Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Biography

Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian politician and statesman, "continuer of the cause of K. Marx and F. Engels", organizer of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (April 10, according to the old style), 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. Grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf in the Nizhny Novgorod province, later - a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; after graduating from Kazan University, he taught at secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, later he was appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received a home education, passed the external exams for the title of teacher; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; in 1887 he was executed for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. The younger brother is Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family connected their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk Gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University, but in December 1887 he was arrested for active participation in the revolutionary gathering of students, expelled from the university as a relative of the executed brother of the People's Will and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he visited Moscow for the first time. In 1891, at St. Petersburg University, he passed the exams as an external student in the program of the Faculty of Law, and on January 14, 1892, Vladimir Ulyanov received a diploma of the 1st degree. In 1889 the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov began working as an assistant barrister and organized a circle of Marxists. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students of the Technological Institute. In 1895 he published under the pseudonym K. Tulin. In April 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland, he met G.V. Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue. In September 1895, returning from abroad, he visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo. In the autumn of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of V.I. Ulyanov, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For participation in the organization of the Social Democratic Party in December 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested, and in February 1897 he was exiled for three years to Siberia - to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. Together with him, as a bride, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was also sent, also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. In 1898, while in Shushenskoye, N.K. Krupskaya, with whom V.I. Ulyanov met in 1894, became his wife. In exile, Ulyanov wrote over 30 works. In 1898, the First Congress of the RSDLP took place in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Russia and publishing the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899 Ulyanov published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin". Among his pseudonyms were V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, Karpov and others. On February 10 (January 29, according to the old style), 1900, after the exile, Ulyanov left Shushenskoye. In July 1900 he went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper, becoming its editor. In 1900-1905 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the Zarya magazine was first signed with the pseudonym "Lenin" (according to other sources, the pseudonym "Lenin" first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, at which the Bolshevik Party was practically created, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the Rules of the RSDLP and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left ("Bolshevik") wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov first used the term "Leninism" ("Struggle against the "state of siege" in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party"). On November 21 (November 8, according to the old style), 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he took charge of the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, and the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers Vperyod, Proletary, and Novaya Zhizn. In two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the dacha "Vaza" in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907 he was unsuccessfully a candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, from where he periodically traveled to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, Stuttgart. In December 1907, he again emigrated to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 - to France (Paris). In December 1910, the newspaper Zvezda began to be published in St. Petersburg, and on May 5 (April 22, old style) 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik workers' newspaper Pravda was published. To train cadres of party workers in 1911, Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, the 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP took place in Prague under his leadership. In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he directed the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia. From October 1905 to 1912, Lenin was the representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau of the 2nd International, leading a delegation of Bolsheviks, and took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. August 8 (old style July 26), 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of spying for Russia and imprisoned in the city of Novy Targ, but on August 19 (old style 6 August), thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (August 23, according to the old style), he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (until March, according to the old style), 1917. Lenin learned about the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (Old Style March 2), 1917. April 16 (Old Style 3), 1917 Lenin returned from exile to Petrograd. A solemn meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky railway station and he was presented with party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut across Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Jalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). In early October 1917, Lenin illegally returned from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, according to the old style), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, according to the old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded to immediately go on the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. On November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. For 124 days of the "Smolnin period" he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918, he led the suppression of the Armed Action of the Left SRs. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the rally at the Michelson factory, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Socialist-Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922, at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin's health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. The last time in Moscow was on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. In 1923 the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, a single Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: "Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such fame as he did. An implacable avenger, growing out of the peace of cold compassion, sanity, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of the soul - Opportunism His sympathies are cold and wide like the Arctic Ocean His hatred is tight like a hangman's noose His destiny is to save the world His method is to blow up this world Absolute adherence to principles, at the same time willingness to change principles... He subverted everything. He overthrew God, king, country, morality, court, debts, rents, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he overthrew the whole historical structure, such as human society.In the end, he overthrew himself... Lenin's intellect was overthrown at that moment when his destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his searches began to appear... He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire ... The Russian people were left floundering be in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death" (Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the "Red Terror", which took on the most brutal and mass forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repressions against "socially alien elements" - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, the expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagreed with the policy of the new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism" and "new economic policy". Author of the State Plan for the Electrification of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On Lenin's initiative, a plan for monumental propaganda was developed: in accordance with the decree "On the Monuments of the Republic" (April 12, 1918), with the personal participation of Lenin, the demolition of "old" monuments in the Kremlin and other places in Moscow began, as well as the destruction of churches; at the same time, monuments to revolutionary figures were erected.
"In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at universities, and in 1921 the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros) abolished the historical and philological sciences as obsolete and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. After reading about this in the newspaper Izvestia, Lenin demanded that the Chekists collect systematic information about all professors and writers. "All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and corrupters of student youth; almost all of them are the most legitimate candidates for deportation abroad. They must be caught constantly and systematically deported". [...] May 19 (1922) the leader sent to Moscow instructions "On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors who help the counter-revolution", inscribing on the envelope: "comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up." Ten days later he suffered a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was handed over the first list of those arrested, who were announced a decision on expulsion and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then said to the attending physician: "Today is perhaps the first day that my head did not hurt at all." [...] The first group of exiles received in history the name "philosophical ship". [...] It was allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even pectoral crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then many hours of loading onto the German steamer "Oberburgomaster Haken": they call out a name from the ladder, enter one by one into the control booth, interrogation and search, by touch, through the dress ... " . "There were several ships and not one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kyiv, from Odessa, from Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky's later confession, about 60 people expelled from Georgia.
“From the famine of 1920-1922, according to official figures, more than five million people died. Unthinkable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. I came across absolutely amazing notes, though not in the Soviet press, that brutal starving people in the Volga region ate representatives of the ARA - this an American relief organization headed by Hoover, the future president of the United States, it saved an unknown number of millions of people from starvation in the country.According to the assumptions of the same Bolsheviks, at least 20 million people should have died from starvation, only five died.The Bolsheviks believed that in In any case, the same Trotsky almost did not hide this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it will be for the country. (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power")“Having created famine in the country by mass seizure of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: “It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, that we can (and therefore must) carry out the seizure of church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy, not stopping before suppressing any kind of resistance. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any resistance. (E. Olshanskaya, broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty) “We must not forget that Lenin by that time was already just a delusional patient. In fact, he should have been considered in 1922 as an insane patient. In 1922, rumors spread throughout Moscow that Lenin was ill with syphilis, that he had progressive paralysis, that he delusional and, as even idle people said, he is persecuted by the Mother of God for all the troubles that he caused the country.In the same 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was ill with, and came to the conclusion that those doctors who treated him, and those doctors who talked about the neurasthenic syndrome in the leader, in fact, concealed that behind this neurasthenic syndrome lies a single disease - progressive paralysis ... Progressive paralysis has one peculiarity, this is precisely the contingent of patients who, when overwhelmed the psychiatric departments of various clinics.As soon as the patient showed the first signs of progressive paralysis, this patient was immediately recognized as insane, even if he kept external signs of sanity and capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw him have a rash, from which he suffered greatly, a lot indicates that this rash, most likely, was of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash already means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he developed tertiary syphilis with gradual vascular damage. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including by psychiatrists. The psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki from 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to come was the famous Foerster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Foerster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all medical diaries at that time. A long time ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing, that progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and efficiency. Such excess energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But since 1920, more and more headaches, some kind of dizziness, attacks of weakness and loss of consciousness incomprehensible to doctors. That is, in any case, 1922 is the time of Lenin's already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, impaired consciousness, with repeated episodes of hallucinations and simply delirium described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called "insanity together". If there was a madman in a family, then the spouse sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this madman, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if a remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could still keep these ideas intact. I cannot rule out that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large masses of people. I do not rule out that Lenin simply induced his closest associates with his nonsense, and then with the help of Soviet propaganda, which, it must be said, worked perfectly, these ideas were introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, Soviet civilization took place." (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power"; broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are letters, articles, brochures, books: "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?" (1894), "The economic content of populism and criticism of it in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)" (1894-1895), "Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia" (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym "Tulin" ), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Economic studies and articles" (1899; the collection of articles was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Protest of Russian social Democrats" (1899), "What to do? Painful questions of our movement" (1902; pamphlet), "The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The National Question in Our Program" (1903), "One Step Forward, Two Steps back" (1904), "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution" (August 1905), "Party Organization and Party Literature" (1905), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909), "Critical Notes on the National Question" (1913 ), "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (1914), "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916 ), "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the National Pride of the Great Russians", "The Collapse of the Second International", "Socialism and War", "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe", "Military program of the proletarian revolution", "Results of the discussion on self-determination", "On the caricature of Marxism and "imperialist economism", "Letters from afar" (1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), The Political Situation (1917; theses), Towards Slogans (1917), State and Revolution (1917), The Threatening Catastrophe and How to Fight It (1917), Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power? " (1917), "The Bolsheviks Must Take Power" (1917), "Marxism and Rebellion" (1917), "The Crisis Is Ripe" (1917), "Advice from an Outsider" (1917), "How to Organize a Competition?" (December 1917), "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People" (January 1918; taken as the basis of the first Soviet Constitution of 1918), "Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power" (1918), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (autumn 1918), "Theses Central Committee of the RCP(b) in connection with the situation on the Eastern Front" (April 1919), "The Great Initiative" (June 1919), "Economics and Politics in the Era of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" (autumn 1919), "From the Destruction of the Age-old Way of Life to the Creation of a New One" ( spring 1920), "The Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism" (1920), "On Proletarian Culture" (1920), "On the Food Tax (The Meaning of the New Policy and Its Conditions)" (1921), "On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution" (1921), "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), "On the Formation of the USSR" (1922), "Pages from a Diary" (December 1922), "On Cooperation" (December 1922), "On Our Revolution" (December 1922 ), "How do we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)" (December 1922), "Less is better" (December 1922)
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Information sources:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Biographical dictionary "Political figures of Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American relations, Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary, Encyclopedic dictionary "History of the Fatherland" )
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, magazine "Krugozor" Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power, M. 1996 "Russian Biographical Dictionary"
Radio Liberty
Project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru

😉 Greetings to my regular and new readers! The article "Lenin Vladimir Ilyich: a brief biography, facts" contains information about the life of the Bolshevik leader, the creator of the world's first Soviet state.

Recently, a survey of young people was organized in a number of Russian cities. On the streets, young passers-by were asked only one question: “Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin?” The correct answer was given by 10% of the participants!

I was ashamed of the young people who do not know the history of the country in which they live. This fact surprised me greatly and served as the reason for writing this article.

Once Vladimir Ilyich was God for the Soviet people. In every city of the country, the main street is Lenin Street. When I was young, there was a framed picture of him in my home bookcase! Not a photo of relatives or friends, but a photograph of Lenin.

Many years later, it turned out that this is a photo of a real criminal and executioner! Was that all?

Who is Lenin

In short: Lenin (Ulyanov) is the leader of the Bolshevik Party. One of the main organizers and leaders of the October Revolution of 1917. Creator of the world's first socialist state.

By his order, in 1918, the Bolsheviks shot the entire family of the last emperor of Russia. Almost all temples and churches were destroyed. The Bolsheviks made extensive use of violence and the "Red Terror" against "class enemies":

• nobles;
• landlords;
• officers;
• priests;
• fists;
• Cossacks;
• scientists;
• industrialists.

Lenin is a criminal! Lenin is a pseudonym that appeared in December 1901.

Brief biography of Lenin

Vladimir was born in Simbirsk on April 22, 1870. His father was an inspector of public schools in the Samara region. Mother was homeschooled, but was quite educated. Little Volodya had five more brothers and sisters.

When Volodya was 17 years old, his older brother Alexander was executed on charges of attempting to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. After that, he became a zealous opponent of the tsarist regime and a fan of the revolutionaries.

Vladimir received his education at the Simbirsk gymnasium, which he graduated with a gold medal. By the way, the director of the gymnasium was the father of Kerensky (the future head of the Provisional Government in 1917).

Kerensky was very dissatisfied with the gifted student's choice of jurisprudence. He advised to continue his studies in the historical and verbal field.

Ulyanov received his legal education in, but was expelled due to visits to student gatherings. In 1891 he entered the University of St. Petersburg. In 1892 he created a Marxist community among students.

Path to power

In 1895, while abroad, V. Ulyanov met Georgy Plekhanov, the leader of the Emancipation of Labor. And when he returned to Moscow, he organized the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For which he was sentenced to exile in Siberia.

In 1900, Ulyanov went abroad and created the Iskra newspaper, which propagated Marxism. The newspaper spread its ideas on the territory of Russia, where a network of revolutionary organizations soon appeared.

Vladimir Ilyich began writing political works while still in exile. His first work was published in 1895 under the title "The Development of Capitalism in Russia". In 1902, the article "What to do?" is published, which outlines the basic concept of the activities of the revolutionaries.

After the failure of the revolution of 1905, Lenin again leaves the Russian Empire to continue his revolutionary activities. In 1912, he took over the leadership of the Pravda newspaper. In Switzerland, he speaks at political conferences. He defends his ideas on the need for a socialist revolution in the Russian Empire.

Political career

In February 1917, the revolution nevertheless took place. Power passed to the Provisional Government. Lenin returned to his homeland to lead the uprising. And in October of the same year, the young leader managed to convince his supporters of the need for an armed uprising, which he personally led in Petrograd.

Since 1918, the leader of the revolutionaries was elected to the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and chairman of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. Lenin's policy was quite aggressive. It consisted in the elimination of any political opposition and the destruction of the nobility and clergy as a social enemy.

The policy of "red terror" did not lead to the expected results. Lenin began to introduce new methods for developing the policy of the USSR. In 1922, on the recommendation of Vladimir Ilyich, already stricken with illness, a new state was created - the USSR.

Personal life

Vladimir Ilyich met Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (the years of her life 1869-1939). In 1894 they organized the activities of the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. In 1898, Lenin was sent into Siberian exile, and he registered a marriage with Krupskaya.

The young couple of atheists had to get married in the temple. Without this, the wife was not allowed to follow her husband into exile. There were no children in this single marriage.

Lenin, Krupskaya, Armand

It is known that Lenin had a mistress - Inessa Armand, an activist in the Russian revolutionary movement (years of life: 1874-1920). The wife knew about their relationship, several times she was going to leave, but each time Lenin held her back.

last years of life

In 1918, after a rally at the Zamoskvoretsky plant, the Socialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan tried to shoot Lenin. The attempt ended with a severe wound. He survived thanks to an operation performed by Dr. Vladimir Mints.

On the same day, Moses Uritsky, chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, was killed. It was these events that served as the introduction of the "Red Terror".

In 1922, Lenin fell ill and active political activity was replaced by passive. The disease was caused by nervous strain, which over time only sapped the strength of the leader. On January 21, 1924, the father of the revolution died.

The official cause of death is progressive atherosclerosis of the vessels. This led to a gradual inhibition of brain activity. Lenin's body is still kept in the Mausoleum, on Red Square in Moscow. His height is 1.65 m, his zodiac sign is .

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich: short biography (video)

V. I. Lenin, whose brief biography is given later in the article, was the leader of the Bolshevik movement in Russia, as well as the leader of the October Revolution of 1917.

The full name of the historical figure is Vladimir Ilyich. He can rightfully be called the founder of a new state on the world map - the USSR.

An outstanding personality, philosopher and ideologist, leader of the country of the Soviets, in his short life managed to turn the fate of countless people.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich - meaning for Russia

The activity of the leader became a decisive factor in the course of preparing and carrying out the revolution in Tsarist Russia.

His numerous and stubborn appeals, articles and speeches became the detonator of the struggle for people's power not only in Russia, but also in other countries.

The highest ability for self-education allowed him to thoroughly study everything about the Marxist theory of building the world. Scientists suggest that Vladimir Ilyich knew 11 foreign languages. Unshakable self-confidence made the Marxist the leader of the revolution.

The majority of the Social Democrats rushed after the competent and active agitator, who suppressed any listener with his pressure, and with his help made the "preparatory" revolution of 1905-1907.

It was possible to completely crush the power of the Russian Empire only 10 years later, during the unfolding revolutionary actions of 1917. The result of the uprising was the formation of a new state with a government based on unlimited violence.

After a 7-year struggle against hunger, devastation and people's ignorance, Lenin at the end of his life realized the doom of the entire capitalist idea.

Unable to speak due to paralysis, he wrote the most important words about the failure and change of point of view on socialism. But his last weak appeals did not reach the masses, the Soviet state began its difficult path.

When and where was Lenin born

The world leader of the people's liberation movement was a descendant of the ancient Ulyanov family. His paternal grandfather was a Russian serf, his maternal grandfather was a baptized Jew.

Vladimir's parents were Russian intellectuals. For his services, his father was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir III degree, which gave him a title of nobility, inherited. Mother was educated as a teacher, was engaged in raising children.

Volodya was born in April 1870, he became the third child in a family that lived in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk). The date of his birth, the 22nd according to the new style, subsequently began to be celebrated as a holiday in the Soviet Union.

The real name of Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich at the beginning of his political activity published personal works under various pseudonyms, including Ilyin and Lenin.

The latter became his second surname, under which the leader entered world history.

The blood name of the leader was Ulyanov, it was worn by Vladimir's father Ilya Vasilyevich.

Vladimir's mother was the daughter of a doctor, Israel Moishevich, a Jew by nationality, and as a girl, she bore the surname Blank.

Lenin as a child

Vladimir differed from other children in the Ulyanov family by his noisiness and clumsiness. The boy's body developed disproportionately, he had short legs and a large head with blond, later slightly reddish hair.

Due to weak legs, Volodya learned to walk only by the age of three, often fell with a roar and a roar and, unable to get up on his own, beat his big head on the floor in despair.

The roar accompanied almost any activity of the baby, he was very fond of breaking and disassembling toys and objects. However, the child grew up conscientious, and nevertheless admitted to his tricks after some time.

By mistake, an ophthalmologist at an early age diagnosed Ulyanov with strabismus, his left eye saw very poorly. And only towards the end of his life, Lenin learns that in reality he has myopia in one eye, and he should have worn glasses all his life.

Due to poor eyesight, Vladimir developed the habit of squinting during a dialogue with an interlocutor, thus his characteristic “Lenin squint” was born.

Lenin in his youth

Some physical deficiencies did not affect Vladimir's mental abilities. His intelligence and memory were significantly higher than those of his peers.

The director of the Simbirsk gymnasium, where the boy entered in 1879, recognized the primacy of the young Ulyanov among other gymnasium students. After 8 years, the best student completed his secondary education with a gold medal.

On the day of the final exam in geography, May 8, 1887, Vladimir's elder brother was executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Alexander III, the Russian emperor.

Volodya did not have a close relationship with his executed brother, but his death left a terrible wound in the boy's heart. The entire subsequent struggle with the monarchy was waged by Lenin with a hidden thirst for revenge for the grief that befell the whole family.

In the same year, Vladimir entered Kazan University, however, he was soon expelled for a student meeting and exiled to the village of Kukushkino, where he educated himself.

In 1891, having prepared on his own, he nevertheless received a law degree from St. Petersburg University, having passed all the exams externally.

Participation of V.I. Lenin in political circles

After a short exile in 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov, returning to Kazan, joined the Marxist circle led by N.E. Fedoseev, actively sought connections with professional revolutionaries.

The next year, the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir himself created a Marxist circle.

Among its participants, the future leader distributed his own translation from the German "Manifesto of the Communist Party", the work of F. Engels and K. Marx.

In 1893, the thirst for space led Ulyanov to St. Petersburg, where he actively began to lecture in working circles, becoming a member of the Marxist circle of the Technological Institute.

How did Lenin come to power?

For organizing the activities of the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, the revolutionary was exiled to the Yenisei province.

There, over the years of his life in the village of Shushenskoye, many volumes of works published under various pseudonyms came out from his pen.

In the same place, 3 years later, Vladimir Ilyich married his faithful companion exiled after him, his wife's name was Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna.

In 1900, the future leader went abroad for 3 years. Upon his return, he becomes the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia.

As a former exile, Ulyanov was forbidden to live in large cities and the capital, so the leadership of the revolution in 1905-1907. he carried out, living in St. Petersburg illegally.

After the workers' strikes died down, Vladimir Ilyich spent 10 years abroad, where he actively participated in conferences, made contacts with like-minded people and published newspapers. Lenin learned about the overthrow of the monarch in February 1917 from the newspapers, at that time he lived in Switzerland.

The future leader immediately arrived in St. Petersburg with the aim of preparing the last, October socialist revolution, as a result of which he headed the new Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars and took the post of chairman.

The role of Lenin in the October events of 1917

After a forced long emigration, on April 3, Ulyanov returned to his homeland as a world-famous personality among the Social Democrats, the leader of the Bolsheviks and the leader of the future socialist revolution.

A peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg on June 18 under the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" did not bring the desired results. Therefore, the seizure of state power had to occur in the course of an armed uprising.

The Central Committee of the Party was slow to initiate armed actions; Lenin's calls for insurrection in letters were not brought to the attention of the people. And therefore, despite the threat of arrest, the revolutionary personally arrived at Smolny on October 20.

He took up the organization of the uprising so actively that on the night of October 25-26, the Provisional Government was arrested and power passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks.

Works and reforms of Lenin

The first working document of the new government, which was presented at the congress on October 26, was the decree on peace created by Vladimir Ilyich, which declared illegal any armed encroachment of a large state on weak nations.

The Decree on Land abolished private ownership of land; all land was transferred without redemption to committees and Soviets of Deputies.

For 124 days, working for 15-18 hours, the leader signed the decree on the creation of the Red Army, concluded a forced peace with Germany, and created a capable new state apparatus (SNK).

In April 1918, the newspaper "Pravda" published the work of the leader "The Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power". In July, the Constitution of the RSFSR was approved.

In order to split the peasant strata and liquidate the rural bourgeoisie, power in the villages was transferred to the poorest representatives of the peasants.

In response to the outbreak of the Civil War in the summer of 1918, the "Red Terror" was organized, the word "shoot" became one of the most frequently used.

A severe economic crisis as a result of the exhausting Civil War forced the leadership to create a New Economic Policy that allowed free trade, after which the difficult growth of the economy began in the country.

As an inflexible atheist, Vladimir Ilyich waged an uncompromising struggle with representatives of the clergy, allowing them to rob churches and shoot their ministers. In 1922, the USSR was officially created.

When Lenin died

After being wounded in 1918 and a busy working regime, the leader's health deteriorated. In 1922 he suffered 2 strokes.

In March 1923, a third stroke left him completely paralyzed. In 1924, in the village of Gorki near Moscow, the leader of the Russian revolution died, the date of death is January 21 according to the modern style.

When asked how many years Lenin lived, the answer is: 54 years.

Historical portrait of Lenin

As a historical figure, V.I. Ulyanov laid a solid foundation for the Bolshevik ideology, which was realized during the October Revolution.

The power of the Bolshevik Party, which later became the only one in the country, was held by the unlimited terror of the Cheka.

Lenin became a cult personality during his lifetime.

After the death of Vladimir Ilyich, thanks to the efforts of V.I. Stalin, the former leader of the revolution, began to be idolized.

The role of Lenin in the history of Russia

A brilliant Marxist revolutionary, a cunning and prudent avenger for his executed brother, Vladimir Ulyanov served to accomplish the All-Russian Socialist Revolution in a short time.

Millions of people became victims of military actions under his leadership: both opponents of the Bolshevik regime at the hands of the Red Terror, and people ruined and starved to death during the formation of the USSR.

The sparkling revolution, the merciless destruction of the enemies of Soviet power, the execution of the royal family, laid down the political portrait of Vladimir Ilyich as a brilliant leader and tyrant who fought for power for so long and ruled for so short.

Conclusion

Vladimir Ulyanov dreamed of a world revolution. Russia in his plans was only the beginning of a long journey, carefully prepared during the years of forced emigration.

But illness and death stopped the never tired revolutionary who played his significant role in history. His mummified body in the mausoleum was the object of worship for millions of people, but this time has passed.

The figure of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin has attracted the close attention of historians and politicians around the world for almost a century. One of the most taboo topics in the “Leninian” in the USSR is the origin of Lenin, his genealogy. The same topic was subject to the greatest speculation on the part of the geopolitical opponents of the state, whose founder and “banner” was V.I. Lenin.

Secrets of Lenin's biography

How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet authorities keep information about the maternal ancestors of the leader secret, and how did Vladimir Ulyanov turn into Nikolai Lenin in the early 1900s?
Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk. 1879 Provided by M. Zolotarev

Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin” begins with the entry: “April, 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. Vladimir Ilyich's father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was at that time an inspector, and then the director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from the poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf. Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna was the daughter of a doctor A.D. Blanca".

It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many details of his ancestry. In their family, as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their "genealogical roots". It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in such problems began to grow, that his sisters took up these studies. Therefore, when in 1922 Lenin received a detailed form of the party census, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely answered: “I don’t know.”

GRANDSON OF serfs

Meanwhile, Lenin's paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather - Nikita Grigoryevich Ulyanin - was born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Feofan were recorded as a house serf of the landowner of the village of Androsov, Sergach district of the Nizhny Novgorod viceroy Marfa Semyonovna Myakinina.

According to the same revision, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived there, but were listed as yard cornet Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin's grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers all in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.

Of course, he was listed, but he was no longer in the village ...

The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of registered landlord peasants who have come in from different provinces and are expected to be counted”, where under number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasilyev, son of Ulyanin ... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, Androsov village, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, a peasant. Absent in 1791. He was a fugitive or released for quitrent and redeemed - it is not known for sure, but in 1799 in Astrakhan Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants, and in 1808 he was admitted to the bourgeois class, to the workshop of artisans-tailors.

Having got rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilyevich changed his surname Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan tradesman Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov, Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.

Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shaginyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov’s own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk girl, rescued by him from slavery and allegedly adopted only in March 1825.

There is no indisputable evidence of this version, especially since already in 1812 they had a son Alexander with Nikolai Ulyanov, who died four months old, in 1819 son Vasily was born, in 1821 - daughter Maria, in 1823 - Feodosia and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, his son Ilya was the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.

FATHER'S TEACHER'S CAREER

After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, the care of the family and the upbringing of children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son Vasily Nikolayevich. Working at that time as a clerk of the well-known Astrakhan firm "The Sapozhnikov Brothers" and not having his own family, he managed to provide prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.

ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED FACULTY OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
HE WAS PROPOSED TO STAY AT THE DEPARTMENT FOR "IMPROVEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC WORK" - FAMOUS MATHEMATICS NIKOLAI IVANOVICH LOBACHEVSKY INSISTED ON THIS

In 1850, Ilya Nikolayevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and the right to teach in secondary schools. And although he was offered to stay at the department for "improvement in scientific work" (the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, by the way, insisted on this), Ilya Nikolayevich preferred a career as a teacher.

Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. Beginning of XX century. Provided by M. Zolotarev

The first place of his work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here as an inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich became friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Alexandrovna Veretennikova (née Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Alexandrovna Blank, who came to visit her in the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria in preparing for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him in spoken English. The young people fell in love, and in the spring of 1863 they were engaged.

On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing the external exams at the Samara Men's Gymnasium, "the daughter of the court counselor, the maiden Maria Blank" received the title of primary school teacher "with the right to teach the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, German and French." And in August they already played a wedding, and “maiden Maria Blank” became the wife of court adviser Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.

Panorama of Simbirsk from the side of the Moscow tract. 1866–1867. Provided by M. Zolotarev

The pedigree of the Blank family began to be studied by Lenin's sisters, Anna and Maria. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not find out for us. The surname seemed to us a French root, but there was no evidence of such an origin. For a long time, I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin, which was prompted mainly by my mother's message that my grandfather was born in Zhytomyr, a well-known Jewish center. Grandmother - mother's mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was a German by origin from Riga. But while mother and her sisters kept in touch with their mother’s relatives for quite a long time, her father’s relatives, A.D. Blanc, no one heard. He was like a cut off piece, which also led me to think about his Jewish origin. None of the grandfather's stories about his childhood or youth have been preserved in the memory of his daughters.

Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported to Joseph Stalin in 1932 and 1934 about the results of the searches that confirmed her assumption. “The fact of our origin, which I assumed before,” she wrote, “was not known during his [Lenin's] life ... I don’t know what motives we Communists can have for hushing up this fact.”

“To be absolutely silent about him” was Stalin's categorical answer. Yes, and the second sister of Lenin, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact "let it be known sometime in a hundred years."

Lenin's great-grandfather, Moshe Itskovich Blank, was apparently born in 1763. The first mention of it is contained in the revision of 1795, where among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov, Volyn province, Moishka Blank is recorded at number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Some time ago, the famous bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced a curious fact into scientific circulation. Somewhere in the mid-1920s, the archivist Yulian Grigoryevich Oksman, who, on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library, Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, was studying the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities of the Minsk province, allegedly dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, for the release of a certain boy from tax , because he is “the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official,” and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for him. The boy's last name was Blank.

According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them came to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: "I always thought so." To which Bukharin replied: “What do you think, it doesn’t matter, but what are we going to do?” They took the word from Oksman that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then no one has seen this document.

One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov, already an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent revisions, it follows that he read both Jewish and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and besides, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land from the town of Rogachevo, which were sown with chicory.

In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799, his son Srul (Israel). Probably, from the very beginning, Moshe Itskovich did not have a relationship with the local Jewish community. He was "a man who did not want or, perhaps, did not know how to find a common language with his fellow tribesmen." In other words, the community simply hated him. And after in 1808, from a fire, and possibly arson, Blank's house burned down, the family moved to Zhytomyr.

LETTER TO THE EMPEROR

Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blank wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it is clear that already "40 years ago" he "renounced the Jews", but because of his "excessively pious wife", who died in 1834 , converted to Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.

But the reason for the letter was different: while maintaining hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate the Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family.

It is curious that in October of that year the letter was reported to Nicholas I and he fully agreed with the proposals of the "baptized Jew Blank", as a result of which in 1850 Jews were forbidden to wear national clothes, and in 1854 they introduced the corresponding text of the prayer. The researcher Mikhail Stein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on the Blank pedigree, rightly noted that due to hostility to his people, Moshe Itskovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew - one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of the Russian people V.A. . Gringmuth "...

Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799–1870). Provided by M. Zolotarev

The fact that Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was evidenced by something else. Both of his sons, Abel and Israel, like their father, also knew how to read Russian, and when a county (district) school was opened in Zhytomyr in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated from it. From the point of view of believing Jews, this was blasphemy. And yet, belonging to the Jewish faith doomed them to vegetate within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only the event that happened in the spring of 1820 dramatically changed the fate of young people ...

In April, a "high rank" arrived in Zhytomyr on a business trip - the ruler of the affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. Somehow, Blanc managed to meet him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not sympathize with the Jews at all, but the conversion of two "lost souls" to Christianity, which was quite rare at that time, in his opinion, was a good deed, and he agreed.

The brothers immediately went to the capital and filed a petition addressed to Metropolitan Mikhail of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estland and Finland. “Having now settled down to live in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having the constant treatment of Christians who profess the Greco-Russian religion, we now wish to accept it.”

The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Hospitable in St. Petersburg Fyodor Barsov “enlightened” both brothers with baptism. Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. The youngest son of Moshe Blank received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather) Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and a patronymic in honor of Abel's successor Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as “pupils of the Medical and Surgical Academy”, which they graduated in 1824, having received the academic title of doctors of the 2nd department and a present in the form of a pocket set of surgical tools.

MARRIAGE OF THE HEADQUARTER

Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and in August 1824 Alexander began his service in the city of Porechie, Smolensk province, as a county doctor. True, already in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and was enrolled, like his brother, as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to the staff doctor. It's time to think about getting married...

His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent game. Apparently, at his other benefactor, Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, who visited Alexander Pushkin and almost all of “enlightened Petersburg” gathered, the younger Blank met the Groshopf brothers and was received in their house.

Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831–1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835–1916)

The head of this very respectable family, Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groshopf, was from the Baltic Germans, was a consultant of the State Justice College of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish Affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, nee Estedt, was a Swedish Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, who was in charge of the Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Carolina (married Biuberg) and the younger Amalia. Having got acquainted with this family, the staff doctor made an offer to Anna Ivanovna.

MASHENKA BLANK

At first, Alexander Dmitrievich's affairs were going well. As a police doctor, he received 1,000 rubles a year. For "quickness and diligence" he was repeatedly awarded thanks.

But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty in the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a rebellious crowd. This death shocked Alexander Blanc so much that he quit the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833 did he again enter the service - as an intern at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the river regions of St. Petersburg. By the way, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated by him in 1838. At the same time (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Naval Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - a medical surgeon.

IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POSITION OF DIRECTOR OF THE PEOPLE'S SCHOOLS OF THE SIMBIRSK PROVINCE.
AND IN 1877, HE WAS AWARDED THE RANK OF ACTIVE STATE COUNSELOR, EQUAL IN THE TABLE OF RANKS TO THE GENERAL RANK AND GIVING THE RIGHT TO HEREDIC NOBILITY

The private practice of Alexander Dmitrievich also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in the outbuilding of one of the luxurious mansions on the English Embankment, which belonged to the emperor's life physician and president of the Medical and Surgical Academy, Baronet Yakov Vasilievich Willie. Maria Blanc was born here in 1835. Mashenka's godfather was their neighbor, former adjutant of the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833 Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov, the ringmaster of the Imperial Court.

In 1840, Anna Ivanovna fell seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical Cemetery. Then her sister Ekaterina von Essen, who was widowed in the same year, completely took care of the children. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, had sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Catherine. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841 Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, such marriages - with the godmother of daughters and the sister of the late wife - were not allowed by law. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.

In the same April, they all leave the capital and move to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the post of inspector of the Perm Medical Board and doctor of the Perm Gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna in 1850, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Aleksandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Catherine.

Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment with mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor of the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 acres (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was bought in the Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate approved Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were entered in the book of the Kazan noble assembly.

ULYANOV FAMILY

This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov ...

Their wedding on August 25, 1863, like the weddings of the other Blanc sisters before, was played in Kokushkino. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed to the position of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at the male gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - on March 31, 1866 - son Alexander ... But soon - a sad loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, did not live even a year, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkino ...

On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with a little over 40 thousand inhabitants, of which 57.5% were listed as petty bourgeois, 17% as military, 11% as peasants, 8.8% as nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of the clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and petty-bourgeois. In the nobles' quarters there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the petty-bourgeois quarters they kept all sorts of cattle in the yards, and this living creature, contrary to prohibitions, roamed the streets.
Here, on April 10 (22), 1870, the Ulyanovs' son Vladimir was born. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and deacon Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The godfather was the head of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseniy Fedorovich Belokrysenko, and the godfather was the mother of a colleague Ilya Nikolaevich, collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.

Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (sitting third from right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 Provided by M. Zolotarev

The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died before he even lived a month, and on August 4, 1874, son Dmitry was born, on February 6, 1878, daughter Maria. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolayevich received the post of director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877, he was awarded the rank of real state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the rank of general and giving the right to hereditary nobility.

The salary increase made it possible to realize an old dream. Having changed six rented apartments since 1870 and having accumulated the necessary funds, on August 2, 1878, the Ulyanovs finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street for 4 thousand silver - from the widow of the titular adviser Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was wooden, one floor from the facade and with mezzanines under the roof from the side of the courtyard. And behind the yard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, there is a beautiful garden with silvery poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilac along the fence ...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna - in Petrograd in July 1916, outliving her husband by 30 years.

WHERE DID "LENIN" COME FROM?

The question of how and where in the spring of 1901 Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin has always aroused the interest of researchers, there were many versions. Among them are toponymic ones: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. At the time of the formation of "Leninism" as a profession, "amorous" sources were looked for. This is how the assertion was born that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version - the chorus girl of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions could stand up to the slightest degree of serious scrutiny.

However, back in the 1950s and 1960s, the Central Party Archives received letters from relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, in which a fairly convincing everyday story was presented. The deputy head of the archive, Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov, forwarded these letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and, naturally, they did not become the property of a wide circle of researchers.

Meanwhile, the Lenin family originates from the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century was awarded the nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province for his services related to the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River. Numerous descendants of him distinguished themselves more than once both in military and civil service. One of them, Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of State Councilor, in the 80s of the XIX century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.

Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk. 1874 Provided by M. Zolotarev

His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk evening working school in St. Petersburg, where she met Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to issue a foreign passport to Vladimir Ulyanov, and friends began to look for smuggling options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother, a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request came to him, apparently, from his friend, the statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.

Sergey Nikolayevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov also knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph The Development of Capitalism in Russia. After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of his father, Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already quite ill (he died on April 6, 1902).

According to family tradition, in 1900 Sergei Nikolaevich went to Pskov on official business. There, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, he received Sacca plows and other agricultural machines arriving in Russia from Germany. In one of the Pskov hotels, Lenin handed over his father's passport with a revised date of birth to Vladimir Ilyich, who then lived in Pskov. Probably, this is how the origin of Ulyanov's main pseudonym, N. Lenin, is explained.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a famous Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Soviet Union, organizer of the CPSU. He has been involved in many areas. He is considered the most legendary leader and politician in history. Moreover, Lenin organized the first socialist state. This communist figure was interested in the policies of Mark Engels, and soon continued his work. Vladimir Ilyich changed the fate not only of the Soviet state, but of the whole world. Lenin is the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. The main task of this statesman was to create a party of the working class. Such an innovation was supposed to positively affect the fate of the state in the future, according to Lenin.

Portrait of Vladimir Lenin

Biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

This person is considered the most important organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. In addition, Vladimir Ilyich - First Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Despite the huge period of time that has passed since the reign of the legendary personality, historians are paying more and more attention to the study of his policies, methods of activity and life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He actively developed his policy at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, his form of government was not to everyone's liking. Someone condemned the politician, someone - admired. Despite everything, he still remains one of the most significant personalities in the field of politics.

Lenin was an ardent Marxist and always clearly defended his opinion. He is considered the founder of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich - the ideologist and creator of the Third Communist International. The state representative was also involved in the field of political and journalistic work. His pen includes works of various nature. For example, materialistic philosophy, the theory of Marxism, the construction of socialism and communism, and many others.

Vladimir Lenin and his sister Maria

Millions regard Vladimir Ilyich Lenin as one of the most famous political figures in the history of the world. This is due to the methods of his government and the nature of his activities. The staff of the popular Time magazine added Lenin to the top 100 revolutionary figures of the twentieth century. This Russian leader was included in the category "Leaders and Revolutionaries". It is also known that the works of Vladimir Ilyich annually lead the lists of translated literature. Printed works rank third in the world after the Bible and Mao Zedong.

Childhood and youth of Vladimir Ulyanov

The real name of the great Russian leader is Ulyanov. Vladimir Ilyich was born in 1870 in Ulyanovsk (today's Simbirsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Vladimir's father Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov was a state councillor. Previously, he taught at secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod.

Vladimir Lenin in childhood

Mother of Vladimir Ulyanov Maria Alexandrovna, had a Swedish and German adventure through her mother and a European one through her father. Maria Ulyanova passed the external exams for the position of a teacher. However, she later ended her career and devoted all her free time to raising her children and housekeeping. In addition to Vladimir, the family had older children - son Alexander and daughter Anna. A few more children appeared in the family - Maria and Dmitry.

As a child, young Ulyanov received Orthodox baptism and was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. During the school period, the boy received high marks according to the law of God.

Little Vladimir was a very developed child. At the age of five, he already knew how to read and write perfectly. Soon he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium. There he was attentive, diligent and devoted a lot of time to the educational process. For hard work and efforts, he constantly received commendable letters and other awards. Some teachers often referred to him as a "walking encyclopedia".

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

Vladimir Ulyanov was very different from other students in the level of his development. All classmates respected him and treated him like an authoritative friend. During his school years, the future leader read a lot of advanced Russian literature, which soon influenced the boy's worldview. He preferred the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky and others. In 1880, the schoolboy received a book with gold embossing on the cover: "For good manners and successes" and a commendation sheet.

In 1887 graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, all his grades were at a high level. Then he entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University. The leaders of the gymnasium, F. Kerensky, were extremely surprised and disappointed by the choice of Vladimir Ulyanov. He advised him to continue his studies at the Faculty of History and Literature. Kerensky argued this decision by the fact that his student was really successful in the field of Latin and literature.

In 1887, a terrible incident occurred in the Ulyanov family - Vladimir's older brother Alexander was executed for organizing an assassination attempt on the tsar Alexander III. From that moment Ulyanov's revolutionary activity began to develop. He started attending an illegal student circle "People's Will" headed by Lazar Bogoraz. In this regard, he was expelled from the university already in the first year. Ulyanov and several dozen other students were arrested and sent to the police station. The situation with his brother affected his outlook. Vladimir Ulyanov seriously protested against national oppression and tsarist policies. It was during that period that the guy began his revolutionary activities against capitalism.

Vladimir Lenin in his youth

After being expelled from Kazan University, he moved to a small village called Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province. There he lived for two years in the house of the Ardashevs. In connection with all the events, Vladimir Ulyanov was included in the list of suspicious individuals who must be carefully monitored. Moreover, the future leader was forbidden to restore education at the university.

Soon Vladimir Ilyich became a member of various Marxist organizations that Fedoseev created. Members of these groups studied the writings Karl Marx and Engels. In 1889, Vladimir's mother, Maria Ulyanova, acquired a huge plot of more than a hundred hectares in the Samara province. The whole family moved into this mansion. The mother persistently asked her son to manage such a large house, but this process was not successful.

Local peasants robbed the Ulyanovs and stole a horse and two cows from them. Further, Ulyanova could not stand it and decided to sell both the land and the house. Today, the house-museum of Vladimir Lenin is located in this village.

Lenin Abroad

In 1889 the Lenin family changed their place of residence. They moved to Samara. There, Vladimir's connections with the revolutionaries resumed again. However, after a while, the authorities changed their mind and allowed the previously arrested Vladimir to start preparing for the exams to study jurisprudence. In the process of studying, he actively studied economic textbooks, as well as Zemstvo statistical reports.

Participation of Vladimir Lenin in revolutionary activities

In 1891 Vladimir Lenin externally entered St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law. There he worked as an assistant to a sworn advocate from Samara and defended prisoners. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg and devoted much of his time to writing works related to Marxist political economy. In the same period of time, he created the program of the Social Democratic Party. Among Lenin's popular and surviving works is New Economic Movements in Peasant Life.

Vladimir Lenin with newspaper

In 1895 Lenin went abroad and visited several countries at once. Among them are Switzerland, Germany and France. There Vladimir Ilyin met famous personalities like, Georgy Plekhanov, Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue. Later, the revolutionary leader returned to his homeland and began to develop various innovations. First of all, he united all Marxist circles in the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Lenin began to actively spread the idea of ​​fighting the autocracy.

For such actions, Lenin and his allies were again arrested. They were in custody for a year. Further, the prisoners were sent to the Shushenskoye village of the Elisei province. During this period, the statesman actively established relations with social democrats from various parts of the country, namely from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1900 he was free and visited all the cities of Russia. Lenin spent a lot of time visiting various organizations. In the same year, Lenin created a newspaper called "Spark". It was then that Vladimir Ilyich first began to sign with the surname "Lenin". A few months later he organized a congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In connection with this event, there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Lenin became the head of the Bolshevik ideological and political party. He tried with all his might to fight the Mensheviks and took radical measures.

Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin

From 1905 Lenin lived in Switzerland for three years. There he carefully prepared for an armed uprising. Later, Vladimir Ilyich illegally returned to St. Petersburg. He tried to attract the peasants to him so that they would be one strong team to fight. Vladimir Lenin called on the peasants to actively fight and asked them to use everything that was at hand as a weapon. It was necessary to attack civil servants.

Role in the execution of the family of Emperor Nicholas II criticism and accusations

As it became known, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, the family of Nicholas II and all the servants were shot. This incident occurred by order of the Ural Regional Council in Yekaterinburg. The resolution was headed by the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Sverdlov had a certain number of sanctions that were used to execute Nicholas II. These data are officially confirmed. However, historical experts and other specialists are still actively discussing Lenin's sanctions for the execution of the family and servants of Nicholas II. Some historians acknowledge this fact, others categorically deny it.

Initially, the Soviet government decided that Nicholas II should be tried. This issue was discussed in 1918 at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, which took place at the end of January. The party board officially confirmed such actions and the need for a trial of Nicholas II. This idea, accordingly, was supported by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and his allies.

Speech by Vladimir Lenin

As you know, at that time, Nicholas II, his family and servants were transported from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Most likely, this move was associated with all the events that took place. M. Medvedev (Kudrin) provided confirmation that it was not possible to obtain sanctions for the execution of Nicholas II. Lenin also argued that the king must be transferred to a safer place to live. On July 13, a meeting was held at which issues related to the military review and careful protection of the king were discussed.

Wife of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Krupskaya She told that on the night of the murder of the tsar and his family, the Russian leader was at work all night and returned only early in the morning.

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky

Personal life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Krupskaya

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin tried to hide his personal life carefully, like other professional revolutionaries. His wife was Nadezhda Krupskaya. They met in 1894 during the active creation of an organization called "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". At that time, a Marxist gathering took place, where they met. Nadezhda Krupskaya was admired by Lenin's leadership qualities and his serious character. She, in turn, interested Lenin in her analytical mindset and development in many areas. State activities brought the couple very close and after a few years they decided to tie the knot. The chosen one of Vladimir Ilyich was restrained and calm, extremely accommodating. She supported her lover in everything, no matter what. Moreover, the wife helped the Russian revolutionary in secret correspondence with various party members.

However, despite Nadezhda's excellent character and fidelity, she was a terrible hostess. It was almost never possible to notice Krupskaya in the process of cooking and cleaning. She did not do housework and rarely cooked. However, if such cases did occur, then Lenin did not complain and ate everything that was given to him. Note that once in 1916, on New Year's Eve, there was only curdled milk on their festive table.

Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda Krupskaya

Before Krupskaya, Lenin admired Apollinaria Yakubova however, she rejected it. Yakubova was a socialist.

After they met, they fell in love at first sight. Krupskaya followed her lover everywhere and participated in all the actions of Vladimir Ilyich. Soon they got married. Local peasants became best men. The rings were built by their ally from copper nickels. The wedding of Krupskaya and Lenin took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye. After that, Nadezhda truly loved her husband. Moreover, Lenin got married, despite the fact that at that time he was an ardent atheist.

In her free time, Nadezhda went about her business, namely, theoretical and pedagogical work. She had her own opinion about many situations and did not completely obey her cruel spouse.

Vladimir was always cruel and callous towards his wife, but Nadezhda always bowed before him, truly loved and helped him in all areas. In addition to Nadezhda, there were many other women in Lenin's life even after his marriage. Krupskaya knew about this, but proudly held back the pain and endured a humiliating attitude towards herself. She forgot about the feeling of pride and jealousy.

Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand

There is still no reliable information about the children of Vladimir Lenin. Someone claims to have been barren and had no children at all. And other historians say that the famous Russian leader had many illegitimate children. There is also information that Lenin has a child named Alexander Steffen from his beloved Inessa Armand. Their romance lasted for five years. Inessa Armand was Lenin's mistress for a long time and Krupskaya knew about everything that was happening.

They met Inessa Armand in 1909 while in Paris. As you know, Inessa Armand is the daughter of a famous French opera singer and comic actress. At that time, Inessa was 35 years old. She was completely different from Nadezhda Krupskaya neither externally nor internally. She was distinguished by beautiful features and an unusual appearance. The girl had deep eyes, beautiful long hair, an excellent figure and a beautiful voice. Krupskaya, according to Anna Ulyanova, Vladimir's sister, was completely ugly, had eyes like those of a fish, and did not have beautiful expressive features.

Inessa Armand She had an ardent character and always expressed her emotions vividly. She liked to communicate with people, had good manners. Krupskaya, unlike the French chosen one of Lenin, was cold and did not like to express her emotions. They say that Vladimir most likely had just a physical attraction to this lady, he did not feel any feelings for her. However, Inessa herself loved this man very much. Moreover, she was radical in her views and categorically did not understand free relationships. Armand also cooked well and always did housework, unlike Nadezhda Krupskaya, who was almost never involved in these processes.

Vladimir Lenin

Information was also known that Nadezhda Krupskaya suffered from infertility. It was this fact that argued the absence of children from a married couple for many years. Later, doctors stated the fact that a terrible disease was found in a woman - Graves' disease. It was this disease that was the reason for the absence of children.

In the Soviet Union, they did not disseminate information about Lenin's betrayals and about the absence of children from a married couple. These facts were considered shameful.

Nadezhda's parents were very fond of Vladimir Ilyich. They were happy that she connected her life with an intelligent young man, very educated and reserved. However, Lenin's family was not very happy about the appearance of this girl. For example, Vladimir's sister - Anna, hated Nadezhda and considered her strange, unattractive.

Nadezhda knew everything about her husband's betrayals, but she behaved with restraint and never said anything to him, and even more so to Inessa. Everyone around knew about this love triangle, since the famous revolutionary did not hide anything and did it in front of everyone. Inessa Armand has always been present in the couple's life. Moreover, Inessa and Nadezhda tried to maintain friendly relations and communicate.

Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

Lenin's French mistress helped him in everything, she went with him to party meetings throughout Europe. The woman also translated his books, articles and other works. Note that in her bedroom, Nadezhda kept a photograph of her husband's mistress and looked at her rival every day. Nearby were photographs of Vladimir and Nadezhda's mother.

Hope to the last endured the humiliation of her husband and betrayal, and, it would seem, had already come to terms with the presence of Vladimir's mistress. However, at some point she could not stand it and invited her husband to leave. He did not agree and left his mistress Inessa Armand. In 1920, Inessa died of a terrible disease - cholera. Nadezhda Krupskaya also came to the funeral of her rival. She held Vladimir's hand all the time.

The French chosen one of Lenin left two children from his first marriage, who became orphans. Their father also died earlier. Therefore, the couple decided to take care of these children and take care of them. Initially, the children lived in Gorki, later they were sent abroad.

Vladimir Lenin in the last years of his life

Death of Vladimir Lenin

After the death of Inessa Armand, Lenin's life went downhill. He also began to get sick often, the state of health of the Russian leader deteriorated significantly in connection with all the events taking place. He soon passed away on January 21, 1924 at the estate Gorki of Moscow province. There were many versions of the man's death. Some historians suggest that he died due to syphilis, which a French mistress may have passed on to him. As you know, he took a long time drugs for the treatment of such diseases.

However, according to official figures, Lenin died of atherosclerosis, which he suffered recently. The last request of Vladimir Ilyich was bring Inessa's children to him. At that time they were in France. Krupskaya complied with this request of her husband, but they were not allowed to see Lenin. In February 1924, Nadezhda offered to bury Vladimir next to the ashes of Inessa Armand, but Stalin categorically denied this proposal.

Funeral of Vladimir Lenin

A few days after the death of the world famous leader, his body was transported to Moscow. He was placed in the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions. For five days, farewell to the Russian leader, political and statesman, the head of the Soviet people took place in this building.

January 27, 1924 Lenin's body was embalmed. For the body of this legendary personality, the Mausoleum was specially built, which to this day is located on Red Square. Every year, the issue of reburial of Vladimir Lenin is raised, but no one does this.

Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow

Creativity, writings and works of Lenin

Lenin was a famous successor Karl Marx. He often wrote works on this subject. Thus, hundreds of works belong to his pen. In Soviet times, more than forty "Lenin collections" were published, as well as collected works. Among Lenin's most popular works are The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), What Is to Be Done? (1902), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909). Moreover, in 1919-1921, he recorded sixteen speeches on records, which testifies to the oratorical abilities of the people's leader.

Cult of Lenin

Around the personality of Vladimir Lenin, a real cult began during his reign. Petrograd was renamed to Leningrad, many streets and villages were named after this Russian revolutionary. In every city of the state, a monument to Vladimir Lenin was erected. In many scientific and journalistic works, the legendary man was quoted.

Revolutionary Lenin Vladimir Ilyich

A special survey was conducted among the population of Russia. More than 52% of respondents claim that the personality of Vladimir Lenin has become one of the most important and necessary in the history of their people.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a world-famous Russian revolutionary, the main leader of the Soviet people, a politician and statesman. He was involved in the field of journalism, hundreds of works belong to this legendary person. Over the past decades, many poems, ballads, poems have been released in his honor. In almost every city there is a monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose reign will be talked about for decades all over the world.

Studied for 3 months at Kazan University.