• 1. A comma is placed between simple sentences in the Compound, regardless of what kind of conjunction they are connected with: connective, adversative, disjunctive, adjunctive or explanatory (The sky frowned, and soon a thunderstorm broke out. He had already forgotten everything, but she couldn’t forgive me. Either the sun is shining very brightly, or my eyesight has become completely bad.).
• 2. If the phenomena referred to in parts (of a complex sentence) quickly follow each other or are opposed to each other, then a dash is placed (A rocket fired - and everything around rumbled.).
• 3. No comma is used:
  • o if the parts of a compound sentence have a common member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause and if they are connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or separating conjunctions or, or, then a comma is not placed between them (Cars raced through the streets and trams thundered. When it started to rain, the game stopped and everyone went queen.).
  • o between noun clauses connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of and) or disjunctive conjunctions or, or (Walking in the park and riding a bicycle.),
  • o between interrogative sentences connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (meaning and) or disjunctive conjunctions or, or (When are we leaving and what time does the train leave?)
• 4. Two impersonal sentences in a complex sentence are separated by a comma (It got dark and it became cool.), BUT if the predicates are homogeneous in meaning, then a comma is not placed (You need to wash the floor and then you should wipe it dry.)

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

• 1. If the subordinate clause comes before or after the main clause, then it is separated by a comma (When I came home, everyone was already asleep. The glory of those who die for the fatherland does not die.). If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, then it is separated by commas on both sides (In the evening, when I no longer had the strength to work, I went to the embankment.).
• 2. If a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause using conjunctions because, because, since, in order to, despite the fact that, etc., then a comma is placed only once either before the entire complex conjunction, or before its second part (I didn’t come because I had a lot to do. I came to express my condolences to you.)
• 3. If subordinate clauses depend on the same member of the main clause, then the rules for placing punctuation marks between them are the same as for homogeneous members of the sentence:

, (), () And ().

And (), and (), and (). (after the main clause there is no comma before the first subordinate clause)

, (), and (), and ().

, () and (), () and ().

He said that the weather would improve and (that) we would go on a picnic.

Slavik behaves equally evenly both when he is angry and when he is very happy.

• 4. At the junction of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating and coordinating conjunction, a comma is placed between them only if the omission of the subordinate clause does not require a complete restructuring of the sentence (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiance.); if the second part of the subordinate clause begins with the words how, but, then a comma is not placed (Masha said that when she comes next time, she will bring her fiance.)
• 5. Sometimes, when underlining intonation, before explanatory and conditional clauses with a conjunction, not a comma is placed, but a dash (I was sent some books, but I don’t know which ones yet.)

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.

Between the parts of a non-union complex sentence the following can be placed:

• · a comma, if the parts are independent of each other, but united in meaning (The horses started moving, the bell rang, the carriage flew.),
• · semicolon, if there are commas inside one or both parts or if the sentences are far apart in meaning (the sentence splits into two semantic parts): Gerasim grabbed Mumu. squeezed her in his arms; in an instant she licked his nose, eyes, mustache and beard.
• · colon, if
• 1. the second sentence explains the reason or tells about the consequences of what is said in the first sentence (They were silent the whole way: the noise of the engine prevented them from talking.),
• 2. if in the first sentence there are words see, hear, know, etc., which prompt the reader that a statement of some facts will follow (I understood: she wanted me to leave.),
• · dash if
• 1. the first sentence denotes a condition or time (More lessons - more knowledge. The forest is cut down - the chips fly);
• 2. when the second sentence has the meaning of comparison (If he looks, he will give him a ruble.);
• 3. the second part contains some unexpected information or an indication of a rapid change of events (Lightning flashed - it began.);
• 4. if in the second part there is a sharp contrast in relation to the first part (We wanted the best - it turned out as always.).

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more grammatical stems. Types of complex sentences can be represented in the following diagram:

Complex sentences:

1.Allied
2.Non-Union. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning.
3.With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.

Compound. The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star.

Complex subordinates. I know that I don't know anything.

Let's sort it out in order.

Co complex The proposals are quite simple:

A comma is placed between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence: Morning came and everyone went home.

A comma is not placed if the sentences connected by conjunctions have a common secondary member, introductory word, comparative phrase or common subordinate clause: From the window you can see the Volga and the stars sparkle high(general term – “out of the window”).

Complex sentences

We put a comma:

• between simple sentences that are part of a complex one: We set off as the sun rose. Tell us where you are staying. To prevent the child from getting wet, he was wrapped in a raincoat.
• when using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after, since, in order to, in order to . Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before or inside conjunctions: He didn't come to school because he was sick. We only left because it became dark.
• Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of a sentence: It was obvious that he was right and that I was entirely to blame.

Don't put a comma:

• between adjacent unions what if, what although , if further there is a second part of the union That or So : He said that if the weather did not improve, then we should forget about fishing.
• if there is a negation before the conjunction (conjunctive word) Not : He began to find out not what happened, but who did it.
• if the subordinate part is one conjunctive word: He promised to return, but did not say when.
• before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially : He became better, especially when he learned about what had happened.
• before steady speed as you like, wherever it goes, at any cost, as much as you like, unknown where, as if nothing had happened, etc.

IN non-union complex sentences there is always some punctuation mark. It is important to understand which one. Let's figure it out!

We put a comma

• between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and related: Clouds piled up, lightning flashed, and it rained.

We put a colon:

• the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in meaning, a conjunction can be inserted between them because ): Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
• the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, you can insert words between them, namely ): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow had melted, the damp earth was smoking, grass was breaking through.
• the second sentence complements the first (in meaning a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them What : "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel (=that) someone is pulling me to the side.
• The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?

We put a dash:

• with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: I woke up and he was no longer there. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
• when contrasted (in meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between the parts ah, but ): Sasha is stupid - (=a) Petya is smart.
• if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (in meaning, conjunctions can be placed before the first sentence when, if ): (When) the forest is cut down, the chips fly.
• when comparing (meaningfully, you can insert conjunctions between the parts as if): Says a word - (= as if) a nightingale is singing.
• if the second sentence represents a result or conclusion (in terms of meaning, you can insert the word between the parts That's why ): The smoky sun is rising - (=therefore) it will be a hot day.

Complex sentence with different types of connections is a combination of complex sentences already known to us. Therefore, it is important to determine by what connection the parts of the sentence are coordinated. We put punctuation marks based on this. The most questions arise when coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are next to each other. When should they be separated by a comma? It's simple here:

Compare:
You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
You can call me, but if you don’t call today, we’ll leave tomorrow.

Let's sum it up

First we need to determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we count the number of grammatical stems.
If the sentence is simple, pay attention to the subject and predicate - are they the ones that need to be put with a dash between them?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it contain homogeneous parts of the sentence, introductory words or constructions, addresses, the conjunction “how”?
If the sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinating connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, ah, but, yes . It’s simple here - if they are there, it means the sentence is complex. If parts of a complex sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check whether we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any connecting words, but the sentence is complex, then it is non-conjunctive. Our task is to determine which character separates the parts of a non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating ones, and a non-union connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. We pay special attention to the presence of conjunctions in the second part then, yes, but .

1. Parts of a complex sentence separated by commas , if connecting relationships are established between them (unions and, yes, neither... nor), adversatives (conjunctions a, but, yes, however, same, but, otherwise ), dividing (unions or, either, whether... or, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that ), connecting (unions yes and, and besides, also, also ) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is ).

For example: My narration turns out to be strictly documentary, and then I must follow the chosen path (Chiv.); There was a misunderstanding, and Ivan Nikolaevich (Bulg.) was, of course, to blame for it; The lanterns had already been lit on Bronnaya, and the golden moon was shining over the Patriarchs (Bulg.); There is salt in Kara-Bugaz, but no coal, oil... (Paust.); A small area in front of the house was paved, and in winter there was a snowdrift with a shovel on it, and in summer it turned into a magnificent section of a summer restaurant under a canvas awning (Bulg.); Whether the ringing of city and monastery bells was heard through the open windows, whether a peacock was screaming in the courtyard, or someone was coughing in the hallway, everyone involuntarily came to the thought that Mikhail Ilyich was seriously ill (Ch.); It is necessary to get bread, that is, you need to plow, sow, mow, thresh (Ch.); Bykov had little understanding of why Vasiliev refused the trip, and the pilot was of little interest to the lieutenant’s personal plans (Sayan).

Unions either... or V compound sentence are equated to repeated conjunctions, and therefore a comma before or is put, in contrast to the use of the same conjunction with homogeneous members in a simple sentence, where the combination either... or does not form repeated conjunctions, as a result of which the comma before or not installed.

Compare: Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose, knowing that she would meet me (L.); Was the loving image of the beautiful sailor still preserved in her memory, or was her attention to the deceased and his family a friendly gratitude for past happiness (Kupr.); – Does he see it or not (G.).

2. In a complex sentence no comma in the following cases:

1) if the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause.

For example: Through the rain the sun shone and a rainbow spread from edge to edge (Prishv.); When the sun rose the dew has dried and the grass has turned green;

If the subordinate clause refers only to one of the parts of a complex sentence, then its second part is separated by a comma.

For example: Romashov knew perfectly well that Shurochka was not in this bright, festive group, but when he looked there, every time something sweetly ached near his heart, and he wanted to breathe often from a strange, causeless excitement (Kupr.);

2) if the parts of a complex sentence are united by a common introductory word, have a common isolated member, or are united by an explanatory meaning in relation to the third part - explained by them.

For example: In a word, the time had already expired and it was time to leave; Contrary to all the forecasters' predictions, the sky had already cleared and the rain had stopped; Soon we found ourselves in front of the gorge: the water rustled below and the falling of stones was heard; It was impossible to stop: the legs were sucked in and the footprints filled with water (Paust.);

3) if the parts of a complex sentence are nominative or impersonal sentences of a homogeneous composition.

For example: Do you hear? A hoarse groan and an angry rattle! (P.); The trees were dripping and there was a smell of leaves all around.

However, if there are more than two nominative sentences and the conjunction is repeated, then commas are placed - according to the rule that applies when identifying homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example: The hiss of underwater sand, the awkward movement of a crab, and the run of a goby, and the round ice jellyfish (Bagr.); And the blue smoke, and the first meetings, the vague anxiety, and the scarf thrown over the shoulders, the government house and the long road (Sim.).

A comma is also placed if the predicates of impersonal sentences are not homogeneous in composition.

For example: It smells like something unfamiliar and it’s very hot (O.B.);

4) if parts of a complex sentence are imperative, interrogative or exclamatory sentences; What unites here is a single intonation; incentive sentences may also contain common particles.

For example: Where will the meeting be and who is its chairman?

– general interrogative intonation; How quiet it is around and how clear the starry sky is! – general exclamatory intonation; Let the sun shine and the birds sing! – general particle; a union can also be a unifying element: The May cold ended, it became warm, and the bird cherry withered. But rowan buds have appeared and lilacs are blooming (Prishv.). 3. In a complex sentence there may be a semicolon

, if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside. For example:

The heart feels horror in this brief moment, which divides the roar of thunder into blows; and they thunder, and the clouds burst, throwing golden arrows and lightning from their ranks to the ground. (M.G.) This seemed like a paradox to me, and I did not immediately understand the meaning of his words; but he is like this: behind the Kilda king is a cultured country, thousands of the same, brought up in civil freedom, hard work in the mountains, the same lonely, but invisibly connected kings. (Prishv.) Although he knew the way, last time he went to the tankers during the day; at night everything seemed different, unfamiliar. (Kaz.), 4. Between parts of a complex sentence

For example: there may be a dash if the second part of the sentence contains the meaning of a result, a sharp contrast, or represents an unexpected addition in relation to the first part. complained of ill health (Fad.); The windows of the fourth floor were not visible, it blinked - and a pale spot appeared behind the bars (Prishv.); You put a stick on the water and it floats with the flow (Prishv.).

5. In a complex sentence maybe a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark.

For example: Baring his teeth, the headman began to beat him with a whip on anything - and from pain and horror Averky woke up all in tears (Bun.); Next in line were police stations, and there no one had heard anything about David (Prishv.); One more turn in the road, and she reached for the bridge (Eb.).

This division of parts of a complex sentence can be considered somewhat outdated: firstly, due to the excessive accumulation of punctuation marks, especially if the sentence is not widespread enough and is not complicated by internal highlighting; secondly, if the parts of a sentence are common, then such a sign does not clearly convey the relationship of the parts, especially if there is a dash inside.

The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark cannot be confused with the combination of a comma and a dash, when each sign stands on its own.

For example: Out of old habit, he was infected with this feeling, but he soon realized that he was only happy about the fire, happy about the entertainment, about the fact that they would come running to him, drag him out of the barn onto the grass, he also realized that the fire was far away and that nothing of this will, - He again I felt indifference, lay down again (Bun.); Under my unpleasantly weakening legs, I could feel something growing from below, lifting me up, then falling to the side, parting, and the floor was moving deeper and deeper from under my feet (Bun.); Who knows how long you will have to stay in the taiga - and all the time behind Grinka and his comrades (Shuksh.).

Syntactic analysis of complex sentences

DISASSEMBLY ORDER

1. Determine the type of offer:
a) according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, motivating);
b) by emotional coloring (exclamation, non-exclamation);
c) in relation to the statement (affirmative or negative).
2. Select predicative constructions.

3. Determine the type of syntactic connection, indicate the type of conjunction:
a) by meaning (conjunctive, adversative, explanatory);
b) by structure (simple, compound);
c) by function (single, repeating).

4. Explain punctuation.

5. Analyze the parts of a complex sentence (following the example of a simple sentence).

6. Outline the sentence.

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION

I shook their hands with a smile, and they eagerly began to talk about themselves. (M. Prishvin.)

1.
a) Narrative sentence;
b) non-exclamatory;
c) affirmative.

2. The sentence is complex, it has two predicative stems: I shook their hands with a smile and They willingly began to talk about themselves.

3. Predicative constructions, they are connected by a coordinating conjunction And :
a) connecting;
b) simple;
c) single.

4. At the end of a declarative sentence there is a period; a comma is placed before the conjunction.

5. Offer I shook their hands with a smile- two-part: subject I shook- simple verbal, expressed by the predicative form of the verb; common: indirect object them and direct object hands, as well as the circumstance of the course of action with a smile relate to the predicate shook; complete.

Offer They willingly began to talk about themselves- two-part: subject They expressed by a pronominal noun; predicate started telling- compound verb, expressed by the infinitive of a full verb tell and an auxiliary verb become; common: About Me- the indirect object, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action, willingly relate to the predicate started telling; complete.

Lecture: Punctuation in simple and complex sentences

Punctuation in a simple sentence

Punctuation marks are divided into:

separating;

dividing;

• excretory.

Separating punctuation marks

. We put it at the end of a sentence when it does not express any emotions:
After lunch, the tourists went up to their rooms.

? stands at the end of a sentence with the intonation of a question:
After lunch, did the tourists go up to their rooms?

! We put it at the end of a sentence when it expresses any emotions:
After lunch, the tourists went up to their rooms!

… We put it at the end of a sentence when the thought is not finished and the writer wants to show it. We also put an ellipsis in quotes where words are missing:
Sorry... Don't think anything...

Punctuation marks

Commas for homogeneous terms put:

1. If homogeneous members are connected only by intonation without a conjunction:
Fruits and vegetables have risen in price before the holidays. Oh, oh.

2. If homogeneous members are connected by repeated conjunctions (and...and, neither...nor, yes...yes, or...or, either...or, then...that, not that...not that ):
Dad brought books, toys, and sweets.O and O and O.
Choose either chicken or beef for dinner.Either O or O.

3. Before the second part of compound conjunctions:
Dad brought not only toys, but also sweets.Not only O, but also O.

4. Before adversarial unions a, but, yes (=but), however:
The pendant is beautiful, but a bit heavy.Oh yes (=but) Oh.

5. Between all homogeneous members and when only some of them are preceded by repeating conjunctions:
Mom brought fish, meat, vegetables, and fruits.Oh, oh, and oh, and oh.

We don’t put it when:

1. Homogeneous members are connected by single unions and, either, or, yes (=and): Petya stopped, smiled at the thought that came to him, and shouted loudly after it.O, O and O.

2. The union connects homogeneous members in pairs: Chamomiles and chrysanthemums, hydrangeas and hyacinths bloomed in the front garden.O and O, O and O.

3. Stable combinations with double alliances and...and, neither...nor, this way and that, neither fish nor meat, etc.: For everyone, Nikola was neither fish nor fowl.

4. The definitions are not uniform: There was a low wooden table in the middle.(Characterize the object from different sides).

Commasin a complex sentence put:

1. Between parts of a compound sentence: Dad cooked shish kebab 1, and the family began to have dinner in the garden 2.(Temporary)
There was a heavy rain 1, and the river overflowed its banks 2.(Cause and effect)
It's hot 1, then it's cold 2.(Dividing)
The water has not yet warmed up 1, but vacationers are already swimming in the sea 2.(Nasty)
The guide was climbing the path 1, and the group hurried after him 2.(Affiliation relations)

NB! Commas are not placed between parts of the SSP if there is a common minor member, a common subordinate clause or a common introductory word.
It had already begun to dawn 1 and the sky turned crimson 2 when the girls had finished talking and fell asleep 3.

2. Between parts of a complex sentence:
Sergei watched the little fluffy ball sitting on a thin aspen branch.
[Sergey looked] - the main part, from it the question is asked (for what?) to the subordinate part (like a small fluffy lump sitting on a thin aspen branch).

We don’t put it in SPP when:

• Prid. a sentence begins with NOT or the conjunction AND: I saw not how Leontyev painted a picture, but how he sealed it and sent it to the exhibition.
  I also saw how Leontiev painted the picture.
• Prid. the sentence consists of one word: Everything happened so quickly that Shamil did not understand how.
• Before coming there are repeated conjunctions and, or, or, etc.: Mikhail decided to take the exam either when he finds his good luck talisman, or when he is well prepared.

3. Between parts in a non-union complex sentence: In the morning everyone went to spring 1, then the boys returned to camp 2.
The water flowed down 1, someone filled water into canisters 2, the rest swam in the stream 3.

; We put it in the BSP if simple sentences showing simultaneity or sequence of actions are complicated (there are commas): It was getting dark 1; the sun was setting behind the birch forest visible on the horizon 2.

A dash is written in a complex sentence , If:

1. There is a rapid change of events or an unexpected result: 1 stood up - there was no one in the room anymore 2 .

2. There is a contrast (a, but can be used between parts): Natasha is beautiful 1 – (=a) Sveta is smart 2.

3. The first sentence shows the time or condition of the action (before the first sentence you can use when, if):
(If) You love to ride 1, you also love to carry sleds 2.
(If)Done job 1 - go for a walk 2.

4. When comparing (between parts you can use as if):
Says the word 1 - (=as if) a nightingale sings 2.

5. The second sentence is a consequence or conclusion (between parts it can be used therefore, means): The cat is lying by the stove 1 - (= means) the day will be frosty 2.

6. Between subject and predicate, expressed:

• noun in I.p.: Derbent is the oldest city in Russia.
• numeral in I.p., one main member is expressed by a numeral or numeral with a noun, and the other member is expressed by a noun in I.p.: Six six is ​​thirty six. Seven is a lucky number.
• infinitive: Smoking is harmful to health.(The infinitive can often be replaced by a noun: smoke – smoking).
• noun and infinitive: A good example for children is to love your homeland. Preserving the Earth is our top priority.
• present this means here: To live is to love. Russia is a great power!

Colonput:

1. After a generalizing word before homogeneous members: Mom brought fruits into the room: bananas, apples and tangerines.O: Oh, Oh and Oh.

3. Between parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence, when:

• the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (between them you can use because or since):

Take care of nature 1: (=because) it depends on our attitude towards it 2.
Kuznetsov was scared 1: (=since) he introduced Natasha alone with Silaktsev 2.

• the second sentence explains the content of the first (you can use between them, namely):

New thoughts were spinning in my head 1: (=namely) I was thinking about the trip, imagining trying on a new dress 2.

• the second sentence complements the first (between them you can use what; and I see how):

I felt 1: (=that) my legs were becoming weak 2...
Raised her head 1: (=and I see how) clouds float across the sky 2.

Distinctive punctuation marks

We put a comma when addressing, introductory words or introductory constructions, applications, separate definitions and circumstances, clarifying members, if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence:
Sasha, let's go for a walk!
Thus, the hostility between the families after the absurd deaths of Juliet and Romeo ceased.

We put two commas , if appeals, introductory constructions, applications, separate definitions and circumstances, clarifying members are inside the sentence:
Good morning, my sunshine, wake up!

We put a dash and two dashes , When:

• An introductory or insertive sentence expresses the speaker’s attitude to what he is saying or a comment on its content:

According to the guests - and Natasha too - the production will be exciting.

• The generalizing word comes after homogeneous members:

Mom brought bananas, apples, tangerines - fruits - into the room.Oh, oh, oh – oh.

• An application that is given great importance in a statement and comes at the end of the sentence:

July has arrived - the tip of the school holidays.

We put double brackets for inserted sentences:
All the invitees (there were five of them) sat on the balcony.
The crocodile (Nina almost stepped on it, thinking it was a log!) swam to the other shore.

We put double quotes with direct speech and quotes formatted in the form of direct speech:
Valera asked: “Will you close the door behind me?” - and left.
“You close the door behind me,” Valera continued, “and I’ll go out.”

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. See 39, 43, 47/2003 and No. 3, 7, 11/2004

Difficult cases of punctuation in complex conjunction sentences

Compact theme No. 7

The basic rule of punctuation in a complex sentence

All parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by punctuation marks: with a conjunction, usually commas, with a non-conjunction - a comma, semicolon, colon or dash.

If in a complex sentence the subordinate clause breaks the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides. I intended to go at dawn to the fortress gates, from where Marya Ivanovna was supposed to leave, and there to say goodbye to her for the last time.

(A.S. Pushkin). [ , (where), ].

However, there are a number of syntactic situations in which this basic rule is clarified or even canceled.

Particle or coordinating conjunction before a subordinating conjunction Not If the subordinate clause follows the main clause and there is a particle before the subordinating conjunction or allied word or unions and, either, or, neither – nor

etc., the subordinate clause is not separated from the main clause.

We never found out who rang our doorbell or what he needed. It is important not when the concert starts, but who will sing. If the subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by the words especially, in particular, that is, for example, just

etc., a comma is not placed after these words. especially when it is the result of a mature mind observing itself and when it is written without a vain desire to arouse sympathy or surprise.(M.Yu. Lermontov)

If the subordinating conjunction is preceded by particles only, just, only, exclusively etc., a comma is placed before them (although when pronouncing such sentences there is no pause before the particle).

I I’ll come just to be convinced once again of the futility of this enterprise.

Complex subordinating conjunctions

Usually a comma in a complex sentence is placed before the subordinating conjunction, regardless of whether the conjunction is simple ( what, so, when, while, etc.) or complex ( despite the fact that, in order to, while, since, because, because and so on.).

The proof was striking, and I, although laughed at our ancestors and their helpful astrology, and unwittingly fell into their rut.(M.Yu. Lermontov) It was dirty and before I went to the podium and spent a long time washing my face and hands in the office. The tram project, again submitted for consideration, floundered in the highest provincial authorities, was approved, disapproved, transferred to the center for consideration, but regardless of approval or disapproval, it was covered with dust, because In neither case was money given.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov). The fact is that, by agreement with the foreman, we had to collect apples from one old apple tree, so as to give half of the harvest to the collective farm, and half to yourself.(F. Iskander)

But it happens that the first part of a complex subordinating conjunction is pronounced with a special intonation and moves away to the main sentence, as if regaining the meaning of the demonstrative word (in other words, the complex conjunction is dismembered); then a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (and is no longer placed before the first!).

The most reasonable thing would be, of course, to shout until someone will not come, and then surrender to the one who came as a prisoner.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

The dismemberment of a complex union usually occurs

if there is a negative particle in front of it Not , other particles or introductory word;

...AND, maybe that's why, What She knew absolutely nothing about chess; chess was not just a home game for her, a pleasant pastime, but was a mysterious art, equal to all recognized arts.(V.V. Nabokov); I wanted to make you tell me something Firstly, because listening is less tiring...(M.Yu. Lermontov); At the first glance at Nikolai's face, she saw that he had arrived just to fulfill the duty of courtesy...(L.N. Tolstoy);

if the first part is included in a series of homogeneous members or parallel structures;

At the same time he had to make great efforts how to not to lose control of the game, so also in order to do not get out of the state of play...(V.V. Nabokov) But from strong excitement or, as others specify, because of His hands were slippery after the peach, and he couldn’t unfasten his holster.(F. Iskander). Yashka tried to persuade me to stay the night, but I refused. AND because was in a hurry and because I would have offended our people, whom I did not visit. He said he reminds me of it again not to simplify the feat of Kolcheruky, and in order to young people were once again convinced of the advantage of bold decisions. But or because he was not satisfied with just the Frenchman, or because he slept through the night, during the day he climbed into the bushes, into the very middle of the French...

(L.N. Tolstoy).

If the subordinate clause precedes the main clause, a comma cannot be placed before the second part of the conjunction. While I was deep in the resolution of this issue, the key turned in the lock of my dungeon . (L.N. Tolstoy) Since(M.Yu. Lermontov)

the formidable judge gave me the omniscience of a prophet, in the hearts of people I read the pages of malice and vice.

1. Exercises

What numbers need commas in place?

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10.

2. Hesiod emerged victorious - and not (5) because (6) because Homer was worse (7) but (8) because (9) because his poems were about war (10) and Hesiod sang peace.

Answer. Which sentence has no punctuation errors?

1) After the story with the anonymous letter died down, Kolcheruky’s relative again, through one person, carefully reminded him about the heifer. Which sentence has no punctuation errors?

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. 3.

(F. Iskander)

2) Finally, he told his relative to listen and look closely at those around him, so that at the first suspicion he could give him, Kolcheruky, a signal...

The junction of two unions If two conjunctions follow in a row in a sentence, then a comma is usually placed between them; in this case, the subordinate clause, which begins with the second conjunction in order, can be omitted or moved to another place: It occurs to me

what, bye

we are looking for them, they have returned to our place and are waiting for us. The junction of two unions What, (what, (yet), ...). (Wed: one of the students forgot to perform duty duties, the teachers, amid the approving noise of the class, forced me to erase from the board or drag physical equipment into the classroom. Tell him, what if I will die soon, it will be possible to come to him without an offering...(F. Iskander)

But if it is impossible to remove the subordinate clause starting with the second conjunction without restructuring the entire sentence, then a comma is not placed between the conjunctions; this usually happens if the second subordinating conjunction has a second clause ( if... then, when... then, although... but).

what if her father will demand her, That will have to give it back.

, (what _ (if), then...)

(If you remove the second clause, you get However, after some silence, I told him, something will have to give it back). But remember what if you won't kill me, That I won't miss...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Vorobyaninov turned out to be a mediocre railway hare, and since his attempts to board the train were unsuccessful, That he had to speak near the Flower Garden as a former trustee of the school district.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov).

If the subordinate clause comes after the connecting conjunction (at the beginning of the sentence, after the period), then a comma is never placed after the conjunction A, usually not placed after And, usually placed after the conjunction however and may or may not be placed after the conjunction But.

And if To add to what has been said that Chapter. The ex. was bringing a large basket of divine peaches to Moscow, tender and yellow, like freshly hatched chickens, everything becomes even more understandable and humane. And although Everyone, of course, knew that the train was approaching Moscow; the announcer’s reminder was pleasant.(F. Iskander) And to no one figured out his second and main life, he led a miserable existence, trying not to go beyond his forty-six-ruble salary... But since he lives on the third floor, and the work day has already ended, he quickly runs downstairs and leaves the institution...(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

Homogeneous parts of complex sentences

There are complex sentences, parts of which can be considered homogeneous, since they are connected by a coordinating connection and at the same time have some common element: a common member of the sentence, a common subordinate clause or a common main clause for two or more subordinate clauses. Such sentences are subject to the rules of punctuation for homogeneous members; in particular, a comma is not placed between homogeneous parts if they are connected by a single conjunction and, or, either.

Examples of complex sentences with homogeneous subordinate clauses.

Think about what will happen when the tournament is over_ and when all the guests leave.

, (what), (when) and (when).

We see that the blond plays well, and the brunette plays poorly.

, (what), a ().

While the Scriabin was preparing for further voyage, while the captain was talking into the phone with the engine room and the furnaces were blazing, heating the water, the brass band went ashore again and, to everyone’s pleasure, began playing dances.

(bye), (bye)_ and (), .

Ippolit Matveyevich wandered to the source only when the musicians were putting down their music stands, the festive audience was leaving, and only loving couples were breathing heavily in the skinny alleys of the “Flower Garden”.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

, (when and ().

Examples of compound sentences with a member common to two parts.

Sleepy figures entered “France” and the cries of a ram were heard as they were dragged by the legs into the kitchen. Tickets were purchased to Batum and seats were reserved in the second class of the Pestel steamer.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

An example of a complex syntactic construction (sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection), where two parts connected by a coordinating connection have a common subordinate clause:

As the chaise approached the porch, his eyes became more cheerful and his smile widened more and more.(N.V. Gogol)

(as), _ and .

One-word clause

If a subordinate clause consists of only one connective word - a relative pronoun or adverb, it is not separated by a comma from the main one.

Don't know for whom, but I resurrected you.(A.S. Griboyedov) " I don't know Why“, she continued, having recovered. The people of this former army fled with their leaders, without knowing Where. (L.N. Tolstoy)

the formidable judge gave me the omniscience of a prophet, in the hearts of people I read the pages of malice and vice.

1. Indicate which numbers should be replaced by commas.

When five minutes passed after the bell rang (1) and no one had yet entered (2) there was such a premonition of happiness (3) that it seemed that the heart could not stand it (4) if, after all, the glass door opened now (5) and the geographer, out of habit almost running, he will fly into the classroom. (V.V. Nabokov)

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. 2, 3, 4.

2. Which sentence has a punctuation error?

1. ...Lieutenant Gernet said that if Pushkin had not been a psychologist, then a monument to him would not have been erected in Moscow. (A.P. Chekhov)

2. ...Ivan Ivanovich goes to Pyotr Petrovich, and everyone in the city knows why. (I.A. Goncharov)

3. And the worst thing was that when he said this joke of a rich reveler, I noticed that she smiled into the already sipped glass... Which sentence has no punctuation errors?

4. I manage to figure out that if she is horrified with shame or disgust when I kiss her, I will try to explain this with my deranged state. Which sentence has no punctuation errors?

5. But fate decreed that before meeting Ernest Pavlovich, Ostap had to stay for two hours to sign a small protocol. (I. Ilf, E. Petrov)

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. 3.

3. Indicate which numbers must be replaced by commas and where a comma is possible, but not required.

Just as (1) an impatient young man (2) waits for the hour of a date (3) I waited for one in the morning. But (4) only the conductress pulled the rope (5) and the tram started moving (6) the cat acted like anyone (7) who is expelled from the tram (8) but (9) who still needs to go. (M.A. Bulgakov)

The Greeks believed (1) that their beloved Homer (2) had a rival named Hesiod. They kept a legend (3) about (4) how two poets competed in poetic skill. 3, 6, 7, 8; 4.

Answer the questions:

1) Is it possible to put a comma before the second part of a complex subordinating conjunction if the subordinate clause precedes the main clause?

2) Which complex sentences are subject to the rules of punctuation with homogeneous members?