Write a step-by-step scientific research using an example study. Proof of scientific fact
Are you aware?
3. What research methods used in biology do you know?
We usually say "scientific knowledge", "scientific fact", "scientific picture of the world". What is the difference between scientific knowledge from unscientific? What is a scientific fact?
Science is one of the ways of studying and knowing the world around us. Biology helps to understand the natural world.
We already know that people have been studying wildlife since ancient times. First, they studied individual organisms, collected them, compiled lists of plants and animals inhabiting different places. Usually this period of the study of living organisms is called descriptive, and the discipline itself is called natural history. Natural history is the forerunner of biology.
Each science has its own research methods.
However, no matter what methods are used, the principle “take nothing for granted” should remain the most important for every scientist. This is the principle of abandoning blind trust in authority.
The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used in the construction of a system of scientific knowledge.
In biology, various methods are used, the most important of which include observation, experiment and comparison.
The primary source of all scientific data is accurate, careful, unbiased observation and experiment.
The results obtained in the course of observations and experiments must be verified and re-verified by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts.
For example, the media have repeatedly reported on the so-called "Bigfoot", cited eyewitness accounts of meetings with him, sketches and Photo supposedly his traces and even the Bigfoot itself. Several expeditions were organized to search for the Bigfoot. But so far, no one has been able to present either a living Bigfoot, or his remains, or any other irrefutable evidence of his existence. Therefore, despite numerous eyewitness accounts, the existence of Bigfoot cannot be recognized as a scientific fact.
Usually scientific research begins with the observation of an object or phenomenon. After summarizing the data obtained as a result, hypotheses (assumptions) are put forward that can explain the observations.
At the next stage of the study, experiments are developed and conducted to test the hypotheses put forward. A scientific experiment must necessarily be accompanied by a control experiment, the conditions of which are different. on the experimental conditions by one (and only one) factor. Analysis of the results of the experiment will allow you to decide which of the hypotheses is correct.
A hypothesis that has been tested and found to be consistent with the facts and capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions may be called a theory or a law. Calling any provision a law, scientists seem to emphasize its universality, indisputability, and great reliability. However, the terms "law" and "theory" are often used interchangeably.
Consider the stages of scientific research on the example of studying the conditions necessary for seed germination.
Observations of seeds have shown that they do not always germinate. Obviously, certain conditions are necessary for their germination.
So, we can formulate the research problem: What conditions are necessary for seed germination?
The next step is hypotheses. We can assume that seeds need light, darkness, water, a certain temperature, air, soil to germinate.
Now, in order to check what conditions are really necessary for seed germination, we will develop and conduct an experiment.
We take six samples of 100 seeds of the same species, for example, corn, and place them under conditions that differ in only one trait.
Place the vessel with the first sample in a bright, warm place. Pour water into the vessel so that it covers the seeds halfway. In this case, air will freely penetrate to the seeds.
We place the second sample of seeds in the same conditions as the first, but fill the vessel with boiled water to the top, thus depriving the seeds of air.
We place the vessel with the third sample under the same conditions as the first one, but in a different place.
In the fourth vessel we will leave seeds dry.
We will keep the fifth sample at a temperature of +1 CC.
We fill the sixth vessel with moist soil and put it in a warm place.
After analyzing the results of the experiment, we come to the conclusion that light and the soil are not necessary conditions for seed germination. Corn seeds germinate in the presence of water, air and a certain temperature. However, if we carefully examine our samples, we will see that even under favorable conditions the first seed germinated. By examining these seeds, we will find out that their embryo is dead. Therefore, only seeds with a living embryo can germinate.
If you compare the conditions necessary for the germination of seeds of plants of different species, you will find that they differ greatly. For example, for the germination of corn kernels, water will be required two times less than their own weight, and for the germination of clover, water must be one and a half times more than the mass of seeds. At the same time, clover seeds germinate already at a temperature of +1 ° C, corn - at temperatures above +8 ° C, and for melon seeds, the germination temperature will be +15 "C. You will establish, in addition, that most seeds germinate both in the light , and in the dark, but there are plants (for example, tobacco, string) for the germination of seeds of which light is necessary.On the contrary, the seeds of small-fruited camelina germinate only in the dark.
So, even the simplest scientific research requires a well-thought-out and carefully conducted experiment, on the basis of which scientifically reliable conclusions can be drawn. When carrying out observations and experiments, the most modern instruments, equipment, tools are used - electron microscopes, radars, chromatographs, etc.
Life is amazingly varied.
To understand this diversity, it is necessary to identify and organize the code and differences in living organisms. To solve these problems, a comparative method is used. It allows you to compare the results of observations to identify common patterns.
Biologists also use other research methods. For example, the descriptive method was widely used by scientists of antiquity, but has not lost its significance today.
The historical method helps to comprehend the facts obtained by comparing them with previously known results.
In science, any new discoveries contribute to the elimination of previous misconceptions and point to the relationship between phenomena. In biology, new discoveries form the basis for many practical advances in medicine, agriculture, industry, and other areas of human activity.
Many believe that only those biological studies should be pursued that will help solve specific practical problems of today. Of course, the development of applied sciences is very important, but we must not forget about the importance of research in "pure" science. The knowledge gained in fundamental research may seem useless for everyday human life, but it helps to understand the laws by which the world around us develops, and will almost certainly find practical application sooner or later.
Scientific research. scientific fact. observation. Hypothesis. Experiment. Law. Theory.
1. What is the main goal of science?
2. What is the scientific method? What is its main principle?
3. What is a scientific experiment?
4. What fact can be considered scientific?
5. How is a hypothesis different from a law or a theory?
6. What is the role of applied and fundamental research in science?
Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Pasechnik V. V. Biology Grade 9
Submitted by readers from the website
Proof of scientific fact. Stages of a scientific experiment on the example of studying the conditions of seed germination research project Completed by students of grade 9b Head: biology teacher Arsenyeva Elena Nikolaevna 2009 Municipal educational institution basic comprehensive school 19, Kostroma
Science is one of the ways of studying and knowing the world around us. Signs of science: object and subject of research, methods, scientific language, theories, laws, concepts, communities of scientists, research and educational institutions. Signs of science: object and subject of research, methods, scientific language, theories, laws, concepts, communities of scientists, research and educational institutions. What is a scientific fact? What is a scientific fact? What is the difference between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge? What is the difference between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge? Bigfoot UFO Loch Ness monster The structure of the Earth. photosynthesis atomic structure
Scientific fact It can be considered only the result obtained in the course of observations and experiments, verified by new observations and experiments. It can be considered only the result obtained in the course of observations and experiments, verified by new observations and experiments. It is precisely because of the absence of the above that information in the media about Bigfoot and UFOs cannot be recognized as scientific fact. It is precisely because of the absence of the above that information in the media about Bigfoot and UFOs cannot be recognized as scientific fact.
“Take nothing for granted” is the most important principle for every scientist. “Take nothing for granted” is the most important principle for every scientist. Science is a tool for understanding the world around us, a key that allows you to open the magic box of nature. Each science has its own research methods, but the rejection of blind trust in authority is the main principle of the researcher. Biology is one of the ways of studying and understanding the world around us. Biology is one of the ways of studying and understanding the world around us.
The scientific method (from the Greek "methodos" - a way, a way of knowing) is a set of techniques and operations used in building a system of scientific knowledge. Accurate, careful, unbiased observation and experiment are among the most important methods used in biology. observation and experiment. - observation makes it possible to assume the cause of the phenomenon, to put forward a hypothesis. - observation makes it possible to assume the cause of the phenomenon, to put forward a hypothesis.
Stages of scientific research. 1. Observation of what happens in nature. 1. Observation of what happens in nature. 2. Statement of a problematic issue in understanding the observed, goals and objectives of the study. 2. Statement of a problematic issue in understanding the observed, goals and objectives of the study. 3. Making assumptions, hypotheses (from the Greek "hypothesis" - problematic, short-lived knowledge, assumption). 3. Making assumptions, hypotheses (from the Greek "hypothesis" - problematic, short-lived knowledge, assumption). 4. Development and implementation of experiments to test the hypotheses put forward. Registration of qualitative and quantitative results. 4. Development and implementation of experiments to test the hypotheses put forward. Registration of qualitative and quantitative results. 5. Processing of the received results. 5. Processing of the received results. 6. Analysis of the obtained results. 6. Analysis of the obtained results. 7. Formulation of conclusions. 7. Formulation of conclusions. 8. Determining the range of unresolved issues. 8. Determining the range of unresolved issues. 9. Registration of the results of the study. 9. Registration of the results of the study.
Theory. Law. A tested hypothesis, which is capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions, may be called a theory or a law. A tested hypothesis, which is capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions, may be called a theory or a law. Theory of the structure of the atom The theory of the structure of the atom The law emphasizes the indisputability of the scientific fact, universality and great certainty. The law emphasizes the indisputability of the scientific fact, universality and great reliability. The law of conservation of the mass of matter, discovered by M.V. Lomonosov. The law of conservation of the mass of matter, discovered by M.V. Lomonosov.
The study of the stages of scientific research on the example of studying the conditions necessary for the germination of seeds. 1. Research problem: 1. Research problem: What conditions are necessary for seed germination? Observations of the seeds showed that not all of them germinate. Obviously, in order for them to germinate, certain conditions are necessary. Observations of the seeds showed that not all of them germinate. Obviously, in order for them to germinate, certain conditions are necessary.
2. Hypotheses We can assume that seeds are necessary for germination We can assume that seeds are necessary for germination - light - light - darkness - darkness - water - water - a certain temperature - a certain temperature - air - air - soil - soil
3. Design of the experiment 1. The sample should consist of 100 seeds of the same species in order to exclude randomness. 1. The sample must consist of 100 seeds of the same species to exclude chance. 2. It is necessary to lay 6 seed samples under conditions that differ in only one trait. 2. It is necessary to lay 6 seed samples under conditions that differ in only one trait.
4. Conducting an experiment 4. Conducting an experiment Conditions: Conditions: -air access -air access -sufficient amount of moisture -sufficient amount of moisture -heat -heat -light -light Results: in a day the seeds swelled. Most of the seeds germinated after 2 days. Results: after a day, the seeds swelled. Most of the seeds germinated after 2 days. 1 seed sample is placed in a vessel and half moistened with water. Put in a bright, warm place. Beginning of the experiment After 2 days
2 seed sample is placed in a vessel and filled with completely boiled water. Put in a bright, warm place. Conditions: Conditions: - air access is excluded - air access is excluded - the seeds are filled with completely boiled water - the seeds are filled with completely boiled water - heat - heat - light - light the seeds did not germinate, but only swelled. Results: the seeds did not germinate, but only swelled.
3 seed sample is placed in a vessel with a sufficient amount of water. Placed in a dark, warm place. 3 seed sample is placed in a vessel with a sufficient amount of water. Placed in a dark, warm place. Conditions: Conditions: - air access - air access - sufficient moisture - sufficient moisture - warm - warm - placed in a dark place - placed in a dark place Results: after a day the seeds swelled. Most of the seeds germinated after 2 days.
4 seed sample is placed in a vessel and left dry. Conditions: Conditions: - air access - air access - leave the seeds dry - leave the seeds dry - warm - warm - light - light Results: the seeds did not germinate or even swell after a day or a week.
5 seed sample is kept at a temperature of 1 degree (in the refrigerator) Conditions: Conditions: - air access - air access - sufficient moisture - sufficient moisture - temperature 1 degree C - temperature 1 degree C - light - light Results: in a day the seeds swelled but they didn't germinate after a week.
6 seed sample is placed in a vessel filled with moist soil. Put in a warm place. Conditions: Conditions: - air access - air access - sufficient moisture - sufficient moisture - heat - heat - light - light - soil - soil Results: after a day the seeds swelled, after 2 days they took root, and after a week they sprouted. 2 days later 1 week later
5. Processing of results. Calculation of the percentage of seed germination. 1. Of the 300 seeds that were in the conditions necessary for germination, only sprouted Of the 300 seeds that were in the conditions necessary for germination, only 230 germinated. Seed germination = 230: 300 = or 76.7% = or 76.7% Why did the rest of the seeds not sprout?
6. Analysis of the results. 1. Light and soil are not essential conditions for seed germination. 1. Light and soil are not essential conditions for seed germination. 2. The most important conditions for seed germination are the presence of a full-fledged living embryo, water, heat, air. 2. The most important conditions for seed germination are the presence of a full-fledged living embryo, water, heat, air. Shoots appeared only in the presence of soil. Shoots appeared only in the presence of soil.
7. Conclusions obtained as a result of the experiment. The prerequisites for seed germination are: The prerequisites for seed germination are: 1. Air 1. Air 2. Moisture 2. Moisture 3. Certain temperature (heat) 3. Certain temperature (heat) 4. Live germ 4. Live germ Are not Prerequisites for seed germination: Not mandatory conditions for seed germination: 1. Light 1. Light 2. Soil 2. Soil
Processing of results. During the experiments, we took photographs During the experiments, we took photographs Discussed the results of the experiments Discussed the results of the experiments Found the necessary information on the Internet Found the necessary information on the Internet We designed the work in the form of MS Word documents and Power Point presentations. Prepared work in the form of MS Word documents and Power Point presentations. MS Word documents MS Word documents
Informational resources. - Encyclopedia of amazing facts about the animal world. Articles. - Encyclopedia of amazing facts about the animal world. Articles School of Young Naturalists. The project is dedicated to everyone who loves nature and seeks to understand it. - School of Youths. The project is dedicated to everyone who loves nature and seeks to understand it. a guide to the world of science for schoolchildren - a guide to the world of science for schoolchildren
Contact Information. Municipal educational institution the main comprehensive school in Kostroma, st. Frunze, 5 Tel. (4942)
Scientific research- the process of studying and cognizing reality, the connections between individual phenomena of the environment and their laws. Cognition is a complex process. It, in fact, is a movement towards more accurate and complete knowledge. This path can be traveled with the help of scientific research.
In the field of applied sciences or technology, there are stages of scientific research which must be sequentially passed in the course of studying certain problems.
Most often, seven consecutive steps are distinguished, each of which characterizes the stages of scientific research. Briefly structure and stages of scientific research look like this.
- First of all, it is necessary decide on a problem. This stage consists not only in finding a problem, but in a clear and precise formulation of the objectives of the study, since the course and effectiveness of the entire study largely depends on this.
At this stage, it is required to collect and process the initial information, to think over the methods and means of solving problems.
- At the second stage it is necessary put forward and then substantiate an initial hypothesis. Usually, the development of a hypothesis is carried out on the basis of formulated tasks and analysis of the collected initial information. A hypothesis may have more than one option, then you need to choose the most appropriate one from them. To refine the hypothesis of the working order, experiments are carried out that allow a more complete study of the object.
- Third stage - theoretical study. It lies in the synthesis and patterns that give in relation to the object under study. At this stage, further extraction with the help of the apparatus of various sciences of additional, new, not yet known regularities takes place.
At the level of theory is a generalization of phenomena, their connections,
obtaining more information to substantiate the working hypothesis.
- Experimental studies continue the theoretical as scientifically posed experience, is the most complex and time-consuming part of the study. Its goals may be different, since they depend on the nature of the entire study, as well as the sequence of its implementation.
In the case of a standard course and procedure for conducting a study, the experimental part (experiment) is carried out after the stage of theoretical study of the problem. In this case, the experiment, as a rule, confirms the results of theoretical hypotheses. Sometimes after the experiment, the hypotheses are refuted.
In some cases, the order of the study is changed. It happens that the third and fourth stages are reversed. Then the experiment can precede the theoretical part. Such a sequence is typical for exploratory research, when the theoretical basis is insufficient to put forward hypotheses. In this case, the theory is intended to generalize the results of experimental studies.
- Analysis of results and their comparison. This stage implies the need to compare the theoretical and experimental stages of scientific research in order to finally confirm the hypothesis and further formulate conclusions and consequences arising from it. Sometimes the result is negative, then the hypothesis has to be rejected.
- Final Conclusions. The results are summed up, conclusions are formulated and their correspondence to the initially set task.
- Mastering the results. This stage is typical for technical work. It is a preparation for the industrial implementation of the research results.
These seven steps summarize the main stages of scientific research, which must be passed from a working hypothesis to the implementation of research results in life.
slide 1
Proof of scientific fact. Stages of a scientific experiment on the example of studying the conditions of seed germination research project Completed by students of grade 9b Head: biology teacher Arsenyeva Elena Nikolaevna 2009 Municipal educational institution basic comprehensive school No. 19 in Kostromaslide 2
The eternal tragedy of science: ugly facts kill beautiful hypotheses Huxley Thomas Henry
slide 3
Science is one of the ways of studying and knowing the world around us. Signs of science: object and subject of research, methods, scientific language, theories, laws, concepts, communities of scientists, research and educational institutions. What is a scientific fact? What is the difference between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge? Bigfoot UFO Loch Ness monster The structure of the Earth. photosynthesis atomic structure
slide 4
Scientific fact It can be considered only the result obtained in the course of observations and experiments, verified by new observations and experiments. It is precisely because of the absence of the above that information in the media about Bigfoot and UFOs cannot be recognized as scientific fact.
slide 5
“Take nothing for granted” is the most important principle for every scientist. Science is a tool for understanding the world around us, a key that allows you to open the magic box of nature. Each science has its own research methods, but the rejection of blind trust in authority is the main principle of the researcher. Biology is one of the ways of studying and understanding the world around us.
slide 6
The scientific method (from the Greek "methodos" - a way, a way of knowing) is a set of techniques and operations used in building a system of scientific knowledge. The most important methods used in biology include accurate, careful, unbiased observation and experiment. - observation makes it possible to assume the cause of the phenomenon, to put forward a hypothesis.
Slide 7
The experiment confirms or refutes the assumption (hypothesis). Must be accompanied by a control experience.
Slide 8
Stages of scientific research. 1. Observation of what happens in nature. 2. Statement of a problematic issue in understanding the observed, goals and objectives of the study. 3. Making assumptions, hypotheses (from the Greek "hypothesis" - problematic, short-lived knowledge, assumption). 4. Development and conduct of experiments to test the hypotheses put forward. Registration of qualitative and quantitative results. 5. Processing of the received results. 6. Analysis of the obtained results. 7. Formulation of conclusions. 8. Determining the range of unresolved issues. 9. Registration of the results of the study.
Slide 9
Comparison and analysis of the experiment. An assumption (hypothesis) is either refuted or confirmed.
slide 10
Theory. Law. A tested hypothesis, which is capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions, may be called a theory or a law. Theory of the structure of the atom The law emphasizes the indisputability of the scientific fact, universality and great reliability. The law of conservation of the mass of matter, discovered by M.V. Lomonosov.
slide 11
The study of the stages of scientific research on the example of studying the conditions necessary for the germination of seeds. 1. Research problem: What conditions are necessary for seed germination? Observations of the seeds showed that not all of them germinate. Obviously, in order for them to germinate, certain conditions are necessary.
slide 12
2. Hypotheses We can assume that seeds need to germinate - light - darkness - water - a certain temperature - air - soil
slide 13
3. Design of the experiment 1. The sample should consist of 100 seeds of the same species in order to exclude randomness. 2. It is necessary to lay 6 seed samples under conditions that differ in only one trait.
slide 14
4. Conducting the experiment Conditions: - air access - sufficient moisture - heat - light Results: after a day the seeds swelled. Most of the seeds germinated after 2 days. 1 seed sample is placed in a vessel and half moistened with water. Put in a bright, warm place. Beginning of the experiment After 2 days
slide 15
2 seed sample is placed in a vessel and filled with completely boiled water. Put in a bright, warm place. Conditions: - air access is excluded - the seeds are filled with completely boiled water - heat - light Results: the seeds did not germinate, but only swelled.
slide 16
3 seed sample is placed in a vessel with a sufficient amount of water. Placed in a dark, warm place. Conditions: -air access -sufficient amount of moisture -heat -placed in a dark place Results: in a day the seeds swelled. Most of the seeds germinated after 2 days.
slide 17
4 seed sample is placed in a vessel and left dry. Conditions: - air access - leave the seeds dry - heat - light Results: the seeds did not germinate or even swell in a day or a week.
slide 18
5 seed sample is kept at a temperature of 1 degree (in the refrigerator) Conditions: - air access - sufficient moisture - temperature 1 degree C - light Results: after a day the seeds swelled, but after a week they did not germinate.
slide 19
6 seed sample is placed in a vessel filled with moist soil. Put in a warm place. Conditions: - air access - enough moisture - heat - light - soil Results: in a day the seeds swelled, in 2 days they took root, and in a week they sprouted. 2 days later 1 week later
slide 20
5. Processing of results. Calculation of the percentage of seed germination. 1. Of the 300 seeds that were in the conditions necessary for germination, only 230 sprouted. Seed germination = 230: 300 = 0.7666 or 76.7% Why didn't the rest of the seeds germinate?
slide 21
Why, under favorable conditions, some seeds did not germinate? Having examined the seeds that did not germinate in a magnifying glass, we saw that they only swelled, but there was no embryo there. Conclusion: seeds without an embryo do not germinate under any conditions.
slide 22
6. Analysis of the results. 1. Light and soil are not essential conditions for seed germination. 2. The most important conditions for seed germination are the presence of a full-fledged living embryo, water, heat, air. Shoots appeared only in the presence of soil.
Program: ,
Lesson #2
Topic: "Research methods in biology".
Tasks:
Tutorials: To acquaint students with research methods in biology, to consider the sequence of the experiment, to identify what is the difference between a hypothesis and a law or theory.
Educational: Promote the development of intellectual skills and memory; continue the ability to compare and analyze, highlight the main thing and give examples. Form a complete picture of the world.
Educational: To promote the formation of a scientific worldview, to implement environmental and aesthetic education, sexual and labor education.
Equipment: Tables depicting the sequence of the experiment. Presentation.
Working process:
I. Organizing time
II. Updating knowledge (10 minutes).
Work on cards (3 options): write a definition.
1 option:
3. Write a definition:
Option 2:
1. What kingdoms are distinguished in wildlife?
2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?
3. Write a definition:
Botany, geobotany, ornithology, physiology, histology, ecology, biochemistry.
3 option:
1. What kingdoms are distinguished in wildlife?
2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?
3. Write a definition:
Zoology, bryology, paleobotany, ethology, anatomy, genetics, biotechnology.
III. Learning new material (20 minutes).
In the last lesson, we examined the concept of biology as a science in general. Today we will see what methods are used in biology.
The topic of our today's lesson: "Research methods in biology" ( slide 1 ). – entry in a notebook.
What research methods are used by this science - biology?
Question: Before we begin to consider, let's define what is science?
Science is one of the ways of studying and knowing the world around us ( slide 2 ). Notebook entry.
Biology helps to understand the world of wildlife. We already know that people have been studying wildlife since ancient times. First, they studied individual organisms, collected them, compiled lists of plants and animals inhabiting different places. Usually this period of the study of living organisms is called descriptive, and the discipline itself is called natural history. Natural history is the forerunner of biology.
What is the scientific method? The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used in the construction of a system of scientific knowledge. - entry in a notebook.
Biology is multifaceted and therefore needs systematic and versatile methods of study. There are the following research methods (slide 3 ).
For example, many biological studies are carried out directly in nature - observation, description, comparison. At the same time, a significant part of the research requires a laboratory. In the laboratory, biologists set up experiments, carry out simulations. Biology is not alien to historical methods of research, because biology studies living organisms in development, and this development can last for millions of years.
Let's consider each separately: (notebook entry)
Observation (slide 4)
Intentional, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties. Observation is the starting point of all natural science research. In biology, this is especially noticeable, since the object of its study is man and the wildlife surrounding him. Observation as a method of collecting information is chronologically the very first method of research that appeared in the arsenal of biology, this method has not lost its significance to this day. Observations may be direct or indirect, with or without technical aids. So, an ornithologist sees a bird through binoculars and can hear it, or can fix sounds with the device outside the range audible to the human ear.
Descriptive (slide 5)
To clarify the essence of the phenomenon, a person must first collect factual information, and then describe it and present it for use by other generations. The essence of this method is to collect information, describe the characteristics and behavioral signs of the process or living organism under study and study at the same time.
In the early period of the development of biology, it was the collection and description of facts that were the main methods of study. These same methods are still relevant today. Description - is the result of the interpretation of observations. For example, when compiling a description of a found skeleton, a paleontologist will name certain bones as vertebrae insofar as he uses the method of establishing an analogy with the skeletons of already known animals. Description is the main method of classical biology based on observation. Later, the descriptive method formed the basis of the comparative and historical methods of biology. Correctly composed descriptions produced in different places, at different times, can be compared. This makes it possible to study the similarities and differences between organisms and their parts by means of comparison.
Comparative method (slide 6)
In the XVIII century. the comparative method became popular. It is based on the comparison and study of similar and different features of living organisms, their structure. This method is the basis of systematics. Thanks to him, the largest generalization was discovered and the cellular theory was created. This method is still popular today. Comparison - comparing organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences (for example, you observe insects and notice that many of them have black and yellow stripes. Many people think that they are all bees and wasps, therefore they are handled with care.
Historical (slide 7)
The historical method is used to study the patterns of appearance and development of organisms, the formation of their structure and functions.
Experiment (slide 8)
Purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, which makes it possible to reproduce and observe these phenomena. The full cycle of experimental research consists of several stages. Like observation, an experiment presupposes a well-defined goal of the study. Therefore, when starting an experiment, it is necessary to determine its goals and objectives, to consider possible results. A scientific experiment must be well prepared and carefully conducted.
(Slide 9) So, as a result of observation and experiment, the researcher receives some knowledge about the external features, properties of the object or phenomenon being studied, that is, new facts. The results obtained in the course of observations and experiments must be verified by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts. - write the diagram in a notebook.
Let's write down the definitions of these methods: writing in a notebook (slide 10)
Observation - deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties;
Descriptive Method - consists in the description of objects and phenomena;
Comparison - comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences;
historical method – comparison of observation results with previously obtained results;
Experiment - Purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, which makes it possible to reproduce and observe these phenomena.
How does scientific research work anyway? (slide 11) - write the scheme in a notebook.
Now consider the procedure for conducting a biological experiment: (slide 12) - writing in a notebook.
IV. Consolidation of the material (10 minutes). (slide 13).
Describe the stages of scientific research, using the example of studying the conditions necessary for seed germination (pp. 7-8).
v. Homework (slide 14).
§ 2. Describe the stage-by-stage conduct of a biological experiment on the topic:
Option I: "The impact of water pollution on the number of animals and plants";
Option II: "The influence of various types and doses of fertilizers on certain varieties of cultivated plants."
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