St. Andreas Fault. Will San Francisco disappear into the earth's crust? US scientists have announced a premonition of a catastrophe near the San Andreas Fault The longest fault

March 15th, 2015


At first glance, the streets of Taft, in central California, are no different from the streets of any other city in North America. Houses and gardens along wide avenues, parking lots, street lights every few steps. However, a closer look reveals that the line of the same lamps is not entirely straight, and the street seems to twist, as if it were taken by the ends and pulled in different directions.

The reason for these oddities is that Taft, like many large urban centers in California, is built along the San Andreas Fault - a crack in the earth's crust, 1050 km of which runs through the United States.

The strip, which stretches from the coast north of San Francisco to the Gulf of California and extends approximately 16 km inland, represents the line between two of the 12 tectonic plates on which the Earth's oceans and continents are located.

Let's find out more about him...

Photo 2.

The average thickness of these plates is about 100 km, they are in constant motion, drifting on the surface of the liquid inner mantle and colliding with each other with monstrous force as their location changes. If they creep on top of each other, huge mountain ranges such as the Alps and Himalayas rise into the sky. However, the circumstances that gave rise to the San Andreas Fault are completely different.

Here, the edges of the North American (on which much of this continent rests) and Pacific (which supports most of the Californian coast) tectonic plates are like ill-fitting gear teeth that do not fit one another, but do not fit neatly into the grooves intended for them. The plates rub against one another, and the friction energy generated along their boundaries has no outlet. Where such energy accumulates in the fault determines where the next earthquake will occur and how strong it will be.

Photo 3.

In the so-called “floating zones,” where plate movement occurs relatively freely, the accumulated energy is released in thousands of small tremors, causing virtually no damage and recorded only by the most sensitive seismographs. Other sections of the fault - they are called “locking zones” - seem completely motionless, where the plates are pressed against one another so tightly that no movement occurs for hundreds of years. The tension gradually increases until finally both plates move, releasing all the accumulated energy in a powerful jerk. Then earthquakes occur with a magnitude of at least 7 on the Richter scale, similar to the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906.

Photo 4.

Between the two described above lie intermediate zones, whose activity, although not as destructive as in the castle zones, is nevertheless significant. The city of Parkfield, located between San Francisco and Los Angeles, lies in this intermediate zone. Earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 6 on the Richter scale can be expected here every 20-30 years; the last one happened in Parkfield in 1966. The phenomenon of earthquake cyclicity is unique to this region.

Since 200 AD e. There have been 12 major earthquakes in California, but it was the 1906 disaster that brought the San Andreas Fault to the attention of the whole world. This earthquake, with its epicenter in San Francisco, caused destruction over a colossal area stretching from north to south for 640 km. Along the fault line, the soil shifted 6 m in a matter of minutes - fences and trees were toppled, roads and communications systems were destroyed, water supplies stopped, and fires that followed the earthquake raged throughout the city.

Photo 5.

As geological science has developed, more advanced measuring instruments have appeared that can constantly monitor the movements and pressure of water masses under the earth's surface. For a number of years before a major earthquake, seismic activity increases slightly, so it is quite possible that they can be predicted many hours or even days in advance.

Architects and civil engineers take into account the possibility of earthquakes and design buildings and bridges that can withstand a certain amount of ground vibration. Thanks to these measures, the 1989 San Francisco earthquake destroyed mostly older structures without causing damage to modern skyscrapers.

Photo 6.

Then 63 people died - most due to the collapse of a huge section of the double-decker Bay Bridge. According to scientists, California is facing a serious disaster in the next 50 years. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale is expected to occur in southern California, in the Los Angeles area. It could cause billions of dollars in damage and claim 17,000-20,000 lives, with smoke and fires potentially killing an additional 11.5 million people. And because frictional energy along a fault line tends to accumulate, each year that gets us closer to an earthquake increases its likely severity.

Photo 7.

Lithospheric plates move very slowly, but not constantly. The movement of the plates occurs approximately at the rate of growth of human nails - 3-4 centimeters per year. This movement can be seen on roads that cross the San Andreas Fault: displaced road markings and signs of regular road repairs are visible at the fault site.

Photo 8.

In the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles, the asphalt of streets sometimes bulges as forces accumulating along a fault line put pressure on the mountain range. As a result, on the western side, rocks compress and crumble, annually forming up to 7 tons of fragments, which are getting closer and closer to Los Angeles.

Photo 9.

If the tension of the layers is not discharged for a long time, then the movement occurs suddenly, with a sharp jerk. This happened during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, when in the area of ​​the epicenter the “left” part of California shifted relative to the “right” by almost 7 meters

The shift began 10 kilometers under the ocean floor in the San Francisco area, after which, within 4 minutes, the shear impulse spread along 430 kilometers of the San Andreas fault - from the village of Mendocino to the town of San Juan Bautista. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the Richter scale. The whole city was flooded.

By the time the fires broke out, more than 75% of the city had already been destroyed, with 400 city blocks in ruins, including the center.

Photo 10.

Two years after the devastating earthquake in 1908, geological research began, which continues to this day. Research has shown that over the past 1,500 years, major earthquakes have occurred along the San Andreas Fault approximately every 150 years.

Photo 11.

Plate tectonics is a major process that largely shapes the appearance of the Earth. The word “tectonics” comes from the Greek “tekton” - “builder” or “carpenter”; in tectonics, plates are called pieces of the lithosphere. According to this theory, the Earth's lithosphere is formed by giant plates that give our planet a mosaic structure. It is not continents that move across the surface of the earth, but lithospheric plates. Moving slowly, they carry continents and the ocean floor with them. The plates collide with each other, squeezing out the earth's surface in the form of mountain ranges and mountain systems, or are pushed inwards, creating ultra-deep depressions in the ocean. Their mighty activity is interrupted only by brief catastrophic events - earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Almost all geological activity is concentrated along plate boundaries.

San Andreas Fault The thick line running down from the center of the picture is a perspective view of California's famous San Andreas Fault. The image created using data collected by SRTM (Radar Topographic Imaging) will be used by geologists to study the dynamics of faults and the shapes of the Earth's surface resulting from active tectonic processes. This segment of the fault is located west of Palmdale, California, about 100 km northwest of Los Angeles. The fault represents an active tectonic boundary between the North American Plate on the right and the Pacific Plate on the left. In relation to each other, the Pacific platform is away from the viewer, and the North American platform is towards the viewer. Two large mountain ranges are also visible: the San Gabriel Mountains on the left and the Tehachapi Mountains on the upper right. Another fault, the Garlock, lies at the foot of the Tehachapi Range. The San Andreas and Garlock faults meet in the center of the image near the town of Gorman. In the distance, above the Tehachapi Mountains, lies California's Central Valley. Antelope Valley can be seen along the base of the hills on the right side of the image.

Photo 13.

Photo 14.

The San Andreas Fault runs along the line of contact between two tectonic plates - the North American and Pacific. The plates move relative to each other by about 5 cm per year. This creates severe stresses in the crust and regularly causes large earthquakes centered on the fault line. Well, small tremors happen here all the time. Until now, despite the most careful observations, it has not been possible to identify signs of an upcoming large earthquake in the data on weak tremors.

The San Andreas Fault, which cuts across the west coast of North America, is a transform fault, that is, one where two plates slide along each other. Near transform faults, earthquake foci are shallow, usually less than 30 km below the Earth's surface. The two tectonic plates in the San Andreas system move relative to each other at a rate of 1 cm per year. The stresses caused by the movement of the plates are absorbed and accumulated, gradually reaching a critical point. Then, instantly, the rocks crack, the plates shift and an earthquake occurs.

At first glance, the streets of Taft, in central California, are no different from the streets of any other city in North America. Houses and gardens along wide avenues, parking lots, street lights every few steps. However, a closer look reveals that the line of the same lamps is not entirely straight, and the street seems to twist, as if it were taken by the ends and pulled in different directions.

The reason for these oddities is that Taft, like many large urban centers in California, is built along the San Andreas Fault - a crack in the earth's crust, 1050 km of which runs through the United States.

The strip, which stretches from the coast north of San Francisco to the Gulf of California and extends approximately 16 km inland, represents the line between two of the 12 tectonic plates on which the Earth's oceans and continents are located.

Let's find out more about him...

Photo 2.

The average thickness of these plates is about 100 km, they are in constant motion, drifting on the surface of the liquid inner mantle and colliding with each other with monstrous force as their location changes. If they creep on top of each other, huge mountain ranges such as the Alps and Himalayas rise into the sky. However, the circumstances that gave rise to the San Andreas Fault are completely different.

Here, the edges of the North American (on which much of this continent rests) and Pacific (which supports most of the Californian coast) tectonic plates are like ill-fitting gear teeth that do not fit one another, but do not fit neatly into the grooves intended for them. The plates rub against one another, and the friction energy generated along their boundaries has no outlet. Where such energy accumulates in the fault determines where the next earthquake will occur and how strong it will be.

Photo 3.

In the so-called “floating zones,” where plate movement occurs relatively freely, the accumulated energy is released in thousands of small tremors, causing virtually no damage and recorded only by the most sensitive seismographs. Other sections of the fault - they are called “lock zones” - seem completely motionless, where the plates are pressed against one another so tightly that no movement occurs for hundreds of years. The tension gradually increases until finally both plates move, releasing all the accumulated energy in a powerful jerk. Then earthquakes occur with a magnitude of at least 7 on the Richter scale, similar to the devastating San Francisco earthquake of 1906.

Photo 4.

Between the two described above lie intermediate zones, whose activity, although not as destructive as in the castle zones, is nevertheless significant. The city of Parkfield, located between San Francisco and Los Angeles, lies in this intermediate zone. Earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 6 on the Richter scale can be expected here every 20-30 years; the last one happened in Parkfield in 1966. The phenomenon of earthquake cyclicity is unique to this region.

Since 200 AD e. There have been 12 major earthquakes in California, but it was the 1906 disaster that brought the San Andreas Fault to the attention of the whole world. This earthquake, with its epicenter in San Francisco, caused destruction over a colossal area stretching from north to south for 640 km. Along the fault line, the soil shifted 6 m in a matter of minutes - fences and trees were toppled, roads and communication systems were destroyed, the water supply stopped, and fires that followed the earthquake raged throughout the city.

Photo 5.

As geological science has developed, more advanced measuring instruments have appeared that can constantly monitor the movements and pressure of water masses under the earth's surface. For a number of years before a major earthquake, seismic activity increases slightly, so it is quite possible that they can be predicted many hours or even days in advance.

Architects and civil engineers take into account the possibility of earthquakes and design buildings and bridges that can withstand a certain amount of ground vibration. Thanks to these measures, the 1989 San Francisco earthquake destroyed mostly older structures without causing damage to modern skyscrapers.

Photo 6.

Then 63 people died - most due to the collapse of a huge section of the double-decker Bay Bridge. According to scientists, California is facing a serious disaster in the next 50 years. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale is expected to occur in southern California, in the Los Angeles area. It could cause billions of dollars in damage and claim 17,000-20,000 lives, with smoke and fires potentially killing an additional 11.5 million people. And because frictional energy along a fault line tends to accumulate, each year that gets us closer to an earthquake increases its likely severity.

Photo 7.

Lithospheric plates move very slowly, but not constantly. The movement of the plates occurs approximately at the rate of growth of human nails - 3-4 centimeters per year. This movement can be seen on roads that cross the San Andreas Fault: displaced road markings and signs of regular road repairs are visible at the fault site.

Photo 8.

In the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles, the asphalt of streets sometimes bulges as forces accumulating along a fault line put pressure on the mountain range. As a result, on the western side, rocks compress and crumble, annually forming up to 7 tons of fragments, which are getting closer and closer to Los Angeles.

Photo 9.

If the tension of the layers is not discharged for a long time, then the movement occurs suddenly, with a sharp jerk. This happened during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, when in the area of ​​the epicenter the “left” part of California shifted relative to the “right” by almost 7 meters

The shift began 10 kilometers under the ocean floor in the San Francisco area, after which, within 4 minutes, the shear impulse spread along 430 kilometers of the San Andreas fault - from the village of Mendocino to the town of San Juan Bautista. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the Richter scale. The whole city was flooded.

By the time the fires broke out, more than 75% of the city had already been destroyed, with 400 city blocks in ruins, including the center.

Photo 10.

Two years after the devastating earthquake in 1908, geological research began, which continues to this day. Research has shown that over the past 1,500 years, major earthquakes have occurred along the San Andreas Fault approximately every 150 years.

Photo 11.

Plate tectonics is the main process that largely shapes the appearance of the Earth. The word “tectonics” comes from the Greek “tekton” - “builder” or “carpenter”; in tectonics, plates are called pieces of the lithosphere. According to this theory, the Earth's lithosphere is formed by giant plates that give our planet a mosaic structure. It is not continents that move across the surface of the earth, but lithospheric plates. Moving slowly, they carry continents and the ocean floor with them. The plates collide with each other, squeezing out the earth's surface in the form of mountain ranges and mountain systems, or are pushed inwards, creating ultra-deep depressions in the ocean. Their mighty activity is interrupted only by brief catastrophic events - earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Almost all geological activity is concentrated along plate boundaries.

San Andreas Fault The thick line running down from the center of the picture is a perspective view of California's famous San Andreas Fault. The image created using data collected by SRTM (Radar Topographic Imaging) will be used by geologists to study the dynamics of faults and the shapes of the Earth's surface resulting from active tectonic processes. This segment of the fault is located west of Palmdale, California, about 100 km northwest of Los Angeles. The fault represents an active tectonic boundary between the North American Plate on the right and the Pacific Plate on the left. In relation to each other, the Pacific platform is away from the viewer, and the North American platform is towards the viewer. Two large mountain ranges are also visible: the San Gabriel Mountains on the left and the Tehachapi Mountains on the upper right. Another fault, the Garlock, lies at the foot of the Tehachapi ridge. The San Andreas and Garlock faults meet in the center of the image near the town of Gorman. In the distance, above the Tehachapi Mountains, lies California's Central Valley. Antelope Valley can be seen along the base of the hills on the right side of the image.

Photo 13.

Photo 14.

The San Andreas Fault runs along the line of contact between two tectonic plates - the North American and Pacific. The plates move relative to each other by about 5 cm per year. This creates severe stresses in the crust and regularly causes large earthquakes centered on the fault line. Well, small tremors happen here all the time. Until now, despite the most careful observations, it has not been possible to identify signs of an upcoming large earthquake in the data on weak tremors.

The San Andreas Fault, which cuts across the west coast of North America, is a transform fault, that is, one where two plates slide along each other. Near transform faults, earthquake foci are shallow, usually less than 30 km below the Earth's surface. The two tectonic plates in the San Andreas system move relative to each other at a rate of 1 cm per year. The stresses caused by the movement of the plates are absorbed and accumulated, gradually reaching a critical point. Then, instantly, the rocks crack, the plates shift and an earthquake occurs.

Photo 15.

Photo 16.

Photo 17.

Photo 18.

Photo 19.

Photo 20.

This is not a still from the filming of another disaster movie, or even computer graphics.

Here we looked at this earthquake in the USA in detail -

http://www.indiansworld.org/Articles/travel_san_andreas.html#.VQVwMY6sXWQ

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC

http://galspace.spb.ru/index15.html

The longest and most active tectonic fault in the world is the San Andreas fault, located on the Carrizo Plain in California, USA.

In some places San Andreas is visible as a ravine, in others it is almost invisible. But especially clearly visible from the air or on the Carrizo Plain


1. The legendary San Andreas Fault was formed as a result of the collision of the Pacific and North American lithospheric plates. Being their border, the fault originates in Mexico, crosses the state from south to north, passing by Los Angeles through San Bernardino, and goes into the ocean right under San Francisco

2. The depth of the fault reaches at least 16 km, and the length is 1,280 km (from east to south of California). All earthquakes occur along this boundary.

3. Lithospheric plates move very slowly, but not constantly. The movement of the plates occurs approximately at the rate of growth of human nails - 3-4 centimeters per year. This movement can be seen on roads that cross the San Andreas Fault: displaced road markings and signs of regular road repairs are visible at the fault site.

4. In the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles, the asphalt of streets sometimes swells as forces accumulating along a fault line put pressure on the mountain range. As a result, on the western side, rocks compress and crumble, annually forming up to 7 tons of fragments, which are getting closer and closer to Los Angeles.

5. If the tension of the layers is not discharged for a long time, then the movement occurs suddenly, with a sharp jerk. This happened during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, when in the area of ​​the epicenter the “left” part of California shifted relative to the “right” by almost 7 meters

6. The shift began 10 kilometers under the ocean floor in the San Francisco area, after which, within 4 minutes, the shear impulse spread over 430 kilometers of the San Andreas Fault - from the village of Mendocino to the town of San Juan Bautista. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the Richter scale. The whole city was flooded.

7. By the time the fires broke out, more than 75% of the city had already been destroyed, 400 city blocks lay in ruins, including the center.

8. Two years after the devastating earthquake in 1908, geological research began, which continues to this day. Research has shown that over the past 1,500 years, major earthquakes have occurred along the San Andreas Fault approximately every 150 years.

9.

St. Andreas Fault. Will San Francisco disappear into the earth's crust?

http://newtimes.ru/magazine/2008/issue063/doc-47647.html

In April 1906, an earthquake struck San Francisco, killing more than 3,000 people and leaving 300,000 homeless. 83 years later, another thing happened, although not so terrible in terms of consequences. Catastrophists predict: sooner or later there will be a big earthquake that will level San Francisco to the ground, and the city will disappear into huge gaps in the earth's crust. And the reason for this is a crack in the ground called the St. Andreas Fault. Can a terrible earthquake be caused artificially? Where the continents are rushing and what forces pushed Africa away from South America - The New Times was looking for answers to these questions

Yuri Panchul, Sunnyvale, California

During the Cold War, there was a story that there was a Soviet nuclear missile aimed at a certain point (“water tower”) in California, which would cause the state’s crust to split into two pieces. The western portion would then be flooded by the Pacific Ocean, killing most of the 30 million Californians, including residents of Los Angeles and San Francisco. Of course, this story was not born in the USSR Ministry of Defense, but was a distorted account of the 1978 Hollywood film “Superman”.

1300 km of fear

But is there a grain of reality in this story? Along the coast of California there really is a 1,300-kilometer-long San Andreas fault, separating the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. The San Andreas (together with the adjacent Hayward, Calaveras and other faults) is a source of large earthquakes.

In some places the San Andreas is visible as a ravine, in other places it is almost invisible. The eastern and western sides of the fault move parallel to each other: the western - to the north, and the eastern - to the south. The movement of the plates occurs approximately at the rate of growth of human nails - 3–4 centimeters per year. This movement can be seen on the roads that cross San Andreas: displaced road markings and signs of regular road repairs are visible at the fault site. The most visible manifestation of the “work” of the fault is the ancient volcano Ninah, which was formed 23 million years ago, after which it was neatly, like a cake, “cut” by the San Andreas fault into two halves, and the left half “went” along the fault over millions of years 314 kilometers north and became Pinnacles National Monument.

Where are the continents heading?

What forces move thousands of kilometers of pieces of the earth's surface? Until the 20th century, the answer to this question was unknown. More precisely, there was not even a question: geological science believed that the continents were motionless, and sections of the earth’s crust moved only down and up, according to the theory of geosynclines accepted in the mid-19th century.

But since the 16th century, cartographers have noticed that the coasts of Africa and South America may be superimposed on each other, like two pieces of a broken plate, after which some researchers have periodically put forward the idea that the continents are moving. The German scientist Alfred Wegener gave the most arguments. In 1915, Wegener showed that the coasts of different continents not only coincide in contour, but also contain the same types of rocks, as well as fossils of similar animal species. Wegener suggested that 200 million years ago there was a single supercontinent Pangea, which subsequently split into parts that became modern Eurasia, America, Australia and Antarctica. For 50 years, Wegener's theory was considered a bunch of random coincidences, since geophysicists believed it was impossible that a continent (a mass of rock) could move on another mass of rock (the solid floor of the oceans) without being destroyed by friction. The situation changed only after World War II, when the US military, using sonar, mapped the oceans and discovered in the middle of them long chains of seamounts, clearly of volcanic origin. Researcher Harry Hess showed that the floor of the Atlantic Ocean is moving in two directions from a mountain range running in the middle of the Atlantic. The spreading ocean floor carries continents like a subway escalator carries passengers.


And who moves them...

As a result of the research of Hess and other scientists in the 1960s, a revolution occurred in geology comparable to the Copernican revolution in astronomy. It turned out that the earth's crust consists of several large plates (African, North American, Pacific, Eurasian and others), as well as a large number of small plates that move at a speed of several centimeters per year, colliding with each other. Each plate is about 100 kilometers thick. Beneath the plates that form the “lithosphere” is a hot, viscous layer about 200–400 kilometers thick called the asthenosphere. Tectonic plates “float” on it, carrying continents.

When plates collide, depending on the nature of the collision, mountains (for example, the Himalayas), island chains (for example, the Japanese islands), depressions and volcanoes are formed. When the oceanic and continental plates collide, the oceanic plate moves down. This is due to the fact that the ocean crust has a different chemical composition and greater density. Gerry Hess called the process a “conveyor belt”: new crust is born from solidified lava in the middle of the ocean, moves slowly for millions of years, after which it sinks back into the depths and melts.

Why do plates on the San Andreas Fault move sideways and not towards each other? The fact is that for 40 million years, a complex “dance” of three tectonic plates (Pacific, Farallon and North American) took place in the region, the boundaries between which passed at an angle to each other. The Farallon plate was “pushed” under the North American plate, after which the Pacific plate began to slide sideways along the former boundary of the Farallon and North American plates.

Tectonic plates are like froths driven by the convection currents of boiling soup. In the 19th century, scientists did not understand how this “soup” could continue to “boil” at all. According to the calculations of the famous physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), according to the laws of thermodynamics, the Earth should have cooled in just 20 million years. This contradicted geologists' estimates of the age of the Earth. Thomson did not take into account the heating of the Earth by the decay of radioactive elements, which were discovered only at the beginning of the 20th century. Because of this heating, the Earth continues to be hot after four and a half billion years of existence. We live on a huge nuclear reactor - planet Earth!

Earth shaking

Well, okay, continents are moving, but how does this affect our lives, besides the need to periodically repair several small roads crossing the San Andreas Fault? The point is that the movement is not continuous. Each shift begins with an accumulation of stress, which is “discharged” by a jerk during a large or small earthquake. In the central part, the fault “creeps” due to thousands of microearthquakes that are not felt by humans. But sometimes the tension is not discharged for a long time, after which the movement occurs in a jump.

This happened during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, when in the area of ​​the epicenter the “left” part of California shifted relative to the “right” by almost 7 meters. The shift began 10 kilometers under the ocean floor in the San Francisco area, after which, within 4 minutes, the shear pulse spread across 430 kilometers of the San Andreas Fault - from the village of Mendocino to the town of San Juan Bautista.

The main villain's plan

Thus, it is impossible to flood coastal California with a targeted nuclear explosion on the San Andreas fault. The plates in the fault area do not move towards each other, but to the sides (along the north-south line), so pushing the Pacific plate under the North American plate is less realistic than sinking an aircraft carrier with a kick. But is it possible to cause serious destruction with an artificial earthquake? Oddly enough, this idea was not only tested in Hollywood films. In 1966, geologists from the US Geological Survey (USGS) noticed an unexpected sequence of earthquakes in the area of ​​the Rocky Flats military arsenal in Colorado. The timing of the earthquakes coincided exactly with the moments when the military got rid of liquid waste by pumping it under pressure deep into the ground. Geologists conducted an experiment by pumping water into an abandoned oil field near the town of Rangeley in Colorado. For the first time in history, people artificially caused an earthquake.

After this, the USGS briefly discussed the idea of ​​​​preventing large earthquakes along the San Andreas by releasing fault stress using a large number of microquakes. However, the USGS decided not to experiment, since it is clear that they would not have enough money to pay in case of an error for the complete destruction of Los Angeles or San Francisco.


It could be worse

Despite the earthquakes, California is one of the nicest places to live on Earth. Most of the state's residents live in one or two-story houses and know the safety precautions. Therefore, the significant earthquake in San Francisco in 1989 did not cause much destruction. After all, there are problems in other places on the planet - hurricanes, tsunamis or unfavorable political conditions. And the San Andreas Fault is not the most dangerous geological feature in the United States. For example, there is the Yellowstone supervolcano, which about two million years ago covered the entire western half of the modern United States with ash. A huge number of animals died even thousands of kilometers from the eruption - due to dust that entered the lungs and contaminated drinking water. Such eruptions change the climate of the entire planet for years, causing a “volcanic winter.” But the topic of volcanoes and supervolcanoes deserves a separate article.

Information sources:

1. Michael Collier. A Land in Motion – California’s San Andreas Fault. Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. University of California Press, 1999.

2. Allan A. Schoenherr. A Natural History of California. University of California Press, 1995

3. Sandra L. Keith. Pinnacles National Monument. Western National Parks Association. 2004.

4. Bill Bryson. A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books, 2005.

5. Wikipedia – Plate Tectonics, San Andreas Fault, Supervulcano, etc.

6. Man-made earthquake – http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=343

A country

USA USA

Language Year Release of the film “San Andreas Fault” (original title - San Andreas) K:Movies of 2015

Plot

Raymond Gaines is a Los Angeles Fire Department Bell 412 helicopter pilot. He is going through a divorce from his wife Emma. One of the reasons for the divorce is the tragic death of their daughter Malory while rafting, for which Ray blames himself. His second daughter, Blake, planning to go to college, travels from Los Angeles to San Francisco on the private jet of her mother's boyfriend, Daniel Riddick.

Meanwhile, seismologist Lawrence Hayes and his assistant Kim Park, who are involved in earthquake prediction, are close to a breakthrough in their research. Just at this moment, a strong earthquake is detected at the Hoover Dam, and the structure is destroyed. As a result of the collapse of the dam, Kim dies, and Hayes, who miraculously escaped, conveys a warning that a dangerous tectonic movement has begun in the San Andreas Fault. Then Los Angeles is destroyed by a powerful earthquake. Ray, arriving by helicopter, manages to save Emma from the roof of a collapsing building. He receives a call from Blake that she is stuck inside a car in a collapsed underground parking lot in San Francisco. Then the connection is interrupted. Daniel leaves the girl to her fate, but she is saved by brothers Ben and Ollie Taylor.

Ray and Emma go to San Francisco. On the way, the helicopter breaks down, and they, having made an emergency landing in a parking lot, breaking through the window of a shopping center in the Bakersfield area, continue their journey, taking the car from the looters. The path is blocked by a colossal fissure in the ground, and they get to the city by finding a plane. The meeting place that Ray suggested to his daughter turns out to be unavailable, and he assumes that Blake will be waiting for him in one of the skyscrapers. Dr. Hayes predicts that the underground disaster will affect the entire state, and the following tremors will destroy San Francisco. One of Hayes' students hacks into the network of a television company, and the doctor, with the help of a journalist, manages to broadcast an evacuation warning. An earthquake of magnitude 9.6 almost completely destroys the city. The tsunami demolishes the Golden Gate Bridge and completes the destruction of the city. Ray and Emma are on a boat, circling the city, and find Blake and the Taylor brothers inside one of the buildings. Diving inside, Ray reaches his daughter and brings her to the surface. The rescued heroes leave the city on a boat and get to a temporary camp for survivors. The last words of Ray, who observes the scene of epic destruction: “We will rebuild everything.”

Cast

Actor Role
Dwayne Johnson Ray Gaines Ray Gaines
Carla Gugino Emma Gaines Emma Gaines
Alexandra Daddario Blake Gaines Blake Gaines
Paul Giamatti Lawrence Hayes seismologist Lawrence Hayes
Hugo Johnston-Bart Ben Taylor Ben Taylor
Art Parkinson Ollie Taylor Ollie Taylor
Archie Punjabi Serena Johnson Serena Johnson
Todd Williams Marcus Crowlings Marcus Crowlings
Colton Haynes Joby Joby
Ioan Gruffudd Daniel Riddick Daniel Riddick
Will Yun Lee Kim Park Dr. Kim Park
Kylie Minogue Susan Riddick Susan Riddick
Megan Griffin Natalie Natalie
Brianne Hill Larisa, waitress Larisa, waitress

Creation

Development

On December 1, 2011, it was announced that New Line Cinema was developing an earthquake disaster film "San Andreas: 3D" written by Jeremy Passmore and Andre Fabrizio. Allan Lob revised the script. The $100 million 3D film was produced by Beau Flynn. On June 5, 2012, the studio began considering Brad Peyton as the film's director. On July 18, 2012, New Line Cinema approached Carlton Cuse to rewrite the script. On July 18, 2013, the studio brought in Carrie and Chad Hayes for another script rewrite. On December 17, 2013, Variety reported that the disaster film would be filmed at Village Roadshow Studios in Gold Coast, Australia. It is produced by New Line Cinema and Village Roadshow Pictures, in association with Flynn Picture Company.

Casting

Filming

Filming began in April 2014 in Queensland. Filming locations also included Ipswich, Brisbane, Los Angeles, Bakersfield and San Francisco.

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Excerpt describing the San Andreas Fault (film)

“And you all listen to me,” Rostov turned to the men: “Now march home, and so that I don’t hear your voice.”
“Well, we didn’t do any harm.” That means we are just being stupid. They just made nonsense... I told you there was a mess,” voices were heard reproaching each other.
“I told you so,” said Alpatych, coming into his own. - This is not good, guys!
“Our stupidity, Yakov Alpatych,” answered the voices, and the crowd immediately began to disperse and scatter throughout the village.
The two tied men were taken to the manor's courtyard. Two drunk men followed them.
- Oh, I’ll look at you! - said one of them, turning to Karp.
“Is it possible to talk to gentlemen like that?” What did you think?
“Fool,” confirmed the other, “really, a fool!”
Two hours later the carts stood in the courtyard of Bogucharov’s house. The men were briskly carrying out and placing the master's things on the carts, and Dron, at the request of Princess Marya, was released from the locker where he had been locked, standing in the courtyard, giving orders to the men.
“Don’t put it in such a bad way,” said one of the men, a tall man with a round, smiling face, taking the box from the maid’s hands. - It also costs money. Why do you throw it like that or half a rope - and it will rub. I don't like it that way. And so that everything is fair, according to the law. Just like that, under the matting and covering it with hay, that’s what’s important. Love!
“Look for books, books,” said another man, who was taking out Prince Andrei’s library cabinets. - Don't cling! It's heavy, guys, the books are great!
- Yes, they wrote, they didn’t walk! – the tall, round-faced man said with a significant wink, pointing to the thick lexicons lying on top.

Rostov, not wanting to impose his acquaintance on the princess, did not go to her, but remained in the village, waiting for her to leave. Having waited for Princess Marya's carriages to leave the house, Rostov sat on horseback and accompanied her on horseback to the path occupied by our troops, twelve miles from Bogucharov. In Yankov, at the inn, he said goodbye to her respectfully, allowing himself to kiss her hand for the first time.
“Aren’t you ashamed,” he answered Princess Marya, blushing, to the expression of gratitude for her salvation (as she called his action), “every police officer would have done the same.” If only we had to fight with the peasants, we would not have allowed the enemy so far away,” he said, ashamed of something and trying to change the conversation. “I’m only happy that I had the opportunity to meet you.” Farewell, princess, I wish you happiness and consolation and wish to meet you under happier conditions. If you don't want to make me blush, please don't thank me.
But the princess, if she did not thank him in more words, thanked him with the whole expression of her face, beaming with gratitude and tenderness. She couldn't believe him, that she had nothing to thank him for. On the contrary, what was certain for her was that if he had not existed, she would probably have died from both the rebels and the French; that, in order to save her, he exposed himself to the most obvious and terrible dangers; and what was even more certain was that he was a man with a high and noble soul, who knew how to understand her situation and grief. His kind and honest eyes with tears appearing on them, while she herself, crying, talked to him about her loss, did not leave her imagination.
When she said goodbye to him and was left alone, Princess Marya suddenly felt tears in her eyes, and here, not for the first time, she was presented with a strange question: does she love him?
On the way further to Moscow, despite the fact that the princess’s situation was not happy, Dunyasha, who was riding with her in the carriage, more than once noticed that the princess, leaning out of the carriage window, was smiling joyfully and sadly at something.
“Well, what if I loved him? - thought Princess Marya.
Ashamed as she was to admit to herself that she was the first to love a man who, perhaps, would never love her, she consoled herself with the thought that no one would ever know this and that it would not be her fault if she remained without anyone for the rest of her life. speaking of loving the one she loved for the first and last time.
Sometimes she remembered his views, his participation, his words, and it seemed to her that happiness was not impossible. And then Dunyasha noticed that she was smiling and looking out the carriage window.
“And he had to come to Bogucharovo, and at that very moment! - thought Princess Marya. “And his sister should have refused Prince Andrei!” “And in all this, Princess Marya saw the will of Providence.
The impression made on Rostov by Princess Marya was very pleasant. When he remembered about her, he became cheerful, and when his comrades, having learned about his adventure in Bogucharovo, joked to him that, having gone for hay, he picked up one of the richest brides in Russia, Rostov became angry. He was angry precisely because the thought of marrying the meek Princess Marya, who was pleasant to him and with a huge fortune, came into his head more than once against his will. For himself personally, Nikolai could not wish for a better wife than Princess Marya: marrying her would make the countess - his mother - happy, and would improve his father’s affairs; and even - Nikolai felt it - would have made Princess Marya happy. But Sonya? And this word? And this is why Rostov got angry when they joked about Princess Bolkonskaya.

Having taken command of the armies, Kutuzov remembered Prince Andrei and sent him an order to come to the main apartment.
Prince Andrei arrived in Tsarevo Zaimishche on the very day and at the very time of the day when Kutuzov made the first review of the troops. Prince Andrei stopped in the village at the priest’s house, where the commander-in-chief’s carriage stood, and sat on a bench at the gate, waiting for His Serene Highness, as everyone now called Kutuzov. On the field outside the village one could hear either the sounds of regimental music or the roar of a huge number of voices shouting “hurray!” to the new commander-in-chief. Right there at the gate, ten steps from Prince Andrei, taking advantage of the prince’s absence and the beautiful weather, stood two orderlies, a courier and a butler. Blackish, overgrown with mustaches and sideburns, the little hussar lieutenant colonel rode up to the gate and, looking at Prince Andrei, asked: is His Serene Highness standing here and will he be there soon?
Prince Andrei said that he did not belong to the headquarters of His Serene Highness and was also a visitor. The hussar lieutenant colonel turned to the smart orderly, and the orderly of the commander-in-chief said to him with that special contempt with which the orderlies of the commander-in-chief speak to officers:
- What, my lord? It must be now. You that?
The hussar lieutenant colonel grinned into his mustache in the tone of the orderly, got off his horse, gave it to the messenger and approached Bolkonsky, bowing slightly to him. Bolkonsky stood aside on the bench. The hussar lieutenant colonel sat down next to him.
– Are you also waiting for the commander-in-chief? - the hussar lieutenant colonel spoke. “Govog”yat, it’s accessible to everyone, thank God. Otherwise, there’s trouble with the sausage makers! It’s not until recently that Yeg “molov” settled in the Germans. Now, maybe it will be possible to speak in Russian. Otherwise, who knows what they were doing. Everyone retreated, everyone retreated. Have you done the hike? - he asked.
“I had the pleasure,” answered Prince Andrei, “not only to participate in the retreat, but also to lose in this retreat everything that was dear to me, not to mention the estates and home... of my father, who died of grief.” I am from Smolensk.
- Eh?.. Are you Prince Bolkonsky? It’s great to meet: Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, better known as Vaska,” said Denisov, shaking Prince Andrei’s hand and peering into Bolkonsky’s face with especially kind attention. “Yes, I heard,” he said with sympathy and, after a short silence, continued : - Here comes the Scythian war. It’s all good, but not for those who take the puff on their own sides. And you are Prince Andgey Bolkonsky? - He shook his head. “It’s very hell, prince, it’s very hell to meet you,” he added again with a sad smile, shaking his hand.
Prince Andrei knew Denisov from Natasha's stories about her first groom. This memory, both sweet and painful, now transported him to those painful sensations that he had not thought about for a long time, but which were still in his soul. Recently, so many other and such serious impressions as leaving Smolensk, his arrival in Bald Mountains, the recent death of his father - so many sensations were experienced by him that these memories had not come to him for a long time and, when they did, had no effect on him. him with the same strength. And for Denisov, the series of memories that Bolkonsky’s name evoked was a distant, poetic past, when, after dinner and Natasha’s singing, he, without knowing how, proposed to a fifteen-year-old girl. He smiled at the memories of that time and his love for Natasha and immediately moved on to what was now passionately and exclusively occupying him. This was the campaign plan he came up with while serving in the outposts during the retreat. He presented this plan to Barclay de Tolly and now intended to present it to Kutuzov. The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operations was too extended and that instead of, or at the same time, acting from the front, blocking the way for the French, it was necessary to act on their messages. He began to explain his plan to Prince Andrei.
“They can’t hold this entire line.” This is impossible, I answer that they are pg"og"vu; give me five hundred people, I will kill them, it’s veg! One system is pag “Tisan.”

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