Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Development of natural resources in the Far East Forest, water and biological resources of the Far East

Why is a large number of isotherms closed in the Far East?

Closed isotherms are associated with mountain ranges and intermountain basins, which disrupt the smooth decrease in temperature from south to north.

How can one explain such sharp contrasts in the amount of precipitation in different parts of the Far East?

This is again explained by the mountainous terrain. On the path of moist sea air masses there are mountain ranges that intercept the bulk of precipitation.

Why are the rivers of the northern runoff characterized by high water content with little precipitation?

Because these rivers have low groundwater flow due to permafrost, and low evaporation due to the cold climate.

The costs of transpiration (evaporation of water by a plant) for conifers, mosses and lichens are also low. Thus, almost all precipitation reaches the rivers and determines their water content.

How does the monsoon climate affect the Amur regime? Tell us about the economic importance of this river.

The monsoon climate determines the feeding regime of the Amur: stormy floods in the summer (during which the flow increases 4 times), often leading to floods. Amur is the main water artery of the south

Far East. Used for shipping and fishing. The border between Russia and China runs along it.

Show on the map the composition of the territory of the Far East, its mainland, island and peninsular parts, the main geographical objects.

You need to remember the following geographical features:

seas: Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japan;
bays: Penzhinskaya Bay, Peter the Great, Shelikhova, Anadyrsky;
straits: Longa, Beringov, Tatarsky, La Perouse, Kunashirsky;
islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Komandor, Kuril, Sakhalin; peninsulas: Kamchatka, Chukotka; uplands: Zeya-Bureinskaya; lowlands: Yana-Indigirskaya, Kolyma, Middle Amur, Central Yakut;
mountains, ridges, highlands: Aldan upland, Vitim plateau, Yano-Oymyakon upland, Chukotka upland, Sikhote-Alin, ridges - Chersky, Dzhugdzhur, volcanoes - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka;
rivers: Vilyui, Aldan, Olenek, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Amur, Zeya, Us-Suri, Kamchatka, Anadyr;
lakes and reservoirs: Khanka, Vilyuiskoye, Zeyskoye;
nature reserves: Ust-Lensky, Kronotsky, Wrangel Island, Far Eastern Sea, Kedrovaya Pad;
cities: Tiksi, Mirny, Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, Anadyr, Magadan, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Ussuriysk.

What are the main features of the physical-geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity in this area?

The Far East is the country's largest economic region in terms of territory, the longest from north to south, covering all latitudes in Russia from almost 42° N. w. in Primorsky Krai up to 74° N. w. in northwestern Yakutia.

The main features of the physical and geographical position of the area:

Wide access to the seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans;

Wealth in natural resources.

The agroclimatic potential of the region is similar to the southern parts of the European part of the country. True, the widespread occurrence of a sharply continental climate in the west of the region and a moderate monsoon climate in the east and permafrost sharply narrow the possibilities for farming. The most favorable conditions for crop production are in the south in the Amur and Khanka lowlands.

In terms of the diversity of mineral resources, the Far Eastern region is one of the largest, and many deposits are poorly studied and require extensive geological work. There are ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals (gold, tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, rare metals, iron, manganese), and diamonds. There are significant reserves of coal, oil, gas, mica-phlogopite, and fluorspar.

The richest hydropower resources of the rivers are almost not used (there is no consumer).

The area is unique in its diversity and reserves of biological resources. The forests contain the most valuable plants (ginseng, lemongrass, eleutherococcus) and animals (fur trade).

The riches of the ocean make it possible to harvest fish and shellfish, seaweed and crabs here.

The development of certain types of raw materials and fuel in the Far East turns out to be unprofitable until foreign economic relations are established, since in Siberia there are deposits of similar resources located closer to European consumers and often with better development conditions.

The increased seismicity of the area and volcanism, unique for Russia, are explained by the fact that the extreme eastern part of the Far East is located in the area of alpine folding, the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire. Tectonic movements continue in this area to this day.

What unique natural features distinguish the Far East from Siberia, which you have already studied? Give an assessment of the natural features of individual territories of the Far East. Which ones most seriously affect people's lives? Material from the site

The Far East is distinguished from Siberia by its extensive sea coast, monsoon and maritime climates, and volcanism. The features of the physical-geographical position were described above. All these natural features not only influence people’s lives, but also shape their lifestyle and type of farming. The monsoon climate with heavy summer rains and frequent river floods determines agricultural specialization and causes frequent crop losses due to flooding. The extensive sea coast determines the development of the fishing industry and the great importance of sea transport. Frequently recurring earthquakes force the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings. Permafrost and the mountainous nature of the territory make it difficult to develop the vast spaces of the Far East. In conditions of frozen soils, all communications in populated areas have to be carried out on the surface; settlements here give the impression of cities and villages entangled in pipes. The sharply continental climate with harsh winters places increased demands on the heating and thermal insulation properties of buildings.

Compare areas in the north and south of the Far East. Show differences and similarities. Explain their reasons.

The most important difference is that it is cold in the north of the region, warmer in the south. The consequences of this are clearly visible on maps of population density and agricultural areas. The Far North is a sparsely populated region with reindeer pastures; the south of the region is not inferior in population density to the European territory of Russia, and is distinguished by crop production and livestock farming. The main similarity is the coastal position of the extreme eastern parts; almost all settlements located on the coast are ports.

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search

On this page there is material on the following topics:

what are the conditions and resources in the Far East
compare areas in the north and south of the far east. show the differences
assess the natural conditions in the north and south of the Far East
amount of evaporation in the Far East
What are the main features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity in this area?

Mineral resources. The natural resources of the Far East are rich and varied. There are many mineral deposits in the Far East. The main ones are ore. Gold ranks first among the region's mineral wealth. Gold is mined in Kolyma, Chukotka, in the lower reaches of the Amur, in the upper reaches of Selemdzha, on the right bank of the Zeya and on the eastern slope of Sikhote-Alin.

The second place in importance is occupied by ores of non-ferrous and rare metals.

Even in comparison with the mineral-rich regions of Siberia, the Far East stands out in that very scarce and sometimes simply unique minerals are concentrated here. These include tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, gold, mercury, graphite, fluorite, etc.

Table 10. Natural resources of the Far East

Tin deposits are concentrated in Chukotka, on the eastern and southern outskirts of the Khingan-Bureya massif, in the middle and southern parts of the Sikhote-Alin. Sikhote-Alin is rich in tungsten and mercury, and there is also a large Tetyukhinskoye deposit of lead-zinc ores.

Iron ores were found in the southern part of the Far East - in the Khingan-Bureya massif and on the Amur-Zeya Plain. Deposits of titanomagnetite sands have been discovered on the eastern coast of Kamchatka and on some islands of the Great Kuril Ridge.

In the southern part of the region there are large Bureinsky and Suchansky coal basins and lignite deposits on the plains. Oil and gas are produced in the north of Sakhalin.

Special mention should be made of the mineral waters of the Far East, many of which are thermal. Not far from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the Pauzhetskaya power plant is already operating on underground hot water, and a greenhouse complex has been built near it.

Agroclimatic resources. In the temperate zone of the Far East, climatic conditions are quite favorable for agriculture. Vegetables and grain crops, including soybeans and rice, as well as fruit trees grow well in the lowlands of the Amur region. Even grapes ripen in the lowlands of the Primorsky Territory and in river valleys in the south. Potatoes and other root crops are successfully grown on Sakhalin.

Water resources. The Far East has a fairly dense river network, the rivers are mostly fast, with great potential for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. Some of them have already built hydroelectric power stations. Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Ussuri, Amgun are of transport importance.

The region's groundwater, unfortunately, has not yet been studied well and is still poorly used.

Energy resources of the Far East- this is not only coal and oil, water resources, but also the energy of sea tides, the heat of volcanoes and hot springs.

Biological resources. The forests of the Far East provide valuable timber.

Many animals are of economic importance. Among them are more than 30 species of fur-bearing animals - sable, weasel, otter, squirrel; two species of deer - sika and wapiti, the young antlers of which are used to produce a valuable medicine - pantocrine.

Marine fisheries are also important in the economic specialization of the Far East. Here they catch herring, salmon, sea bass, halibut, sablefish, pollock, saury, swordfish, tuna, crabs, and shrimp. Large fishing trawlers process all their catch directly at sea. Sea cucumbers, clams, mussels and scallops, sea urchins, and kelp are caught in coastal waters.

Recreational resources of the Far East potentially large, but underutilized. As already noted, the south of Primorye is not inferior in its climatic conditions to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus. The predominance of clear sunny days and the absence of sweltering summer heat make the climate of Primorye extremely beneficial for people. Its value is increased by numerous healing springs and large deposits of medicinal mud. The swimming season on the coast of Peter the Great Bay lasts from July to the end of September, and the season for sailing and rowing exceeds 250 days.

Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are unique in their landscapes and healing thermal springs.

Therefore, in the future, many territories of the Far East can be used for tourism and the organization of resort facilities.

Kurile Islands

The Kuril Island Arc is located between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. The Garland of the Kuril Islands consists of two parallel ridges: the Greater Kuril ridge and the Lesser Kuril ridge. Most of the islands are mountainous.

The origin of the Kuril ridge is volcanic. Each island here is a volcano, a fragment of a volcano, or a chain of volcanoes fused together at their bases. There are 104 volcanoes on the Kuril Islands (excluding underwater ones), of which 39 are active. At least 75 volcanic peaks have heights from 50 to 1300 m, and 12 peaks exceed 1300 m. The highest volcano of the Kuril ridge is Alaid (2339 m) on Atlasov Island.

During the eruption of the Sarychev volcano on the island of Matua in 1946, lava flows reached the sea. The glow could be seen 150 km away, and ash fell even in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The ongoing movements of the earth's crust are evidenced by frequent earthquakes and seaquakes, causing tidal waves of enormous destructive power - tsunamis.

The climate of the Kuril Islands is monsoonal, maritime, moderately cold, and quite harsh in the north. Summers are cool, winters are cold, snowy, and long. And this despite the fact that the islands lie between 50-45° N. sh., that is, where forest-steppes and steppes are located in the European part of Russia. In the south, up to 1000 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the north - about 600 mm. The soils are varied: mountain-tundra, mountain-meadow, turf, under forests - slightly podzolic. They often have several humus horizons, layered and covered with volcanic ash. On the northern islands, the lower tier of forests is dominated by thickets of elfin pine and alder, and above 550-1000 m - mountain tundra. On the southern islands, at the foot of the mountains, sparse forests of stone birch grow; further south, Kuril bamboo is mixed in with them. Above 500-600 m, stone birch is adjacent to dwarf cedar and alder. In the forests there are foxes, bears, wolves, and ermines. The islands have deposits of sulfur and copper ore. The main occupation of the residents is fishing.

Vitus Ionassen (Ivan Ivanovich) Bering (1681-1741)

Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in Denmark and was invited to Russia in 1704 as an experienced sailor. In 1724, by special order of Peter I, he was promoted to captain of the first rank. Vitus Bering in 1725-1741 headed the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions. The main task of the expeditions was to resolve the issue of the existence of an isthmus or strait between Asia and America. Bering left St. Petersburg in 1733 and in 1737 reached Okhotsk, where he led a detachment located on two ships - “St. Peter” and “St. Paul”. In 1740, they left Okhotsk for Avacha Bay and here, in the village named after the ships, Petropavlovsk, the expedition overwintered. In June 1741, both ships sailed to the shores of North America.

In mid-July, Bering saw land. This was Alaska. The expeditions passed the strait between the Chukotka Peninsula and Alaska, later called the Bering Strait.

On December 6, 1741, V. Bering died on an uninhabited island, which was called Bering Island, and the entire group of islands was called the Commander Islands.

Questions and tasks

Give an assessment of the natural resources of the Far East.
What resources in this region are most important?
What are the difficulties associated with developing the natural resources of the Far East?
Which natural resources are the least developed and why?
Propose your project for the development and use of the resources of the Far East.

The natural conditions of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrast, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The height of the mountains is on average 1000-1500 m. Lowlands are located only in relatively small areas along river valleys. A significant part of the region is covered by permafrost, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. There are more than 20 active volcanoes and many geysers in Kamchatka. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

The Far East has a rich and diverse mineral resource base. Deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten have been explored in the area. There are huge fuel resources, a variety of ore raw materials and building materials. The region occupies a leading place in the country in terms of tin reserves, the main deposits of which are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye). The Primorsky Territory and Khabarovsk Territory are rich in tin. Impurities with tin include polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium). A large deposit of polymetallic ores is Tetyukhe in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury deposits were discovered in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia and in the Koryak Highlands (Kamchatka region). Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Iultinskoye tin-tungsten deposit) and in the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Iman region).

The Far East also has raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Lesser Khingan iron ore district is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The largest deposit in this area is Kimkanskoye. Manganese ores also occur here, mainly in the south of Lesser Khingan. In the south of the Sakha Republic in the river basin. Aldan is located in the South Aldan iron ore region. The largest iron ore deposits in the region are Taeznoye and Pionerskoye.

Not far from the South Aldan iron ore region there are large deposits of coking coal - the South Yakutsk (Aldan) coal-bearing area, which is conducive to the creation of ferrous metallurgy in the Far East in the future.

The Far East is well supplied with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky lignite region, Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lena and South Yakutsk basins. The Far East has oil and gas resources. The Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province, which has great prospects, was discovered in the Republic of Sakha. The most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranskoye and Sobo-Khainskoye. The largest oil and gas resources are available on Sakhalin.

There are diamond reserves, especially in the Republic of Sakha, where the Mir, Aikhal, and Udachnaya kimberlite pipes have been explored. Mining is carried out in an open way. In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers there are deposits of Iceland spar and rock crystal. The largest fluorspar deposit in Russia was discovered in Primorye (village Yaroslavsky). The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of reserves of mica - phlogopite. Its main deposits are Timpton and Emeldzhan. Chemical raw materials in the area include table salt and sulfur. Salt lies in the Republic of Sakha (Olekminskoye, Kempendyaiskoye and Peleduiskoye deposits), and sulfur lies in Kamchatka (Vetrovo-Yamskoye). Primorye and the Amur region are rich in cement raw materials. Graphite deposits have been identified in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The climate of the coastal strip of the southern part of the Far East is relatively warm and humid, monsoonal. As you move deeper into the continent, it becomes sharply continental. The climatic conditions of the region have a great influence on economic development.

The Far East has a fairly dense river network. The largest rivers are the Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme northeastern part of the region - Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. Rivers are used as transport routes. In addition, they are exceptionally rich in hydropower resources. Vilyuiskaya, Zeya and Bureyskaya hydroelectric power stations were built.

In the southern part of the region, typical crops of the Pacific regions of Asia - soybeans and rice - are widespread. In the north, vast areas are occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. The trees are intertwined with vines, which makes the Ussuri taiga look like subtropical forests. The Far East exports timber and its processed products to the countries of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The forests are rich in valuable fur-bearing animals (ermine, sable, fox, squirrel, weasel), which are of commercial importance.

The vast territory of the Far Eastern region can be divided into three zones according to the level of economic development: southern, middle and northern.

The southern zone of intensive development includes the Primorsky Territory, the southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. This is the most economically developed part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is the sea, forest and mining complexes. Currently, development is taking place along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.

The middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions, and the southern part of the Sakha Republic. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates of development. The main specialization is the mining industry, and service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made great changes to the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the formation of the industrial belt of the region is underway. The main objectives of the economic development of the zone, in addition to the construction of a second exit to the Far East, are the development of new mineral deposits and the creation of potential in the BAM area for the development of the northern part of the region. The formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK is associated with the economic development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

In the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.

The new BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation to Berkakit provide access to Yakut coal to the BAM and to the Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutia basin will be supplied in significant volumes to the southern regions of the Far East at metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. To export them to Japan, the first stage of a new large port, Vostochny, was built in Wrangel Bay.

In the future, in addition to coal, it is planned to involve in the exploitation of iron ore resources of the region in order to create here in the future a raw material base for full-cycle ferrous metallurgy. Agriculture is of a focal nature.

In the northern zone of the Far East, focal development is characteristic not only of agriculture, but also of industry. The extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals. In the northern zone, several industrial centers can be distinguished, which from small points with the mining industry are turning into territorial production nodes in the forestry, food industry, machine repair, fishing and hunting industries.

The seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese) play an exceptionally large and diverse role in the economy of the Far East. Along the Sea of Japan there are routes that connect Russia with Japan, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea, China, and the USA. Here they catch herring, flounder, cod, salmon, mackerel and a number of other valuable commercial species. Crab, sea cucumber, seaweed and seaweed are also caught in the Sea of Japan. The Sea of Okhotsk ranks one of the first places among the seas washing the shores of Russia in terms of fish stocks. The bulk of the total fish catch is made up of salmon and herring. Crabs are caught in large quantities off the western shores of Kamchatka, seal and whale fishing is developed in the Sea of Okhotsk, and fur seals live on the islands, the fishing of which is regulated by an international convention. The Bering Sea is becoming more and more economically important every year due to the growth of transportation along the Northern Sea Route. Valuable fish species are caught here (coho salmon, chinook salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon). Whaling is developed off the coast of Kamchatka. The Far Eastern region accounts for 60% of Russia's fish catch.

An analysis of the territorial structure of the Far Eastern region showed that the scale and structure of industry in the region are characterized by large differences and indicate the uneven distribution of industry. Major changes to the territorial structure of the region were made by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the creation of new territorial production complexes.

The Far East has fairly developed inter-regional and international economic ties. Its role is especially great in foreign trade relations with the countries of the Pacific Rim. Dozens of countries trade through the region, and its export functions are of exceptional importance. More than half of the cargo imported into the regions from foreign countries transits in a western direction.

The development of foreign trade relations entails improvement of the region's transport system, economic performance indicators, improvement of the structure of freight turnover and inter-district transport connections.

If until recently the import of goods to the Far East was four times higher than their export, now the structure is changing. Freight turnover is growing at a very high rate, and exports are growing faster than imports. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the district's economic complex.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...3

1. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION………......4

1.1 The concept of “natural resources”………………………………….…4

1.2 Economic classification of natural resources…………….7

2. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION………………………..………………………15

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia……………………………………………………………………………………….15

2.2 Environmental protection for certain types of resources………………………………………………………………..22

3. PROBLEMS AND FORECASTS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAR EAST……………………………………………………..…36

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………...41

LIST OF SOURCES USED………………………......42

INTRODUCTION

Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its creation, he can produce only using its resources, and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted.

For many years, striving to conquer nature and dominate it, man unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an environmental disaster. The “greenhouse effect”, “ozone hole”, “acid rain”, lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean - all these problems have confronted humans, threatening death and requiring an immediate solution.

One can hardly name a more important global problem these days than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Its solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge.

Russia is a country richly endowed with a wide variety of natural resources. In terms of reserves of many of them, Russia holds first place in the world. Foreign travelers, scientists and diplomats have long admired the fabulous riches of the Russian mineral resources. The main wealth of Russia is its generous nature: endless forests, fields, seas. These are its regions, each of which plays its own irreplaceable role in the life of the country, giving it oil and gas, cars and scientific discoveries.

The purpose of this course work is to reveal a solution to the global problem of rational use of the country’s natural potential and the state of the environment, to give an economic assessment of natural resources.

The work also examines problems and forecasts for further development using the example of the Far East.

1 NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

The concept "Pnatural resources"

“Natural resources” is one of the most frequently used concepts in the literature. In the Brief Geographical Encyclopedia, this term refers to “...elements of nature used in the national economy, which are the means of subsistence of human society: soil cover, useful wild plants, animals, minerals, water (for water supply, irrigation, industry, energy, transport ), favorable climatic conditions (mainly heat and moisture), wind energy."

A more general definition given by A. A. Mints: “natural resources... the body and forces of nature, which at a given level of development of productive forces and knowledge can be used to meet the needs of human society in the form of direct participation in material activity.”

Natural resources - spatio-temporal category; their volume varies in different regions of the globe and at different stages of socio-economic development of society. Bodies and natural phenomena act as a certain resource if a need arises for them. But needs, in turn, appear and expand with the development of technical capabilities for the development of natural resources.

The territorial expansion of the sphere of economic activity of human society and the involvement of new types of natural resources in material production caused various changes in nature, a kind of response in the form of various natural-anthropogenic processes. In pre-capitalist social formations, these processes of change were not widespread and were concentrated in certain regions - centers of world civilization (Mediterranean, Mesopotamia and the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia). And although at all times the development of natural resources by man has been purely consumerist, and sometimes downright predatory, it has rarely led to serious large-scale environmental disasters. The intensity of development of natural resources and the volume of natural resources involved in economic activity began to increase sharply in the era of the emergence and development of the capitalist social structure. The use of machinery was accompanied by a significant increase in the volume of extracted raw materials (wood, minerals, agricultural products, etc.). At the same time, new types of natural resources were being developed. Lands that were previously considered unsuitable for plowing (swampy, saline, or suffering from moisture deficiency) are being reclaimed, and new types of minerals are being developed (oil, natural gas, uranium, rare metals, etc.). Natural resources in the process of development are subject to deeper and more complex processing (production of petroleum products, synthetic materials, etc.). However, the method of production, based on expanded material reproduction, on obtaining maximum short-term profit, does not take into account the peculiarities of the formation of natural resources, the volume of their natural renewal and primarily uses the highest quality and conveniently located reserves.

In the second half of the 20th century. resource consumption has increased immeasurably, covering almost the entire land mass and all currently known natural bodies and components. Scientific and technological progress directly affected the practice of resource use. Technologies have been developed for the development of such types of natural resources that until recently were not included in the concept of “natural resources” (for example, desalination of salty sea waters on an industrial scale, the development of solar or tidal wave energy, nuclear energy production, oil and gas production in offshore areas and much more). There was an idea about potential resources or resources of the future.

Of great importance in the development of natural resources are economic forces, determining the profitability of their economic use. Thus, until now, oil and ferromanganese nodules, which lie at great depths of the bottom of the World Ocean, are not considered as real, accessible resources, since their extraction turns out to be too expensive and not economically justified.

Not all natural resources “lie on the surface” and can be easily calculated and taken into account. Thus, the volumes of groundwater, many types of minerals, raw materials for various chemical industries are determined and clarified as a result of complex, often expensive scientific or technical research. As scientific and technological progress develops, our knowledge and ideas about them become more accurate. In some cases, the technology for extracting or processing natural raw materials is already known, but only at the stage of experimental rather than industrial development. This is the case with the production of oil from tar sands and shale, with large-scale desalination of salty sea waters. The resulting raw materials are too expensive and uncompetitive, so it is impossible to make economic calculations based on their use.

Often the needs for a natural resource are completely blocked technological impossibility of their development, for example, energy production based on controlled thermonuclear fusion, regulation of climatic processes or phenomena, etc.. The technical and technological imperfections of many processes for the extraction and processing of natural resources, considerations of economic profitability and lack of knowledge about the volumes and quantities of natural raw materials force the determination of natural resources resource reserves, distinguish several of their categories according to the degree of technical and economic accessibility and knowledge.

1. Available, or proven, or real reserves are volumes of a natural resource identified by modern exploration or survey methods, technically accessible and economically viable for development.

2. Potential, or general, resources (English - potential resources) are resources established on the basis of theoretical calculations, reconnaissance surveys and including, in addition to precisely established technically recoverable reserves of natural raw materials or reserves, also that part of them that is currently being developed is not possible for technical or economic reasons (for example, brown coal deposits at great depths or fresh waters conserved in glaciers or deep layers of the earth's crust). Potential resources are called resources of the future, since their economic development will become possible only in the conditions of a qualitatively new scientific and technological development of society.

Economic classification of natural resources

Due to the dual nature of the concept of “natural resources”, reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, several classifications have been developed and widely used in the specialized and geographical literature.

I. Classification of natural resources by origin. Natural resources (bodies or natural phenomena) arise in natural environments (water, atmosphere, plant or soil cover, etc.) and form certain combinations in space that change within the boundaries of natural-territorial complexes. On this basis, they are divided into two groups: resources of natural components and resources of natural-territorial complexes.

1. Resources of natural components. Each type of natural resource is usually formed in one of the components of the landscape envelope. It is controlled by the same natural factors that create this natural component and influence its characteristics and territorial location. According to their belonging to the components of the landscape shell, resources are distinguished: 1) mineral, 2) climatic, 3) water, 4) plant, 5) land, 6) soil, 7) animal world. This classification is widely used in domestic and foreign literature.

When using the above classification, the main attention is paid to the patterns of spatial and temporal formation of individual types of resources, their quantitative, qualitative characteristics, features of their regime, and the volume of natural replenishment of reserves. Scientific understanding of the entire complex of natural processes involved in the creation and accumulation of a natural resource makes it possible to more correctly calculate the role and place of a particular group of resources in the process of social production, the economic system, and most importantly, makes it possible to identify the maximum volumes of resource withdrawal from the natural environment, preventing its depletion or deterioration in quality. For example, an accurate idea of the volume of annual wood growth in the forests of a certain area makes it possible to calculate permissible cutting rates. With strict control over compliance with these standards, depletion of forest resources does not occur.

2. Resources of natural-territorial complexes. At this level of subdivision, the complexity of the natural resource potential of the territory is taken into account, resulting from the corresponding complex structure of the landscape envelope itself. Each landscape (or natural-territorial complex) has a certain set of various types of natural resources. Depending on the properties of the landscape, its place in the overall structure of the landscape shell, and the combination of types of resources, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics change very significantly, determining the possibilities for the development and organization of material production. Conditions often arise when one or several resources determine the direction of economic development of an entire region. Almost any landscape has climatic, water, land, soil and other resources, but the possibilities for economic use are very different. In one case, favorable conditions may arise for the extraction of mineral raw materials, in others - for the cultivation of valuable cultural plants or for the organization of industrial production, a resort complex, etc. On this basis, natural resource territorial complexes are distinguished according to the most preferred (or preferred) type of economic development. They are divided into: 1) mining, 2) agricultural, 3) water management, 4) forestry, 5) residential, 6) recreational and etc..

Using only one classification of types of resources according to their origin (or “natural classification”, as defined by A.A. Mints) is not enough, since it does not reflect the economic significance of resources and their economic role. Among the systems of classification of natural resources, reflecting their economic significance and role in the system of social production, classification according to the direction and forms of economic use of resources is more often used.

II. Classification by type of economic use. The main criterion for subdividing resources in this classification is their assignment to various sectors of material production. On this basis natural resources are divided into industrial and agricultural resourcesagricultural productiona.

1. Industrial production resources. This subgroup includes all types of natural raw materials used by industry. Due to the very large branching of industrial production, the presence of numerous industries that consume different types of natural resources and, accordingly, put forward different requirements for them. Types of natural resources are differentiated as follows:

1) energy, which include various types of resources used at the present stage of development of science and technology for energy production: a) fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas, uranium, bituminous shale, etc.); b) hydropower resources - the energy of freely falling river waters, tidal wave energy of sea waters, etc.; c) sources of bioconversion energy - the use of fuel wood, the production of biogas from agricultural waste; d) nuclear raw materials used to produce atomic energy;

2) non-energy including a subgroup of natural resources that supply raw materials for various industries or participate in production due to technological necessity: a) minerals that do not belong to the group of caustobiolites; b) water used for industrial water supply; c) lands occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure facilities; d) forest resources supplying raw materials for the wood chemicals and construction industry; e) fish resources belong to this subgroup conditionally, since currently fish production and processing of the catch have become industrial in nature (A. A. Mints, 1972).

2. Agricultural production resources. They combine the types of resources involved in the creation of agricultural products: a) agroclimatic - resources of heat and moisture necessary for the production of cultivated plants or grazing; b) soil and land resources - land and its top layer - soil, which has the unique property of producing biomass, are considered both as a natural resource and as a means of production in crop production; c) plant feed resources - resources of biocenoses that serve as a food supply for grazing livestock; d) water resources - water used in crop production for irrigation, and in livestock farming - for watering and keeping livestock.

Quite often, natural resources of the non-productive sphere or direct consumption are also identified. These are, first of all, resources taken from the natural environment (wild animals that are subject to commercial hunting, wild medicinal plants), as well as recreational resources, resources of protected areas and a number of others.

Sh. Classification based on exhaustibility. When taking into account reserves of natural resources and the volume of their possible economic withdrawal, the idea of exhaustibility of reserves is used. A. Mintz proposed calling the classification based on this criterion ecological. All natural resources are divided into two groups based on exhaustibilitypy: exhaustible and inexhaustible .

1. Exhaustible resources. They form in the earth's crust or landscape, but the volumes and rates of their formation are measured on a geological time scale. At the same time, the need for such resources from production or for organizing favorable living conditions for human society significantly exceeds the volumes and rates of natural replenishment. As a result, depletion of natural resources inevitably occurs. The group of exhaustible resources includes resources with unequal rates and volumes of formation. This allows for further differentiation. Based on the intensity and speed of natural formation, resources are divided into subgroups:

1. Non-renewable, which include: a) all types mineral resources or minerals. As is known, they are constantly formed in the depths of the earth’s crust as a result of the continuously ongoing process of ore formation, but the scale of their accumulation is so insignificant, and the rates of formation are measured in many tens and hundreds of millions of years (for example, the age of coal is more than 350 million years), which is practically they cannot be taken into account in business calculations. The development of mineral raw materials occurs on a historical time scale and is characterized by ever-increasing volumes of withdrawal. In this regard, all mineral resources are considered not only exhaustible, but also non-renewable. b) Land resources in their natural form - this is the material basis on which the life of human society takes place. The morphological structure of the surface (i.e., relief) significantly influences economic activity and the possibility of developing the territory. Once disturbed lands (for example, by quarries) during large-scale industrial or civil construction are no longer restored in their natural form.

2. Renewable resources to which they belong: a) plant and b) animal world. Both are restored quite quickly, and the volumes of natural renewal are well and accurately calculated. Therefore, when organizing the economic use of accumulated reserves of wood in forests, grass in meadows or pastures, and hunting wild animals within limits not exceeding annual renewal, resource depletion can be completely avoided.

3. Relatively (not completely) renewable. Although some resources are restored over historical periods of time, their renewable volumes are significantly less than the volumes of economic consumption. That is why these types of resources turn out to be very vulnerable and require especially careful control by humans. Relatively renewable resources also include very scarce natural resources: a) productive arable soils; b) forests with mature stands; V) water resources in the regional aspect. Productive arable soils relatively few (according to various estimates, their area does not exceed 1.5-2.5 billion hectares). The most productive soils, belonging to the first fertility class, occupy, according to FAO estimates, only 400 million hectares. Productive soils form extremely slowly - it takes more than 100 years to form a 1 mm layer, for example, chernozem soils. At the same time, processes of accelerated erosion, stimulated by irrational land use, can destroy several centimeters of the upper, most valuable arable layer in one year. Anthropogenic soil destruction has been occurring so intensely in recent decades that it gives grounds to classify soil resources as “relatively renewable.”

The fact of the practical inexhaustibility of water resources on a planetary scale is well known. However, on the land surface, fresh water reserves are unevenly concentrated, and over vast areas there is a shortage of water suitable for use in water management systems. Arid and subarid areas suffer especially greatly from water shortages, where irrational water consumption (for example, water intake in volumes exceeding the volume of natural replenishment of free water) is accompanied by rapid and often catastrophic depletion of water supplies. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately account for the amount of permissible withdrawal of water resources by region. P. Inexhaustible resources. Among the bodies and natural phenomena of resource significance, there are those that are practically inexhaustible. These include climatic And water resources.

A)climate resources. The most stringent requirements for climate presented by agriculture, recreational and forestry, industrial and civil construction, etc. Typically, climate resources are understood as the reserves of heat and moisture available to a specific area or region. Total heat reserves received per year per 1 sq.m. surface of the planet are equal to 3.16 x 10 J (radiation budget on average for the planet). Heat is distributed unevenly geographically and across seasons, although the average air temperature for the Earth is approximately + 15°C. The land as a whole is well supplied with atmospheric moisture: an average of about 119 thousand cubic meters falls on its surface annually. km of precipitation. But they are distributed even more unevenly than heat, both spatially and temporally. On land there are known areas that receive more than 12,000 mm of precipitation annually, and vast areas where less than 50-100 mm falls per year. On average, long-term, both heat reserves and volumes of falling atmospheric moisture are quite constant, although significant fluctuations in the provision of heat and moisture to the territory may be observed from year to year. Since these resources are formed in certain parts of the thermal and water cycles, constantly operating over the planet as a whole and over its individual regions, the reserves of heat and moisture can be considered inexhaustible within certain quantitative limits, precisely established for each region.

B)Water resources of the planet . The earth has a colossal volume of water - about 1.5 billion cubic meters. km. However, 98% of this volume is the salty waters of the World Ocean, and only 28 million cubic meters. km - fresh waters. Since technologies for desalination of salty sea waters are already known, the waters of the World Ocean and salt lakes can be considered as potential water resources, the use of which in the future is quite possible. Annually renewable reserves of fresh water are not so large; according to various estimates, they range from 41 to 45 thousand cubic meters km (full river flow resources). The world economy uses about 4-4.5 thousand cubic meters for its needs. km, which is equal to approximately 10% of the total water supply, and, therefore, subject to the principles of rational water use, these resources can be considered as inexhaustible. However, if these principles are violated, the situation can sharply worsen, and even on a planetary scale there may be a shortage of clean fresh water. In the meantime, the natural environment annually “gives” humanity 10 times more water than it needs to satisfy a wide variety of needs.

Thus, natural resources - These are the bodies and forces of nature that are used by man to maintain his existence. These include sunlight, water, air, soil, plants, animals, minerals and everything else that is not created by man, but without which he cannot exist either as a living being or as a producer. Natural resources are classified according to the following criteria: according to their use - into production (agricultural and industrial), healthcare (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc.; according to belonging to one or another component of nature - land, water, mineral, animal and plant life, etc.; by replaceability - into replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced by wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (there is nothing to replace oxygen in the air for breathing or fresh water for drinking); according to exhaustibility - into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

2 . ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia

Economic (or in a broader sense, economic) assessment of natural conditions and natural resources is one of the concepts that have occupied a prominent place in the problems of modern economic geography for quite a long time. Consideration of this issue led to the conclusion about the relevance of a more in-depth theoretical and methodological development of this problem. In this regard, the question arose about the possibility of determining the very content of the concept of economic assessment, clarifying the essence of the reality processes it reflects, and establishing criteria. In itself, the fact of naturally determined differentiation of the geographical envelope, in terms of value, is neutral and cannot receive any assessment, regardless of the criterion used. When assessing, it is necessary to apply a criterion of value determined by the nature of the relationship between its subject and object. Economic Valuation of Natural Resources implies the application of economic criteria, i.e. comparison of the properties of natural factors with the requirements arising from practical, economic human activity.

As content economic assessment of natural resources considers taking into account the influence of natural territorial differences in the natural properties of these resources and their sources on the productivity of social labor. The uneven spatial distribution of resources also makes it necessary to take into account differences in the volume (reserves, areas, etc.) of the resources of the objects being assessed.

criterion The assessment is proposed to consider the comparative economic efficiency of using a given source of resources or their territorial combination. Differences in efficiency are expressed in differentiated total costs of living and embodied labor. It is clear that the value of a particular type of natural resource is determined by the economic effect achieved by its use. The magnitude of this effect, as well as the magnitude of the necessary costs for most types of resources, is territorially differentiated; it reflects the territorial structure of production that has developed at each stage with a specific picture of the relationship between the need for resources and the possibility of satisfying them.

Economic assessment of mineral resources

Mineral resources, which include a very wide (and continuously expanding) range of natural substances of mineral origin, used to obtain energy and materials through extraction and subsequent processing, are among the most important types of natural resources.

United object Mineral resources are usually mineral deposits. Deposits theoretically include such areas of the earth’s crust in which “as a result of certain geological processes, there was an accumulation of mineral matter, in quantity, quality and conditions of occurrence, suitable for industrial use.”

The economic (industrial) value of each deposit is determined by an extremely wide range of factors, which, however, in most geological and geological-economic works are reduced to the following groups or estimated parameters:

1. The scale of the deposit, determined by its total reserves;

2. Quality of the mineral (material composition and technological properties);

3. Productivity of the main deposits, characterizing the degree of concentration of mineral reserves in them;

4. Mining technical conditions for the operation of the deposit;

5. Economy of the field area.

In addition, it is proposed to take into account the scarcity of this type of resource and its national economic importance. According to national economic significance, mineral reserves are divided into two groups, subject to separate calculation, approval and accounting: balance sheet reserves, the use of which is economically feasible and which must meet the standards established for calculating reserves in the subsoil; off-balance sheet reserves, the use of which is currently not advisable for technical and economic reasons, but which in the future may become the object of industrial development. The standards on the basis of which the division into these groups is made are established by government bodies for each deposit on the basis of technical and economic calculations, based on the operating conditions of the deposit, the amount of reserves, value and processing technologies. The standards reflect industry requirements, justified by technical and economic calculations. The classification of mineral reserves as balance sheet reflects, along with purely technological considerations, the requirements for the economic efficiency of using a deposit and, therefore, essentially represents a stage in the economic assessment of resources.

Economic assessment of forest resources

Forest resources are one of the types of biological resources. Forest resources are of great vital importance: powerful industries and a significant part of the working population are associated with their use.

An important feature of forest resources is the possibility of multi-purpose use.

From the point of view of assessment methods, an important property of forests (as well as agricultural resources) is their areal distribution. Some methodological features of forest resource assessment are related to this. First, the assessment can be carried out at different territorial scales - from small areas within forest blocks to large areas. Secondly, parallel development of two series of estimates is possible - for natural and for economic units. In the first case, the object of assessment is technologically homogeneous forest areas with a similar biocenotic structure. In the second case, units of economic forest management are considered - territories of forest industry enterprises (or forestry enterprises), timber resource bases, forest economic regions, forest resources of economic regions, etc.

The main elements of forest resource assessment should be considered as follows:

1. Volume - the total area of forests of the assessed object, the total stock of wood;

2. Natural properties - concentration of reserves (reserve per unit area), quality and structure of forest stands (composition by species, quality class, age classes);

3. Natural and economic conditions of development.

These elements relate to forestry use, i.e. to deforestation to obtain wood raw materials, since this type of use is of greatest economic importance.

Forests, unlike minerals, occupy a certain area of the earth's surface and are accessible for direct observation; they can be taken into account with exhaustive completeness. In the practice of domestic forestry, a set of interrelated measures is carried out to inventory forests, study the natural and economic conditions of forestry in individual areas, identify the technical value of forests, their characteristics and requirements from the point of view of forestry, design a rational regime for the use and reproduction of forest resources.

Economic assessment of agricultural (land) resources

Agricultural resources, including a complex set of components of the natural landscape, are specific combinations of soil, topography, climate (for natural forage lands - vegetation) used for growing crops. They belong to the most important ubiquitous natural resources. Agricultural resources, like forest resources, belong to renewable, used continuously under certain conditions. Unlike mineral resources or forests, land resources in the most economically important form of their use - agricultural - become a means of production. In this case, it is not the resources themselves that are removed from nature, but only the plant products obtained with their help.

When using agricultural resources, it is most clearly manifested interconnectedness of the effects of all natural components. Since the main property of lands used in agricultural production is their fertility, the identification of natural geographical differences in the naturally determined level of productivity is of central importance.

An extremely important property of land (in a broader sense, territory) from the point of view of economic assessment methodology is versatility its use. It is a universal subject, a means of labor, a necessary condition for any type of material production.

The other side of land productivity is its close connection with farming methods. In fact, the ecological fertility of the earth is always observed, in which elements dependent on nature and created by human labor are intertwined. The productivity of agricultural resources can only be assessed relatively, in accordance with the given level of technology development in agriculture. From the point of view of economic assessment problems, another aspect of the problem of the relationship between the characteristics of resources and the technology used is no less important. The point is that certain properties of agricultural resources correspond to a qualitatively specific technical system for their use, which consists of a complex of agrotechnical techniques.

The important thing is that behind each specific, i.e. The agrotechnical complex that most fully takes into account the natural properties of a given type of land includes certain economic indicators, expressed in the amount of capital and current costs per unit of land area.

Economic assessment of water resources

Water resources are of exceptional economic importance. They are considered inexhaustible, but in their distribution they experience direct and indirect influence from other components of the natural complex, as a result of which they are characterized by great variability and uneven distribution.

The uniqueness of natural resources is determined mainly by the continuous mobility of water participating in the cycle. In accordance with their place in this cycle, water on Earth appears in various forms that have unequal value from the point of view of satisfying human needs, i.e. as resources.

Water resources are characterized by strong regime variability in time, ranging from daily to secular fluctuations in the water abundance of each source. The complex interaction of many factors gives runoff fluctuations the character of a random process. Therefore, calculations related to water resources inevitably take on a probabilistic, statistical nature.

Water resources differ greatly complexity of territorial forms. Many features of water resources arise from unique ways of using them. With rare exceptions, water is not used directly to create any materials with transformation into another substance and irreversible withdrawal from the natural cycle, as happens with mineral or forest resources. On the contrary, during use, water resources either remain in natural flow channels (water transport, hydropower, fisheries, etc.) or return to the water cycle (irrigation, all types of economic and domestic water supply). Therefore, in principle, the use of water resources does not lead to their depletion.

However, in practice the situation is more complicated. The use of water for dissolving and transporting useful substances or waste, cooling fuel-generating units or as a coolant leads to qualitative changes (pollution, heating) of waste water and (when discharged) the water supply sources themselves. When water is used for irrigation, it is only partially (and often in a changed qualitative state) returned to local drainage channels; mainly, as a result of evaporation from the soil, it goes into the atmosphere, being included in the ground phase of the cycle in other, usually very remote, areas.

The inexhaustibility of water resources and the peculiarities of their use are associated with their a specific place in the system of economic relations. Until recently, the comparative abundance of water, and the ability, in most cases, to satisfy all needs for it, excluded water, like air, from the system of economic relations. The exception was arid regions, where water shortages and the need for large material and labor costs to organize water supply have long made water an object of complex economic and legal relations.

Due to the rapid increase in water consumption as water shortages arise in more and more areas, the situation has begun to change. There is a need for a mechanism to regulate the use of limited water resources and their distribution between consumers - economic or administrative.

2.2 Environmental protection for certain types of resources.

Protection of atmospheric air from harmful emissions from enterprises and transport

The main anthropogenic sources of air pollution include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, transport, and various machine-building enterprises. That is, the industrial revolution and urbanization led to a significant increase in air pollution. The chemical industry developed, and as a result, unknown substances began to be released into the atmosphere.

Day-to-day control over vehicles is of great importance. All vehicle fleets are required to monitor the serviceability of the vehicles produced on the line. When the engine is running well, the exhaust gases of carbon monoxide should contain no more than the permissible limit.

Urban transport management systems. New traffic control systems have been developed that minimize the possibility of traffic jams, because when stopping and then picking up speed, a car emits several times more harmful substances than when moving uniformly. The streets between the roadways and residential buildings are being widened.

Highways were built to bypass cities. Thus, in Saratov a highway was built to bypass the city. The road accepted the entire flow of transit traffic, which previously stretched like an endless ribbon along the city streets. The intensity of traffic has sharply decreased, the noise has decreased, and the air has become cleaner.

Improving internal combustion engines.

Improving the fuel combustion process in an internal combustion engine and using an electronic ignition system leads to a reduction in harmful substances in the exhaust.

To save fuel, various types of ignition are created. Engineers from the Yugoslav Electronics Industry association have created an electronic system with a service life of 30 thousand hours. Among other things, it regulates fuel consumption. And one of the English companies used a plasma version, which ensures easy ignition of a lean combustible mixture. A car equipped with such a system consumes only 2 liters per 100 km.

Neutralizers. Much attention is paid to the development of toxicity reduction devices - neutralizers, which can be equipped with modern cars.

The method of catalytic conversion of combustion products is that the exhaust gases are purified by coming into contact with the catalyst. At the same time, afterburning of incomplete combustion products contained in vehicle exhaust occurs.

The catalyst is either granules ranging in size from 2 to 5 mm, on the surface of which an active layer with additions of noble metals - platinum, palladium, etc., or a honeycomb-type ceramic block with a similar active surface is applied. The design of the neutralizer is very simple. A metal shell with nozzles for supplying and discharging gas contains a reactor chamber, which is filled with granules or a ceramic block. The neutralizer is attached to the exhaust pipe, and the gases that pass through it are released into the atmosphere purified. At the same time, the device can serve as a noise suppressor.

Gas instead of gasoline. High-octane, stable gas fuel mixes well with air and is evenly distributed throughout the engine cylinders, promoting more complete combustion of the working mixture. The total emission of toxic substances from cars running on liquefied gas is significantly less than from cars with gasoline engines. Thus, the ZIL-130 truck, converted to gas, has a toxicity indicator almost 4 times less than its gasoline counterpart.

Electric car. Nowadays, when a car with a gasoline engine has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of creating a “clean” car. As a rule, we are talking about an electric car. In some countries their mass production begins.

Enterprises in the metallurgical, chemical, cement and other industries emit dust, sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere that are released during various technological production processes.

Ferrous metallurgy, smelting cast iron and processing it into steel, is accompanied by the release of various gases into the atmosphere.

Air pollution with dust during coal coking is associated with the preparation of the charge and its loading into coke ovens, with the unloading of coke into quenching cars and with wet quenching of coke. Wet extinguishing is also accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that are part of the water used.

In recent years, enterprises in various industries have put into operation many advanced technological processes, thousands of gas cleaning and dust collection devices and installations that sharply reduce or eliminate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. A program to convert enterprises and boiler houses to natural gas is being implemented on a large scale. Dozens of enterprises and workshops with dangerous sources of air pollution have been moved outside the cities. All this has led to the fact that in most industrial centers and populated areas of the country the level of pollution has noticeably decreased. The number of industrial enterprises equipped with the latest and expensive gas cleaning equipment is also growing.

Of great importance for the sanitary protection of atmospheric air are the identification of new sources of air pollution, accounting of designed, constructed and reconstructed facilities that pollute the atmosphere, control over the development and implementation of master plans for cities, towns and industrial hubs regarding the location of industrial enterprises and sanitary -protective zones.

Cleaning up emissions into the atmosphere. Gas purification technology has a variety of methods and devices for removing dust and harmful gases. The choice of method for purifying gaseous impurities is determined primarily by the chemical and physicochemical properties of this impurity. The choice of method is greatly influenced by the nature of production: the properties of the substances available in production, their suitability as absorbers for gas, the possibility of recovery (collection and use of waste products) or disposal of captured products.

To purify gases from sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, neutralization with an alkali solution is used. The result is salt and water.

To purify gases from minor concentrations of impurities (no more than 1% by volume), direct-flow compact absorption devices are used.

Along with liquid absorbers—absorbents—solid absorbers can be used for purification and also for drying (dehydration) of gases. These include various brands of active carbons, silica gel, aluminum gel, and zeolites.

Recently, ion exchangers have been used to remove gases with polar molecules from a gas flow. Gas purification processes with adsorbents are carried out in periodic or continuous adsorbers.

To purify the gas stream, dry and wet oxidation processes, as well as catalytic transformation processes, can be used; in particular, catalytic oxidation is used to neutralize sulfur-containing gases of sulfate-cellulose production (gases from cooking and evaporation shops, etc.). This process is carried out at a temperature of 500-600 ° C on a catalyst, which contains oxides of aluminum, copper, vanadium and other metals. Organosulfur substances and hydrogen sulfide are oxidized to a less harmful compound - sulfur dioxide (MPC for sulfur dioxide 0.5 mg/m3, and for hydrogen sulfide 0.078 mg/m3).

Protection of water resources of the country and our region

Water is the basis of life on Earth and its homeland. Unfortunately, the abundance of water is only apparent; in reality, the hydrosphere is the thinnest shell of the Earth, because water in all its states and in all spheres accounts for less than 0.001 of the mass of the planet. Nature is designed in such a way that water is constantly renewed in a single hydrological cycle, and the protection of water resources should be carried out in the very process of water use by influencing individual parts of the water cycle. Demands for water are increasing from year to year. The main consumers of water are industry and agriculture. The industrial importance of water is very great, since almost all production processes require large quantities of it. The bulk of water in industry is used for energy and cooling. For these purposes, water quality is not of great importance, therefore, the basis for reducing the water intensity of industrial production is water recycling, in which water once taken from the source is used repeatedly, thereby “increasing” the reserves of water resources and reducing their pollution. The largest “water consumers” among industrial sectors are ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemicals and thermal power engineering.

The transition from direct-flow to recycled water supply makes it possible to reduce the volume of water consumption at thermal power plants by 30-40 times, at some chemical and oil refineries - by 20-30 times, and at ferroalloy production - by 10 times. Most of the “industrial” water is used to cool heating units. Replacing water cooling with air cooling in chemical and petrochemical production, mechanical engineering and metalworking, thermal power plants and the woodworking industry would reduce water consumption here by 70-80%. There are great opportunities to reduce irrational water consumption in the housing and communal services sector.

Industrial wastewater is varied in its composition. The contaminants present in them can be in different states of aggregation. To select wastewater treatment methods and equipment, impurities contained in water are divided into four groups.

Group 1 - coarse impurities - particles of soil, sand, clay, emulsions that enter water bodies from industrial enterprises, as well as as a result of soil washout. On the surface of such particles there may be pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, and radioactive substances.

To remove impurities of this group, physicochemical processes are used, which make it possible, using special substances, to enlarge particles with their subsequent sedimentation, to carry out the process of adhesion - sticking of impurities to the surface of inert materials, and also to use the flotation method, that is, to remove impurities into foam, which is specially created in wastewater treatment plants.

Group 2 - colloidal impurities that are found in water in the form of finely dispersed formations (sols or high molecular weight compounds). Substances in this group change the color of water. To remove these impurities, coagulants are used - substances that cause particles to stick together and become larger.

Group 3 - gases and organic compounds dissolved in water. Substances of this group impart various odors, tastes, and colors to water. The most effective cleaning methods are: aeration - blowing water with air, introducing oxidizing agents, under the influence of which most impurities of this group are destroyed, and adsorption - removing impurities using activated carbon, which absorbs (sorbs) many impurities.

Group 4 - impurities of ionic dispersion. When salts, acids, and bases enter water, they disintegrate into ions. Purification from impurities of this group is reduced to the binding of ions; Freezing and other methods can also be used.

This classification allows you to reasonably and purposefully select and design treatment facilities and use computers to solve complex water treatment problems.

Wastewater is purified by mechanical, biological, disinfection (disinfection) and physicochemical methods.

For mechanical cleaning, grates, sand traps, settling tanks, and septic tanks are used. The principle of removing suspended solids is based on the difference in the specific gravities of impurities and water. Sand traps are designed to sediment sand, fine gravel and other mineral impurities. Sand traps facilitate the further purification of wastewater from organic contaminants in settling tanks, digesters and other structures.

Sedimentation tanks are used to separate undissolved mechanical impurities and partially colloidal contaminants of mineral and organic origin from wastewater. Sedimentation tanks can be used for preliminary wastewater treatment with subsequent biological treatment, and also as independent structures if, according to sanitary conditions, it is sufficient to separate only mechanical impurities.

Recently, radial settling tanks have become widespread, which are shallow tanks with a diameter of 18 to 54 meters.

Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Development of natural resources in the Far East Forest, water and biological resources of the Far East

Kurile Islands

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Economic assessment of water resources

Similar documents