alexey Petrovich 02/18/1690 - 06/26/1718. He was considered the official heir to the throne until his arrest. He was married in 1711 to Princess Sophia-Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbittel, sister of Elizabeth, wife of Emperor Charles VI. Children: Natalya (1714-28) and Peter (1715-30), later Emperor Peter II.

Alexander 10/03/1691 05/14/1692

Alexander Petrovich died in 1692.

Paul 1693 - 1693

He was born and died in 1693, which is why sometimes the existence of a third son from Evdokia Lopukhina is questioned.

With Catherine:

Catherine 1707-1708.

Illegitimate, died in infancy.

Anna Petrovna 02/07/1708 - 05/15/1728. In 1725 she married the German Duke Karl-Friedrich. She left for Kiel, where she gave birth to a son, Karl Peter Ulrich (later Russian Emperor Peter III).

Elizaveta Petrovna 12/29/1709 - 01/05/1762. Empress since 1741. In 1744 she entered into a secret marriage with A. G. Razumovsky, from whom, according to contemporaries, she gave birth to several children.

Natalia 03/03/1713 - 05/27/1715

Margarita 09/03/1714 - 07/27/1715

Peter 10/29/1715 - 04/25/1719 Was considered the official heir to the crown from 06/26/1718 until his death.

Pavel 01/02/1717 - 01/03/1717

Natalya 08/31/1718 - 03/15/1725.

Decree of Peter I on the succession to the throne

In the last years of the reign of Peter the Great, the question of succession to the throne arose: who would take the throne after the death of the emperor.

Tsarevich Pyotr Petrovich (1715-1719, son of Ekaterina Alekseevna), announced at the abdication of Alexei Petrovich as heir to the throne, died in childhood.

The son of Tsarevich Alexei and Princess Charlotte, Peter Alekseevich, became the direct heir. However, if you follow the custom and declare the son of the disgraced Alexei the heir, then the opponents of the reforms aroused the hopes of returning the old order, and on the other hand, fears arose among Peter's associates, who voted for the execution of Alexei.

On February 5 (16), 1722, Peter issued a Decree on the succession to the throne (cancelled by Paul I 75 years later), in which he abolished the ancient custom of transferring the throne to direct male descendants, but allowed the appointment of any worthy person as heir at the will of the monarch. The text of this most important decree justified the need for this measure: "What for it was prudent to do this charter, so that it was always in the will of the ruling sovereign, whoever he wants, to determine the inheritance, and to the determined one, seeing what obscenity, he will cancel, so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger, as it is written above, having this bridle on you".

The decree was so unusual for Russian society that it was necessary to explain it and require the consent of the subjects under oath. The schismatics were indignant: “He took a Swede for himself, and that queen will not give birth to children, and he issued a decree to kiss the cross for the future sovereign, and kiss the cross for the Swede. Of course, the Swede will reign.”

Peter Alekseevich was removed from the throne, but the question of succession to the throne remained open. Many believed that either Anna or Elizabeth, Peter's daughter from his marriage to Ekaterina Alekseevna, would take the throne.

But in 1724, Anna renounced any claims to the Russian throne after she became engaged to the Duke of Holstein, Karl-Friedrich. If the throne was taken by the youngest daughter Elizabeth, who was 15 years old (in 1724), then the Duke of Holstein would rule instead of her, who dreamed of returning the lands conquered by the Danes with the help of Russia.

Peter and his nieces, the daughters of Ivan's older brother, were not satisfied: Anna Kurlyandskaya, Ekaterina Mecklenburgskaya and Praskovya Ioannovna. Only one candidate remained - Peter's wife, Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna. Peter needed a person who would continue the work he started, his transformation.

On May 7, 1724, Peter crowned Catherine empress and co-ruler, but after a short time he was suspected of adultery (the case of Mons). The decree of 1722 violated the usual way of succession to the throne, but Peter did not have time to appoint an heir before his death.

Death of Peter I

In the last years of his reign, Peter was very ill (presumably, kidney stone disease, complicated by uremia).

In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified. In October, Peter went to inspect the Ladoga Canal, contrary to the advice of his life physician Blumentrost. From Olonets, Peter traveled to Staraya Russa and in November went by boat to St. Petersburg.

At Lakhta, he had to, standing waist-deep in water, rescue a boat with soldiers that had run aground. The attacks of the disease intensified, but Peter, not paying attention to them, continued to deal with state affairs. On January 17 (28), 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered to put a camp church in the room next to his bedroom, and on January 22 (February 2) he confessed. The strength began to leave the patient, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.

The tsar then ordered his daughter Anna Petrovna to be called so that she would write under his dictation, but when she arrived, Peter had already fallen into oblivion. The story about the words of Peter "Give everything..." and the order to call Anna is known only from the notes of the Holstein Privy Councilor G. F. Bassevich. According to N. I. Pavlenko and V. P. Kozlov, it is a tendentious fiction with the aim of hinting at the rights of Anna Petrovna, the wife of the Holstein Duke Karl Friedrich, to the Russian throne.

Guards officers entered the meeting room, two guards regiments entered the square, and under the drumbeat of the troops withdrawn by the party of Ekaterina Alekseevna and Menshikov, the Senate adopted a unanimous decision by 4 o'clock in the morning on January 28 (February 8). By decision of the Senate, the throne was inherited by Peter's wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna, who became the first Russian empress on January 28 (February 8), 1725 under the name Catherine I.

At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning on January 28 (February 8), 1725, Peter the Great died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. An autopsy showed the following: "a sharp narrowing in the region of the back of the urethra, hardening of the neck of the bladder and Antonov fire." Death followed from inflammation of the bladder, which turned into gangrene due to urinary retention caused by a narrowing of the urethra.

The famous court icon painter Simon Ushakov painted on a cypress board the image of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Apostle Peter. After the death of Peter I, this icon was installed over the imperial tombstone.

How is the rating calculated?
◊ The rating is calculated based on the points accrued in the last week
◊ Points are awarded for:
⇒ visiting pages dedicated to the star
⇒ vote for a star
⇒ star commenting

Biography, life story of Peter I

Peter I the Great (Peter Alekseevich) is the last Tsar of All Russia from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (since 1721).

The Early Years of Peter. 1672-1689 years

Peter was born on the night of May 30 (June 9), 1672 (in 7180 according to the then accepted chronology "from the creation of the world"). The exact place of Peter's birth is unknown; some historians indicated the birthplace of the Terem Palace of the Kremlin, and according to folk tales, Peter was born in the village of Kolomenskoye, and Izmailovo was also indicated.

Father - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - had numerous offspring: Peter I was the 14th child, but the first from his second wife, Tsarina Natalya Naryshkina. June 29 on the day of St. Apostles Peter and Paul, the prince was baptized in the Miracle Monastery (according to other sources in the church of Gregory of Neocaesarea, in Derbitsy), by archpriest Andrei Savinov and named Peter.

Education

After spending a year with the queen, he was given to the education of nannies. In the 4th year of Peter's life, in 1676, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich died. The guardian of the prince was his half-brother, godfather and new tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Peter received a poor education, and until the end of his life he wrote with errors, using a poor vocabulary. This was due to the fact that the then Patriarch of Moscow, Joachim, as part of the fight against “Latinization” and “foreign influence”, removed from the royal court the students of Simeon of Polotsk, who taught Peter’s older brothers, and insisted that worse educated clerks be engaged in Peter’s education. N. M. Zotov and A. Nesterov. In addition, Peter did not have the opportunity to get an education from a university graduate or from a secondary school teacher, since neither universities nor secondary schools existed in the Muscovite state during Peter's childhood, and among the estates of Russian society, only clerks, clerks and higher clergy were trained literacy. The clerks taught Peter to read and write from 1676 to 1680. Peter was able to subsequently compensate for the shortcomings of basic education with rich practical exercises.

CONTINUED BELOW

Streltsy rebellion of 1682 and the coming to power of Sofia Alekseevna

On April 27 (May 7), 1682, after 6 years of reign, the sickly Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died. The question arose of who should inherit the throne: the older, sickly Ivan, according to custom, or the young Peter. Enlisting the support of Patriarch Joachim, the Naryshkins and their supporters on April 27 (May 7), 1682, elevated Peter to the throne. In fact, the Naryshkin clan came to power and Artamon Matveev, summoned from exile, declared the “great guardian”.

This gave impetus to the start of the Streltsy rebellion. Natalya Kirillovna, hoping to calm the rebels, together with the patriarch and the boyars, led Peter and his brother to the Red Porch. The consequence of the horrors of the streltsy performances experienced was Peter's illness: with strong excitement, he began to have convulsive movements of his face. However, the uprising was not over. On May 26, elected representatives from the archery regiments came to the palace and demanded that the elder Ivan be recognized as the first tsar, and the younger Peter as the second. Fearing a repetition of the pogrom, the boyars agreed, and Patriarch Joachim immediately performed a solemn prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral for the health of the two named kings; and on June 25 he crowned them to the kingdom.

On May 29, the archers insisted that Princess Sofya Alekseevna take over the government due to the infancy of her brothers.

In the Armory of the Kremlin, a double throne for young tsars with a small window in the back, through which Princess Sophia and those close to her told them how to behave and what to say during palace ceremonies, has been preserved.

Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, together with her son Peter, the second tsar, had to retire from the court to a palace near Moscow in the village of Preobrazhensky. At this time, in the biography of Peter 1, an interest in military activities arose, he created "amusing" regiments. He is fond of firearms, shipbuilding, spends a lot of time in the German settlement.

The first marriage of Peter I

The German settlement was the nearest "neighbor" of the village of Preobrazhenskoye, and Peter had long been eyeing her curious life. An increasing number of foreigners at the court of Tsar Peter, such as Franz Timmermann and Karsten Brandt, came from the German Quarter. All this imperceptibly led to the fact that the king became a frequent guest in the settlement, where he soon turned out to be a great admirer of the laid-back foreign life. Peter lit a German pipe, began to attend German parties with dancing and drinking, met Patrick Gordon, Franz Lefort - Peter's future associates, started an affair with Anna Mons. Peter's mother strongly opposed this. In order to reason with her 17-year-old son, Natalya Kirillovna decided to marry him to Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of the okolnichi.

Peter did not argue with his mother, and on January 27, 1689, the wedding of the “younger” tsar was played. However, less than a month later, Peter left his wife and left for a few days at Lake Pleshcheyevo. From this marriage, Peter had two sons: the eldest, Alexei, was heir to the throne until 1718, the youngest, Alexander, died in infancy.

Accession of Peter I

Peter's activity greatly disturbed Princess Sophia, who understood that with the coming of age of her half-brother, she would have to give up power.

On July 8, 1689, on the feast of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public conflict took place between the matured Peter and the Ruler. On that day, according to custom, a religious procession was made from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral. At the end of mass, Peter approached his sister and announced that she should not dare to go along with the men in the procession. Sophia accepted the challenge: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and went for crosses and banners. Unprepared for such an outcome, Peter left the course.

In August 1689, Princess Sophia tried to turn the archers against Peter, but most of the troops obeyed the legitimate king, and Princess Sophia had to admit defeat. She herself went to the Trinity Monastery, but in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye she was met by Peter's envoys with orders to return to Moscow. Soon Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent under strict supervision.

The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or John), met Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and in fact gave him all power. Since 1689, he did not take part in the reign, although until his death on January 29 (February 8), 1696, he continued to be co-tsar. Little participated in the board at first, and Peter himself, giving authority to the Naryshkin family.

Azov campaigns. 1695-1696

The priority of Peter I in the first years of autocracy was the continuation of the war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimea. Instead of campaigns against the Crimea, undertaken during the reign of Princess Sophia, Peter I decided to strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov.
The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, ended unsuccessfully in September of the same year due to the lack of a fleet and the unwillingness of the Russian army to operate far from supply bases. However, already in the autumn of 1695, preparations began for a new campaign. Peter I took part in the siege with the rank of captain in a galley. Without waiting for the assault, on July 19, 1696, the fortress surrendered. So the first exit of Russia to the southern seas was opened.

However, Peter failed to get access to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire. To finance the construction of the fleet, new types of taxes are introduced. At this time, the first signs of dissatisfaction with the activities of Peter appear. In the summer of 1699, the first large Russian ship "Fortress" (46-gun) took the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for peace negotiations. The very existence of such a ship persuaded the Sultan to conclude peace in July 1700, which left the fortress of Azov behind Russia.

Great Embassy. 1697-1698

In March 1697, the Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe through Livonia, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. In total, up to 250 people entered the embassy, among which, under the name of the constable of the Preobrazhensky regiment Peter Mikhailov, was Tsar Peter I himself. For the first time, the Russian Tsar undertook a trip outside his state.

Peter visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, a visit to Venice and to the Pope was planned.

The embassy recruited several hundred shipbuilding specialists to Russia and purchased military and other equipment.

In addition to negotiations, Peter devoted a lot of time to the study of shipbuilding, military affairs and other sciences. Peter worked as a carpenter at the shipyards of the East India Company, with the participation of the king, the ship "Peter and Paul" was built. In England he visited the foundry, the arsenal, the Parliament, the University of Oxford, the Greenwich Observatory and the Mint, whose caretaker at that time was Isaac Newton. He was primarily interested in the technical achievements of Western countries, and not in the legal system. It is said that when Peter visited Westminster Hall, he saw there "lawyers", that is, barristers, in their robes and wigs. He asked: “What kind of people are these and what are they doing here?”. They answered him: "These are all lawmen, Your Majesty." "Legalists! Peter was surprised. - Why are they? In all my kingdom there are only two lawyers, and then I suppose one of them will be hanged when I return home.. True, having visited the English parliament incognito, where the speeches of the deputies before King William III were translated to him, the king said: “It’s fun to hear when the sons of the patronymic tell the king clearly the truth, this should be learned from the British”.

Return. Critical years for Russia 1698-1700

In July 1698, the Great Embassy was interrupted by the news of a new streltsy rebellion in Moscow, which was suppressed even before the arrival of Peter. Upon the arrival of the tsar in Moscow (August 25), a search and inquiry began, which resulted in a one-time execution of about 800 archers (except for those executed during the suppression of the rebellion), and subsequently several hundred more until the spring of 1699. Princess Sophia and Peter's unloved wife, Evdokia Lopukhina, were tonsured as nuns and sent to a monastery.

During the 15 months of his stay abroad, Peter saw a lot and learned a lot. After the return of the tsar on August 25, 1698, his reforming activity began, initially aimed at changing the external signs that distinguish the Old Slavonic way of life from the Western European one. In the Transfiguration Palace, Peter suddenly began to cut the beards of the nobles, and already on August 29, 1698, the famous decree was issued "About wearing a German dress, about shaving beards and mustaches, about going to schismatics in the attire indicated for them", which banned the wearing of beards from September 1.

The new 7208th year according to the Russian-Byzantine calendar (“from the creation of the world”) became the 1700th year according to the Julian calendar. Peter also introduced the celebration of January 1 of the New Year, and not on the day of the autumn equinox, as was celebrated earlier. In his special decree it was written:
“Because in Russia they consider the New Year in different ways, from now on stop fooling people's heads and count the New Year everywhere from the first of January. And as a sign of a good undertaking and fun, congratulate each other on the New Year, wishing well-being in business and prosperity in the family. In honor of the New Year, make decorations from fir trees, amuse children, ride sleds from the mountains. And for adults, drunkenness and massacre should not be committed - there are enough other days for that.

Creation of the Russian Empire. 1700-1724 years

For the development of trade, access to the Baltic Sea was required. So the next stage in the reign of Peter 1 was the war with Sweden. Having made peace with Turkey, he captured the fortress of Noteburg, Nienschanz. In May 1703, the construction of St. Petersburg began. In the next - taken Narva, Dorpat. In June 1709, Sweden was defeated in the Battle of Poltava. Shortly after the death of Charles XII, peace was concluded between Russia and Sweden. New lands joined Russia, access to the Baltic Sea was obtained.

After the victory in the Northern War and the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt in September 1721, the Senate and the Synod decided to present Peter with the title of emperor of all Russia. The population of the Russian Empire was up to 15 million subjects and was inferior in Europe in terms of numbers only to France (about 20 million).

Also during his reign, Kamchatka was annexed, the coast of the Caspian Sea was conquered. Peter 1 carried out military reform several times. Basically, it concerned the collection of money for the maintenance of the army, navy, it was carried out by force.

Transformations of Peter I

All internal state activity of Peter can be conditionally divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.
The peculiarity of the first stage was the haste and not always thoughtful nature, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. In the second period, the reforms were more systematic.

Peter carried out a reform of state administration, transformations in the army, a navy was created, a reform of church administration was carried out, aimed at eliminating church jurisdiction autonomous from the state and subordinating the Russian church hierarchy to the Emperor. Financial reform was also carried out, measures were taken to develop industry and trade.
After returning from the Great Embassy, Peter I led the fight against the external manifestations of the "outdated" way of life (the most famous ban on beards), but no less paid attention to the introduction of the nobility to education and secular Europeanized culture. Secular educational institutions began to appear, the first Russian newspaper was founded, translations of many books into Russian appeared. Success in the service of Peter made the nobles dependent on education.

Peter was clearly aware of the need for enlightenment, and took a number of drastic measures to this end. The goals of mass education were to be served by the digital schools created by decree of 1714 in provincial cities, designed to “to teach children of all ranks to read and write, numbers and geometry”. It was supposed to create two such schools in each province, where education was supposed to be free. Garrison schools were opened for soldiers' children, and a network of theological schools was created for the training of priests in 1721. Peter's decrees introduced compulsory education for nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met with fierce resistance and was canceled. Peter's attempt to create an all-estate elementary school failed (the creation of a network of schools ceased after his death, most of the digital schools under his successors were redesigned into class schools for the training of the clergy), but nevertheless, during his reign, the foundations were laid for the spread of education in Russia.

Peter created new printing houses, in which 1312 titles of books were printed in 1700-1725 (twice as many as in the entire previous history of Russian book printing).

There have been changes in the Russian language, which included 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages.

In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the Academy of Sciences being organized (opened in 1725 after his death).

Of particular importance was the construction of stone Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out according to the plan developed by the tsar. He created a new urban environment with previously unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theatre, masquerades). The interior decoration of houses, the way of life, the composition of food, etc. have changed.

By a special decree of the tsar in 1718, assemblies were introduced, representing a new form of communication between people in Russia.

Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. He by special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) forbade forced marriage and marriage. It was prescribed that there should be at least six weeks between the betrothal and the wedding, "so that the bride and groom may recognize each other". If during this time, it was said in the decree, “the bridegroom will not want to take the bride, or the bride will not want to marry the groom,” no matter how the parents insist, “there is to be freedom”. Since 1702, the bride herself (and not just her relatives) was given the formal right to terminate the betrothal and upset the arranged marriage, and neither side had the right to “beat with a forfeit”. Legislative prescriptions 1696-1704 about public festivities introduced the obligation to participate in the celebrations and festivities of all Russians, including "female".

In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening the state and familiarizing the elite with European culture while strengthening absolutism. In the course of the reforms, the technical and economic backwardness of Russia from a number of other European states was overcome, access to the Baltic Sea was won, and transformations were carried out in many areas of the life of Russian society. Gradually, among the nobility, a different system of values, worldview, aesthetic ideas took shape, which was fundamentally different from the values and worldview of most representatives of other estates. At the same time, the people's forces were extremely depleted, the prerequisites (Decree of Succession) were created for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the "epoch of palace coups".

Orders

1698 - Order of the Garter (England) - the order was awarded to Peter during the Great Embassy for diplomatic reasons, but Peter refused the award.

1703 - Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (Russia) - for the capture of two Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva.

1712 - Order of the White Eagle (Polish Commonwealth) - in response to the awarding of the King of the Commonwealth Augustus II with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

1713 - Order of the Elephant (Denmark) - for success in the Northern War.

Character

In Peter I, practical sharpness and dexterity, gaiety, apparent directness were combined with spontaneous impulses in expressing both affection and anger, and sometimes with unbridled cruelty.
In his youth, Peter indulged in insane drunken orgies with his comrades. In anger, he could beat those close to him. He chose "noble people" and "old boyars" as victims of his evil jokes - as Prince Kurakin reports, “fat people were dragged through chairs where it was impossible to stand, many were stripped of their dresses and left naked ...”. The All-Joking, All-Drunken, and Most Extravagant Cathedral, created by him, was engaged in mockery of everything that was valued and revered in society as primordial everyday or moral-religious foundations. He personally acted as an executioner during the execution of participants in the Streltsy uprising.
During the fighting on the territory of the Commonwealth on July 11, 1705, Peter was present at Vespers in the Basilian Monastery in Polotsk. After one of the Basilians called Josaphat Kuntsevich, who oppressed the Orthodox population, a holy martyr, the tsar ordered the monks to be seized. The Basilians tried to resist and four of them were hacked to death. The next day, Peter ordered the hanging of a monk distinguished by sermons directed against the Russians.

Family of Peter I

Alexei Petrovich, the official heir to the Russian throne, condemned the transformation of his father, and eventually fled to Vienna under the patronage of a relative of his wife (Charlotte of Brunswick) Emperor Charles VI, where he sought support in the overthrow of Peter I. In 1717, the prince was persuaded to return home, where he was taken into custody. On June 24 (July 5), 1718, the Supreme Court, which consisted of 127 people, sentenced Alexei to death, finding him guilty of high treason. On June 26 (July 7), 1718, the prince, without waiting for the execution of the sentence, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

From his marriage with Princess Charlotte of Brunswick, Tsarevich Alexei left his son Peter Alekseevich (1715-1730), who became Emperor Peter II in 1727, and his daughter Natalia Alekseevna (1714-1728).

In 1703, Peter I met 19-year-old Katerina, nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya, who was captured by Russian troops as spoils of war during the capture of the Swedish fortress of Marienburg. Peter took the former maid from the Baltic peasants from Alexander Menshikov and made her his mistress. In 1704, Katerina gave birth to their first child, named Peter, the next year, Pavel (both died soon after). Even before her legal marriage to Peter, Katerina gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709). Elizabeth later became Empress (ruled 1741-1761).
Katerina alone could cope with the tsar in his fits of anger, knew how to calm Peter's attacks of convulsive headache with kindness and patient attention. The sound of Katerina's voice calmed Peter; then she:
“I sat him down and took him, caressing him by the head, which I scratched slightly. This had a magical effect on him, he fell asleep in a few minutes. In order not to disturb his sleep, she held his head on her breast, sitting motionless for two or three hours. After that, he woke up completely fresh and alert.

The official wedding of Peter I with Ekaterina Alekseevna took place on February 19, 1712, shortly after returning from the Prut campaign. In 1724, Peter crowned Catherine as empress and co-ruler. Ekaterina Alekseevna gave birth to her husband 11 children, but most of them died in childhood, except for Anna and Elizabeth.

Death of Peter

In the last years of his reign, Peter was very ill (presumably, kidney stone disease, complicated by uremia). In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified. In October, Peter went to inspect the Ladoga Canal, contrary to the advice of his life physician Blumentrost. From Olonets, Peter traveled to Staraya Russa and in November went to St. Petersburg by water. At Lakhta, he had to, standing waist-deep in water, rescue a boat with soldiers that had run aground. The attacks of the disease intensified, but Peter, not paying attention to them, continued to deal with state affairs. On January 17, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered a camp church to be built in the room next to his bedroom, and on January 22 he confessed. The strength began to leave the patient, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.

On January 27 (February 7), all those sentenced to death or hard labor were amnestied (excluding murderers and those convicted of repeated robbery). On the same day, at the end of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could be made out of what was written: "Give it all...". The tsar then ordered his daughter Anna Petrovna to be called so that she would write under his dictation, but when she arrived, Peter had already fallen into oblivion ..

When it became obvious that the emperor was dying, the question arose of who would take the place of Peter. The Senate, the Synod and the generals - all institutions that did not have the formal right to control the fate of the throne, even before Peter's death, gathered on the night of January 27-28, 1725 to decide on the successor of Peter the Great. Guards officers entered the meeting room, two guards regiments entered the square, and to the drumbeat of the troops withdrawn by the party of Ekaterina Alekseevna and Menshikov, the Senate adopted a unanimous decision by 4 o'clock in the morning on January 28. By decision of the Senate, the throne was inherited by Peter's wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna, who became the first Russian empress on January 28 (February 8), 1725 under the name Catherine I.

At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning on January 28 (February 8), 1725, Peter the Great died in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The last tsar of all Russia and the first Emperor of Russia - Peter the Great- a truly great figure. No wonder this king was called Peter the Great. He sought not only to expand the borders of the Russian state, but also to make life in it similar to what he saw in Europe. He learned a lot himself and taught others.

Brief biography of Peter the Great

Peter the Great belonged to the Romanov family, he was born June 9, 1672. His father is a king Alexey Mikhailovich. His mother is the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Naryshkina. Peter I was the first child from the tsar's second marriage and the fourteenth in a row.

AT 1976 the father of Peter Alekseevich died and his elder son ascended the throne - Fedor Alekseevich. He was sickly and ruled for about 6 years.

Streltsy rebellion

After the death of Fedor III, the question arose: who will rule next? Peter's older brother Ivan was a sickly child (he was also called weak-minded) and it was decided to put Peter on the throne.

However, the relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich did not like it - Miloslavsky. Enlisting the support of 20 thousand archers, who showed discontent at that time, the Miloslavsky staged a riot in 1682.

The consequence of this streltsy rebellion was the proclamation of Peter's sister, Sophia, as regent until Ivan and Peter grow up. Subsequently, Peter and Ivan were considered dual rulers of the Russian state until Ivan's death in 1686.

Tsarina Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow with Peter.

"Amusing" troops of Peter

In the villages Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Peter was engaged in far from children's games - he formed from his peers "fun" troops and learned to fight. Foreign officers helped him to master military literacy.

Later, from these two battalions were formed Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments- the basis of Peter's guard.

Beginning of independent government

In 1689 On the advice of his mother, Peter married. The daughter of a Moscow boyar was chosen for him as a bride Evdokia Lopukhin. After the marriage, 17-year-old Peter was considered an adult and could claim independent rule.

Suppression of the rebellion

Princess Sophia immediately realized what danger she was in. Not wanting to lose power, she persuaded the archers stand up to Peter. Young Peter managed to gather an army loyal to him, and together with him he moved to Moscow.

The uprising was brutally suppressed, the instigators were executed, they were hanged, flogged with a whip, burned with a red-hot iron. Sofia was sent to Novodevichy Convent.

Capture of Azov

Since 1696, after the death of Tsar Ivan V, Peter became sole ruler of Russia. He turned his gaze a year earlier to the map. Advisers, among them the beloved Swiss Lefort, suggested that Russia needed access to the sea, it was necessary to build a fleet, it was necessary to move south.

The Azov campaigns began. Peter himself participated in the battles, gained combat experience. On the second attempt, they captured Azov, in a convenient bay of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, Peter laid the city Taganrog.

Trip to Europe

Peter went "incognito", he was called the volunteer Petr Mikhailov,
sometimes captain of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

In England Peter the Great studied maritime affairs, in Germany- artillery, in Holland worked as a simple carpenter. But he had to return to Moscow prematurely - he received information about a new rebellion of archers. After the brutal massacre of the archers and executions, Peter began to prepare for the war with Sweden.

Peter's war with Sweden

On the allies of Russia - Poland and Denmark- the young Swedish king began to attack CharlesXII who decided to conquer all of northern Europe. Peter I decided to go to war against Sweden.

Battle of Narva

First battle near Narva in 1700 was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. Having a multiple advantage over the Swedish army, the Russians failed to take the fortress of Narva, and they had to retreat.

decisive action

Having attacked Poland, Charles XII got bogged down in the war for a long time. Taking advantage of the respite, Peter announced a set of recruits. He issued a decree according to which they began to collect money for the war against Sweden, bells from churches melted down into cannons, strengthened old fortresses, erected new ones.

St. Petersburg - the new capital of Russia

Peter the Great personally participated in a sortie with two regiments of soldiers against the Swedish ships that blocked the exit to the Baltic Sea. The attack was successful, the ships were captured, the exit to the sea became free.

On the banks of the Neva, Peter ordered the construction of a fortress in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, later named Petropavlovskaya. It was around this fortress that the city was formed. St. Petersburg is the new capital of Russia.

Battle of Poltava

The news of Peter's successful sortie on the Neva forced the Swedish king to move his troops to Russia. He chose the south, where he was waiting for help from Turk and where is ukrainian Hetman Mazepa promised him to give the Cossacks.

The battle near Poltava, where the Swedes and Russians pulled their troops, did not last long.

The Cossacks brought by Mazepa were left by Charles XII in the wagon train, they were not sufficiently trained and equipped. The Turks never came. Numerical superiority in the troops was on the side of the Russians. And no matter how hard the Swedes tried to break through the ranks of the Russian troops, no matter how they rebuilt their regiments, they failed to turn the tide of the battle in their favor.

The cannonball hit Karl's stretcher, he lost consciousness, and panic began among the Swedes. After the victorious battle, Peter arranged a feast at which treated the captured Swedish generals and thanked them for the science.

Internal reforms of Peter the Great

Peter the Great actively, in addition to wars with other states, was engaged in reforms within the country. He demanded that the courtiers take off their coats and put on European clothes, that they shave their beards, go to balls arranged for them.

Important reforms of Peter

Instead of the Boyar Duma, he established Senate, who dealt with the solution of important state issues, introduced a special Table of ranks, which defined the classes of military and civilian officials.

Petersburg began to operate Marine Academy, opened in Moscow math school. Under him, the country began to publish first Russian newspaper. For Peter, there were no titles and awards. If he saw a capable person, albeit of low birth, then he sent him to study abroad.

Reform Opponents

Many innovations of Peter did not like- starting from the highest ranks, ending with serfs. The church called him a heretic, the schismatics - the Antichrist, sent all sorts of blasphemy against him.

The peasants were completely dependent on the landowners and the state. Increasing tax burden 1.5-2 times, for many it turned out to be unbearable. Major uprisings took place in Astrakhan, on the Don, in Ukraine, the Volga region.

Breaking the old way of life caused a negative reaction among the nobles. Peter's son, his heir Alexei, became an opponent of reforms and went against his father. He was accused of conspiracy and in 1718 sentenced to death.

Last year of reign

In the last years of the reign of Peter was very sick He had kidney problems. In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified.

On January 28, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered a camp church to be built in the room next to his bedroom, and on February 2 he confessed. Forces began to leave the sick, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.

On February 7, all those sentenced to death or hard labor were amnestied (excluding murderers and those convicted of repeated robbery). On the same day, at the end of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could be made out of what was written: "Give it all...".

At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning February 8, 1725 Peter the Great "The Great" died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

Convenient article navigation:

Brief history of the reign of Peter I

Childhood of Peter I

The future great Emperor Peter the Great was born on May 30, 1672 in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and was the youngest child in the family. Peter's mother was Natalya Naryshkina, who played a huge role in shaping her son's political views.

In 1676, after the death of Tsar Alexei, power passes to Fedor, Peter's half-brother. At the same time, Fedor himself insisted on the enhanced education of Peter, reproaching Naryshkin for being illiterate. A year later, Peter began to study hard. The teachers of the future ruler of Russia was the educated deacon Nikita Zotov, who was distinguished by his patience and kindness. He managed to enter the location of the restless prince, who only did what he got into fights with noble and archery children, and also spent all his free time climbing through the attics.

Since childhood, Peter was interested in geography, military affairs and history. The tsar carried his love of books through his whole life, reading already as a ruler and wanting to create his own book on the history of the Russian state. Also, he himself was engaged in compiling the alphabet, which would be easier for ordinary people to remember.

Ascension to the throne of Peter I

In 1682, without making a will, Tsar Fedor dies, and after his death, two candidates claim the Russian throne - the sickly Ivan and the daredevil Peter the Great. Enlisting the support of the clergy, the entourage of ten-year-old Peter puts him on the throne. However, the relatives of Ivan Miloslavsky, in pursuit of the goal of placing Sophia or Ivan on the throne, are preparing a streltsy revolt.

On May 15, an uprising begins in Moscow. Ivan's relatives start a rumor about the murder of the prince. Outraged by this, the archers advance to the Kremlin, where they are met by Natalya Naryshkina, along with Peter and Ivan. Even after being convinced of the lies of the Miloslavskys, the archers continued to kill and rob in the city for several more days, demanding the feeble-minded Ivan as king. After a truce was reached, as a result of which both brothers were appointed rulers, but until they came of age, their sister Sophia was to rule the country.

The formation of the personality of Peter I

Having witnessed the cruelty and recklessness of the archers during the riot, Peter hated them, wanting to avenge his mother's tears and the death of innocent people. During the reign of the regent, Peter and Natalia Naryshkina lived most of the time in Semenovsky, Kolomensky and Preobrazhensky villages. He left them only to participate in ceremonial receptions in Moscow.

The liveliness of mind, as well as the natural curiosity and firmness of Peter's character, led him to a passion for military affairs. He even collects "amusing regiments" in the villages, recruiting teenage boys from both noble and peasant families. Over time, such fun turned into real military exercises, and the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments become quite an impressive military force, which, according to the records of contemporaries, surpassed the archers. In the same period, Peter plans to create a Russian fleet.

He gets acquainted with the basics of shipbuilding on the Yauza and Lake Pleshcheeva. At the same time, foreigners who lived in the German Quarter had a huge role in the strategic thinking of the prince. Many of them became faithful companions of Peter in the future.

At the age of seventeen, Peter the Great marries Evdokia Lopukhina, but a year later he becomes indifferent to his wife. At the same time, he is often seen with the daughter of a German merchant, Anna Mons.

Marriage and coming of age give Peter the Great the right to take the throne promised to him earlier. However, Sophia does not like this at all and in the summer of 1689 she tries to provoke an uprising of archers. The tsarevich takes refuge with his mother in the Trinity - Sergeyev Lavra, where the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments arrive to help him. In addition, on the side of the environment of Peter and Patriarch Joachim. Soon the rebellion was completely suppressed, and its participants were subjected to repression and execution. The regent Sophia herself is imprisoned by Peter in the Novodevichy Convent, where she remains until the end of her days.

Brief description of the policy and reforms of Peter I

Tsarevich Ivan soon dies and Peter becomes the sole ruler of Russia. However, he was in no hurry to study state affairs, entrusting them to his mother's entourage. After her death, the entire burden of power falls on Peter.

By that time, the king was completely obsessed with access to the ice-free sea. After the unsuccessful first Azov campaign, the ruler begins building a fleet, thanks to which he takes the fortress of Azov. After that, Peter participates in the Northern War, the victory in which gave the emperor access to the Baltic.

The domestic policy of Peter the Great is full of innovative ideas and transformations. During his reign, he carried out the following reforms:

Social;
Church;
Medical;
educational;
Administrative;
Industrial;
Financial, etc.

Peter the Great died in 1725 from pneumonia. After him, his wife Catherine the First began to rule Russia.

The results of Peter's activities 1. Brief description.

Video lecture: a brief history of the reign of Peter I

He was, of his own free will, the last tsar of all Russia and the first ruler of the Russian Empire. The life of this monarch is haunted by one mystery. His character, traditions and skills changed dramatically after the Great Embassy. Moreover, the face, figure, weight and height of Peter 1 also raised many questions.

The childhood of the future king

The first All-Russian emperor was born on the night of May 30 (June 9), 1672. Where exactly he was born is unknown: some indicate the Terem Palace of the Kremlin, others indicate the village of Kolomenskoye. His parents were Alexei Mikhailovich and (the royal couple). The boy was a direct contender for the throne. When the baby was four years old, his father died. Theodore the Third was declared the monarch, who became the guardian of the prince. His accession to the throne pushed Natalya Naryshkina into the background. She was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye.

From childhood, Peter was plagued by problems with education. The teachers were simple clerks who understood little in the sciences, while in Europe the nobles were taught by university graduates and the brightest minds of the time. But the boy made up for his lack of knowledge with practical talents.

In the sixth year of his reign, Tsar Theodore the Third died. His place could be taken by the weak Ivan, the eldest son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first wife, or ten-year-old Peter, the son from another wife. The choice was made in favor of the smaller one. So, in 1682, the boy became king.

A few years later, the people were divided: some loved the monarch, others hated it. This was due to his sympathy for Europe. Many argued that the emperor-father was replaced abroad. This was evidenced by numerous changes, including the discussion of the growth of Peter 1.

External Data

From childhood, the king was distinguished by amazing beauty. Everyone around him admired his appearance. The emperor was especially struck by his gigantic growth. In the crowd, his head was exalted above the others. But, despite his tall stature, Peter was thin and had a small clothing size. Narrow shoulders, short arms and a disproportionately small head set him apart from others. Her hair was dark, cut short, curled at the ends.

In the early portraits, a large one is clearly visible. Many believe that after traveling to Russia, another Peter 1 returned. Height, weight, and even age have changed. The mole is gone too.

Trip to Europe

Considering traditions, Ivan's relatives - the Miloslavskys - wished their representative to take the throne. Therefore, in the same 1682, both applicants were named rulers. Little Peter was sent away from the court. In the villages where the boy lived, he was fond of military affairs.

In 1689, at the request of his mother, the guy married an unloved girl. A few months later he began to rule alone.

In 1697, the king went on a trip to Europe. The monarch went to other countries incognito. Abroad, he studied the Western art of government, adopted foreign laws and lifestyles.

Upon returning, relatives and friends noticed that the growth of Peter 1 had changed. The man was called an impostor.

Change of monarch

There were many reasons not to trust the new ruler. His political program has completely changed. Now he is not looking for allies against Turkey, but directs his anger towards the aggression of Charles XII. His spiritual consciousness plummeted. The knowledge of the Russian language is weakening. From now on, he despises his people and ignores their traditions.

It is not surprising that rumors circulated around the country that the king had been replaced. But if internal changes could really be caused by the influence of foreign countries, then external changes did not dare to explain. There are legends that the king returned as a giant. The growth of Peter 1 in cm, according to some sources, reached 220. Other sources put the ruler under the bar of 2 meters.

Physical and spiritual changes

Much evidence has been found that the king was an impostor. One of the most important is the physique. Before the Great Embassy, the emperor was of medium height, inclined to be overweight. A man with a height of 204 centimeters came from abroad.

Genetically, the king could not grow to such a height. Parents, like grandfathers, did not differ in such parameters. In those days, a man two meters tall was considered a giant. In connection with the change in the body, the sovereign asked to replace his entire wardrobe. Since then, he has worn exclusively European outfits, neglecting Russian clothes.

You can also trace the changes in the portraits, which depict Peter 1 in full growth before and after 1698.

It is worth noting that immediately after returning home, the king, without even meeting his wife, sent her to a monastery. Also, according to the chroniclers, it was not a 28-year-old autocrat who returned, but a 40-year-old man. The moral code has fallen astonishingly. The emperor rioted, drank, led a wild life. He did not listen to Russian music, but promoted foreign motives. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg, while Moscow was considered a symbol of the invincibility and unity of the Russian nation.

Real facts

The answer to the question of what is the height of Peter 1 in cm can be given by every man. To do this, you need to visit the imperial chambers, look at things and try to lie in his bed.

The sovereign frightened the courtiers. This trait is directly related to his growth. The doors of the estates were made in standard sizes, so in order to enter the room, a giant two meters high had to bend down. Many historians believe that, given the tough temper that legends circulated about, the king would not have tolerated such a thing.

Each visitor to the museum, where the things of the monarch are located, saw what Peter 1 wore. Height, foot size can be determined by his clothes.

Separately, you can note the small beds. The king, with his mythical height, would have to sleep sitting up, and the man did not possess such a talent.

The Zoological Museum of St. Petersburg will help you find out the truth. There is a stuffed animal of the emperor's favorite horse. Lisette (the king gave her such a name) was of medium build. A person whose height is more than 200 centimeters would not fit on it.

Destruction of legends

About how tall Peter 1 was, modern researchers say something completely different. There are historians who are still looking for information about the substitution of the king. Hundreds of articles have been written about how and where exactly the replacement took place. But this information is fiction.

Science claims that over the past 200 years, the process has grown by 10 centimeters. With each length of life increases, puberty begins later. In the nineteenth century, the average height was 165-180 centimeters. But three hundred years ago, people with a height of 120-140 cm were considered normal.

Where did the data come from that the height of Peter 1 is 170 cm, and the false one is 2 meters? Researchers believe that centimeters were added because people of the past era were incredibly short compared to their contemporaries. It was on such grounds that the legend of the replacement of the king arose.