The law of universal gravitation definition is brief. The force of gravity
Aristotle claimed that massive objects fall to the ground faster than light ones.
Galileo at the beginning of the 17th century showed that all objects fall "in the same way." And around the same time, Kepler wondered what makes the planets move in their orbits. Maybe it's magnetism? Isaac Newton, working on "", reduced all these movements to the action of a single force called gravity, which obeys simple universal laws.
Galileo experimentally showed that the path traveled by a body falling under the influence of gravity is proportional to the square of the fall time: a ball falling for two seconds will travel four times as long as the same object for one second. Galileo also showed that the speed is directly proportional to the time of fall, and from this he deduced that the cannonball flies along a parabolic trajectory - one of the types of conic sections, like the ellipses along which, according to Kepler, the planets move. But where does this connection come from?
When Cambridge University closed for the duration of the Great Plague in the mid-1660s, Newton returned to the family estate and formulated his law of gravity there, though he kept it a secret for another 20 years. (The story of the fallen apple was not heard until Newton, aged 80, told the story after a big dinner party.)
He suggested that all objects in the universe generate a gravitational force that attracts other objects (just like an apple is attracted to the Earth), and this very gravitational force determines the trajectories along which stars, planets and other celestial bodies move in space.
In his late days, Isaac Newton told how it happened: he was walking in the apple orchard on his parents' estate and suddenly saw the moon in the daytime sky. And right before his eyes, an apple broke off from the branch and fell to the ground. Since Newton was working on the laws of motion at the same time, he already knew that the apple fell under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field. He also knew that the Moon does not just hang in the sky, but rotates in an orbit around the Earth, and, therefore, some kind of force acts on it, which keeps it from breaking out of orbit and flying away in a straight line, into open space. Then it occurred to him that perhaps it is the same force that makes both the apple fall to the earth and the moon to remain in orbit around the earth.
Inverse square law
Newton was able to calculate the magnitude of the Moon's acceleration under the influence of Earth's gravity and found that it is thousands of times less than the acceleration of objects (the same apple) near the Earth. How can this be if they are moving under the influence of the same force?
Newton's explanation was that gravity weakens with distance. An object on the surface of the Earth is 60 times closer to the center of the planet than the Moon. The attraction in the orbit of the moon is 1/3600, or 1/602, of what acts on the apple. Thus, the force of attraction between two objects - be it the Earth and an apple, the Earth and the Moon, or the Sun and a comet - is inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them. Double the distance and the force drops by a factor of four, triple it and the force becomes nine times smaller, and so on. The force also depends on the masses of objects - the greater the mass, the stronger the gravity.
The law of universal gravitation can be written as a formula:
F = G(Mm/r2).
Where: The gravitational force is equal to the product of the larger mass M and less weight m divided by the square of the distance between them r2 and multiplied by the gravitational constant, denoted by a capital letter G(lowercase g denotes the acceleration caused by gravity).
This constant determines the attraction between any two masses anywhere in the universe. In 1789, it was used to calculate the mass of the Earth (6 1024 kg). Newton's laws are wonderful at predicting forces and motions in a system of two objects. But when a third is added, everything becomes much more complicated and leads (after 300 years) to the mathematics of chaos.
« Physics - Grade 10 "
Why does the moon move around the earth?
What happens if the moon stops?
Why do the planets revolve around the sun?
In Chapter 1, it was discussed in detail that the globe imparts the same acceleration to all bodies near the surface of the Earth - the acceleration of free fall. But if the globe imparts acceleration to the body, then, according to Newton's second law, it acts on the body with some force. The force with which the earth acts on the body is called gravity. First, let's find this force, and then consider the force of universal gravitation.
Modulo acceleration is determined from Newton's second law:
In the general case, it depends on the force acting on the body and its mass. Since the acceleration of free fall does not depend on the mass, it is clear that the force of gravity must be proportional to the mass:
The physical quantity is the free fall acceleration, it is constant for all bodies.
Based on the formula F = mg, you can specify a simple and practically convenient method for measuring the masses of bodies by comparing the mass of a given body with a standard unit of mass. The ratio of the masses of two bodies is equal to the ratio of the forces of gravity acting on the bodies:
This means that the masses of bodies are the same if the forces of gravity acting on them are the same.
This is the basis for the determination of masses by weighing on a spring or balance scale. By ensuring that the force of pressure of the body on the scales, equal to the force of gravity applied to the body, is balanced by the force of pressure of the weights on the other scales, equal to the force of gravity applied to the weights, we thereby determine the mass of the body.
The force of gravity acting on a given body near the Earth can be considered constant only at a certain latitude near the Earth's surface. If the body is lifted or moved to a place with a different latitude, then the acceleration of free fall, and hence the force of gravity, will change.
The force of gravity.
Newton was the first to rigorously prove that the reason that causes the fall of a stone to the Earth, the movement of the Moon around the Earth and the planets around the Sun, is the same. This gravitational force acting between any bodies of the Universe.
Newton came to the conclusion that if it were not for air resistance, then the trajectory of a stone thrown from a high mountain (Fig. 3.1) with a certain speed could become such that it would never reach the Earth's surface at all, but would move around it like how the planets describe their orbits in the sky.
Newton found this reason and was able to accurately express it in the form of one formula - the law of universal gravitation.
Since the force of universal gravitation imparts the same acceleration to all bodies, regardless of their mass, it must be proportional to the mass of the body on which it acts:
“Gravity exists for all bodies in general and is proportional to the mass of each of them ... all planets gravitate towards each other ...” I. Newton
But since, for example, the Earth acts on the Moon with a force proportional to the mass of the Moon, then the Moon, according to Newton's third law, must act on the Earth with the same force. Moreover, this force must be proportional to the mass of the Earth. If the gravitational force is truly universal, then from the side of a given body any other body must be acted upon by a force proportional to the mass of this other body. Consequently, the force of universal gravitation must be proportional to the product of the masses of the interacting bodies. From this follows the formulation of the law of universal gravitation.
Law of gravity:
The force of mutual attraction of two bodies is directly proportional to the product of the masses of these bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:
The proportionality factor G is called gravitational constant.
The gravitational constant is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two material points with a mass of 1 kg each, if the distance between them is 1 m. After all, with masses m 1 \u003d m 2 \u003d 1 kg and a distance r \u003d 1 m, we get G \u003d F (numerically).
It must be kept in mind that the law of universal gravitation (3.4) as a universal law is valid for material points. In this case, the forces of gravitational interaction are directed along the line connecting these points (Fig. 3.2, a).
It can be shown that homogeneous bodies having the shape of a ball (even if they cannot be considered material points, Fig. 3.2, b) also interact with the force defined by formula (3.4). In this case, r is the distance between the centers of the balls. The forces of mutual attraction lie on a straight line passing through the centers of the balls. Such forces are called central. The bodies whose fall to the Earth we usually consider are much smaller than the Earth's radius (R ≈ 6400 km).
Such bodies, regardless of their shape, can be considered as material points and the force of their attraction to the Earth can be determined using the law (3.4), bearing in mind that r is the distance from the given body to the center of the Earth.
A stone thrown to the Earth will deviate under the action of gravity from a straight path and, having described a curved trajectory, will finally fall to the Earth. If you throw it with more speed, it will fall further.” I. Newton
Definition of the gravitational constant.
Now let's find out how you can find the gravitational constant. First of all, note that G has a specific name. This is due to the fact that the units (and, accordingly, the names) of all quantities included in the law of universal gravitation have already been established earlier. The law of gravitation gives a new connection between known quantities with certain names of units. That is why the coefficient turns out to be a named value. Using the formula of the law of universal gravitation, it is easy to find the name of the unit of gravitational constant in SI: N m 2 / kg 2 \u003d m 3 / (kg s 2).
To quantify G, it is necessary to independently determine all the quantities included in the law of universal gravitation: both masses, force and distance between bodies.
The difficulty lies in the fact that the gravitational forces between bodies of small masses are extremely small. It is for this reason that we do not notice the attraction of our body to surrounding objects and the mutual attraction of objects to each other, although gravitational forces are the most universal of all forces in nature. Two people weighing 60 kg at a distance of 1 m from each other are attracted with a force of only about 10 -9 N. Therefore, to measure the gravitational constant, rather subtle experiments are needed.
The gravitational constant was first measured by the English physicist G. Cavendish in 1798 using a device called a torsion balance. The scheme of the torsion balance is shown in Figure 3.3. A light rocker with two identical weights at the ends is suspended on a thin elastic thread. Two heavy balls are motionlessly fixed nearby. Gravitational forces act between weights and motionless balls. Under the influence of these forces, the rocker turns and twists the thread until the resulting elastic force becomes equal to the gravitational force. The angle of twist can be used to determine the force of attraction. To do this, you only need to know the elastic properties of the thread. The masses of bodies are known, and the distance between the centers of interacting bodies can be directly measured.
From these experiments, the following value for the gravitational constant was obtained:
G \u003d 6.67 10 -11 N m 2 / kg 2.
Only in the case when bodies of enormous masses interact (or at least the mass of one of the bodies is very large), the gravitational force reaches a large value. For example, the Earth and the Moon are attracted to each other with a force F ≈ 2 10 20 N.
Dependence of free fall acceleration of bodies on geographic latitude.
One of the reasons for the increase in the acceleration of gravity when moving the point where the body is located from the equator to the poles is that the globe is somewhat flattened at the poles and the distance from the center of the Earth to its surface at the poles is less than at the equator. Another reason is the rotation of the Earth.
Equality of inertial and gravitational masses.
The most striking property of gravitational forces is that they impart the same acceleration to all bodies, regardless of their masses. What would you say about a football player whose kick would equally accelerate an ordinary leather ball and a two-pound weight? Everyone will say that it is impossible. But the Earth is just such an “extraordinary football player”, with the only difference that its effect on bodies does not have the character of a short-term impact, but continues continuously for billions of years.
In Newton's theory, mass is the source of the gravitational field. We are in the Earth's gravitational field. At the same time, we are also sources of the gravitational field, but due to the fact that our mass is significantly less than the mass of the Earth, our field is much weaker and the surrounding objects do not react to it.
The unusual property of gravitational forces, as we have already said, is explained by the fact that these forces are proportional to the masses of both interacting bodies. The mass of the body, which is included in Newton's second law, determines the inertial properties of the body, i.e., its ability to acquire a certain acceleration under the action of a given force. This inertial mass m and.
It would seem, what relation can it have to the ability of bodies to attract each other? The mass that determines the ability of bodies to attract each other is the gravitational mass m r .
It does not follow at all from Newtonian mechanics that the inertial and gravitational masses are the same, i.e. that
m and = m r . (3.5)
Equality (3.5) is a direct consequence of experience. It means that one can simply speak of the mass of a body as a quantitative measure of both its inertial and gravitational properties.
I decided, to the best of my ability and ability, to focus on lighting in more detail. scientific heritage Academician Nikolai Viktorovich Levashov, because I see that today his works are not yet in the demand that they should be in a society of truly free and reasonable people. people still do not understand the value and importance of his books and articles, because they don't realize the extent of the deception in which we have been living for the last couple of centuries; do not understand that the information about nature, which we consider familiar and therefore true, is 100% false; and they are deliberately imposed on us in order to hide the truth and prevent us from developing in the right direction ...
Law of gravity
Why do we need to deal with this gravity? Is there anything else we don't know about her? What are you! We already know a lot about gravity! For example, Wikipedia kindly informs us that « gravity (attraction, worldwide, gravity) (from lat. gravitas - "gravity") - a universal fundamental interaction between all material bodies. In the approximation of low speeds and weak gravitational interaction, it is described by Newton's theory of gravitation, in the general case it is described by Einstein's general theory of relativity ... " Those. simply put, this Internet chatterbox says that gravity is the interaction between all material bodies, and even more simply - mutual attraction material bodies to each other.
We owe the appearance of such an opinion to Comrade. Isaac Newton, credited with the discovery in 1687 "Law of gravity", according to which all bodies are allegedly attracted to each other in proportion to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. I am glad that Comrade. Isaac Newton is described in Pedia as a highly educated scientist, unlike Comrade. who is credited with discovering electricity…
It is interesting to look at the dimension of the "Force of Attraction" or "Force of Gravity", which follows from Com. Isaac Newton, having the following form: F=m 1 *m2 /r2
The numerator is the product of the masses of the two bodies. This gives the dimension of "kilograms squared" - kg 2. The denominator is "distance" squared, i.e. square meters - m 2. But strength is not measured in strange kg 2 / m 2, and in no less strange kg * m / s 2! It turns out to be a mismatch. To remove it, the "scientists" came up with a coefficient, the so-called. "gravitational constant" G , equal to approximately 6.67545×10 −11 m³/(kg s²). If we now multiply everything, we get the correct dimension of "Gravity" in kg * m / s 2, and this abracadabra is called in physics "newton", i.e. force in today's physics is measured in "".
Interesting: what physical meaning has a coefficient G , for something reducing the result in 600 billion times? None! "Scientists" called it "proportionality coefficient". And they brought it in for fit dimension and result under the most desired! This is the kind of science we have today ... It should be noted that, in order to confuse scientists and hide contradictions, measurement systems have changed several times in physics - the so-called. "systems of units". Here are the names of some of them, replacing each other, as the need to create the next disguises arose: MTS, MKGSS, SGS, SI ...
It would be interesting to ask Comrade. Isaac: a how did he guess that there is a natural process of attracting bodies to each other? How did he guess that the “Force of Attraction” is proportional precisely to the product of the masses of two bodies, and not to their sum or difference? How did he so successfully comprehend that this Force is inversely proportional precisely to the square of the distance between the bodies, and not to the cube, doubling or fractional power? Where at comrade appeared such inexplicable guesses 350 years ago? After all, he did not conduct any experiments in this area! And, if you believe the traditional version of history, in those days even the rulers were not yet completely even, but here such an inexplicable, simply fantastic insight! Where?
Yes out of nowhere! Tov. Isaac knew nothing of the kind, nor did he investigate anything of the kind, and did not open. Why? Because in reality the physical process " attraction tel" to each other does not exist, and, accordingly, there is no Law that would describe this process (this will be convincingly proved below)! In reality, Comrade Newton in our indistinct, just attributed the discovery of the law of "Universal gravitation", simultaneously awarding him the title of "one of the founders of classical physics"; in the same way as Comrade was attributed at one time. bene Franklin, which had 2 classes education. In “Medieval Europe”, this did not happen: there was a lot of tension not only with the sciences, but simply with life ...
But, fortunately for us, at the end of the last century, the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov wrote several books in which he gave "alphabet and grammar" undistorted knowledge; returned to earthlings the previously destroyed scientific paradigm, with the help of which easily explained almost all the "unsolvable" mysteries of earthly nature; explained the fundamentals of the structure of the Universe; showed under what conditions on all planets on which necessary and sufficient conditions appear, A life- living matter. He explained what kind of matter can be considered alive, and what physical meaning natural process called a life". Then he explained when and under what conditions "living matter" acquires Intelligence, i.e. realizes its existence - becomes intelligent. Nikolai Viktorovich Levashov conveyed to people in his books and films very much undistorted knowledge. He also explained what "gravity", where does it come from, how does it work, what is its actual physical meaning. Most of all this is written in books and. And now let's deal with the "Law of Universal Gravitation" ...
The "Law of Gravity" is a hoax!
Why do I so boldly and confidently criticize physics, the "discovery" of Comrade. Isaac Newton and the "great" "Law of Universal Gravitation" itself? Yes, because this “Law” is a fiction! Deception! Fiction! A worldwide scam to lead earthly science to a dead end! The same scam with the same goals as the notorious "Theory of Relativity" comrade. Einstein.
Evidence? If you please, here they are: very precise, strict and convincing. They were splendidly described by the author O.Kh. Derevensky in his wonderful article. Due to the fact that the article is quite voluminous, I will give here a very brief version of some of the evidence for the falsity of the "Law of Universal Gravity", and citizens who are interested in the details will read the rest for themselves.
1. In our solar system only the planets and the Moon, the Earth's satellite, have gravity. The satellites of the other planets, and there are more than six dozen of them, do not have gravity! This information is completely open, but not advertised by "scientific" people, because it is inexplicable from the point of view of their "science". Those. b about Most of the objects in our solar system do not have gravity - they do not attract each other! And this completely refutes the "Law of General Gravity".
2. Henry Cavendish Experience by attracting massive blanks to each other is considered irrefutable proof of the presence of attraction between bodies. However, despite its simplicity, this experience is not openly reproduced anywhere. Apparently, because it does not give the effect that some people once announced. Those. today, with the possibility of strict verification, experience does not show any attraction between bodies!
3. Launch of an artificial satellite into orbit around the asteroid. In the middle of February 2000 the Americans drove a space probe NEAR close enough to the asteroid Eros, leveled the speeds and began to wait for the capture of the probe by the gravity of Eros, i.e. when the satellite is gently attracted by the gravity of the asteroid.
But for some reason the first date didn't work out. The second and subsequent attempts to surrender to Eros had exactly the same effect: Eros did not want to attract the American probe NEAR, and without engine work, the probe did not stay near Eros . This space date ended in nothing. Those. no attraction between probe with mass 805 kg and an asteroid weighing over 6 trillion tons could not be found.
Here it is impossible not to note the inexplicable stubbornness of the Americans from NASA, because the Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov, living at that time in the United States, which he then considered a completely normal country, wrote, translated into English and published in 1994 year of his famous book, in which he explained everything that NASA specialists needed to know in order to make their probe NEAR did not hang out as a useless piece of iron in space, but brought at least some benefit to society. But, apparently, exorbitant self-conceit played a trick on the “scientists” there.
4. Next try repeat the erotic experiment with the asteroid Japanese. They chose an asteroid called Itokawa, and sent on May 9 2003 year to him a probe called ("Falcon"). In September 2005 year, the probe approached the asteroid at a distance of 20 km.
Taking into account the experience of the “stupid Americans”, the smart Japanese equipped their probe with several engines and an autonomous short-range navigation system with laser rangefinders, so that it could approach the asteroid and move around it automatically, without the participation of ground operators. “The first number of this program was a comedy stunt with the landing of a small research robot on the surface of an asteroid. The probe descended to the calculated height and carefully dropped the robot, which was supposed to slowly and smoothly fall to the surface. But... it didn't fall. Slow and smooth he got carried away somewhere far away from the asteroid. There he went missing ... The next number of the program turned out to be, again, a comedy trick with a short landing of the probe on the surface "to take a soil sample." It came out as a comedy because, in order to ensure the best performance of laser rangefinders, a reflective marker ball was dropped onto the surface of the asteroid. There were no engines on this ball either, and ... in short, there was no ball in the right place ... So did the Japanese Sokol land on Itokawa, and what did he do on it if he sat down, science does not know ... "Conclusion: the Japanese miracle of Hayabusa is not was able to discover no attraction between probe ground 510 kg and an asteroid with mass 35 000 tons.
Separately, I would like to note that an exhaustive explanation of the nature of gravity by a Russian scientist Nikolai Levashov gave in his book, which he first published in 2002 year - almost a year and a half before the start of the Japanese "Falcon". And, despite this, the Japanese "scientists" followed exactly in the footsteps of their American colleagues and carefully repeated all their mistakes, including landing. Here is such an interesting continuity of "scientific thinking" ...
5. Where do hot flashes come from? A very interesting phenomenon described in the literature, to put it mildly, is not entirely correct. “... There are textbooks on physics, where it is written what should be - in accordance with the "law of universal gravitation". There are also textbooks oceanography, where it is written what they are, tides, in fact.
If the law of universal gravitation operates here, and ocean water is attracted, including to the Sun and the Moon, then the "physical" and "oceanographic" patterns of the tides must coincide. So do they match or not? It turns out that to say that they do not match is to say nothing. Because the "physical" and "oceanographic" pictures have no relationship at all nothing in common... The actual picture of tidal phenomena is so different from the theoretical one - both qualitatively and quantitatively - that on the basis of such a theory, tides can be predicted impossible. Yes, no one is trying to do it. Not crazy after all. They do this: for each port or other point of interest, the ocean level dynamics is modeled by the sum of oscillations with amplitudes and phases that are found purely empirically. And then they extrapolate this sum of fluctuations forward - so you get the pre-calculations. The captains of the ships are happy - well, okay! .. ”This all means that our earthly tides are also do not obey"Law of universal gravitation".
What is gravity really
The real nature of gravity for the first time in modern history was clearly described by academician Nikolai Levashov in a fundamental scientific work. In order for the reader to better understand what has been written regarding gravity, I will give a little preliminary explanation.
The space around us is not empty. It is all completely filled with many different matters, which Academician N.V. Levashov named "first matter". Previously, scientists called all this riot of matter "ether" and even received convincing evidence of its existence (the famous experiments of Dayton Miller, described in the article by Nikolai Levashov "Theory of the Universe and Objective Reality"). Modern "scientists" have gone much further and now they "ether" called "dark matter". Enormous progress! Some matters in the "ether" interact with each other to one degree or another, some do not. And some primary matter begins to interact with each other, falling into changed external conditions in certain curvature of space (heterogeneities).
Curvature of space appears as a result of various explosions, including "supernova explosions". « When a supernova explodes, fluctuations in the dimensionality of space occur, similar to the waves that appear on the surface of water after a stone is thrown. The masses of matter ejected during the explosion fill these inhomogeneities in the dimensionality of the space around the star. From these masses of matter, planets ( and ) begin to form ... "
Those. planets are not formed from space debris, as modern “scientists” for some reason claim, but are synthesized from the matter of stars and other primary matters that begin to interact with each other in suitable inhomogeneities of space and form the so-called. "hybrid matter". It is from these “hybrid matters” that the planets and everything else in our space are formed. our planet, just like the rest of the planets, is not just a "piece of stone", but a very complex system consisting of several spheres nested one into another (see). The densest sphere is called the "physically dense level" - this is what we see, the so-called. physical world. Second in terms of density, a slightly larger sphere is the so-called. "ethereal material level" of the planet. Third sphere - "astral material level". 4th the sphere is the "first mental level" of the planet. Fifth the sphere is the "second mental level" of the planet. AND sixth the sphere is the "third mental level" of the planet.
Our planet should only be considered as the totality of these six spheres– six material levels of the planet nested one into another. Only in this case it is possible to get a complete picture of the structure and properties of the planet and the processes occurring in nature. The fact that we are not yet able to observe the processes taking place outside the physically dense sphere of our planet does not indicate that “there is nothing there”, but only that at present our sense organs are not adapted by nature for these purposes. And one more thing: our Universe, our planet Earth and everything else in our Universe is formed from seven various types of primary matter merged into six hybrid materials. And it is neither divine nor unique. This is just a qualitative structure of our Universe, due to the properties of the heterogeneity in which it was formed.
Let's continue: the planets are formed by the merger of the corresponding primary matter in the areas of space inhomogeneities that have properties and qualities suitable for this. But in these, as in all other regions of space, a huge number of primal matter(free forms of matter) of various types, not interacting or very weakly interacting with hybrid matters. Getting into the area of heterogeneity, many of these primary matters are affected by this heterogeneity and rush to its center, in accordance with the gradient (difference) of space. And, if a planet has already formed in the center of this heterogeneity, then the primary matter, moving towards the center of heterogeneity (and the center of the planet), creates directional flow, which creates the so-called. gravitational field. And, accordingly, under gravity you and I need to understand the impact of the directed flow of primary matter on everything that is in its path. That is, to put it simply, gravity is pressure material objects to the surface of the planet by the flow of primary matter.
Is not it, reality is very different from the fictitious law of "mutual attraction", which supposedly exists everywhere for no clear reason. Reality is much more interesting, much more complex and much simpler at the same time. Therefore, the physics of real natural processes is much easier to understand than fictional ones. And the use of real knowledge leads to real discoveries and the effective use of these discoveries, and not to sucked from the finger.
antigravity
As an example of today's scientific profanity we can briefly analyze the "scientists" explanation of the fact that "rays of light are bent near large masses", and therefore we can see that it is closed to us by stars and planets.
Indeed, we can observe objects in the Cosmos that are hidden from us by other objects, but this phenomenon has nothing to do with the masses of objects, because the “universal” phenomenon does not exist, i.e. no stars, no planets NOT attract no rays to themselves and do not bend their trajectory! Why then are they "curved"? There is a very simple and convincing answer to this question: rays are not bent! They just do not spread in a straight line, as we are accustomed to understand, and in accordance with form of space. If we consider a beam passing near a large cosmic body, then we must keep in mind that the beam goes around this body, because it is forced to follow the curvature of space, as if along a road of the corresponding shape. And there is simply no other way for the beam. The beam cannot help but go around this body, because the space in this area has such a curved shape ... Small to what has been said.
Now, returning to antigravity, it becomes clear why Mankind can never catch this nasty "anti-gravity" or achieve at least something of what the clever functionaries of the dream factory show us on TV. We are specifically forced for more than a hundred years, internal combustion engines or jet engines have been used almost everywhere, although they are very far from perfect both in terms of the principle of operation, and in design, and in efficiency. We are specifically forced mine using various generators of cyclopean sizes, and then transmit this energy through wires, where b about most of it is scattered in space! We are specifically forced live the life of unreasonable beings, so we have no reason to be surprised that we can’t do anything sensible either in science, or in technology, or in economics, or in medicine, or in organizing a decent life for society.
I will now give you a few examples of the creation and use of antigravity (aka levitation) in our lives. But these ways of achieving anti-gravity are most likely discovered by chance. And in order to consciously create a really useful device that implements antigravity, you need to know the real nature of the phenomenon of gravity, explore it, analyze and understand all its essence! Only then can something sensible, effective and really useful to society be created.
The most common anti-gravity device we have is balloon and many of its variations. If it is filled with warm air or a gas lighter than the atmospheric gas mixture, then the ball will tend to fly up, and not fall down. This effect has been known to people for a very long time, but still does not have a complete explanation- one that would no longer give rise to new questions.
A short search on YouTube led to the discovery of a large number of videos that demonstrate very real examples of antigravity. I will list some of them here so that you can be sure that antigravity ( levitation) really exists, but ... so far none of the "scientists" has explained it, apparently, pride does not allow ...
In physics, there are a huge number of laws, terms, definitions and formulas that explain all natural phenomena on earth and in the Universe. One of the main ones is the law of universal gravitation, which was discovered by the great and well-known scientist Isaac Newton. Its definition looks like this: any two bodies in the Universe are mutually attracted to each other with a certain force. The formula for universal gravitation, which calculates this force, will look like this: F = G*(m1*m2 / R*R).
In contact with
History of the discovery of the law
For a very long time people have studied the sky. They wanted to know all its features, all that reign in the inaccessible space. A calendar was compiled from the sky, important dates and dates of religious holidays were calculated. People believed that the center of the entire Universe is the Sun, around which all celestial subjects revolve.
A truly stormy scientific interest in space and astronomy in general appeared in the 16th century. Tycho Brahe, the great astronomer, during his research observed the movements of the planets, recorded and systematized observations. By the time Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, the Copernican system had already been established in the world, according to which all celestial bodies revolve around a star in certain orbits. The great scientist Kepler, on the basis of Brahe's research, discovered the kinematic laws that characterize the motion of the planets.
Based on Kepler's laws, Isaac Newton opened his and found out, what:
- The movements of the planets indicate the presence of a central force.
- The central force causes the planets to move in their orbits.
Formula parsing
There are five variables in Newton's law formula:
How accurate are the calculations
Since Isaac Newton's law refers to mechanics, calculations do not always accurately reflect the real force with which bodies interact. Furthermore , this formula can only be used in two cases:
- When the two bodies between which the interaction occurs are homogeneous objects.
- When one of the bodies is a material point, and the other is a homogeneous ball.
Gravity field
According to Newton's third law, we understand that the forces of interaction of two bodies are the same in value, but opposite in its direction. The direction of forces occurs strictly along a straight line that connects the centers of mass of two interacting bodies. The interaction of attraction between bodies occurs due to the gravitational field.
Description of interaction and gravity
Gravity has very long-range interaction fields. In other words, its influence extends over very large, cosmic scale distances. Thanks to gravity, people and all other objects are attracted to the earth, and the earth and all the planets of the solar system are attracted to the sun. Gravity is the constant influence of bodies on each other, it is a phenomenon that determines the law of universal gravitation. It is very important to understand one thing - the more massive the body, the more gravity it has. The Earth has a huge mass, so we are attracted to it, and the Sun weighs several million times more than the Earth, so our planet is attracted to the star.
Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists, argued that gravity between two bodies is due to the curvature of space-time. The scientist was sure that space, like tissue, can be pressed through, and the more massive the object, the more it will push through this tissue. Einstein was the author of the theory of relativity, which states that everything in the universe is relative, even such a quantity as time.
Calculation example
Let's try, using the already known formula of the law of universal gravitation, solve a physics problem:
- The radius of the Earth is approximately equal to 6350 kilometers. We take the acceleration of free fall as 10. It is necessary to find the mass of the Earth.
Solution: The free fall acceleration at the Earth will be equal to G*M / R^2. From this equation, we can express the mass of the Earth: M = g * R ^ 2 / G. It remains only to substitute the values \u200b\u200bin the formula: M = 10 * 6350000 ^ 2 / 6, 7 * 10 ^-11. In order not to suffer with degrees, we bring the equation to the form:
- M = 10* (6.4*10^6)^2 / 6.7 * 10^-11.
Having calculated, we get that the mass of the Earth is approximately equal to 6 * 10 ^ 24 kilograms.
Universal gravitation definition, formula. Gravitational constant.
What is universal gravitation?
All bodies are attracted to each other. These forces are called the forces of universal gravitation.
Another name for the forces of universal gravitation is gravitational forces.
An example of the manifestation of the forces of universal gravitation is the force of gravity.
A body falls to the ground under the influence of gravity. The earth and this body are attracted to each other.
Universal gravitation definition
Universal gravitation definition:
Two bodies are attracted to each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravity Formula
Universal gravitation formula:
F = γ(m 1 m 2)/r 2
where
m 1 is the mass of the first body;
m 2 is the mass of the second body;
r is the distance between the bodies.
Gravitational constant
The coefficient of proportionality γ is called the gravitational constant.
The gravitational constant in SI is:
γ \u003d 6.7 * 10 -11 N * m 2 / kg 2
Important. The above formula for the law of universal gravitation is valid only when the distance between the bodies is much greater than the size of the bodies themselves. In other cases, the formula of the law of universal gravitation cannot be applied.
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