"Old Russian architecture". Presentation on the topic "Old Russian architecture" Novgorod architectural school
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The first church, founded in Kyiv in 989, was popularly called the Tithe Church, since Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same. A very rich library was collected under her, and the monks worked on compiling chronicles and lives of saints. The church stood for two centuries and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Sophia is the wisdom of God. The temple was built under Yaroslav the Wise. Kiev Cathedral is an example of the Byzantine style in Rus'. This is a five-nave cross-domed church. The walls of the cathedral are lined with red brick and gray granite stone - plinth, alternating with pink cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. The combination of gray and red colors with a pinkish tint gave the building a special elegance. Initially, the temple was crowned with 13 domes. The number of domes (domes) in ancient Russian architecture had a deep symbolic meaning. The number of 13 domes crowning the temple is symbolic. Twelve domes are reminiscent of the apostles (disciples of Jesus Christ), the dome located in the center symbolizes Christ himself. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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The eleventh century is also called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, churches of St. Sophia were built in other cities, in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister,” local construction features transformed them beyond recognition. The appearance of three St. Sophia cathedrals of the same type emphasized the political and cultural unity of Rus' and the spiritual connection with Byzantium. Unfortunately, Polotsk Sophia was completely destroyed in the 13th century. And in front of you is the Church of St. Sophia of Novgorod. In its compositional structure it is close to the Kyiv one. We again see a five-nave cross-domed structure, but there are also 5 domes grouped in the center. Deep, long window openings in combination with smooth walls and blades make the temple taller and more monolithic. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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Ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna Millions of tourists from all over the world flock to the open-air museum on the island of Kizhi across the waters of Lake Onega in order to see one of the wonders of the world - the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail. The entire museum-reserve, located on one of the Onega islands, is also called a masterpiece of wooden architecture.
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The ensemble of the ancient Spassky Kizhi Pogost consists of three buildings: the main Church of the Transfiguration (1714), the small Church of the Intercession (1764) and the bell tower standing between them (1874), which was built on the site of an older building. These buildings are different in architectural types, in their shapes, general outlines and were erected at different times. Nevertheless, the Kizhi churchyard did not become a pile of buildings that happened to be nearby. All these buildings form a single integral artistic ensemble. The Transfiguration Church is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. The Transfiguration Church is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. Each of these buildings subtly emphasizes the features of the main structure. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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In the 17th century, stone construction received great development. Stone churches appeared not only in cities, but also became common in rural areas. In large centers, a considerable number of stone buildings for civil purposes were built. Usually these were two-story buildings with windows decorated with platbands and a richly decorated porch. The architecture of stone churches was dominated by five-domed cathedrals and small churches with one or five domes. Artists loved to decorate the outer walls of churches with stone patterns of kokoshniks, cornices, columns, window frames, and sometimes multi-colored tiles. The chapters, placed on high drums, took on an elongated onion shape. Stone tented churches were built in the first half of the 17th century. Later, tented churches remained the property of the Russian North with its wooden architecture. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow Irina Anatolyevna Kudashova Despite the fact that many cities had their own characteristics in architecture and urban planning, elegant pomp and spectacular decorative forms and facade design began to spread everywhere. Russia, having survived the period of turmoil, seemed to be reborn, looking forward with hope for the future. During this period, the desire for decoration resulted in the decoration of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin with tents, as well as in the decoration of the white walls of St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) with bright and colorful patterns.
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The French composer Hector Berlioz, who visited Kolomenskoye in the mid-19th century, wrote: “I saw a lot, admired a lot, amazed me a lot, but time, ancient time in Russia, which left its mark in this village, was for me a miracle of miracles... I saw some new kind of architecture. I saw a striving upward, and I stood stunned for a long time.” So he spoke about the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye in honor of the birth of Ivan IV. And the new type of architecture that he admires is the tented temple. The multifaceted pointed base of the temple ends with triple pointed kokoshniks. And above them rises a stone tent, crowning the entire building. The edges of the tent are intertwined with narrow stone garlands, similar to strings of precious pearls. And its top is covered with a small neat cupola with a gilded cross. The tent style was recognized by Russian architects. The architects achieved extraordinary diversity, and not a single tented temple was the same as another. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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The central temple of the Intercession Cathedral - the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary on Red Square in memory of the capture of Kazan - is completed with a tent with a small dome. Consists of 8 asymmetrical pillar-shaped temples of different sizes. Each is dedicated to eight days in which the most important events of the campaign against Kazan took place. Four decorative tents were used in the decoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Putinki. This church became the last monument of hipped-roof architecture in Moscow, since in 1652 Patriarch Nikon ordered “not to build hipped churches at all.” Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna
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Russian architecture, like all culture, developed under the influence of Byzantium. And this is understandable, since Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium. The shape of Russian and Byzantine churches is cross-domed, that is, at the base of the temple there is a cross, above it there are vaults and a dome.
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Vladimir school Novgorod school The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal.
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The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal. Vladimir school Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir Novgorod school Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod
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St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. 1119 This temple is characterized by the dismemberment of form and the liberation of internal space
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The new form of the temple is a three-lobed finish. The facades are decorated with many windows with their frames - edges. Lancet windows also create a sense of upward movement. This desire is emphasized by the triangular completion of the three layers of the building’s wall. Novgorod temples of the 14th century Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod. 1374 Church of Fyodor Stratelates in Novgorod. 1361
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Vladimir school This school developed in the 12th century, when the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became one of the leading ones. Temples are built from white stone. They are characterized by elongated proportions and an upward tendency. Vladimir churches are richly decorated. Five-domed Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Golden Gate in Vladimir
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Church of the Intercession on the Nerl The temple is dedicated to the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, who, according to ancient belief, held a cloth in her hands - a covering, protecting the city from enemies. The temple was built in honor of the seventeen-year-old son of Andrei Bogolyubsky, young Izyaslav, who died in a fierce battle. Which folk legend calls a cherry cut down in bloom. The young man killed by his enemies may have been buried on Nerlin Hill or in the temple itself. Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei grieved for his son, and he himself chose the place for this temple.
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Moscow school of the 14th-15th centuries With the advancement of the Moscow principality in the 14th-15th centuries, the Moscow school of architecture began to develop. The Kremlin temples were built first. But not a single temple has survived to this day. The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is being created under the leadership of Italian architects. Thus, the Assumption Cathedral was created in 1475-1479 by the architect Aristotle Fiorovanti. Although the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was chosen as the basis for this temple, new qualities are clearly visible. This is integrity, geometric shape, division, isolation of facade compositions, heavy weight, earthiness. It amazes with its power and monumentality
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Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin The more refined Archangel Cathedral, built by Aleviz the New in 1505-1508. Interesting in this temple is the grid of elegant order forms. Running along the façade in two tiers. Decorative shells are inserted into the zakomaras. This temple is the tomb of the Moscow kings.
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Annunciation Cathedral Built by Pskovites in 1484-1489. This is the home church of the Moscow sovereigns.
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Bell tower of Ivan the Great Built in 1505-1508 by architect Bon Fryazin. Before this, bell towers were two-tiered or three-tiered bell towers. Or the domes were located under the drum of the temple.
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Kolomenskoye In the 16th century, the tent style appeared. The tent is the high pyramidal octagonal end of the temple. The transition to the tent reflected the desire of the architects to emphasize the elevation. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became a masterpiece of tent art. Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye, the eighth wonder of the world
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St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) This is the most complex tented church. Built by Barma and Postnik in the 1550-1560s by order of Ivan the Terrible. This is not one building. And a whole ensemble of nine buildings. The central pillar ends with a tent, and the rest, lower ones, with domes. This temple. In addition to the complexity of its form. It amazes with its decorativeness. Not a single surface is left without divisions or without coloring features. Each chapter differs from the other in both color and carved patterns.
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Churches of the 17th century In the 17th century, the cross-domed church further developed. It becomes five-headed with clearly defined tiered mosquitoes. Zakomary
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Churches of the 17th century Five-domed Trinity Church in Nikitniki 1626-1653 One-domed church
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Secular architecture In the 17th century, civil engineering expanded. An example of such a building is the English Courtyard. It is believed that Aleviz built it. In the Kremlin, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Tefil Sharutin and Larion Ushakov erected the picturesque and festive Terem Palace. It has a tiered structure: on the basement with the walkway there are the royal upper chambers, and above them is a golden-domed mansion with a watchtower.
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Naryshkin style Church of the Intercession in Fili This style developed in the 17th century. At the base of the temple there is a four-piece, on it there is an eight-piece, then another, smaller one, then another, even smaller one, and finally an onion-shaped dome. The transitions between tiers were especially decorated. These temples were created from red brick, the decor was white stone.
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Novodevichy Convent Monasteries played a significant role in the defense system of the ancient capital. It was at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent that the troops of Kazy-Girey were defeated. The wooden walls of the Novodevichy Convent were replaced with stone ones simultaneously with the construction of the White City. The Kremlin served as a model for them. Transfiguration Gate Church
Old Russian art Old Russian art is usually called the period in the history of Russian art, which began with the emergence of the Kievan state and continued until Peter’s reforms (from the 9th to the 17th centuries). In the thousand-year history of Russian art, this period accounts for more than seven centuries.
Russian medieval architecture is one of the most striking pages in the cultural history of Rus'. Architectural monuments fill our ideas about the development of culture with living, imaginative content and help us understand many aspects of history that are not reflected in written sources. This fully applies to the monumental architecture of the ancient, pre-Mongol period. As in the Western European Middle Ages, Russian architecture of the X-XIII centuries. was the main type of art, subordinating and including many other types, primarily painting and sculpture. From this time to the present day, brilliant monuments have been preserved, often not inferior in their artistic perfection to the best masterpieces of world architecture.
Wood was initially used in the architecture of the Eastern Slavs, who later formed the Russian state. At the end of the 10th century. Prince Vladimir adopted Christianity and proclaimed it the state religion. Along with Christianity, new methods of construction also penetrated into Kievan Rus. From the very beginning, church art here has a Byzantine character.
Old Russian architecture, despite its great monumentality, is characterized by extreme plasticity of forms, some special feeling of their calm and inviolability, commensurate with the size of a person, his scale and needs. All this also applies fully to the interiors of secular and religious buildings.
The initial period in the development of ancient Russian art is determined by the art of the Eastern Slavs. They were engaged in agriculture, worshiped deities who personified the forces of nature, and created images of these gods, so-called idols. Many of the mythological motifs, such as the images of the foremother-patron of the clan, sacred horses, and the firebird, have firmly entered the popular consciousness and have been carefully preserved in peasant embroidery and carving down to the present day. But they lost their original meaning and turned into an entertaining fairy tale, an intricate pattern motif.
The most ancient artistic creativity of the Slavs was most fully expressed in the production of jewelry and household items, especially metal products: rings, necklaces, wrists, earrings, often covered with a fine pattern of niello and enamel. This artistic craft was original and bore the stamp of high skill.
With the strengthening of the Kyiv state and the adoption of Christianity, art acquired a monumental, majestic character, enriched with the traditions of Byzantine culture, but largely lost its poetic freshness and fabulous naivety. New monumental art reached its peak already in the 11th century.
St. Sophia Cathedral is an example of a cross-domed church, which gained particular popularity among ancient Russian architects. The Cathedrals of St. Sophia in Novgorod (city) and Polotsk were built on the model of the Kyiv temple. The Kiev Sophia indirectly influenced the composition of many other church buildings of Ancient Rus', including the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery (exploded in 1942, restored in the 1990s), cathedrals in Rostov and Suzdal.
Small rural churches were built according to the type of hut, which is always based on a crown of four logs, which when connected form a square or rectangle, and the entire hut consists of several crowns superimposed on each other - a log house covered with a gable or hipped roof. This principle was preserved in more complex structures - towers, palaces, fortress towers. Sometimes, instead of a quadrangular frame (chetverik), an octagonal frame (octagon) is built. The principle of connecting fours and eights can be traced in the stone architecture of Rus' right up to modern times.
The process of development of ancient Russian architecture, as well as the entire culture of ancient Rus', was significantly slowed down by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The connections and contacts between construction masters from various regions of Rus', already disrupted due to fragmentation, were reduced, princely courts and monasteries fell into decay - traditional centers of cultural life, builders and icon painters went to the Horde, willy-nilly. The state of shock lasted for about half a century. But already at the end of the 13th century, a revival of Russian architecture began on the outskirts of North-Western Rus'.
As Moscow rose and its pretensions grew, the role of trendsetter in the sphere of secular and temple architecture passed to it, rather than the primacy among the Russian lands. Already in the 14th century, architects, stone craftsmen, and icon painters began to flock to Moscow, with whose ideas and hands white-stone Moscow was rebuilt. The 14th century in the history of Moscow architecture was marked by the construction of the first stone walls of the Kremlin, the Assumption and Archangel Cathedrals, which have not survived to our time. Moscow architecture developed in line with the traditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal school.
Preserve the culture of our country! Unfortunately, the turbulent Russian history and merciless time have left us not much authentic evidence of those years. In the 20s of the last century, a gang in leather jackets walked like a monstrous skating rink through Russian monuments, then a “peacemaker” with a shoe in his hand, and then the “reformers”. Over the past ten years alone, more than 150 architectural monuments have been destroyed in Moscow. And in the provinces there is often no need to destroy anything - everything is destroyed just like that. However, much still survives.
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Urban development
Europeans called Rus' “Gradariki” - a country of cities.
Medieval cities were centers of culture. The largest in Europe were Kyiv, Novgorod, Galich.
Crafts developed, of which there were about 70. Many goods were for sale.
Torzhok. Engraving16th century.
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Inside the Kremlin there were monasteries, churches, and princely mansions.
The townspeople were literate people and had broader horizons than the villagers. They traveled to other countries and received merchants.
Kyiv planall R. 12th century.
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Entering the city symbolized its power. As a rule, the Golden Gate was built at the entrance. These were complex architectural structures.
Scientists find many inscriptions on the walls.
Golden Gate in Vladimir.Reconstruction.
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Architecture. Painting
Most of the buildings of Kievan Rus were wooden. Even princes lived in such buildings. The mansions consisted of 6-7 rooms.
Typical viewboyar choir.
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Architecture. Painting.
In the 11th century, stone mansions of princes appeared in large cities. On the 1st floor there were small rooms, and the second floor was occupied by a spacious hall. The outside of the building was decorated with arches, stone carvings, and colonnades.
Princely mansions in Chernigov.Reconstruction.
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The appearance of 2-3 storey buildings led to an increase in the height of churches and cathedrals.
The cathedrals of Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, and Chernigov have reached us from that period.
Unlike today, the cathedrals were not white, but red, because... they were not plastered.
Torzhok. 16th century engraving.
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Architecture of Ancient Rus' XI-XIV centuries
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Fragmentation of Rus'
“And the whole Russian land was angry.” ( from the chronicle)
“In Rostov land -a prince in every village."
In the 13th century, Kievan Rus broke up into one and a half dozen small principalities.
The fragmentation of Rus' continued and by the 14th century, instead of 15 appanage principalities, approximately 250 were formed.
This was the process of formation of various Russian principalities, which were subsequently united by Moscow into a new state.
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Architecture of Ancient Rus'
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Architecture styles
Novgorod style:
- power, monumentality;
- short, strong;
- 5 or single headed;
- instead of mosquito bars there is a pitched ceiling;
- decorations: niches, arches, crosses, rosettes;
- Arches and triangles on the reels.
Vladimir-Suzdal style:
- temples became taller and slimmer;
- the walls are thinner and lighter;
- instead of modest decorations;
- rich stone carvings on the walls;
- arcature belt;
- elongated drums.
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Novgorod architectural school
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"Mr. Veliky Novgorod" - successor of Kyiv
St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, built in 1045-1050 at the behest of Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich.
The 11th century is the era of the “three Sophias.”
Three cathedrals - Sophia of Kiev, Sophia of Novgorod and Sophia of Polotsk, repeating the dedication of the main temple of Constantinople.
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One of the three St. Sophia Cathedrals, built in Rus' in the middle. XI century
- Representative princely temple, city cathedral;
- Erected on the banks of the Volkhov River on the territory of the ancient Kremlin;
- Built of white stone - plinth, limestone slab;
- The interior is painted with frescoes.
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Cathedral of St. George in the Yuryev Monastery
- customer book Vsevolod;
- plinth, limestone slab;
- An asymmetrical, cross-domed, six-pillar cathedral with three light domes;
- The inside is painted with frescoes, which are partially preserved.
In the 12th century, monumental princely churches were built - monuments to the passing princely era. One of them was built in 1119.
Architect Peter:“...and the master worked, Peter” (from the chronicle).
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Construction of temples in the 13th century
Since the 13th century, churches have been built at the expense of boyars, merchants and other residents. They are united by common features of the Novgorod style:
- single-headed;
- short;
- small in volume;
- three-bladed covering (in the form of a trefoil) or pitched ceiling.
Architecture examples:
- Spasa on Ilyin Street, 1374;
- Church of Simeon in the Animal Monastery;
- Church of Fyodor Stratilates on the Stream 1360 – 1361
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Decorations of Novgorod churches
- figured niches;
- recessed sockets;
- brick crosses;
- on drums;
- small arches;
- triangles on the reels.
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Examples of Russian architecture
- Church of the Nativity in the Cemetery;
- Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa in Torg.
Construction material: boulders, brick, Volkhov limestone slab.
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“One glance at the strong, stocky monuments of Veliky Novgorod is enough to understand the ideal of a Novgorodian, a good warrior, not very well-hewn... but on his own mind...
In his architecture, simple and strong walls, like himself, are the same as himself..., powerful silhouettes, energetic masses... Not always neat, but always magnificent, because it is strong, majestic, captivating.”
I.E. Grabar
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Vladimir architectural school
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Temples of the Vladimir-Suzdal land
In the 12th century, separate principalities emerged in Rus'.
Each prince-ruler in his appanage principality sought to build a temple. Byzantine and Kyiv architects were invited.
Kyiv traditions were complemented by local style features:
- Temples were built with three naves and one dome;
- The proportions are elongated and the temples are taller;
- They used white stone to richly decorate the walls.
Golden Gate in Vladimir.
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Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1152-1157
- They were built by craftsmen from Galich;
- It was built as a fortress bastion;
- It has the shape of a cube, axial symmetry;
- Single-headed, four-pillar;
- The walls are divided by flat blades and finished with semicircular zakomaras;
- Under the dome there are jagged decorations - “towns”;
- Narrow loophole windows;
- Temple-hero.
Cities of Russia Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve the unhurried flow of life, and the heritage of our ancestors, which is rightfully ranked among the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they could in Rus' without a single nail. Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve both the unhurried flow of life and the heritage of our ancestors, which is rightfully considered one of the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they knew how in Rus' without a single nail .
Belfry of the Moscow Kremlin Bell tower of Ivan the Great in the Kremlin 14th century. It consists of 3 tiers and looks like an ancient wooden watchtower. On each tier there is a ringing gallery. Its height is 81 meters. Napoleon blew it up, but it survived. The belfry was installed in the year.
12 Russian culture Ancient Russian churches were not only places of communication with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces extraordinarily embodied the identity of the nation, country and state. Ancient Russian churches were not only places of communication with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces extraordinarily embodied the identity of the nation, country and state.
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