Participles 2 in English example sentences. Participle in English: functions and types of participles, formation and use

There are two forms of participle in English. On the one hand, they seem to be similar, on the other, they have completely different semantic and grammatical functions.

Participle 1 and Participle 2 help make a sentence informative and logical by highlighting the predicate verb, characterizing the subject, and allowing two actions to be reflected.

Education Participle 1

Participle 1 or Present Participle reflects the duration of the process, emphasizing the simultaneity of the action with the predicate. The present participle is formed from verb + ending - ing:

write – writing (writing)

Writing features:

- short vowel: run – running;
- ends with “e”, and is preceded by a consonant: take – taking, but: see – seeing; - to die, to lie, to tie (die, lie, tie) change “ie” to “y”: die – dying, lie – lying, tie – tying.
- ends with l: travelling

Temporary forms:

Present Participle 1 Active: working - simultaneous actions in the present

Present Participle 1 Passive: being working - simultaneous actions in the present + indicates the impact on the subject

Perfect Participle 1 Active: having worked – precedes the action of the predicate

Perfect Participle 1 Passive: having been worked - precedes the action of the predicate and indicates that the subject has been affected

Participle 1 functions

In a sentence, the present participle can do the following: functions:

1. How the definition is used before or after a noun.

The dancing girls are our students. – The dancing girls are our students.

2. If used in a function circumstances, then translated into Russian with the ending “a”, “ya” or “v” (asking, arriving, holding). Can express circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and comparison.

Arriving at the station he bought a newspaper. - Arriving at the station, he bought a newspaper (time).
He was silent for a while, as if pausing for a reply. – He was silent for a while, as if pausing for an answer (comparison).
He was standing on the top of the mountauns admiring the beautiful view. — He stood on the top of the mountain, enjoying the beautiful view (of the action).
Having worked a little at this factory I understood everything. – Since I worked a little at this factory before, I understood everything (the reasons).

3. As part of the predicate.

The answer of the student is disappointing. – The student’s answer is disappointing.

Education Participle 2

Participle 2 corresponds to the Russian form of the passive participle: broken, written, read. This part of speech has only one form and is used to describe a completed action. In other words, we can say that this is a result expressed by a sign or state.

Broken leg - broken leg;
Locked door – closed door.

Past Participle is formed from infinitive without to + suffix – ed. Or, if the verb is irregular, its 3rd form is used - the Past Participle table (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs).

Open – opened (open);
Teach – taught;
Dress – dressed (dressed).

Use in a sentence

Like any member of a sentence, in English the participle fulfills certain functions. So Participle 2 can be a circumstance, a definition, or part of a predicate.

1. How to define used before a noun. It is translated into Russian by the past participle and describes an action performed on an object. Or this part of speech can come after the noun and be accompanied by explanatory words:

It was a untidily written letter. “It was a sloppily written letter.”
A parcel sent from Paris will be in London in some days. – The parcel sent today from Paris will be in London in a few days.

Note: The preposition by helps to designate the person or thing that performed the action expressed by Participle 2.

A parcel sent from Paris by my brother will be in London in some days. — The parcel sent by my brother today from Paris will be in London in a few days.

2. As a circumstance can characterize the time, conditions of expression of an action, concession or comparison of actions. When and while are often used to express time, conditions are until, if, concessions are though, although. Conjunctions are not used in all sentences, so to determine the function, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase.

When called she refused to come. – When she was called, she refused to come (time).
He will speak for hours until interrupted. - He will talk forever until he is interrupted (condition).
“I have to go home”, he repeated as if hypnotized. - “I have to go home,” he repeated, as if hypnotized (comparison).

3. As a nominal part of the predicate:

She looked worried. “She looked worried.
Though crushed, she wasn’t broken. – She didn’t show it, although she was depressed. (concessions)

Participle 1 and Participle 2 are used in participial phrases, which have their own characteristics.
This impersonal verb form combines the properties of an adjective, an adverb, and a verb. It’s such a multifaceted participle in English!

Participle refers to non-personal forms and has the characteristics of both an adjective (sometimes an adverb) and . The verb characteristics of a participle are its ability to have a direct object, be determined by an adverb, and have forms of tense and voice. But the time expressed by the participle is relative in nature, that is, it correlates with the action of the predicate sentence and expresses either simultaneity or precedence of this action.

Participles in English are divided into I (Participle I) and II (Participle II).

PARTICIPLE FORMS
VOICE	PARTICIPLE I	PARTICIPLE I PERFECT	PARTICIPLE II
ACTIVE	asking	having asked	asked
PASSIVE	being asked	having been asked	asked

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem : working working, working.

SPELLING CHANGES WHEN ADDING- ING
№ p/p	RULE	EXAMPLE
	The final unreadable letter -e is discarded	to do that e take - taking
	However, the readable trailing -e is not discarded	to see see - s ee ing to be - b e ing
	The combination of letters -ie is contracted into the letter y	to lie - l y ing
	The final -y is always preserved when adding -ing	to copy - cop y ing
	If the last syllable is short and stressed, and the word ends with one consonant, then this consonant before -ing is doubled	to sit sit - si tt ing to commit - commi tt ing
	If the last syllable is not stressed, then the final consonant is not doubled	to differ - diffe r ing to limit limit - limi t ing


№ p/p	FUNCTION	EXAMPLE
	Definition Used before the defined (left definition) or after it (right definition). This is translated into Russian using the active participle of the present tense. The right definition is often expressed by the participle I with words related to it and in this case is translated into Russian by the participial phrase	growing trees growing trees Look at the trees growing in our garden. Look at the trees growing in our garden.
	Circumstance Used at the beginning or end of a sentence. In this case, I is usually translated into Russian by a gerund ending in -(а)я	Reading an English book he wrote out many new words. While reading an English book, he wrote down many new words.
	Part of the predicate

The form of participle II (past participle) of the standard (regular) coincides with the past tense form of these, i.e. is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the stem with appropriate spelling changes: to solve solve - solved decided - solved decided (-th, -oe).

The form of participle II non-standard (irregular) is formed in different ways and corresponds to the 3rd form of these: to speak - spoke - spoken, to make - made - made, to go - went - gone.

№
p/p

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

Definition

RULE

EXAMPLE

Unreadable final -e discarded

to plac eplace -

placed posted

If the word ends in-y, and there is one consonant before it, then-y changes to -i-

to cr ycry-cr i ed cried

If before -ythere is a vowel, then-y does not change

to pla yplay- pla y ed played

If a word ends with one consonant and is preceded by a short stressed syllable (usually one stressed vowel), then the final consonant is doubled

to sto pstop -sto pp ed has stopped

Disyllabic or polysyllabic verbs ending on a single consonant preceded by a short vowel sound double the final consonant only if the stress falls on the final syllable

to permi tallow-permi ttedallowed;

But:to limit tlimit- limi t ed limited(last syllable unstressed)

Participle I perfect is formed from the I auxiliary participle to have - having and the II semantic participle: having translated, having done having done. The negative form is formed by adding the negative particle not before the perfect participle: not having translated without translating, not having done without having done.

The I perfect participle shows that the action it expresses occurred earlier than the action expressed by the predicate of the sentence; in a sentence it can only perform the function of an adverbial circumstance, i.e., correspond to the Russian perfect participle.

Participle I Perfect can be used in the function circumstances reasons and time:

1. Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house. Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.

2. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.

Instead of the perfect participle I in the function of adverbial time, the gerund is often used with the prepositions after and on:

After leaving (= having left) school, John Reed went to Harvard University. After graduating from high school (= having graduated from high school), John Reed entered Harvard University.

Object participial construction is a combination in the general case or in the objective case and a participle (in this construction it can be used as sensory perception:
to hear hear, to see see, to watch watch, watch, to feel feel, to observe observe, to notice notice and etc.

She could feel her hands trembling. She felt her hands shaking.

IN A SENTENCE

№
p/p

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

Circumstance time

This duty completed , he had a leave. When this work was completed, he received leave.

Circumstance

causes

It being now pretty late, we went home. Since it was quite late, we went home.

Circumstance

conditions

Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow. If the weather permits, we will move tomorrow.

circumstances

Any moving object is able to do the work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.

Any moving body is capable of doing work, and the amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed.

There comes a time in learning English when you no longer want to be content with simple sentences. There is a desire to dilute the text with beautiful phrases so that they sound not only competent, but also impressive. In such cases, the participle in English comes to the rescue, which will be discussed today.

Participle or participle in English – This is an impersonal form of a verb, which has the characteristics of a verb, an adjective and even an adverb. The participle in English sentences occurs quite often both in speech and in writing. Therefore, let's look at the types of participles in English, their formation and roles in a sentence.

There are two types of participle in English:

The first is the group Participle I - present participle;
The second is Participle II - past participle.

Education

Participle I is the present participle. It can be expressed in Simple and Perfect forms. Let's look at both of them in the table using the verb read as an example:

In the participle, verbs of the Simple form are formed in the same way as in the Continuous tense. In simple terms, the ending –ing is used to form active present participles. For passive participles, use the ending –ing and the verb in the third form.

Perfect is formed using the verb have with the ending –ing and the third form of the verb. The third English form of the verb is formed in 2 ways:

Regular English verbs have an –ed ending.

For the wrong ones, they do it independently, without obeying the rules.

These participles are translated into Russian as a present participle or an imperfect gerund (Simple form) and a perfect participle (Perfect form).

Only transitive verbs can be used with the active and passive voices in the perfect form. Note that intransitive verbs are not expressed in the passive voice. Intransitive verbs include those verbs that cannot be combined with a noun or pronoun. Study the table with examples for clarity:

Although the present participle in the passive voice is already used much less often than in the active voice. Do not think that they are biased towards the passive phrase. It just sounds quite voluminous, and the English language is constantly striving for simplification.

Two or more participles (and gerunds when translated into Russian) are usually not used in one sentence. Avoid too long sentences; it is better to break them into two. And even then, it is better to make sure that the participle only has the first or second clause.

The role of the participle in a sentence

The functions of the participle are limited to a few points. Thus, the participle can be expressed:

Definition:

Moreover, the English participle can come either before or after the noun:

The girl talking to Jim is my sister.

Determinative participial commas, as a rule, are not highlighted.

A circumstance of a condition, cause, time or manner of action. Study the table examples :

But here, as in Russian phrases, the adverbial participial phrase needs a comma.

The nominal part of a compound predicate:

Brad will be performing at 5 p.m. on the first and second of March.

Brad will be performing at 5pm on March 1st and 2nd.

Use

English participles that correspond to the Simple forms:

show that the action occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate. Let's look at an example:

characterize the subject:

The perfect participle is used to show that an action preceded the action expressed by the verb:

In the same case, the Simple form can now be used, although from the point of view of English grammar, the Perfect tense is preferable:

Despite the fact that in Russian this form is a gerund, in English it refers to a participial phrase. In fact, nothing is related to the gerund, since in English the gerund is a participle. That is, there are simply no participles in English. Don’t be surprised, there are quite a lot of similar language differences between English and Russian, you just need to take them into account.

It is important to note that even though this is a present participle, this does not mean that it is only used with English present tense sentences.

Participle 1 vs gerund or the difference between a gerund and a participle

The present participle in its appearance can resemble a gerund, which is also formed by adding the ending –ing. However, the difference between them is huge, since their functions are completely different. Therefore, in order to confuse a participle with a gerund, you need to try very hard.

The difference is this:

The gerund is used independently and is expressed by a noun:

The participle refers to the noun and is placed before/after it. It's more like an adjective:

Gerunds and participles in English can also have a perfect form. As in the first case, one of the main features of their use is that in gerundial variants such a construction is used in a sentence as a subject.

While the participial phrase shows that having completed one action, another was done.

As you can see distinguish gerund and participle and understand between them difference not that difficult.

Participle in English: Participle II

Education

Participle II or past participle has only one form, namely the Past Participle Simple form. Participle 2 is used in English only in the passive voice. It cannot even be formed in the active voice. The passive voice has two forms of formation:

Use the –ed ending for regular verbs. Table with examples:

Infinitive / Initial form of the verb	Participle II / Past participle
close (close)	closed (closed)
play (play)	played
produce (produce)	produced
motivate (to motivate)	motivated

Irregular verbs have their own special form. Examples:

These past participles are translated into Russian by the passive participles of the imperfect and perfect forms.

Role in sentence

The past participle in English can perform a number of functions:

Definitions:

It can be introduced into a sentence using the preposition as (like):

His life, as described by biographers, seems to be a tragic one.

His life, described by biographers, seems tragic.

Less commonly, circumstances using the conjunctions when (when), unless (until), as if (as if), as though (as if), if (if), unless (if not), though (although), although (although):

The nominal part of a compound predicate:

The participle also functions as a complex object:

Use

Usually the past participle:

Expresses a completed action that precedes the main action:

Expresses a property of a person/object:

There are no independent ways to use the participle. However, if you are afraid of making a mistake with the construction, you can turn the participle into a separate clause.

Participle in English: Independent participial phrase

Independent participial phrases deserve special attention.

To form an independent participle phrase, you must use a noun or pronoun and participle 1 or 2. The independent participial phrase is separated by a comma, performing the functions of an adverbial phrase. The translation of such participial phrases can have two options:

In the first case, when an independent participle clause in English is used at the beginning of a sentence, it is translated as a subordinate clause of time, condition and reason. Such sentences usually contain conjunctions “when”, “if” and “because”:

In the second case, the independent participial phrase is translated into an independent sentence. To form one sentence with an independent participial phrase, the words “at the same time”, “whereas”, “and” can be used.

Independent sentences, as you can see, sound less “loaded”.

We hope that you understand what participles are in English. To consolidate the topic, translate Russian sentences with gerunds and participles into English, do the exercises and periodically return to this site to study the language on your own.

Which combines the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian it corresponds to participle and gerund: doing- doing, doing; opening- opening, opening; done- made; opened- open.

Having the properties of an adjective and an adverb, a participle in a sentence can serve as a definition or circumstance. Verbal properties are manifested in the fact that a participle can have a direct object.

Please note that the participle is also part of complex verb forms (that is, it is used in the formation of various tenses in the active and passive voice).

English participles are divided into:

present participles (Present Participle or Participle I).
past participles (Past Participle or Participle II).

Participle forms

Negative participle forms are formed using a particle not, which is placed before the participle: not asking- without asking, not broken- not broken.

Present participle. Participle I

The present participle (Present Participle or Participle I) has two forms:

Present Participle Simple (simple participle).
Present Participle Perfect (perfect participle).

Simple participle. Present Participle Simple

Present Participle Simple(simple present participle) corresponds to the Russian present participle (reading, building) and the imperfective participle (reading, building).

This form is formed by adding the ending -ing to the verb stem:
read + ing - reading - reading, reading
build + ing - building - building, building

In passive voice - being + III form of the verb:
being read - readable, being readable (i.e. when it was read)
being built - being built, being under construction (i.e. when it was built)

Examples of sentences with simple participles:
Everybody looked at the dancing girl. — Everyone looked at the dancing girl.
The speaking doll interested the child very much. — The child was very interested in the talking doll.
Traveling in America, I saw a lot of interesting things. — Traveling around America, I saw a lot of interesting things.
The house being built in our street is very good. — The house being built on our street is very good (the house that is being built). - passive voice

Perfect participle. Present Participle Perfect

Present Participle Perfect(present perfect participle) corresponds to the Russian perfect participle (read, constructed).

It is formed according to the following formula - having + III form of the verb:
having read - having read
having built - having built

In passive voice - having been + III form of the verb:

having been read - having been read (i.e. when it was read)
having been built - having been built (i.e. when it was built)

Examples of sentences with the perfect participle:

Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. — Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor left.
Having drunk a cup of tea, she felt better. — After drinking a cup of tea, she felt better.
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. — Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost. - passive voice

Past participle. Participle II

Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is the III form of the verb and corresponds to the Russian passive past participle (read, constructed). Participle II has only the passive voice form.

The past participle is III verb form:

read - read
built - built
opened - open
invited - invited

If the verb is regular, then its III form is formed by adding the ending -ed (open - opened) to the stem of the verb.

The third form of irregular verbs must be remembered!

Hello there! Today's article is dedicated to fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you have probably heard about, but did not want to know - participles in English. We will tell you what types there are, what they mean, how they differ from gerunds, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.

Participle in English- this is an impersonal form of an English verb, which can have the properties of a verb , both adverbs and adjectives.

Good news: sometimes the English participle corresponds to the Russian one.
Bad news: it can be translated as a Russian gerund.
Scary news: English can easily be confused with a gerund.
Understand and come to terms: has several forms.

Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle

This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the predicate verb. To make Present Participle, you need to add the ending “-” to the verb. ing».

I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that this was the first time I saw her after a long time.

A few spelling rules:

If the word ends with " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with "- ee", then it does not go down.

com e- com ing
s ee-s eeing

If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled.

If the word ends in " ie", That " ie" change to " y».

Functions of Present Participle in a sentence

Definition(will come before or after a noun).

It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.

Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerund with the ending “-aya”).

Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.

Part of the predicate(together with forms of the verb “to be” forms the tenses of the Continuous group).

They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They swim together.

After verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).

I see him looking at me.
I see him looking at me. (I see him, the beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we were studying. (She noticed us students)

Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle

Such participles are formed using the ending “- ed"(if the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if incorrect).

The museum was just opened last year
The museum was only open last year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers are grown in almost any part of the world.

Rules for adding the ending “-ed”:

If the word ends with " -e", then only the ending "- d».

If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends with “- l", preceded by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .

adm i t - admitt ed
travel l- travell ed

If the word ends in "- y", then "y" changes to " ie».

Functions of Past Participle in a sentence

Definition(before or after the word being defined).

An opened book was on the table.
Open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
Methods, used in this study were quite effective.

circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: “When?”, “Why?”, “For what reason?”).

When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn't continue the way.
Since the ship was compressed by ice ( sandwiched ice), he could not continue his journey.

Complex addition(with a noun or pronoun).

She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job done immediately).

Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have forms a predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).

He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.

Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)

My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.

IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did he do- arrived, arrived) are translated into English using subordinate clauses without the participation of participles.

The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, I stayed at a hotel (the verb “arrive” has a second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver's license. Policeman, approached to him and asked to see his driver's license.

Passive participle

If an object or person did not perform an action independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive Voice .

It also happens at communion. For this we need "be" + "-ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).

The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive participle, because the food did not serve itself, someone did).

What is the difference between a gerund and a participle?

It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:

A gerund in Russian can always be replaced with a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).

Walking is so pleasant…
Walking is so nice.
I don't like being offended by you.
I don’t like that you offend me (I don’t like “offending”).

The participle is always attached to the noun, but the gerund walks on its own.

That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on the policeman Human seems familiar to me. (“shouting” refers to the noun “man” – participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
Screams will not help matters (“shouting” is a gerund).

Perfect participle

This participle is formed from the verb “ have" in Present Participle (that is, with the ending "- ing") And semantic verb Past Participle.

This formula " having» + « V3"looks like this: having done (having done), having translated (translating), having visited (having visited).

The perfect participle shows that the action being expressed happened earlier than the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and corresponds to the Russian perfect participle.

We use the perfect participle to combine sentences and make speech more fluent and coherent.

Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having purchased bike, she rode it home.
Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house.
Lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn’t want to move to another city.

If it’s difficult to understand, then just use “ after» + gerund(will be the same in meaning):

After Grows from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation University, he decided to go to the Far East.

Perfect participle passive voice is formed as follows: “ having been» + « V3».

Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was prepared ( being cooked), it looked very tasty.

Formation of participles in English

Conclusion

So, English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:

1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ Doing what?», « Which?»,« What do you do?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): “ Which?», « What did he do?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): “ What did you do?».

We hope this article will help you understand English like never before!

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