Game, Andrei Konstantinovich - biography. Andrei Geim and Konstantin Novoselov: "New Russians" Nobel Laureates Honorary titles and awards

Andrei Konstantinovich Geim was born on October 21, 1958 in Sochi. His parents, Konstantin Alekseevich Geim and Nina Nikolaevna Bayer, were engineers, Volga Germans by nationality. From 1965 to 1975 Game lived and studied at school number 3 in Nalchik, which he graduated with a gold medal. After leaving school, he tried to enter the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), but they refused to accept him there because of his nationality. Therefore, he worked for one year as a mechanic at the Nalchik Electrovacuum Plant, whose chief engineer was his father. In 1976, Game again received a refusal from MEPhI and entered the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), where he defended his diploma in 1982. After that, Geim began working as a graduate student at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (ISSP), where in 1987 he defended his Ph.D. and high-purity materials in Chernogolovka, created on the basis of the Institute of Solid State Physics. In Chernolovka, Geim was engaged in metal physics, which, in his own words, quickly got tired of him.

In 1990, Game went to the UK for an internship at the University of Nottingham and no longer worked in the USSR and Russia. In 1992, he studied science at the University of Bath (University of Bath), from 1993 to 1994 he worked at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen). In 1994 Geim became a researcher and since 2000 a professor at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. He received the citizenship of this country, renouncing the Russian one and correcting his name to Andre Geim. In parallel, from 1998 to 2000 Game was a special professor at the University of Nottingham.

In 2000, Game, along with Michael Berry, received the Ig Nobel (anti-Nobel) Prize for a 1997 article describing an experiment in the field of diamagnetic levitation - the co-authors achieved the levitation of a frog using a superconducting magnet. The press also noted that Game managed to create an adhesive tape that acts on the sticking mechanisms of a gecko, and in 2001 he included the hamster "Tishu" (H.A.M.S. ter Tisha) as a co-author of one article.

In 2000, Game and his wife received an invitation to the University of Manchester and left the Netherlands a year later, leaving a negative review of the local scientific environment. He became professor of physics at the University of Manchester, a post he held until 2007. In 2002, he headed the department of condensed matter physics, as well as the Center for Mesoscopic Physics and Nanotechnology (Centre for Mesoscience & Nanotechnology) of this university. Since 2007 he has held the position of Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester.

In 2004, Geim, together with his student Konstantin Novoselov, discovered graphene, a two-dimensional layer of graphite one atom thick, which has good thermal conductivity, high mechanical rigidity, and other useful properties. In 2007, for this discovery, Game was awarded the Mott Prize of the International Institute of Physics (Institute of Physics), and in 2009 became a professor at the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. In 2010, Game received the John J Carty Award from the US National Academy of Sciences and the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society of Great Britain.

In 2006, Scientific American included Geim in the list of the 50 most influential scientists in the world, and in 2008 Russian Newsweek named Geim one of the ten most talented Russian emigrant scientists. By 2010, Geim had published more than 180 scientific papers in peer-reviewed publications.

In October 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their seminal experiments with the two-dimensional material graphene".

After the news about the awarding of the Nobel Prize to immigrants from Russia, they were invited to work in Russia at the Skolkovo innovation center, but Game said in an interview that he was not going to return to his homeland: “Staying in Russia was the same as spending my life fighting against windmills, and work is a hobby for me, and I absolutely did not want to spend my life on mouse fuss. At the same time, he called himself in an interview "European and 20 percent Kabardino-Balkarian." Despite his reluctance to return to Russia, he noted the high quality of fundamental education at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology: in 2006, Game said that those parts of the brain that he had lost due to alcohol libations after exams at the institute were replaced by parts occupied by the information received at the institute, which he never needed. He also collaborated with the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, where they investigated the possibility of creating a graphene transistor.

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In 2010 Andrey Geim won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of graphene. Since then, wonder material - this is the name that has been assigned to graphene in English-language literature - has become a really hot topic. Today, Game's research team at the University of Manchester continues to explore 2D materials and make new discoveries. The scientist presented the latest results of his work and prospects in the field of research of 2D heterostructures at the METANANO-2018 conference in Sochi. And in an interview for the ITMO University news portal ITMO.NEWS and the MIPT corporate magazine For Science, he talked about why you shouldn’t be engaged in the same scientific field all your life, what motivates young scientists to go into fundamental science and why researchers You need to learn how to present the results of your work as clearly as possible.

Andrew Game. Photos provided by the Faculty of Physics and Technology of ITMO University

During your presentation, you spoke about the latest results and prospects for the study of two-dimensional materials. But if you go back, what exactly brought you to this field and what key research are you doing now?

At the conference, I presented a report in which I named what I am currently doing - graphene 3.0, since graphene is the first herald of a new class of materials in which, roughly speaking, there is no thickness. You can't do anything thinner than one atom. Graphene became a kind of snowball that caused an avalanche.

This area has developed step by step. Today, people are engaged in two-dimensional materials, which we have known for more than a decade, here we were also pioneers. And after that it became interesting how to stack these materials on top of each other - I called it graphene 2.0.

We are still dealing with thin materials. But in the last few years, I've jumped a bit away from my specialty, which is quantum physics, especially the electrical properties of solids. Now I'm working on molecular transport. Instead of graphene, we have learned how to make empty space, anti-graphene, “two-dimensional nothing,” if you like. Studying the properties of cavities, how they allow molecules to flow, and so on - this has never been done before, this is a new experimental system. And there are already many interesting studies that we have published. But you need to develop this area and see how the properties of, for example, water change, if you set restrictions ( In particular, study results were published a few months ago in the journal Science, you can also read about the work - ed.).

These questions are not idle, since all life is made of water and it has always been believed that water is the most polarizable material known. But we found that near the surface, the water completely loses its polarization. And this work has many applications for a large number of completely different areas - not only physics, but also biology and so on.

In one of interview you said that the history of the 20th century shows that, as a rule, it takes 20 to 40 years for new materials or new drugs to go from an academic laboratory to their launch into mass production. Is this statement true for graphene? On the one hand, there is a lot of news about its use, on the other hand, it is probably too early to talk about its massive use in everyday life.

See for yourself: all our materials that we used until recently were characterized by height, length, width - such attributes. And now, after 10 thousand years of civilization, suddenly we have found material - and not one, but dozens - that are radically different from the Stone, Iron, Bronze, Silicon Ages and so on. This is a new class of materials. And this, of course, is not software where you can write a program and become a millionaire in a few years. People will soon think that the telephone was invented by Steve Jobs and the computer by Bill Gates. In fact, this is the work of 70 years, condensed matter physics. At first, people figured out how silicon and germanium work, then they started making switches, and so on.

And if we return to what is happening with graphene, hundreds of companies are already making a profit on this in China. This is the data that I know. Products using graphene can be seen anywhere: they make shoe soles, paint with various fillers for protection, and much more. It's slowly, but unwinding. Although slowly on the scale of the industry. Since 2010, they have learned how to make graphene in bulk, and not like us - under a microscope. So give it time. In ten years, you will probably see not only skis and tennis rackets, which are called graphene, but something truly revolutionary, unique.

How is the work in your scientific group being built now?

The style of work is not to be locked in the same direction, as I usually say, from the scientific cradle to the scientific coffin. In the Soviet Union, at least, it was very popular: people defend their Ph.D., doctorate, and until retirement they do the same thing. Of course, professionalism is needed in any business, but at the same time, you need to look at what is on the sidelines. I am trying to switch from one direction to another: we have such conditions, but what else can be done in this area?

What I was talking about - this "two-dimensional nothing" - this idea came from a completely different area. For some reason, which only later became clear, it turned out to be a rather interesting new system. Therefore, you need to jump like a frog from one area to another, even if there is no knowledge, but there is a background. You can jump into a new area and see from your point of view what you can do there. And this is very important. It is especially good to do this with students who approach new topics with great enthusiasm.

There are many young scientists in your group today, including those from Russia. In your opinion, what motivates students today, both in Russia and abroad, to engage in science, including fundamental science? After all, even now the prospects in the same industry are more obvious.

People are trying their hand. Science is engaged in five or six million people in the world: someone tries, someone does not like it. Life in science, especially fundamental science, is not sweet. When you are a graduate student, you feel like you are doing science. And when you get a permanent job, then studies pile up, and you need to write grants, and attach articles to magazines, that’s still a hassle. Therefore, in comparison with the industry, where everything is a bit like in the army, it is different in science.

Survival is real, but you need to run very fast: this is not a hundred meters, this is a marathon for life. And you also need to learn all your life. Some people like it, like me. So much adrenaline every time! For example, when you open a referee report for your article. And the status of a Nobel laureate does not help. It works like this: “Ah, Nobel laureate? Let's teach him how to really do science." Therefore, in the evening, when I already have to go to bed, I never open the comments of reviewers.

There is enough adrenaline, everything is interesting, you learn something new all your life, so some young people, molded from the same dough, want to make their way in science. In my experience, the only truly successful scientists who have gone through me are those who started out as PhD students. If they come as postdocs, then it is already quite late to retrain, there is already pressure: you need to publish, find grants. And at the PhD level, you can still think about the soul. At this time in graduate school, they form a style of work: if they like it, they become quite successful.

Just touching on the topic of grants. Many scientists say that work in science is, among other things, quite a lot of routine, bureaucracy, and you constantly need to look for funding. When then do the research itself?

Money for science is given by taxpayers from their hard earned money. And what research to fund is decided by peers who are other scientists. Therefore, they need to prove to them, get used to high competition. Money, even if they are given a lot, is still not enough for everyone, so this is somehow an inevitable part of science: you need to write applications for grants, publish good articles. If the article is good, it will be cited. People vote with their feet, and in this case with a pen - which article to enter. The number of links indicates how successful you are, how much your colleagues respect your result. The competition in science is as strong as in sports, at the Olympic Games.

In Europe it's not as pronounced, but in America full professors in my position spend almost all of their time writing grants and talking to their students once a month. Most of my time is spent writing articles for my undergraduate and graduate students. Because when good results are presented poorly, the heart bleeds. Is it better than writing grants, or worse? Do not know.

Of course, the work must be well presented to the scientific community, but, on the other hand, the results of scientific research must be communicated to a wide range of people - those same taxpayers. Here I would like to touch on the topic of popularization of science: how much, in your opinion, do scientists themselves need to tell a large audience about their work?

And where to go? If the taxpayers do not understand, then the government ceases to understand. People still treat science with respect, especially people with education. If this were not the case, all the money would have been given away, as they say, for immediate needs - spent on bread and butter. And it would be like in Africa, where nothing is spent on science. As you know, this is a spiral, which eventually leads to the collapse of the economy. Therefore, I have great respect for people who know how and love to present the results of scientific research.

Among the professors I know, many with a smirk refer to those who appear on television and the like. For example, in our department works ( English physicist, engaged in particle physics, research fellow at the Royal Society of London, professor at the University of Manchester and a well-known popularizer of science - ed.). Even many are skeptical about him: they say that he is not a real professor, he did nothing in science. The fact that he is able to present the results of research is very important, someone should do it.

1958

FROM 1965 on 1975

IN 1976 1982 1987

IN 1990

IN 1992 1993 on 1994

IN 1994 2000 1998 on 2000

IN 2000 1997 2001

Andrei Konstantinovich Geim was born on October 21 1958 years in Sochi. His parents, Konstantin Alekseevich Geim and Nina Nikolaevna Bayer, were engineers, Volga Germans by nationality.

FROM 1965 on 1975 For a year, Game lived and studied at school No. 3 in Nalchik, from which he graduated with a gold medal. After leaving school, he tried to enter the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), but they refused to accept him there because of his nationality. Therefore, he worked for one year as a mechanic at the Nalchik Electrovacuum Plant, whose chief engineer was his father.

IN 1976 In the same year, Game was again refused at MEPhI and entered the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), where he defended his 1982 year diploma. After that, Geim began to work as a graduate student at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (ISPT), where 1987 defended his Ph.D. In Chernolovka, Geim was engaged in metal physics, which, in his own words, quickly got tired of him.

IN 1990 Game went to the UK for an internship at the University of Nottingham and no longer worked in the USSR and Russia.

IN 1992 year he studied science at the University of Bath (University of Bath), with 1993 on 1994 worked for a year at the University of Copenhagen.

IN 1994 Game became a researcher, and with 2000 years - professor at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. He received the citizenship of this country, renouncing the Russian one and correcting his name to Andre Geim. In parallel, with 1998 on 2000 Game was a special professor at the University of Nottingham for a year.

IN 2000 Game, along with Michael Berry, received the Ig Nobel (anti-Nobel) Prize for an article 1997 year, which described an experiment in the field of diamagnetic levitation - the co-authors achieved the levitation of a frog using a superconducting magnet. The press also noted that Game managed to create an adhesive tape that acts on the sticking mechanisms of the gecko, and in 2001 year, he included the hamster "Tisha" (H.A.M.S. ter Tisha) in the co-authors of one article.

IN 2000 Game and his wife received an invitation to the University of Manchester and left the Netherlands a year later, leaving a negative review of the local scientific environment. He became professor of physics at the University of Manchester, a post he held until 2007 of the year.

IN 2002 In 1993 he headed the department of condensed matter physics, as well as the Center for Mesoscopic Physics and Nanotechnology (Centre for Mesoscience & Nanotechnology) of this university.

FROM 2007 In 1995 he took up the position of Langworthy Professor of Physics at the University of Manchester.

IN 2004 Geim, together with his student, discovered graphene - a two-dimensional layer of graphite one atom thick, which has good thermal conductivity, high mechanical rigidity and other useful properties.

IN 2007 year for this discovery Game was awarded the prize (Mott Prize) of the International Institute of Physics (Institute of Physics), and in 2009 In 1993 he became a professor at the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge.

IN 2010 Game received the John J Carty Award from the US National Academy of Sciences and the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society of Great Britain.

IN 2006 Scientific American named Game one of the 50 most influential scientists in the world, and in 2008 Russian Newsweek named Geim one of the ten most talented Russian emigrant scientists.

In October 2010 Geim and were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking experiments with the two-dimensional material graphene".

After the news about the awarding of the Nobel Prize to immigrants from Russia, they were invited to work in Russia at the Skolkovo innovation center, but Game said in an interview that he was not going to return to his homeland: “Staying in Russia was the same as spending my life fighting against windmills, and work is a hobby for me, and I absolutely did not want to spend my life on mouse fuss. At the same time, he called himself in an interview "European and 20 percent Kabardino-Balkarian." Despite his reluctance to return to Russia, he noted the high quality of fundamental education at MIPT: 2006 Game told me that the parts of the brain that he lost due to alcohol libations after exams at the institute were replaced by parts occupied by information received at the institute, which he never needed. He also collaborated with the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, where they investigated the possibility of creating a graphene transistor.

The press noted that Game is not an ordinary scientist, but in essence is closer to an inventor: he often takes the first idea that comes across as a basis and tries to develop it, and sometimes something interesting comes out of this.

Game is married. His wife, Irina Grigoryeva, is Russian, she is a candidate of sciences, also with 2000 She worked at the University of Manchester for a year. They have a daughter, a citizen of the Netherlands. In his spare time, Game enjoys mountain climbing.

) - Russian physicist, member of the Royal Society of London (2007), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2010) for experiments with two-dimensional material graphene, professor at the University of Manchester.
Andrei Geim was born into a family of Russified Germans, his parents were engineers. Andrei grew up in Nalchik, where his father worked since 1964 as the chief engineer of the Nalchik Electrovacuum Plant. In 1975, Andrey Geim graduated from high school with a gold medal and tried to enter the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, which trained personnel for the nuclear industry of the USSR. Non-Russian origin did not allow him to become a student at MEPhI, Andrei returned to Nalchik, worked at his father's factory. In 1976 he entered the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology at the Faculty of General and Applied Physics. After graduating with honors from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1982), Geim was admitted to graduate school, in 1987 he received a PhD in physics and mathematics. He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Chernogolovka, Moscow region), went abroad in 1990, became a professor at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands in 1994, and received Dutch citizenship. Since 2001 A.K. Game settled in the UK, became a professor at the University of Manchester, head of the condensed matter physics group.

The main direction of scientific research of the scientist was the properties of solids, in particular, diamagnets. He gained fame for his experiments on diamagnetic levitation. For example, the experiment with the "flying frog" was awarded in 2000 by the Ig Nobel Prize - a comic analogue of the Nobel Prize, awarded annually for the most useless achievements of scientists. Nevertheless, Geim's scientific authority was very high; he became one of the most cited physicists in the world. In 2004 A.K. Game and his student, Konstantin Novoselov, published an article in the journal Science, where they described experiments with a new material - graphene, which is a monatomic layer of carbon. In the course of further research, it was found that graphene has a number of unique properties: increased strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity, transparent to light, but at the same time dense enough not to miss helium molecules - the smallest known molecules. This discovery was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2010.

In 2011, Queen Elizabeth granted Game a knight bachelor and the title "sir". In the same year he received the Niels Bohr medal for outstanding achievements in physics.

On May 28, 2013 Andrey Geim arrived in Moscow at the invitation of the Minister of Education and Science Dmitry Livanov and accepted an offer to become an honorary co-chairman of the Public Council of the Ministry of Education and Science. At the end of June, he supported the bill on the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences ().

Andrei Geim at the Nobel Prize in Physics ceremony. Stockholm, 2010

Born in 1958 in Sochi, in a family of engineers of German origin with Jewish roots on his mother's side. In 1964 the family moved to Nalchik.

Father, Konstantin Alekseevich Game (1910-1998), since 1964 he worked as the chief engineer of the Nalchik Electrovacuum Plant; mother, Nina Nikolaevna Bayer (born 1927), worked as chief technologist there.

In 1975, Andrey Geim graduated with a gold medal from secondary school No. 3 in the city of Nalchik and tried to enter MEPhI, but unsuccessfully (the German origin of the applicant was an obstacle). After working for 8 months at the Nalchik Electrovacuum Plant, in 1976 he entered the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

Until 1982, he studied at the Faculty of General and Applied Physics, graduated with honors (“four” in the diploma only in the political economy of socialism) and entered graduate school. In 1987, he received a PhD in physics and mathematics from the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the Institute for Problems of Microelectronics Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1990 he received a scholarship from the Royal Society of England and left the Soviet Union. He worked at the University of Nottingham and also briefly at the University of Copenhagen before becoming Associate Professor and since 2001 at the University of Manchester. He is currently Head of the Manchester Center for "Meso-Science and Nanotechnology", as well as Head of the Department of Condensed Matter Physics.

Honorary doctorates from the Delft University of Technology, the ETH Zurich and the University of Antwerp. He has the title of "Professor Langworthy" of the University of Manchester (Langworthy Professor, among those awarded this title were Ernest Rutherford, Lawrence Bragg and Patrick Blackett).

In 2008, he received an offer to head the Max Planck Institute in Germany, but refused.

Subject of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. His wife, Irina Grigorieva (a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys), worked, like Geim, at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and is currently working with her husband in the laboratory of the University of Manchester.

After Geim was awarded the Nobel Prize, the intention to invite him to work at Skolkovo was announced. Game said: At the same time, Game said that he does not have Russian citizenship and feels comfortable in the UK, expressing skepticism about the Russian government's project to create an analogue of Silicon Valley in the country.

Geim's achievements include the creation of a biomimetic adhesive (glue), later known as gecko tape.

Also widely known is the experiment with, including the famous "flying frog", for which Game, together with the famous mathematician and theorist Sir Michael Berry, received the Ig Nobel Prize in 2000.

In 2004, Andrey Geim, together with his student Konstantin Novoselov, invented a technology for producing graphene, a new material that is a monatomic layer of carbon. As it turned out in the course of further experiments, graphene has a number of unique properties: it has increased strength, conducts electricity as well as copper, surpasses all known materials in thermal conductivity, is transparent to light, but at the same time is dense enough not to miss even helium molecules. are the smallest known molecules. All this makes it a promising material for a number of applications, such as the creation of touch screens, light panels and, possibly, solar panels.

For this discovery (Great Britain) in 2007 awarded Game. He also received the prestigious EuroPhysics Prize (together with Konstantin Novoselov). In 2010, the invention of graphene was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, which Geim also shared with Novoselov.

• Andrey Geim is fond of mountain tourism. Elbrus became his first “five-thousander”, and his favorite mountain is Kilimanjaro
• The scientist has a peculiar sense of humor. One of the confirmations of this is an article on diamagnetic levitation, in which the co-author of Game was his favorite hamster ("hamster") Tisha. Game himself on this occasion stated that the hamster's contribution to the levitation experiment was more immediate. Subsequently, this work was used in obtaining a Ph.D.