The Civil War and its heroes There was a time of crazy actions, a time of wild elemental forces. Sergei Yesenin Sergei Yesenin
Some extol on posters Their nonsense about bourgeois evil, About the bright proletariat, The bourgeois paradise on earth. In others, all the color, all the rot of empires, All the gold, all the decay of ideas. The brilliance of all great fetishes And all scientific superstitions. Both here and here, between the rows, the same voice sounds: “Whoever is not for us is against us. No one is indifferent: the truth is with us.” M. Voloshin
Civil War (or February 1917 - mid-20s) - one of the most important events in Russian history. The Civil War was seen, reflected, studied from two opposite sides - from the side of the victors and from the side of the vanquished. It is no coincidence that “the civil war has not yet become history in the full sense of the word, reconciliation in Russian society has not yet arrived and the time for balanced judgments has not yet come.”
Whites in the north-west of Russia October 1918 - the Separate Pskov Volunteer Corps of the Northern Army was formed on a volunteer basis under the command of Major General A.E. Vandama. After the defeat near Pskov at the end of November 1918, the remnants of the corps retreated to Estonian territory and came under the command of the commander-in-chief of the armed and ground forces of Estonia, Major General J. Laidoner. At the same time, the corps was renamed the Separate Corps of the Northern Army under the command of Colonel von Neef, who was replaced by Colonel K.K. at the end of December. Dzerozhinsky.
By the end of February 1919, the corps consisted of two rifle brigades and was subordinate in all respects to the Estonian command. In June, the brigades were deployed to the 1st and 2nd rifle divisions, and Major General A.P. Rodzianko took command of the corps. The corps itself, withdrawn from the subordination of the Estonian command, was renamed the Northern Army on June 19. The Entente countries provided the army with some military assistance. So, in August-October 1919, Great Britain provided it with 30 thousand rifles, 20 million cartridges, 32 guns, 59 thousand shells, 4 tanks, 6 aircraft and uniforms for 40 thousand people. The units of Colonel P.R. Bermondt-Avalov began to be formed on a volunteer basis at the beginning of 1919 in Germany from former Russian prisoners of war. They were based on the Salzwedel Separate Horse-Machine Gun Team. In May they were called the Separate Volunteer Partisan Detachment named after General Count Keller, in June the Partisan Detachment named after the General of the Cavalry Count Keller, then simply a detachment of the same name, and in July they were renamed the Western Volunteer Corps named after Count Keller.
In July 1919, the companies were deployed into 3 rifle battalions (1.5 thousand bayonets), a rifle division, a squadron, a 4-gun field and howitzer battery, an armored platoon, an aviation detachment, a railway battalion cadre and a railway operation brigade were formed - up to 3.5 thousand people in total. A detachment was also created under the command of Colonel Vyrgolich. All three detachments were united into the Western Volunteer Corps of the Northern (Northwestern) Army. In July, Colonels Bermondt-Avalov and Vyrgolich refused to carry out the order to be sent to the Narva front and their detachments left the corps. Lieven's units at the end of July became part of the Northwestern Army and were reorganized into the 5th Infantry Division of the 1st Corps under Lieutenant General Count Palen, numbering about 2 thousand bayonets, 4 heavy and 6 light guns, 2 armored vehicles and 7 aircraft .
It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in Russian history. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others, Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films “Wedding in Malinovka”, “The Elusive Avengers” and songs like “Old Man Makhno looks out the window...”, others’ ideas are based on “The Quiet Don” by M.A. Sholokhov, the memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. It should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in Russian history. For some, Pavka Korchagin remains a hero, for others, Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some people know the war from the films “Wedding in Malinovka”, “The Elusive Avengers” and songs like “Old Man Makhno looks out the window...”, others’ ideas are based on “The Quiet Don” by M.A. Sholokhov, the memoirs of A.I. Denikin, on more accurate historical facts. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; Let's mention just a few of them. All the heroes of this war cannot be counted; Let's mention just a few of them.
Keller Fedor Arturovich (Augustovich) (), - count, lieutenant general, commander of the 2nd East Siberian Army Corps in Manchuria, during the First World War, commander of the 10th Cavalry Division and 3rd Cavalry Corps. He graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School, from 1904 he was the commander of the 15th Dragoon Alexandria Regiment, in 1905 he was wounded by a bomb thrown by a terrorist. Since 1906, commander of the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment, since 1910, 1st Brigade of the Caucasian Cavalry Division; from 1912 10th Caucasian Division. From April 1915 to March 1917, the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps refused to recognize the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and swear allegiance to the Provisional Government. In 1918 he lived in Kyiv and served as commander of the armed forces on the territory of Ukraine. Shot by Petliurists.
Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro - hero of the 1st World War, participant of the White movement. After the October Revolution, having at that time risen to the rank of colonel and not wanting to serve the anti-people regime of the Bolsheviks, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after defeat from the Reds, Shkuro fled to Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of the same year he emigrated abroad. Andrei Grigorievich Shkuro - hero of the 1st World War, participant of the White movement. After the October Revolution, having at that time risen to the rank of colonel and not wanting to serve the anti-people regime of the Bolsheviks, he took part in the white movement. In the spring of 1918, he created a Cossack detachment in the Batalpashinsk region and in May June led a rebellion against Soviet power in the Kislovodsk region in the North Caucasus. Then, after defeat from the Reds, Shkuro fled to Kuban, where, after joining the Volunteer Army A.I. Denikin, commanded the Kuban Cossack Brigade, then the 1st Cossack Division, and finally the 3rd Kuban Corps. In November 1918, by decision of the Kuban Rada, Colonel Shkuro was promoted to major general, and a year later received the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of the civil war, Shkuro took command of the Kuban army, which, however, practically did not take part in the battles. At the beginning of 1920, he handed over command to General Ulagai, and in May of the same year he emigrated abroad.
Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich - military leader. Genus. in the family of a naval artillery officer. A good home education, a classical gymnasium and the Naval Cadet Corps, which Kolchak was among the first to graduate in 1894, gave him an excellent knowledge of three European languages, the history of the fleet and instilled an interest in the exact sciences. In November 1918 he arrived in Omsk, where he was appointed Minister of War and Naval Affairs of the government of the Socialist Revolutionary Directory. On December, Kolchak carried out a coup, declaring himself the “Supreme Ruler of Russia,” and set himself the goal of “victory over Bolshevism and the establishment of law and order.”
Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909, Kolchak’s largest work, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. Kolchak took part in an expedition to the Bering Strait; in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued for the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the autocracy of the commander. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically directed the military operations of the fleet in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the amphibious landing tactics he developed and attacked convoys of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral. Kolchak took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909, Kolchak’s largest work, Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas, was published. Kolchak took part in an expedition to the Bering Strait; in 1910 he was recalled to St. Petersburg to continue work on the shipbuilding program. Kolchak argued for the need to reorganize the Naval General Staff and demanded the elimination of parallel institutions not subordinate to each other, which strengthened the autocracy of the commander. In 1912 he transferred to the Baltic Fleet. With the outbreak of the First World War, Kolchak practically directed the military operations of the fleet in the Baltic, successfully blocking the actions of the German fleet: he carried out the amphibious assault tactics he developed and attacked convoys of German merchant ships. In 1916 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet and promoted to vice admiral.
Possessing half of Russia's gold reserves, having received military support from England, France, Japan, and the USA, he led a successful struggle in Siberia, the Urals and the Far East. By the spring of 1919, there were up to 400 thousand people in Kolchak’s army. His power was recognized by A.I. Denikin, N.N. Yudenich, E.K. Miller. Restoring private ownership of enterprises and land, Kolchak gave the commanders of military districts the right to close press organs and impose death sentences, which caused resistance in Kolchak’s rear. Finnish General K. Mannerheim suggested that Kolchak move 100 thousand to Petrograd. army in exchange for Finnish independence, but Kolchak, who stood for a “united and indivisible” Russia, refused. By the summer of 1919, the main group of Kolchak’s troops was defeated. Kolchak’s course towards the restoration of pre-revolutionary orders led to a massive partisan movement. In 1920 Kolchak was arrested by the Czechoslovaks, who handed him over to the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik “Political Center”. After the transfer of power to the Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee at the secret proposal of V.I. Lenin's Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee decided to shoot Kolchak. Kolchak's body was lowered into the hole.
Shchors Nikolai Aleksandrovich - hero of the Civil War Member of the Communist Party Born into a railway family. driver He graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv (1914) and an accelerated course from the Vilna Military School in Poltava (1916). A participant in the 1st World War, first a military paramedic, then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front, and in 1917 a second lieutenant. After the October Revolution of 1917 he returned to his homeland and in February 1918 he created a partisan detachment in Snovsk, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st Revolutionary Army, participated in battles with the German invaders.
In September 1918, in the Unecha area, from separate partisan detachments, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after. Bohuna. In October - November he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German occupiers and hetmans. On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and awarded an honorary weapon by the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine. From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shch. commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a rapid offensive, liberated Zhitomir, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the area of Sarny - Rivne - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 steadfastly defended itself in the area of Sarny - Novograd - Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of bourgeois Poland and the Petliurists, but was forced under pressure from superior forces to retreat to the East. From August 21, the commander of the 44th Infantry Division, which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway. node, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv and a way out of the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army. While in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, Shchors was killed.
The civil war was generated by a complex set of social contradictions, economic, political, psychological and other reasons and became the greatest disaster for Russia. The deep crisis of the Russian Empire ended with its collapse and the victory of the Bolsheviks, who had the opportunity to put into practice their ideas about socialism and communism. Their victory was determined by a number of factors: political unity, led by a super-centralized party, and in the hands of which was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and Entente troops; political cohesion, headed by a super-centralized party, and in the hands of which was a huge state apparatus, while in the White movement there were internal antagonisms, inconsistency of actions, contradictions with national regions and Entente troops; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast, the White movement, which was largely heterogeneous, failed to unite the bulk of the population under its slogans; the ability of the Bolsheviks to mobilize the masses. In contrast, the White movement, which was largely heterogeneous, failed to unite the bulk of the population under its slogans;
Support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave the land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; support for Soviet power by the masses, because the Soviets gave the land, they are fighting against the bourgeoisie, the old order; the Bolsheviks, under whose rule the central regions of the country were, had powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); the Bolsheviks, under whose rule the central regions of the country were, had powerful economic potential (human resources, heavy industry, etc.); superiority of the Red Army over the White Army in numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). superiority of the Red Army over the White Army in numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war). the defeat of the parties that advocated the second path of development was explained by the weakness of the social forces behind them and the weak support of workers and peasants. The failure of supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces and their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people. the defeat of the parties that advocated the second path of development was explained by the weakness of the social forces behind them and the weak support of workers and peasants. The failure of supporters of the third possible path, despite the unification of military forces and their connection with the interventionists, was historically predetermined, since this path was rejected by the overwhelming mass of working people.
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Stages of the Civil War
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1. Period (October 1917 - April 1918) 2. Period (April 1918 - November 1920) - the period of major battles, front-line war 3. Period (late 1920-1922) - the period of a small civil war (Peasant uprisings, Transcaucasia, Far East, Middle Asia)
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White movement
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Slogans: “We will die for the Motherland” “Fatherland or death” “Better death than the death of Russia” Composition: representatives of the Cossack officers, bourgeoisie, nobility, bureaucrats, intelligentsia, wealthy peasantry General goals: - destruction of Bolshevism - convening of the Constituent Assembly - restoration of a powerful united Russia Features: -lack of a single generally recognized leader -no unity in the future structure of the country -lack of a clear program of action -heterogeneity of the composition in terms of views
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Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich 1874 - 1920
Admiral, hydrologist, oceanographer, participant in the polar expedition of 1900-1902. Participant in the Russian-Japanese and World Wars 1. On November 18, 1918, he carried out a coup and established a military dictatorship, accepting the title of “supreme ruler of the Russian state” and the title of supreme commander in chief. Representatives of the White movement:
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On December 27, 1919, it was taken under the protection of Czechoslovak troops, and then transferred to the Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee. He was shot in 1920.
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Denikin Anton Ivanovich1872 - 1947
General - Lieutenant, participant in the 1st World War. In 1917 he commanded the Western and Southwestern Fronts. Arrested for participation in the Kornilov rebellion. He fled to the Don, where he became one of the organizers of the Volunteer Army. Nickname: “Tsar Anton”
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He led the campaign against Moscow in 1919. After the defeat in March 1920, he emigrated to Crimea with the remnants of the army, where on April 4 he handed over command to P. N. Wrangel and went with his family to Constantinople. During World War II he refused to cooperate with Hitler's Germany. Wrote the book “Essays on Russian Troubles”
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Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel1878 - 1928
Lieutenant General (“Black Baron”), in August 1918 he entered the White Guard Volunteer Army and commanded the Caucasian Army. With the remnants of the White Guard army in Crimea, he headed the “Government of the South of Russia”
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Caricature “Wrangel is still alive” 1918 Caricature “Wrangel is coming” - 1918
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After the defeat in Crimea on November 14, 1920, he fled abroad with part of the army. In 1924 he created the Russian All-Military Union (ROVS). He died in Brussels in 1928.
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Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich 1862 - 1933
General, in Estonia in July 1919 he led the White Guard Northwestern Army advancing on Petrograd. He became part of the “North-Western Government.” After the failure of the campaign against Petrograd (October - November 1919), he retreated to Estonia. In 1920 he emigrated to Great Britain. He died in Nice.
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Kornilov Lavr Georgievich1870 - 1918
The general, who comes from a Cossack family, rebelled in August 1917, but failed and was arrested by the Provisional Government on September 2. On November 19, he fled to Novocherkassk, where, together with M.V. Alekseev, he led the White Guard Volunteer Army. Killed during an unsuccessful assault on Ekaterinodar.
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Caricature of white generals: Denikin, Kolchak, Yudenich. 1918
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red
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Slogans: “Long live the world revolution” “Death to world capital” “Peace to huts, war to palaces” “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger” Composition: proletariat, poor peasantry, soldiers, part of the intelligentsia and officers Goals: -world revolution -creation of a republic of councils and dictatorship proletariat Features: 1. Single leader - Lenin 2. The presence of a clearer program focused on the interests of Bolshevism 3. More homogeneous composition
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The first marshals of the Soviet Union. Sitting (glory to the right): M.N. Tukhachevsky, K.E. Voroshilov, A.I. Egorov. Standing: S.M. Budyonny and V.K. Blucher. 1935
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FRUNZE Mikhail Vasilievich1885 - 1925
Party pseudonym - Arseny Trifonych. During the revolution of 1917, he arrived in Moscow with an armed detachment and took part in the battles. Conducted a number of successful operations against the White Guard troops of Admiral Kolchak. In 1920 he commanded the Turkestan Front.
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Conducted the Aktobe operation of 1919 to defeat the Whites in the Southern Urals. In September 1920, he was appointed commander of the Southern Front and led the operation to defeat the troops of General Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea. Tragically died in 1925. Buried on Red Square.
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Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich1893 - 1937
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). Commanded the 5th Army of the Eastern Front in 1919, carried out a number of operations to liberate the Urals and Siberia from Kolchak’s troops. In 1920 he commanded the troops of the Caucasian Front, after the defeat of Denikin's troops.
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Participated in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921. Since 1934 - candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner and an honorary golden weapon.
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1956 and 1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1960). He was arrested several times and served exile. Commander of the 14th Army and the internal Ukrainian Front. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich 1881 - 1969
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For military services in 1920 he was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon. Participated in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion. He was buried in Moscow on Red Square.
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Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors1895 - 1919
He commanded the 1st Ukrainian Division, which liberated Zhitomir, Vinnitsa, and Zhmerinka from the Petliurists. In 1919 he staunchly defended himself in the Sarny-Novograd region from Polish troops and Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the East. While in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, Shchors was killed.
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). Since 1919, commander of the troops of the Southern Front against Denikin. Alexander Ilyich Egorov 1883 - 1939 Egorov and Stalin - 1917
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In 1920 - Southwestern Front. Awarded 2 Orders of the Red Banner and an honorary revolutionary weapon.
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Budyonny, Frunze, Voroshilov on the Southern Front - 1920
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Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union. Created a cavalry corps that defeated the whites in the Voronezh-Kastornenskoye operation of 1919. Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny 1883 - 1973
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Awarded 7 Orders of Lenin, 6 Orders of the Red Banner, a revolutionary firearm with the Order of the Red Banner on it and an honorary weapon - a saber with the image of the State Emblem of the USSR
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Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev 1887 - 1919 Hero of the Civil War, awarded 3 St. George crosses for courage. In 1918 he formed a Red Guard detachment. September 1918 head of the 2nd Nikolaev Division. Since Apr. 1919 commanded the 25th Infantry Division, which liberated Uralsk.
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On the night of September 5, 1919, the Whites suddenly attacked the headquarters of the 25th division in Lbischensk. Chapaev and his comrades fought courageously against superior enemy forces. Having fired all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev tried to swim across the river. Ural, but was hit by a bullet and died. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
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Vasily Konstantinovich Blucher1890 - 1938
Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), originally from peasants, participant in World War I. He took part in battles against Kolchak's troops until his defeat.
Red and White Terror during the Civil War. A man at war.
“The Russian land loves, loves blood” A. Akhmatova
And I stand alone between them
In roaring flames and smoke
And with all our might
I pray for both.
M. Voloshin
“ All of us, we are all human, all baptized, all Russian. And why are we fighting, God knows. They invented some reds and whites and they fight.”
V. Zazubrin,
novel “Two Worlds”
- Civil War – organized armed struggle within one state of large masses of people belonging to different social groups for state power and property.
Let us fulfill our sacred duty,
Understanding your calling,
Let's go to a military feat,
Raising the sun above the world.
"May their lives serve
an example for young comrades"
M.I. Kalinin
CM. Kirov
M.V. Frunze
G.K. Ordzhonikidze
Revolver and saber on the wall -
Comrades in battle,
And next to him he's dozing half asleep
Budenovka is mine.
She dreams of ringing years
Battles and victories
The army commander dreams of a mustachioed man,
Harmony and moonlight.
And if the enemy comes at us
And the dust will swirl in the fields,
Will serve me again in a terrible hour
My Budenovka!
Pavel Arsky
AND I. Parkhomenko
Shchors was a man in a leather jacket, whose courage and bravery were legendary.
ON THE. Shchors
I believe: it will be -
let the years go by!
Peace and contentment...
But I didn't know yet
The universe has never been
Such a great thirst for ideal...
Evgeniy Vinokurov
IN AND. Chapaev –
civil war hero
- The revolution and civil war forced everyone to make a tough choice and inevitably raised questions: who am I with? Who am I for?
- The Civil War was understood in literature in different ways: both as a tragedy of the people, entailing irreversible consequences, and as a romantically colored great event that consolidated the victory of the Bolsheviks in the revolution.
The novel is an epic "Iron Stream" - the pinnacle of the writer's creativity.
Civil War – the need for purification of “human material”.
A.S. Serafimovich
Having become close to the Bolsheviks, he became involved in revolutionary activities. He took part in the partisan movement against Kolchak and the intervention troops (1919 - 1920), after the defeat of Kolchak - in the ranks of the Red Army, in Transbaikalia - against Ataman Semyonov (winter 1920-21). Was injured.
Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev
(1901 - 1956) – Russian Soviet writer .
The book was immediately highly appreciated.
She was called “a work of great ideological and artistic scale.”
The novel provides a justification for the civil war.
“A huge transformation of people is taking place, led by advanced representatives of the working class - communists, who clearly see the goal of the movement and determine the motives of the struggle.”
Levinson knew that they thought of him as a person "special breed"
But there were writers who accepted the civil war as an inevitability, like a natural disaster; they regret the cruel consequences of the collapse of the old world, but state a fait accompli. Hoping for the best in the future...
A. Malyshkin
Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel
(original surname Bobel. July 13, 1894, Odessa - January 27, 1940, Moscow, repressed) - Russian Soviet writer, journalist and playwright, known for his “Odessa Stories” and the collection “Cavalry” about Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army.
I. Babel
The civil war was accompanied by repression and terror.
Terror – (from lat. terror fear, horror) - the desire to keep in a state of fear through reprisals and murders.
The monarchy was overthrown. Its collapse raised such a terrible wave that engulfed Russia and almost drowned neighboring States. The country was suffering, tired of war and passionately thirsting for peace. But that was only the beginning…
Emperor Nicholas II
“We will win if the advanced vanguards of the working people, the Red Army, remember that they represent and defend the interests of all international socialism.”
IN AND. Lenin
The bloody massacres shocked the world with their inhumanity.
Revolutionary romance fades into the background. Many are horrified by the changes that the civil war made in people.
Writers and poets did not accept such a bloody price for possible future happiness.
Among them are I. Babel, M. Bulgakov, M. Sholokhov, B. Pasternak, M. Voloshin, S. Yesenin.
Sing a song, poet,
Sing.
The chintz of the sky is like this
Blue.
The sea also roars
Song.
26.
There were 26 of them,
26.
Their graves are in the sand
Don't bring it in.
No one will forget
Their execution
On the 207th
Verst.
S.A. Yesenin
The character of a person is not alien to the writer, therefore the entire movement of the hero Grigory Melekhov in the novel “Quiet Flows the Don” is a path of walking through torment, with an open, “tossed up” heart.
The entire war in the work is a space “permeated with the pure work of machine guns. The many-sided face of our infantry, going on the offensive in chains.” And yet, the elements of war did not completely crush Gregory, his heart did not harden...
M.A. Sholokhov
“I suppose you know... People were shot. Today one, tomorrow, you see, another...
Who should wait for their turn? They lead the bull to be slaughtered, and he shakes his head...
M. Sholokhov
"Quiet Don"
“The more severe the demand from him will be! Understood?
The Soviet government deals only with enemies... and we mercilessly punish those representatives of the Soviet government who offend the working population!”
M. Sholokhov
"Quiet Don"
“- So, - The ataman is no longer alive, the flower of the Cossack nobility is buried in a ravine outside the city, - the blood on the steps cried out for vengeance...”
From the novel by A. Tolstoy
"The Road to Calvary"
A. Tolstoy
Didn’t I choose the hour of birth myself?
Age and kingdom, region and people.
To go through torment and baptism,
Conscience, fire and waters?
M. Voloshin
“Bitter child killer Rus'” killed her sons, among them the best of the best.
Maybe I'll draw the same lot,
Bitter child killer, Rus'!
And at the bottom of your cellars I will perish,
Or I'll slip in a bloody puddle,
But I will not leave your Golgotha,
I will not renounce your graves.
And now I want one thing
You who have lived, understand the request
Light a candle in a bright temple
Before Eternity, remember!
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Having suppressed the resistance of forces loyal to the Provisional Government in Petrograd and Moscow, the Bolsheviks managed to quickly establish dominance in the main industrial cities of Russia. The power of the Bolsheviks was established locally for a long time, conquering more and more cities and villages throughout the country.
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The events that took place in October 1917 shook the whole country. Some people took the side of the new government, others wanted to preserve the old order. Many could not understand what was happening in Russia.
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Civil War. Soon a bloody civil war began in the country. It is called civil because it took place between citizens of the same country. Supporters of the Bolsheviks were called Reds, and their opponents were called Whites. Both Reds and Whites believed that they were fighting for a just cause. The war was fought brutally on both sides. Reds. White Guards.
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Civil War. The Russian Civil War (1917-1923) was an armed struggle between various factions on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which was based on deep economic, political, and national contradictions, which became its causes.
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Causes of the civil war. After Russia's withdrawal from World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied part of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states and southern Russia in February 1918, which led to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty in March 1918. In March 1918, Anglo-French-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April - Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May the mutiny of the Czechoslovak Corps began. All this created serious problems for the new government.
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The Soviet government began creating the Red Army and switched to a policy of “war communism.”
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In the second half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front and liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals.
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Mamontov. However, the policy of “war communism”, as well as “decossackization”, aimed at actually destroying the Cossacks, caused peasant and Cossack uprisings and made it possible to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic. Don Cossack.
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In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, the partisan movement expanded. In March - May, the Red Army successfully repelled the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral A.V. Kolchak), south (General A.I. Denikin), and west (General N.N. Yudenich). In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd.
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After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the Red Army launched a series of attacks on the troops of General P. N. Wrangel and expelled them from Crimea. In 1921-22, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, the Tambov region, and in a number of regions of Ukraine, and the remaining pockets of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were eliminated. Wrangel.
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The civil war brought enormous disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources), from 8 to 13 million people died, including approx. 1 million Red Army soldiers. Up to 2 million people emigrated by the end of the Civil War.
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Heroes of the Civil War. Since January 1919, V.I. Chapaev was the brigade commander of the Special Brigade, which fought against Kolchak’s army. Under the leadership of Chapaev, this division occupied Ufa and then Uralsk. Chapaev died on September 5, 1919 during an unexpected attack by the Cossacks on the well-guarded city of Lbischensk (now the village of Chapaev), which was located in the deep rear. The circumstances of the division commander's death are not entirely clear. According to eyewitnesses, the wounded Chapaev drowned while trying to swim across the Ural River.
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