Research robots. Research work "study of the composition of tea"

Full title of the work topic
Learning how to create crossword puzzles

Name of forum directions
Sociology, psychology and pedagogy (including educational multimedia resources)

The type of work
design and research work

Age nomination
9 - 10 grade

Territory
Aginskoye village, Sayansky district

Place of study
Municipal educational institution Aginsky secondary school No. 2

Class
Grade 9

Place of work
School Scientific Society "Rostok"

Supervisor
Pylova Larisa Yurievna, MOU Aginskaya secondary school No. 2,

supervisor

Responsible for proofreading the text of the work
Pylova Larisa Yurievna

annotation

Benedychuk Anzhelika
Municipal educational institution Aginsky secondary school No. 2, grade 9
"Learning how to create crossword puzzles"
Head: Pylova Larisa Yurievna

Purpose: Based on the study of the material on the methods of creating crossword puzzles, to trace which of them are used in our educational institution using information and computing technologies. Research methodology: work with information sources (Internet, scientific materials, reference literature), analysis and generalization of information on how to create crossword puzzles, questioning and mathematical data processing. The main results of the work: found information about the history of crossword puzzles; analyzed and structured the results obtained; collected data on the types of crossword puzzles used in our school; crossword puzzles were created using Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint; the advantages and disadvantages of each method are revealed.

Plan
I. Introduction 1 page
II. Theoretical part
From the history of the crossword puzzle 5 pages.
Why do people like crossword puzzles? 5 pages
Classification of crossword puzzles. 6 p.
Types of crosswords 7 p.
General requirements for compiling crossword puzzles 8 p.
III. Practical part
1. Questionnaire 10 pages
2. Creating crossword puzzles using Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint 12 p.
IV. Conclusions page 16
V. Bibliographic list 17 pages

Introduction
Purpose: Based on the study of the material on the methods of creating crossword puzzles, to trace which of them are used in our educational institution using information and computing technologies.

Tasks:
- Search for information about the history of crossword puzzles; analysis and structuring of the obtained results.
-Classification of crossword puzzles.
-Systematization of data about the types of crossword puzzles used in our school.
- Consideration of methods for creating crossword puzzles using Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint.
-Creation of crossword puzzles using the considered methods.
- Identification of the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Hypotheses:
1) It is assumed that the use of crossword puzzles in the classroom and in extracurricular activities affects the activation of mental activity.
2) Compilation of crossword puzzles is done by both teachers and students.
3) The most common way of compiling crossword puzzles on paper, without the use of information and computer technology.
4) Lack of awareness about the methods of creating crossword puzzles.

Methods:
- Working with information sources (Internet, scientific materials, reference literature).
- Analysis and synthesis of information on how to create crossword puzzles.
- Questioning and mathematical data processing.

II. Theoretical part
Crossword (eng. Crossword - the intersection of words (crossword)) is the most common word game in the world. There are many periodicals that specialize in crossword puzzles, and they are also often printed in non-specialized print media.
A crossword puzzle is a task game in which a figure from rows of empty cells is filled with intersecting words with meanings given by the game conditions.
From the history of the crossword
During the excavations of the ancient Roman settlement of Corinum in 1868 in England, a slab was found with a picture depicted on it, very similar to a crossword puzzle. The find dates back to the III-IV centuries. Something similar was found on a column in the famous Pompeii during excavations in 1936. This creation dates back to 79 AD and was striking in that the crossword puzzle could be read the same way from left to right, right to left, top to bottom and bottom to top.
Why do people like crossword puzzles?
The crossword puzzle has the amazing property of challenging the reader to compete each time, assessing his abilities, and at the same time does not punish for mistakes. The crossword successfully satisfies the need to overcome someone. A crossword puzzle is a way to find an independent answer to many questions, it is, in a way, knowledge of the world through guesses. And also - fun! If a person copes with a crossword puzzle, and most often intuitively or consciously he chooses the one that he can do, he receives the same charge of optimism that gives at least five minutes of laughter.
There is a lot of talk about the health benefits of crossword puzzles. Crossword puzzles gained incredible popularity precisely in the dynamic 20th century - life rushed at a gallop, people's nerves became thinner, and so that they would not break, a simple and effective means of neutralizing stress was required. This tool became a crossword puzzle. Solving crossword puzzles has a beneficial effect on the body - it calms, relaxes, which encourages all organs to work optimally.
Solving crossword puzzles will help keep a bright mind in old age - mental exercise stimulates the growth of new neurons and prevents pathologies such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's from developing. Solving crossword puzzles trains memory, broadens one's horizons, and even contributes to the development of ingenuity. Doctors, in turn, have been using this puzzle as a sedative for quite some time. The best way to engage as many brain cells as possible and therefore ensure they get a good night's sleep is to do crossword puzzles about thirty minutes before you go to bed. It has been scientifically proven that doing crossword puzzles before bed improves memory!
Crossword puzzles are also used in educational activities. A crossword puzzle is a kind of self-examination, an entertaining test. The educational role of crossword puzzles is that it allows intensifying the process of mastering new knowledge in a game situation, and the positive emotions that arise in children in the process of solving crossword puzzles help prevent overload. Here the solution of questions of an individual and differentiated approach to students. The developing and organizing role of crossword puzzles is that when solving them, students have to work with textbooks and other literature without any coercion.

Crossword classification
in the form:
- crossword - rectangle, square;
- crossword rhombus;
- crossword triangle;
- round (cyclic) crossword puzzle;
- cell crossword; curly crossword;
- diagonal crossword, etc.
by location:
- symmetrical;
- asymmetric;
- with a free arrangement of words, etc.
by content:
- thematic;
- humorous;
- educational;
- numerical.
by country name:
- Scandinavian;
- Hungarian;
- English;
- German;
- American;
- Estonian;
- Italian.
Types of crosswords
Classic crossword
The pattern of this crossword puzzle has, as a rule, two- or four-sided symmetry. Preferably, at least two intersections, and ideally, single black blocks touching diagonally. There are open crossword puzzles, i.e. black blocks are also available outside or closed - only letters are outside the crossword puzzle.

Japanese crossword
The optimal size of a Japanese crossword puzzle horizontally is 20-35 or 55 cells. The number of cells that is not divisible by 5 without a remainder is undesirable.
A row (column) should contain no more than five groups of filled cells.
It is desirable that the resulting picture is recognizable and more or less interesting.
A Japanese crossword must have a unique solution.

keyward
A kind of crossword puzzle, in the cells of which numbers are indicated replacing letters. For the same letters, the same numbers. Perhaps, to simplify the solution of the crossword puzzle, it already indicates a word

criss cross
Given a crossword puzzle grid and the words that need to be placed in it. Perhaps, just like in a keyword, a word or letters are inscribed in the grid to simplify the initial process.

Scanword
Questions to words are written inside the grid, in cells not occupied by letters. The correspondence of questions to words is indicated by arrows. If the arrows are only horizontal and vertical - the type of gothic crossword puzzle. If there are arrows and diagonally, then italic

fillword
This type of crossword is a field filled with letters. In all this accumulation of letters, it is necessary to find the words that are listed next to each other. There are two types of fillwords: Hungarian and German. Hungarian assumes the direction of the word in any direction, including along a broken line. In this type of fillword, one letter can be used once.

General requirements for compiling crossword puzzles
When compiling crossword puzzles, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of visibility and accessibility.
1. The presence of "dice" (blank cells) in the crossword grid is not allowed.
2. Random letter combinations and intersections are not allowed.
3. The hidden words must be nouns in the nominative case of the singular.
4. Two-letter words must have two intersections.
5. Three-letter words must have at least two intersections.
6. Abbreviations (ZiL, etc.), abbreviations (orphanage, etc.) are not allowed.
7. A large number of two-letter words is not recommended.
8. All texts must be written legibly, preferably printed.
9. Each sheet should have the name of the author, as well as the name of this crossword puzzle.

Design requirements:
1. The crossword puzzle must be clear.
2. The grids of all crossword puzzles must be made in two copies:
1st copy. - with completed words;
2nd copy. - only with position numbers.
Crossword answers. They are published separately. The answers are designed to check the correctness of the solution of the crossword puzzle and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the correct answers to the unresolved positions of the conditions, which contributes to the solution of one of the main tasks of solving crossword puzzles to increase erudition and increase vocabulary.
Answering crossword puzzles:
- For typical crosswords and chainwords: on a separate sheet;
- For Scandinavian crossword puzzles: only completed grid;
- For Hungarian crosswords: a grid with neatly crossed out search words.
Drawing up conditions (interpretations) of a crossword puzzle.
First, they must be strictly concise. They should not be made lengthy, unnecessarily exhaustive, verbose, carrying redundant information.
Secondly, try to present the word from the least known side.
Thirdly, look through the dictionaries: perhaps one of them will contain the best definition. Definitions should not contain single-root words.

II.Practical part
Questionnaire
I conducted a survey of teachers and students in grades 7-9. 37 students and 14 teachers were interviewed. Data processing has been carried out.
Analysis of the results of the survey of teachers
Do you use crossword puzzles in your lessons?
A) yes of course
B) no
B) rarely

Do you give homework assignments - to create crossword puzzles?
A) yes
B) no
B) very rarely

Where do you get crossword puzzles?
A) in magazines, newspapers, etc.
B) on the Internet
B) compose

Can you create crossword puzzles using computer technology?
A) yes
B) no
B) haven't tried

What is the purpose of solving a crossword puzzle in class?

_____________________________________________
Analysis of the results of student surveys
What do you like to do in your spare time?
A) go to classes
B) solve scanwords, puzzles, crosswords.
C) watch TV, play computer
G) ___________________________________

Do they ask you to create a crossword puzzle at home?
A) yes
B) no
B) rarely

Do you think crosswords are useful?
A) yes
B) no
B) don't know

Do you know any types of crossword puzzles?
A) no
B) yes, ____________________________________
B) few

Do you like solving crossword puzzles?
A) yes
B) no
C) I don't solve them

Do you do crossword puzzles in class using computer technology?
A) no
B) yes
B) rarely

Why do you solve crossword puzzles?
A) to develop creative skills
B) to enhance mental activity
AT) _____________________________________________

2. Creation of crossword puzzles using Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint.
In order to increase students' motivation for learning, you can use the capabilities of a personal computer to solve and create crossword puzzles. If you do a crossword puzzle using a computer, then interest increases many times. And the teacher receives a kind of test program in the form of a crossword puzzle. The purpose of the crossword technology.
The development of such basic qualities of creativity as fluency, flexibility and originality of thought, development of ideas, active creative self-development, intellectual independence of students.
The result is the activation of the mental activity of students.
Basic ideas of crossword technology.
Crossword technology is interconnected with project and game technologies. And so it has ideas similar to them.
These are developing, activity, personality-oriented, research, communicative, reflective approaches.
Like any other project, the crossword is focused on the personality of the student. And this is one of the most important requirements for design assignments.
So, I will solve the problem in three ways. I will consider the methods for creating a crossword puzzle in each of the programs: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint.
First way. Creating a crossword puzzle in MS Word.
Basic tricks
Creation of a grid by a graphical method; all elements must be grouped

Tasks for a crossword puzzle can be arranged in the usual way or in the form of callouts to the corresponding cells.
Requirements for creating a crossword puzzle in MS Word.
The presence of a grid.
Availability of numbers.

Visual design and location of the crossword puzzle on the page

Advantages of the method:

Independence from the computer when using.
Ease of implementation.
Disadvantages of the method:
Not
The impossibility of automating the verification of the result.
Created mainly for paper work only

The second way. Create a crossword in Microsoft PowerPoint.
Basic tricks
Creation of a grid by a tabular method; while the borders of unnecessary cells are erased
Numbers are either inserted directly into cells or written next to the corresponding cells
Tasks for the crossword puzzle can be arranged in the usual way, or a separate slide is assigned to each question.
Crossword solution should be organized automatically, using hyperlinks.
Requirements for creating a crossword puzzle in Microsoft PowerPoint.
The presence of a grid.
Availability of numbers.
The presence of well-formulated tasks for the crossword puzzle.
Visual design and location of the crossword puzzle on the slide.
The ability to select the correct answer and the presence of incorrect answers with hyperlinks to the automatic appearance of the correct answer in the grid and the transition to the slide is incorrect when choosing the wrong answer.

Advantages of the method:
Possibility of repeated use.
Efficient possibility of use in electronic form.
Possibility of use for educational purposes.
Disadvantages of the method:
Unable to print.
Computer addiction.
Difficulty in implementation.
Checking the result occurs when choosing answers, until the student completes the task.

The third way. Creating a crossword puzzle in Microsoft Excel.
Basic tricks
The crossword grid is created by marking the borders of the cells and adjusting their width and height so that they are square.
Tasks for a crossword puzzle can be arranged in the usual way or in the form of notes to the cells in which the numbering is located.
Checking the correctness of solving a crossword puzzle can be done using conditional formatting (for example, if the correct letter is entered in the cell, then the cell is filled with a certain color or the correct letters in words are counted).
Requirements for creating a crossword puzzle in Microsoft Excel.
The presence of a grid.
Availability of numbers.
The presence of competently formulated tasks for the crossword puzzle.
Visual design and location of the crossword puzzle on the worksheet.
The presence of verification of the correctness of the solution of the crossword puzzle.

Advantages of the method:
Possibility of multiple printing.
Possibility of placing a large crossword puzzle.
The ability to automate the verification of the result.
Created to work not only on paper, but also in electronic form.
Efficient possibility of use in electronic form.
Disadvantages of the method:
Dependence on the computer when using.
Validation settings require certain knowledge.

IV. Findings.
A crossword puzzle is a kind of self-examination, an entertaining test. The educational role of crossword puzzles is that it allows the process of learning new knowledge to be carried out in a game situation, and the positive emotions that arise in children in the process of solving crossword puzzles help prevent overload. Here the solution of questions of an individual and differentiated approach to students. The developing and organizing role of crossword puzzles is that when solving them, students have to work with textbooks and other literature without any coercion. Asking the meaning of incomprehensible and unsolved words, students involuntarily force the adults around them to join in the learning activity. Conditions are created for the useful organization of free time. Solving crossword puzzles trains memory, broadens one's horizons, and even contributes to the development of ingenuity.
Teachers note that they rarely use such an activity as compiling crossword puzzles by students in their work. Although compiling a crossword puzzle is an excellent means of enhancing the mental activity of students in the classroom.
A survey of students showed that teenagers prefer watching TV and working on a computer to solving logic games, although they note the usefulness of solving crossword puzzles. Solving crossword puzzles, according to students, trains and improves memory, broadens horizons, promotes the development of intelligence, thinking, allows you to acquire knowledge, memorize words in a playful way, acts as a sedative, can be used for testing, teaches you how to work with reference books and dictionaries, allows you to benefit to spend time.
The students participating in the study note that they enjoy solving crossword puzzles outside of class because the crossword puzzle:


it is a charge of optimism;
Exploring methods for creating crossword puzzles using Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint. The easiest way to master is the way to create a crossword puzzle in Word, which is also the most commonly used among teachers and students in our school. The most difficult to master is the way to create in Microsoft Excel. Each of the methods requires a sufficient amount of time. All of these methods have both a number of advantages and a number of disadvantages.

V. Bibliographic list
Kashintseva L.N. Studying the methods of creating a crossword puzzle in the informatics lesson / Informatics and education / 2008 - No. 10
Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. / Explanatory dictionary / M., 2002.
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Fig 1. Classic crossword puzzle

Fig 2. Japanese crossword

Fig 3. Keyword

Fig 4. Criss - cross

Fig 5. Scanword

Fig 6. Fillword

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Free answers
evaluates his abilities, and at the same time does not punish for mistakes;
allows you to spend your free time with benefit;
it is a way to find an independent answer to many questions;
it is a charge of optimism;
it is a stress reliever.

Horizontally:
2. Folder where deleted objects temporarily fall.
4. A program that performs wrecking actions in a computer system. 7. It is internal and external. 8. Display.
9. A device that performs arithmetic and logical operations and controls the progress of the computational process. 11. This is a set of instructions in machine language, which is stored as a file on a magnetic disk and, at your command, is loaded into a computer for execution.
Vertically:
1. A device for exchanging information with other computers via the telephone network. 3. A device for outputting information to paper. 5. A device for reading graphic and textual information into a computer.
6. A device for entering information from the user into the computer.
8. Manipulator for entering information into the computer. 10. This is a named area on the disk. It can store documents, texts, drawings, ready to run the program.

The main method of scientific research is the method of comparison and analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators obtained by observing the phenomena under study. Comparing various data of the process under study, the researcher reveals the patterns of its course, looking for ways to control it, cause or prevent its occurrence.

In order to determine the direction of the study and clarify its possible results, the researcher must have certain knowledge and experience. Therefore, scientific work is preceded by a period of practical activity, the accumulation of knowledge and experience in this sport.

The first stage of scientific work is the study of what has already been done in this and related fields of activity. It may turn out that the problem of interest has been investigated and solved. If the problem has been studied in a general way, it is possible to use known data and concentrate efforts on the study of individual issues. Studying the state of related sciences will help the researcher to obtain additional and auxiliary data that will facilitate work on the chosen topic.

The study of practical experience provides very valuable data.

The next stage of scientific work is the analysis of data obtained from the study of literary sources and experience. This stage ends with the final clarification of the main direction of the study, clarification of the assumptions (hypotheses) and the definition of organizational forms of work and methods for obtaining objective data. The stage ends with the refinement of the research plan.

The main stage is, as a rule, experimental research. The researcher checks the effectiveness of one or another training method, technique variant, etc. under specially organized conditions. The data should reflect the most significant in the phenomenon being studied. Some topics can be developed without setting up experimental research, for example, topics on the history of boxing or certain issues of methodology. In these cases, the researcher makes an in-depth study of the literature and practical experience.

The scientific study ends with data analysis with conclusions and proposals for implementation in practice.

Conclusions and proposals must be brought to the attention of the broad masses of practical workers and verified by practice.

Generalization of experience

The main methods of summarizing experience are the study of literature and the study of practical work experience.

The study of literature. First of all, you need to make a list of books, pamphlets, articles and manuscripts that may contain materials of interest to the researcher. The list of references should be as complete as possible, include works for the last 10-15 years (including major works in related sciences).

The list is compiled on the basis of bibliographic reference books and library catalogs. 1: gm and catalog w: journal articles are indicated, you should look at the lists of articles usually placed in the last issue of the journal for each year. Then make a list of questions and prepare cards for statements.

When studying a book or an article, one should not make extracts and notes at the first reading. For the first time, you need to read the entire book (or chapter), marking on a sheet of paper the pages and paragraphs that contain the material of interest. At the second reading, it is not necessary to reread the entire work. You can limit yourself to re-studying the sections and pages noted earlier, outlining their content and filling out cards for the card index.

One card contains the opinion of the author of the book on one issue. Thus, after processing one book, the researcher will fill in as many cards as he has outlined questions. The same number of cards will be filled after processing the next book, and so on.

Cards are not folded by book titles, but by questions. Having finished studying the literature, the researcher will receive a card file with the opinions of all authors on each of the questions of interest.

In conclusion, the researcher summarizes the studied literature and draws conclusions about the state of the issue in the literature (in what plan is covered, what is more developed, etc.).

Work on the literature can be completed by compiling a summary table of literary sources.

Generalization of practical experience. The study of work experience is carried out through conversations with teachers, coaches, scientists, athletes, questionnaires; study of planning and accounting documents; observation of work practices; organization of accounting for practical work on special forms.

You need to prepare for the interview and the survey in advance by compiling a questionnaire on a special form. Divide the results into cards and make a card file.

When questioning, special attention should be paid to the definition of the list of questions and their presentation. Do not overload the questionnaire with a large number of questions, as well as put questions in too general a form or in a wording that allows for various interpretations. Questions should be formulated specifically and in such a way that the filler could answer with a short phrase or one word “Yes”, “No”, “I agree”, etc. So, for example, when studying the technique of a direct strike, you should not write in the questionnaire - “How hit?" Such a question can be answered in a whole article, and it is precisely the detail that interests the researcher that is missed.

Before mailing the questionnaires, it is advisable to check them on several comrades, employees (ask them to fill in), without explaining the questions and without giving any advice. An analysis of the answers will reveal whether the questionnaire is correctly drawn up.

The study of planning and accounting documents can provide valuable information for work related to the study of teaching methods and training. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the data obtained from the analysis of these documents (registers, diaries of athletes, reporting documents of sections, etc.) are not always sufficiently correct. Therefore, it is necessary to process a large number of such documents, to generalize the experience of many boxers.

When using data from other researchers, it should be borne in mind that they could make mistakes due to the fact that:

evaluation of the results of the study was given by different people and under different conditions;

data obtained using unverified measuring instruments;

the qualifications of the persons who carried out the measurements were not the same;

accounting was done carelessly.

Polekhina Sofia

As a result of the research work, the following conclusions can be drawn: The history of tea is very interesting and entertaining

70% of students consume tea, preferring black.

The chemical composition of tea is very diverse and complex.

Experimentally in a conventional laboratory, you can isolate the constituent components of tea and conduct entertaining experiments with them.

The biological effect of tea on the body is multifaceted.

To brew healthy, fragrant tea, you need good water.

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Municipal Scientific and Practical Conference

"Step into Science"

Research topic

"Studying the composition of tea"

The Russian Federation

Secondary school №14

9th grade student

Scientific adviser: Borotiuk T.S.

Chemistry teacher II category MKOU secondary school No. 14

2011

"Studying the composition of tea"

the Russian Federation

Municipal educational institution:

Secondary school No. 14, grade 9

annotation

For our study, we chose tea , useful and loved by many drink. Today it can be called drink No. 1. At the same time, we rarely ask ourselves what this “acquaintance” of ours contains and how does one type of tea differ from another? What is the history of tea? What determines its quality and aroma? In the process of research, a familiar drink revealed many secrets to us.

Objective : Studying the composition of tea, conducting experiments with it.

To achieve the goal of the study, we used the following methods: 1) theoretical: analysis (we analyzed the literature on the history, chemical composition, types and significance of tea), analyzed the results obtained, formulated conclusions. 2) empirical : comparison (compared the objects under study and the results obtained with those already known), observation (observed the changes occurring with substances), questioning (showed the level of knowledge of students about tea), experiment (proved the presence of caffeine, vitamin C, tannin and other substances in tea ).3)mathematical: (building tables and charts)

Summary of work. As a result of the research work, the following conclusions can be drawn: The history of tea is very interesting and entertaining

70% of students consume tea, preferring black.

The chemical composition of tea is very diverse and complex.

Experimentally in a conventional laboratory, you can isolate the constituent components of tea and conduct entertaining experiments with them.

The biological effect of tea on the body is multifaceted.

To brew healthy, fragrant tea, you need good water.

Hypothesis

Goal and tasks

Study plan

To confirm the popularity of the drink and its composition, a study was conducted.

Research hypothesis:in an ordinary school laboratory, you can isolate the components of tea and conduct experiments

1. Questionnaire

Target:

questionnaire questions.

1. Do you like tea?

102 people took part in the survey, students of grades 11A, 11B, 9A, 9B, 9C, 6A, 6B. (Annex II)

Target: conduct chemical experiments confirming the qualitative composition of tea.

This determination is carried out using the iodometric method.

Place 2 ml of tea in a flask and add water to a volume of 10 ml, and then a little starch solution. Next, add a solution of iodine dropwise until a stable blue color appears, which does not disappear for 10-15 s. The determination technique is based on the fact that ascorbic acid molecules are easily oxidized by iodine. As soon as iodine oxidizes all ascorbic acid, the next drop, having reacted with iodine, will turn iodine blue.

In a test tube with tea, lower the indicator paper to determine the pH, and then compare it with the standard.

1-2 drops of ferric chloride (III) were added to 1 ml of tea solution. In the presence of tannin in tea, the appearance of a dark purple color was observed. The content of tannin in tea is determined by the visual-colorimetric method.

Brewed tea has a different color. Especially saturated color tea "Karkade" has, because. it is made from the bright flowers of the hibiscus plant (Sudanese rose).

Coloring depends on the content of anthocyanins - coloring substances of the cell sap of flowers, fruits and vegetables. The color of anthocyanins can change depending on the reaction of the environment. In this regard, it was interesting to investigate whether the color of tea will change from the action of acids and alkalis on it.

We found additional information on the research topic in the following publications. « Tea... This short consonance absorbed the meaning of legends and scientific works, folk rumor and government documents. The historical life of tea ... was regulated by emperors and theologians, doctors and gourmets, poets and merchants, philosophers and artists, scientists and politicians, governments and smugglers, ... Different types of tea can be completely different from one another, and even the finest tea can be prepared in different ways and perceive differently - both as a coveted nectar, and as a tinted drink ... "This is how the talented Georgian publicist and great tea enthusiast M.D.Davitoshvili begins his book “Our Friend Tea”. (7) BThe Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary (1) provides the following information:« At present, according to the unanimous opinion of scientists, southwestern China should be considered the birthplace of the tea plant. It is here that the ancient primary form of tea was discovered. Tea is a long-lived plant, lives and bears fruit for 100 years or more.. Studying the book of Korobkin Z.V. “Commodity research and examination of flavoring goods” (2) it is clear that “tea is the most complex plant in terms of its chemical composition. It contains over 300 chemicals and compounds. The tea leaf consists of water, solids, extractives, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, nitrogen-containing substances of non-alkaloid nature, glycosides, pigments, organic acids, minerals, essential oils, aldehydes, resins, vitamins and enzymes. Stepkin B.D. , Alikberova L.Yu. in their book "Entertaining tasks and spectacular experiments in chemistry" (3) proposed a methodology for conducting experiments for the study of tea.

Research work in chemistry

"Studying the composition of tea"

Description of work

I. INTRODUCTION

We do not miss tea - we drink seven cups each.

Tea is stronger if it is shared with a good friend.

Do not drink tea, so do not live in the world.

You don't drink tea - where do you get the strength from?

Folk proverbs.

Relevance of the topic.Tea is a healthy and beloved drink by many. Today it can be called the drink number 1. Without it, it is impossible to imagine either a holiday or an everyday table. It is estimated that it is the main drink for almost 2.5 billion people on earth. Herbalists in many countries claim that the constant consumption of tea reduces the risk of cancer.

We drink tea for breakfast, lunch or dinner .... At the same time, we rarely ask ourselves what this “acquaintance” of ours contains and how does one type of tea differ from another? Perhaps, knowing the composition of various teas, we would use them differently: we brewed them differently and drank them differently.

Purpose of the study:studying the composition of tea, conducting experiments with it.

Object of study:tea of ​​various types

Subject of study:chemicals in tea.

Research objectives: 1)study the literature concerning the history, chemical composition, types and significance of tea.

2) get acquainted with the methodology and carry out an experiment on the isolation of tea components.

3) conduct a survey.

4) analyze the results obtained, formulate conclusions.

Research hypothesis:in an ordinary school laboratory, you can isolate the components of tea and conduct experiments.

Research methods:theoretical (analysis and synthesis), empirical (observation, comparison, experiment), mathematical (statistical, diagrams, tables)

Practical significance of the study: reveals the connection of chemistry with life, focuses on health-saving behavior. The simplicity of the experiment and the availability of the reagents chosen for the study make it possible to carry out these experiments at home.

Research novelty:research is carried out for the first time.

2.1.From the history of tea

Tea... This short consonance absorbed the meaning of legends and scientific works, folk rumor and government documents. The historical life of tea ... was regulated by emperors and theologians, doctors and gourmets, poets and merchants, philosophers and artists, scientists and politicians, governments and smugglers, ... Different types of tea can be completely different from one another, and even the finest tea can be prepared in different ways and perceived in different ways - both as a coveted nectar, and as a tinted drink ... "This is how the talented Georgian publicist and great tea enthusiast M.D.Davitoshvili begins his book" Our friend tea ". (7)

A wonderful drink, tea, has become widespread among the peoples of all continents, and today it can be safely called drink No. 1. According to rough estimates, it is the main drink for 2.5 billion. people on earth. 37 countries of the world have their own tea plantations, and the production of dry tea in the world is approaching 3 million tons.

The appearance of tea is shrouded in many legends. According to one of them, the discovery of this drink belongs to the famous emperor Shen Nong - the Divine Farmer (c. 2737-2697 BC), who in Chinese tradition is also the patron god of medicine. One day, walking through his boundless possessions, Shen Nong wandered among impregnable mountain peaks for a long time. Exhausted from thirst, he sat down to rest near a small tree, the leaves of which exuded a wonderful aroma. Suddenly, a strong wind blew, and a young leaf fell off the branch of the tree, which smoothly fell right into the bowl with clean spring water. Having tasted the resulting infusion, the emperor was delighted with its pale green color, amazing taste and unusually pleasant aroma. After taking a few sips, he immediately felt a surge of strength.

Another legend says that the famous Buddhist monk Bodhitharma once accidentally fell asleep while praying. When he woke up, he cut off his eyelids in anger so that his eyes would never close again. But from the discarded eyelashes, tea trees have grown. And since then, such harsh measures have not been required - it is enough to drink tea so as not to fall asleep (by the way, during prayer, the bowl of tea went in a circle - this is how the tea ceremony began). (2)

Where did the word tea come from? In ancient Chinese writings, tea was called "tou", "tse", "chun", "ming". The most fragrant drink is obtained from the youngest leaves, and the word “cha” was added to the names of tea, which means “young leaf”. The well-known Russian word "chai" comes from the Mongolian "tsai". The Japanese call tea "chia" or "cha", hence the English name "tea".(2)

The question of the birthplace of tea has remained controversial until our time. The tea plant grows in China and in India, in the province of Assam. However, if Chinese tea is an evergreen bush with small glossy, elastic, jagged leaves, reaching 2-3 meters in height at a mature age, then Assam tea is a powerful tree, sometimes 15 meters high, with large, several times larger leaves, and also not as dense as Chinese tea. Given these differences, they began to distinguish between 2 types of tea - Chinese and Assamese. (1)

At present, according to the unanimous opinion of scientists, southwestern China should be considered the birthplace of the tea plant. It is here that the ancient primary form of tea was discovered. Tea is a long-lived plant, lives and bears fruit for 100 years or more.(1)

Tea was brought to Europe in 1517 by Portuguese sailors, but as a drink it became widespread only in the 18th century. Tea came to Russia from Asia completely independently, regardless of Western Europe, through Siberia. Back in 1567, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Cossack chieftains Ivan Petrov and Burnash Yalyshev, who visited China, described a drink unknown in Russia - tea. But only a century later, in 1638, the ambassador Vasily Starkov brought tea as a gift to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from Altyn-Khan from Mongolia, a rather significant supply of tea - 64 kg. The Russians liked tea. Samovars for tea were invented in Tula. In Russia, tea drinking has become not just a feast, but a special public institution. Over a cup of tea, important family matters were decided, acquaintances were made, trade deals were concluded, and political affairs were discussed. (1)

2.2. How to make tea

To make good tea, you first need to choose a quality tea leaves. When choosing, you should pay attention to the appearance of welding.
First, the color should match the type of tea: black tea should be exactly black, green - green or light green. Halftones are a sign of poor quality welding.
Secondly, good tea does not include impurities and looks homogeneous.
Water for making tea, as well as for cooking, in general, should be as soft as possible.Good water is essential for making good tea. In order for tea to brew properly, that is, in chemical terms, to be easily extracted, there must be few impurities in the water. The water must be odorless (including chlorine). Mineral water is unsuitable when salts that interfere with extraction are dissolved in it. Hard water deprives tea of ​​taste and aroma. On the streets of Beijing, spring water brought from the mountains was once sold for tea. But the best is considered "peach" and "plum" water - from the snow that fell in the spring on the freshly blooming peach and plum flowers. Water for tea according to the degree of suitability can be lined up in the following order: spring water, water of mountain rivers, water of flowing glacial lakes. If you only have ordinary tap water at your disposal, then let it stand at least overnight so that chlorine is exhaled and suspended particles settle.
There are many ways to brew tea - from classic to exotic. Black and green tea are brewed differently.
One of the most common waysbrewing black teais next. Heat water in a clean bowl. You should not boil it, as this will worsen the taste of the drink. The optimum temperature for brewing black tea is 95°C.
In order for the tea to brew better, the teapot should be preheated. In the East, for this, it is completely dipped in hot water. However, you can do other things, for example, hold the kettle over the burner of a gas stove or place it in the oven for a short time.
Next, tea leaves are poured into the teapot. Its quantity is a matter of taste for everyone, here everything is selected experimentally. Immediately after filling the tea leaves, pour boiling water over it, up to about 1/3 of the teapot. We cover the kettle with a linen towel or other suitable cloth and wait 1-2 minutes. Then add boiling water to 3/4 of the teapot and cover again, not allowing the teapot to cool too quickly. So the tea is brewed for another 5-10 minutes. Then you can pour the tea leaves into cups, topping up with boiling water to taste.
There are different opinions about adding sugar to tea: some believe that sugar does not allow you to fully experience the real taste of tea, while others, on the contrary, cannot imagine tea without sugar. Again, it's a matter of taste. The same can be said about adding lemon or milk to tea.
Brewing green teadiffers from brewing black tea in the first place in that green tea can be brewed many times - up to 10 times. In China, when brewing green tea, the following recipe is used:
As for the preparation of black tea, water with a minimum content of mineral salts is taken. The teapot is also heated. Tea leaves are placed at the rate of 1 teaspoon with a slide for 150-200 ml of water. Pour the tea leaves with water heated to a temperature of 75-80 ºС, let it brew for 1.5-2 minutes, and then pour it into a special dish, which the Chinese call "chahai". In principle, any ceramic or glass container can be used for this. Then the procedure is repeated, pouring hot water over the tea leaves and pouring the infusion into the "chahai", each time increasing the infusion time by 15-20 seconds. Good varieties of green tea can be re-brewed up to 10 times. After the brewing has exhausted itself, tea from the "chahay" is poured into cups. (2)

2.3 Chemical composition of tea

Tea is the most complex plant in terms of its chemical composition. It contains over 300 chemicals and compounds.

The tea leaf consists of water, solids, extractives, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, nitrogen-containing substances of non-alkaloid nature, glycosides, pigments, organic acids, minerals, essential oils, aldehydes, resins, vitamins and enzymes. (2)

Water - the main component of the tea leaf and the environment in which the interaction of substances occurs. A high water content contributes to the vigorous flow of biochemical reactions, and its deficiency leads to a decrease in the activity of enzyme systems and, consequently, to a slowdown in the rate of reactions.

Dry matter can be divided into soluble in hot water and insoluble. The first group includes substances that positively affect the quality of tea: phenolic compounds (tannin, catechins, phenolcarboxylic acids, etc.), essential oils and aldehydes, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, water-soluble carbohydrates, micro- and macronutrients, etc. The second group includes ballast substances, i.e., negatively affecting the quality of tea: high-molecular polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protopectin, pectinic acid), chlorophylls, insoluble proteins, etc.

With coarsening of tea raw materials, the content of substances of the first group gradually decreases, and the second - increases. there is.

Extractivesor extract refers to the water-soluble fraction of dry matter. The insoluble fraction, consisting of ballast substances that remain in tea after brewing, is called boiled. The more extractives, the higher the quality and biological value of tea

alkaloids - nitrogen-containing substances, widely distributed in the plant world. The tea leaf also contains alkaloids, which belong to heterocyclic compounds and are organic bases, so they give salts with acids (tartaric, malic, citric, etc.). The tea leaf contains purine derivatives - caffeine, theobromine and theophylline:

In the tea plant, mainly caffeine is formed and accumulated, the content of which can reach 2-3%. High contentThe caffeine in tea indicates its quality.

Caffeine is widely used in medicine as a stimulant of the central nervous system, causes an increase in the vital activity of all tissues of the body, enhances metabolism, respiration and blood circulation, excitation of cortical processes, and also has a diuretic effect. Subjectively, the overall effect of the physiological effects of caffeine on the human body is often associated with an increase in activity, insomnia, and the ability to focus on tedious work. This effect lasts approx. 30 min. Although caffeine does not accumulate in the body, excessive consumption of tea (more 600 mg of caffeine per day, which corresponds to approximately 6 cups of tea) can lead to a kind of drug addiction - "coffeeism" (anxiety, palpitations, insomnia, headache, etc.). The lethal dose of caffeine for humans is about 10 g (about 200 cups of tea). Therefore, caffeine poisoning does not occur. Recent studies show that caffeine and theophylline contribute to the destruction of an enzyme in the body - a substance that can cause certain types of cancer and the formation of blood clots.

Phenolic compounds. This group is the most valuable part of the green tea leaf and is represented mainly by catechins and their gall esters. Phenolic compounds include over 30 compounds close in nature, their content reaches 25% dry weight of tea leaves. Catechins account for 60-70% all phenolic compounds. They take part in the redox processes that occur during the fermentation of the tea leaf, and thus affect the taste, color of the infusion and, in part, the aroma of the finished tea. In addition to catechins, tea leaves contain glycosides, as well as simple polyphenols - phenolcarboxylic acids.

Gallic acidin the tea plant is found in both free and boundform. It is easily released during alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis of complex catechins:

Ellagic acidfound in small amounts in Japanese tea:

caffeic acidfound in the Indian tea leaf of the Assam variety:

Carbohydrates - an important group of chemical compounds that make up the tea plant.

Water soluble carbohydrates - glucose and fructose have the same empirical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . They differ in that glucose contains an aldehyde group, and fructose contains a ketone group: When one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose are combined, a disaccharide is formed - sucrose:

Over time, the content of monosaccharides and sucrose in the tea leaf increases.

Among polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and starch were found in tea. Cellulose - the main structural polysaccharide of the plant cell wall. Depending on the growing season, the cellulose content ranges from 6 to 10%. As the leaf ages, its amount increases sharply. In tea production, it is considered a ballast substance, since it does not participate in the formation of product quality indicators.

Nitrogen-containing substances of a non-alkaloidal natureare proteins, amino acids and amides of tea. Proteins are complex macromolecular natural compounds (polypeptides) built from residues of A-amino acids. Proteins are divided into simple, or proteins, and complex, or proteids. Proteins consist of amino acid residues, and proteids consist of proteins with which non-protein compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, metals, etc.) are firmly bound.

Glycosides are considered as complex substances that consist of two components connected by a glycosidic hydroxyl: one is a sugar, and the other is a non-sugar, or aglycone. In glycosides, sugars can be glucose, fructose, etc. Various compounds can be used as aglycones: aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, phenols, etc. All of them can take a certain part in the formation of the quality indicators of the finished tea. Most of them are colored compounds (except for leucoanthocyanins), in addition, all of them are characterized by an astringent, bitter taste and, to varying degrees, have P-vitamin properties.

Flavonols in the tea leaf are mono-, di- and triglycosides of three aglycones - kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin: they cause a whole range of different colors

Anthocyanins - pigments that unite a group of coloring substances of plants that are involved in the color of fruits, leaves, flowers and other plant organs. They consist of aglycones - anthocyanidins and a carbohydrate part, which is mainly represented by glucose, rhamnose and galactose.

Anthocyanides, which are part of anthocyanins, are usually divided into three groups - pelargonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin:

delphinidin

Leucoanthocyanins - substances that accumulate in the organs of the tea plant in a relatively smaller amount than other glycosides. The aglycones of these glycosides are leukocyanidin and leukodelphinidin:

organic acidsperform very important and diverse functions in the life of plants. The tea contains such acids, such as citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, as well as acetic, pyruvic, ketoglutaric, oxaloacetic and a number of phenolic acids.

Mineralsare contained both in the tea leaf and in the finished product. The composition of minerals are included potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, fluorine, etc. There is a direct correlation between the quality of tea and the content of the soluble part of minerals in it.

Potassium. Its content in the tea leaf is 50-60% by weight of minerals. Potassium plays a huge role in the life of the tea plant. It is of great importance, both in the general metabolism and in the synthesis of carbohydrates and protein compounds.

Phosphorus. The content of phosphorus in a tea leaf is 15-20% by weight of all minerals. There is more of this element in the bud and in the first leaf than in the lower and coarse leaves of the tea shoot.

Magnesium part of the chlorophyll molecule.

Copper and iron. Despite the insignificant content of these elements, they are part of some physiologically important organic compounds, such as orthodiphenol oxidase (copper) and peroxidase (iron) enzymes.

Manganese. A significant role in redox processes belongs to manganese, the content of which is 1-4% of the total mass of mineral substances.

One of the most important indicators of the quality of tea is the aroma, which is due to the presence of essential oil and resinous substances.

Essential oil - a complex mixture of substances belonging to the most diverse classes of compounds, soluble in organic solvents and having the ability to volatilize with water vapor.

Aromatic aldehydes play a significant role in the formation of tea aroma. Essential oils contain vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Taking into account the specifics of tea consumption in the form of an aqueous extract, special attention is paid to water-soluble vitamins in the composition of raw materials and finished products.

vitamins - these are groups of relatively low molecular weight organic compounds of a diverse chemical nature. By solubility, they are divided into two large groups: soluble in fats and soluble in water. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamin A, the absence of which is associated with impaired growth; vitamin D - anti-rachitic factor; vitamin K, necessary for normal blood clotting; vitamin E (tocopherols) - antihemorrhagic factor. Water-soluble vitamins include B vitamins, vitamins 33, 3 and C, biotin, inositol, n-aminobenzoic and folic acids, vitamin U (methylmethionine). Given that tea is consumed in the form of an aqueous extract, special attention is paid to water-soluble vitamins in the composition of tea.

Vitamin C. The tea leaf is rich in vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid). However, during the processing of tea leaves, the content of this vitamin decreases sharply, especially during fermentation and drying. This is due to the fact that vitamin C takes an active part in redox processes.

Vitamin B (thiamine, aneurin).This vitamin contains pyrimidine and thiazole nuclei. It plays an important role in the processes of carbohydrate transformations, as it is part of pyuvat decarboxylase:

Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin, lactoflavin).It is a yellow-orange nitrogenous base that contains the remainder of the pentahydric alcohol ribitol:

Riboflavin, together with phosphoric acid, is part of the redox enzymes - oxidoreductases. During the processing of tea leaves, riboflavin is not destroyed and almost completely passes into the finished tea.

Thus, acquaintance with the chemical composition of tea shows that nature has created a kind of chemical warehouse in the tea leaf.

2.4 TEA AND HEALTH

Since ancient times, tea has been famous for its healing properties. No wonder it was originally used exclusively as a medicine, later - as a ritual drink, and only then did it enter into everyday use. In ancient times, people called tea a drug that relieves ten thousand diseases. The therapeutic effect of tea is described in detail in many classic medical treatises. Ancient Chinese sages wrote that tea drives away sleep, pacifies the spirit, clears eyesight, relieves fever, cleanses poison and gives longevity. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the first supporters of the use of tea in Europe were doctors. Tea is good for health. The miraculous elixir called "tea" has been praised by many peoples for centuries.

Tea prevents the development of cardiovascular diseases. Scientific research suggests that tea consumption reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. What are the reasons for this impact? Firstly, tea helps to normalize blood pressure. Lightly fermented varieties rich in polyphenols (natural compounds with high biological activity) help reduce pressure. The use of black tea, especially strong, increases blood pressure and leads to vasodilation, facilitating the process of blood circulation. Secondly, tea enriches the blood with vitamins, makes the walls of blood vessels more resilient and elastic, and, in addition, effectively reduces the level of sugar and cholesterol in the blood. By regulating carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism, this drink reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, one of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Tea reduces the risk of developing cancer. From the 70s. 20th century scientists investigated the anti-cancer effect of tea. The results of studies have shown that tea lovers are much less likely to suffer from cancer than people who practically do not use this drink. This unique property of tea is directly related to the high content of polyphenolic substances in it. Tea polyphenols inhibit the process of degeneration of healthy cells and their transformation into malignant ones. Green tea contains significantly higher levels of tea polyphenols than more fermented varieties. So, the Japanese, for whom green tea has long been a national drink, get cancer much less often than residents of other countries. Tea stimulates digestion and promotes weight loss. It is no coincidence that for many peoples, hearty meals traditionally end with tea drinking.

Tea enhances the activity of the digestive tract and normalizes the intestinal microflora. Strong tea infusion cleanses the digestive organs - stomach, kidneys and liver - from various harmful substances. Many varieties of tea have a beneficial effect on the mucous membranes of the esophagus and stomach, enveloping them and creating a kind of protective layer. For example, pu-erh tea significantly reduces the risk of developing gastritis, ulcers and other stomach diseases. Many varieties of tea activate metabolic processes, promote the breakdown of fats and their removal from the body. Green tea, oolongs and pu-erh are especially effective in this regard. In addition, a tea drink that contains practically no calories is quite nutritious - it contains proteins and vitamins necessary for a person. That's why tea is an integral part of most diets: it helps the body to maintain performance even with poor nutrition.

Tea slows down the aging of the body. Since ancient times, people have considered tea a rejuvenating agent. Modern science knows that aging is associated with the influence of special "destroyer molecules" that damage the cells of the body and inhibit their vital activity. Tea (in particular, green), rich in vitamins C, E and polyphenols, allows you to neutralize the harmful effects of these molecules and thereby slows down the aging of the body. Diseases often cause irreparable harm to the body and, as a result, contribute to premature aging. The composition of many varieties of tea (both black and green) includes a special type of substances that increase immunity - the protective functions of the body and its resistance to various infections. Green tea polyphenols actively affect even influenza viruses. Herbs, balms and honey can enhance the healing effect of tea.

Tea has a tonic effect on the body. It is rightly called the elixir of cheerfulness. Due to the content of caffeine and some other beneficial substances, tea activates the activity of the central nervous system, in particular the brain. Tea drink invigorates, cheers up, increases efficiency and relieves fatigue. Scientific studies have shown that tea improves mental abilities, attention and memory. Many scented flower teas, such as those with jasmine or rose petals, have an anti-stress and relaxing effect. Due to the content of a number of vitamins and microelements, tea has a complex healing effect on the body, strengthens teeth and improves eyesight. Of course, tea should not be considered a panacea for all diseases, but centuries of experience and modern research prove its effectiveness as a natural health remedy.

All of these properties apply only to high-quality and properly brewed tea, which is consumed at the right time and in due measure. Do not drink poor quality tea. obtained as a result of improper processing or improper storage. In addition, it is not recommended to drink too strong and scalding hot tea, as well as to abuse the tea drink (4-5 cups of not very strong freshly brewed tea per day is enough for a healthy adult).

2.5 Practical part

To confirm the popularity of the drink, its composition, as well as to confirm the hypothesis put forward, a study was conducted.

Research methodology.

1. Questionnaire

Target: identifying the level of knowledge of students about tea.

questionnaire questions.

1. Do you like tea?
2. What kind of tea do you drink: A) black, B) green C) Hibiscus
3. Prefer to drink tea: A) strong, B) weak
4. Number of glasses per day: A) 1-2, B) 3-5 C) more than 5
5. What is the chemical composition of tea?
6. What effect does tea have on the body?

102 people took part in the survey, students 11A, 11B 9A, 9B, 9C, 6A, 6B

1. Study of the composition of tea - chemical experiment

Target: conduct chemical experiments confirming the qualitative composition of tea.

Experience No. 1 Qualitative reaction to caffeine

0.1 g of tea was placed on a porcelain plate, 2-3 drops of concentrated nitric acid were added. The mixture was carefully evaporated to dryness. As a result of the oxidation of caffeine, orange-colored tetramethylalloxanthin is formed. When reacted with a concentrated solution of ammonia, this substance turns into ammonium purpurate.

The assay data were compared with a reference obtained from a Citramon tablet containing 43% caffeine.

Experiment No. 2 Determination of vitamin C in tea

This determination is carried out using the iodometric method.

We put 2 ml of tea in a flask and add water to a volume of 10 ml, and then a little starch solution. Then, a solution of iodine was added dropwise until a stable blue color appeared, which did not disappear for 10–15 s.

The determination technique is based on the fact that ascorbic acid molecules are easily oxidized by iodine. As soon as iodine oxidizes all ascorbic acid, the next drop, having reacted with iodine, will turn iodine blue.

Experience No. 3 Determination of acid-base balance

An indicator paper was dipped into a test tube with tea to determine the pH, and then it was compared with the standard.

Experience No. 4 Determination of tannin in tea

1-2 drops of ferric chloride (III) were added to 1 ml of tea solution. In the presence of tannin in tea, the appearance of a dark purple color was observed.

Experience No. 5Change in the color of tea depending on the pH of the medium.

Brewed tea has a different color. Especially saturated color tea "Karkade" has, because. it is made from the brightly colored flowers of the hibiscus plant.

Coloring depends on the content of anthocyanins - coloring substances of the cell sap of flowers, fruits and vegetables. The color of anthocyanins can change depending on the reaction of the environment.

Experience No. 6 Obtaining environmentally friendly boiling water.

For the preparation of fragrant, tasty, healthy tea, you need enough clean water. Tap water is known to contain many unwanted and even toxic impurities. These can be metal ions, primarily iron, copper and zinc. Iron ions get into the water due to corrosion of steel pipes, copper due to corrosion of various valves, and zinc from galvanized water pipes. The iron content in tap water should not exceed 0.3 mg/l, the copper content - 1.0 mg/l, zinc - 1.0 mg/l. In addition, due to the chlorination of water, very toxic organochlorine compounds, dioxins, are formed. Regular use of untreated tap water can cause significant harm to health.

We offer an additional method of water purification in electric kettles using activated carbon tablets.

To do this, you need activated charcoal tablets, which are sold in pharmacies and are very cheap. Disposable tea bags can be made from disposable tea bags. To do this, the used bag is dried, its lower edge is opened with scissors, the used tea leaves are poured out and 2 tablets of activated carbon are placed there (per 1 liter). The edge of the package is wrapped and sealed with a stapler. The resulting filter on a thread is placed in an electric kettle, turned on and, as usual, boiling water for tea is obtained. When water is heated to the boiling point, activated carbon actively absorbs metal ions and harmful organic substances. The result is 1 liter. environmentally friendly boiling water.

2.5 Research results.

During the work, a lot of useful and interesting information about tea was obtained. According to scientific data, green tea has more pronounced healing properties than black tea, but it is consumed less frequently.

In order to test students' knowledge about tea, a survey was conducted.

The survey involved 102 people, students 11A, 11B, 9A, 9B, 9C, 6A, 6B.

The students were asked the following questions:

1. Do you like tea?
2. What kind of tea do you drink: A) black, B) green C) Hibiscus
3. Prefer to drink tea: A) strong, B) weak
4. Number of glasses per day: A) 1-2, B) 3-5 C) more than 5
5. What is the chemical composition of tea?
6. What effect does tea have on the body?

As the survey showed , preference is given to black tea, because. this drink is more familiar and traditional (70%). It turns out that not many people know about the beneficial properties of green tea (12%), and only 18% of respondents have tried Hibiscus tea. Not strong tea drink 60% of respondents and rightly so. 73% drink from 3 to 5 cups a day, this indicates the popularity of the drink, more than 5-21% drink very little tea from 1 to 2 cups - 6% of respondents. Only a few (8%) know the chemical composition of tea. Most students consider tea to be beneficial for the body (72%), point to its harmful effects (4%).

Three types of tea were taken for the study: packaged black, green and Hibiscus tea drink.

chemical experimentclearly showed that the composition of the studied tea includes caffeine. ( Experience #1) .The appearance of an orange substance, and then brown and a comparison of the prototype with the standard indicates the presence of caffeine in black tea. It has been found that black tea contains more of it. (Appendix III. Experiment No. 1)

Experience #2 allowed to prove the presence of vitamin C in tea. (Ascorbic acid molecules are easily oxidized by iodine.) There is a lot of vitamin C in both green and black tea, but there is more of it in green. (Appendix III. Experiment No. 2)

Experience No. 3 made it possible to determine that tea has a slightly alkaline reaction of the environment.(Appendix III. Experiment No. 3)

The substance tannin was detected by the appearance of a dark purple color when iron chloride was added to the tea solution. Tannin is found in both black and green tea, but more of it in green. ( Experiment No. 4) ( Annex III. Experience No. 4)

Experience No. 5 . this experiment showed how the color changes (anthocyanins - coloring substances) depending on the reaction of the environment. We carried out the most interesting experiments on color change with Hibiscus tea. Small amounts of alkali were added to the drink and color changes from bright red to bright green were observed. The pH of the medium is measured with a universal indicator paper.

Changing the color of Hibiscus tea depending on the pH of the medium.

Hibiscus tea can be used as an indicator.(Annex III. Experience No. 5)

Experience number 6. D For the preparation of fragrant, tasty, healthy tea, we prepared pure water. Tap water, as you know, contains many undesirable and even toxic impurities. The resulting filter on a string was placed in an electric kettle, turned on and got boiling water for tea. When water is heated to the boiling point, activated carbon actively absorbs metal ions and harmful organic substances. The result was 1 liter. environmentally friendly boiling water.(Appendix III. Experiment No. 6)

Conclusion

As a result of the research work, we came to the conclusion: The history of tea is very interesting and entertaining. 70% of students consume tea, preferring black. The chemical composition of tea is very diverse and complex. Experimentally in a conventional laboratory, you can isolate the constituent components of tea and conduct entertaining experiments with them. The biological effect of tea on the body is multifaceted. To brew healthy, fragrant tea, you need good water.

Hypothesis confirmed. Indeed, in an ordinary laboratory, it is possible to isolate the constituent components of tea and conduct experiments with them. We have proven this with our research.

Goal and tasks that have been delivered are met. We learned a lot of interesting and useful things. This knowledge will be useful to us later in life.

LITERATURE

1. Biological encyclopedic dictionary. Ch. ed. M.S. Gilyarov., A.A. Baev - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1989

2. Korobkina 3. V. Commodity research and examination of taste products. - M.: KolosS, 2003.

3.Olkhin O. Experiments without explosions. - M.: Chemistry, 1986.

4. Smolyar V.I. Balanced diet. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1991.

5. Stepin B. D., Alikberova L. Yu.Entertaining tasks and spectacular experiments in chemistry. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

6. Tyukavkina N. A. Organic chemistry. - M: Bustard, 2008.

7.Tsotsiashvili I.I.Chemistry and technology of tea. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1989.

8. Chemistry at school. No. 6, 2011, L.A. Yakovishin "Chemical experiments with hibiscus tea"

9. Chemistry at school No. 8.2011., V.K., Polovnyak "How to get environmentally friendly boiling water" Theophylline

Minor

Cellulose

Minor

Starch

Minor

Vitamin C

Minor

Vitamin B

Minor

Vitamin K

Minor

Vitamin P

Minor

Vitamin PP

Minor

Carotene (provitamin A)

Minor

Potassium

Minor

Calcium

Minor

Magnesium

Minor

Iron

Minor

Manganese

Minor

Copper

Minor

Appendix II

Survey results.

Target: identifying the level of knowledge of students about tea.

Appendix III

Experiment technique

Three types of tea were taken for the study: packaged black, green and Hibiscus tea drink.

Experience #1

Purpose: conducting a qualitative reaction to caffeine

Experience #2

Purpose: determination of vitamin C in tea.

Experience #3

Purpose: determination of acid-base balance.

Experience No. 4

Purpose: determination of tannin in tea.

Experience No. 5

Target: show how the color changes (anthocyanins - coloring substances) depending on the reaction of the environment

Experience No. 6

Target: obtaining environmentally friendly boiling water.

Production of a filter for obtaining environmentally friendly boiling water: 1-source tea bag, 2-ready filter.

Rules for drinking tea

1. Not to drink tea on an empty stomach - it can be harmful to the digestive system.
2. Not to drink too hot or too cold tea. Hot can burn you, and cold can chill your throat.
3. Not to drink too strong tea. The high concentration of caffeine in such a drink has a bad effect on a person's well-being. Especially, it is not recommended to drink strong tea for people suffering fromhypertension, glaucoma, with exacerbation of stomach ulcers.
4. Do not brew tea for too long - this worsens its taste and nutritional qualities.
5. Do not drink tea medicines, as they can be poorly absorbed. Medicines are generally best taken with clean water.
6. Do not brew many times black tea.

Not to drink yesterday's tea - it not only does not contain useful substances, but can also harm the body

Sections: Biology

The creative process is inseparable from the personality of the teacher. The success of the school business depends to a decisive extent on the erudition and culture, the development of the creative abilities of the teacher.

Creativity is always the creation of something new on the basis of the transformation of the known: a new result or original ways and methods of its assignment.

There are many ways to develop the intellectual and creative potential of a child's personality, but one's own research work is one of the most effective.

Research works occupy a special place in the group of innovative pedagogical methods and tools. They contain a huge developing potential, which is especially important in the conditions of a modern school aimed at developing education and the formation of a creative personality. Project activity as one of the methods of developmental education is aimed at developing independent research skills. It promotes the development of creativity and logical thinking. The skills and abilities of a researcher acquired in the classroom are easily inculcated and transferred in the future to all types of activities. The most valuable and enduring knowledge is not that acquired by learning. and those that are obtained independently, in the course of creative research. The organization of research activities of schoolchildren allows students to develop cognitive interests, independence, a culture of educational work, allows them to systematize, generalize, deepen knowledge in a certain area of ​​the subject and teach them to apply them in practice.

Research work allows students to generalize the knowledge gained, widely apply the information acquired in the study of other subjects and courses; express your point of view and suggest ways to solve a particular problem.

INTRODUCTION

Well-groomed skin and luxurious hair, a beautiful figure and grace from ancient times were considered indicators of beauty and success. Many consider their appearance to be their calling card and are sure that the more they manage to emphasize, embellish or highlight their appearance in any way, the more successful the role in society is destined for them. The face for each of us is one of the main means of interpersonal communication and the appearance of any rashes on the skin of the face undoubtedly affects the psycho-emotional state. This is especially true in adolescence, when the formation of social and psychological spheres takes place. As early as 1948, the renowned scientific dermatologist Sulzbirger said: There is probably no other disease that causes more mental stress, misunderstanding between children and parents, more general self-doubt and feelings of inferiority, and a lot of mental suffering than acne.”

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases that affects from 70 to 90% of the world's population (Adaskevich V.N., Jess Russell, Samtsov A.V.). Acne rashes are localized on the face, chest and back and are a significant cosmetic defect that affects the psycho-emotional state and reduces internal self-esteem. According to domestic and foreign dermatologists, acne vulgaris is accompanied by psychological problems, including isolation, irritability, depression, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients.

Acne vulgaris or acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the piloseboceous complex associated with its functional activity and the development of inflammatory and non-inflammatory rashes on skin areas rich in sebaceous glands (Albanova V.I., Zabnenkova O.V.). Most often, rashes are localized on the skin of the face, back and chest. Manifestations of acne can be both inflammatory and non-inflammatory, it all depends on how big a role Propionibacterium acnes bacteria play in inflammation of the follicle.

Non-inflammatory acne manifests itself in the form of comedones - these are non-infectious fatty plugs located tightly at the mouth of the follicles. They, in turn, are divided into white and black. If the follicle is closed or narrowed on the surface of the skin, then the acne will be white, and if it is open, then the horny masses move up to the mouth of the follicle, and due to oxidation and dust and dirt on its surface, it will be black. Inflammatory acne includes papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. White-headed comedones (closed comedones) are soft, palpable white lesions 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, while black-headed comedones (open comedones) look like closed comedones but have a black center. Pustules and papules are red cone-shaped dots 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter. In these cases, the epithelium of the follicles is damaged due to the accumulation of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The content of comedones during rupture of the epithelium causes a very strong inflammatory reaction of the dermis. Papules form a relatively deep inflammation, they are more superficial. But the nodes are larger, deeper and denser than papules, they resemble an inflamed cyst, although they do not have a cystic structure. And finally, the cyst is the nodes that have undergone purulent fusion. Sometimes even a cyst becomes infected and an abscess forms from it. If the cystic form of the disease lasts for a long time, then after healing, disfiguring scars appear at the sites of the affected areas, they manifest themselves in the form of depressions, irregularities, shallow skin depressions (Arabijskaya E.A., Akhtyamov S.N., Monakhov S.A., Samtsov A .AT.).

According to statistics, acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatoses. Despite the means used to prevent and treat acne, there has been an increase in prevalence. According to the latest epidemiological data, acne affects 80 to 85% of people aged 12 to 25 years. The first symptoms of the disease occur in early adolescence. The peak frequency of this disease in girls is observed at 12-14 years old, and in boys at 14-16 years old (Rodionov A.N., Smirnova I.O., Kornisheva V.G.). The appearance of acne during this period is facilitated by a change in the hormonal status of the body, under the influence of which the stimulation of the secretion of the sebaceous glands occurs, a change in the composition of sebum, which leads to the development of the disease during this period. The disease often acquires a protracted course, which can manifest itself in various clinical forms - from mild to severe. To date, scientists have proven that in 20% of women and 10% of men, acne is permanent and cannot be treated. According to the literature, disfiguring scars and pigmented spots often appear at the site of the rash, which remain on the face for life ( Mayorova A.V., Shapovalov V.S., Akhtyamov S.N.). That is why it is especially important to carry out preventive and therapeutic measures in adolescence, teaching proper skin care, providing information on the need for timely access to doctors.

In connection with the above, the purpose of our study was to study the features of the influence of acne vulgaris on the quality of life of adolescents and the development of recommendations for facial skin care.

To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks:

• to study the prevalence and characteristics of the course of acne vulgaris in students of grades 7-11
• identify the relationship between the manifestations of acne and the psycho-emotional state of adolescents (sociability, relationships with peers, school performance)
• to analyze the awareness of adolescents about the disease, methods of prevention and treatment, to study the level of accessibility of adolescents with acne for specialized care and treatment
• develop a memo for facial skin care in adolescence

Novelty The chosen topic is explained by the lack of information in the available literature on the conduct of similar studies by schoolchildren. In the course of the study, we established a high prevalence of acne vulgaris in adolescents, comparable with international data. The features of the course of the disease with the predominance of moderate-severe forms of the disease were revealed. The survey showed that acne vulgaris affects the quality of life of adolescents. Data were obtained on the insufficient level of access to doctors and the low rate of treatment coverage for schoolchildren with acne symptoms, which was the basis for the development of a leaflet with recommendations for facial skin care in adolescence.

Study design provided for an anonymous survey of students in grades 7-11 (12-17 years old), statistical processing of data obtained during the analysis of questionnaires, and the development of a memo on proper facial skin care.

Materials and methods of research: The study involved 108 schoolchildren aged 12 to 17, of which 61% (66) were boys and 39% (42) were girls. The questionnaire developed by us included 17 questions related to the duration and severity of the course of the disease, seeking specialized help from medical institutions, the use of medical agents and camouflage, sources of information on methods of treating the disease, as well as the average score for academic performance, the characteristics of relationships with peers, the degree sociability, the desire to completely get rid of the manifestations of acne and changes in appearance.

108 people took part in the survey, during which all schoolchildren anonymously answered the questions of the questionnaire. At the end of the survey, 108 questionnaires were collected, 2 questionnaires were found to be damaged and were not included in the statistical processing. Thus, 106 student questionnaires were accepted for statistical processing.

Based on the results of the study, a leaflet with recommendations for facial skin care in adolescence was developed (Appendix 2).

CHAPTER 1.
PREVALENCE AND COURSE OF ACNE VULGARIN TEENAGERS

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common diseases that affects 70 to 90% of the world's population (Adaskevich V.N.).

According to foreign and domestic literature, in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence in all countries. In Russia, among adolescents and young people, the incidence of acne is 65-85%. Abroad, this disease affects an average of 75-90% of adolescents and young people. The peak incidence occurs at the age of 12-16 years, while in girls it is observed at 12-14 years old, and in boys at 14-16 years old. The appearance of acne in adolescence contributes to hormonal changes in the body. During this period, the secretion of the sebaceous glands is stimulated and the composition of sebum changes, which is the main cause of the disease.

Acne vulgaris or acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands. Acne vulgaris is characterized by the formation of various rashes on the skin of the face, upper third of the chest and back. The number of rashes can also be different. Most often, by the age of 20-25, the disease subsides. Sometimes disfiguring scars and spots remain at the site of the rash. In some, the disease persists for life, acquiring a chronic course ( Akhtyamov S.N.).

During the survey, we found that 67% of schoolchildren aged 12 to 17 suffer from acne vulgaris (Fig. 1), of which 61% are boys and 39% are girls.

Figure 1. Prevalence of acne vulgaris
among schoolchildren in grades 7-11 according to the survey data

The questionnaire we developed included questions regarding the age of onset and duration of acne, as well as the severity of the course of the disease. The severity of the course of the disease was assessed according to the American scale, taking into account the number of eruptive elements. When analyzing the questionnaires, it was found that in 76% of cases the duration of the disease ranged from 6 months to 2 years, more than 3 years - in 24% (17) of adolescents. At the same time, 28% of schoolchildren had a mild course of the disease, 59% of adolescents had moderate forms, and 12% of students had a severe course of the disease.

Thus, the results of the survey showed a high prevalence of acne symptoms, comparable with international data, with a disease duration of more than 6 months and a predominantly moderate course.

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS OF ADOLESCENTS ABOUT THE DISEASE AND THE LEVEL OF APPLYING FOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

Acne vulgaris forms in adolescence and often becomes chronic, leads to the development of complications and leaves cosmetic defects on the skin of the face. Manifestations of acne can be different: at the beginning of the disease there are so-called "black dots" or blockage of the sebaceous glands. In the future, inflammatory and purulent elements appear. In severe cases, scars and hyperpigmented spots form. The appearance of the first symptoms of the disease requires seeking help from doctors for treatment and prevention of the development of unwanted disfiguring complications.

Of particular relevance in adolescence is awareness of the causes of the disease, factors contributing to the development of severe forms, options and methods of treatment, and the possibility of cosmetic correction of rashes.

An analysis of the questionnaires showed that among the sources of obtaining information about the disease and methods of its treatment, schoolchildren in 58% of cases use Internet resources, in 18% - the advice of friends, in 14% - the media (television, magazines, newspapers) and only in 10% - seeking help from medical institutions and consultations of specialized specialists (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Sources of information for adolescents about the disease and treatment methods

According to the survey data, only 24% (17) of students have ever consulted a specialist doctor. Treatment was carried out in 54% of cases. The survey showed that only 45% of students with acne manifestations daily use any medical or cosmetic products, while girls in 94% of cases.

Thus, the main source of information about the disease and methods of its treatment in adolescents today are Internet resources. The survey revealed a low level of seeking medical help and a low rate of treatment coverage for schoolchildren with acne symptoms.

CHAPTER 3
QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ACNE VULGAR

Rashes in acne vulgaris are localized on the face, upper third of the back and décolleté. The face for each of us is one of the main means of interpersonal communication and the appearance of acne, of course, affects the psycho-emotional state. This is especially true in adolescence, when the formation of social and psychological spheres takes place. Domestic and foreign scientists have proven that inflammatory rashes on open parts of the body reduce personal self-esteem and contribute to the formation of various psychosomatic disorders, primarily depression (Arabijskaya E.A., Monakhov S.A.). Even mild acne can lead to the development of severe stress. Adolescents consider their appearance to be their hallmark and are sure that the more they manage to emphasize, embellish or highlight their appearance in any way, the more successful their role in society is destined for them. A flawless face and figure are always and at any age perceived as a sign of success in society. Psychological problems in adolescents with acne affect their studies, and later on their working career and family life, affecting the quality of life. The quality of life is a general concept that includes the material, spiritual, creative, psycho-physiological and environmental aspects of life. The quality of life is an indicator of the degree of realization of human capabilities (Adaskevich A.V., Monakhov S.A.).
In connection with the above, it was interesting for us to study the effect of the disease on academic performance, the degree of sociability, relationships with peers, and the desire to change appearance.

The survey showed that 62% of schoolchildren with acne believe that the presence of "pimples" significantly affects their relationships with peers. At the same time, 34% of adolescents are sure that the manifestations of acne do not affect the relationship, because. their friends also have "pimples". However, 52% of respondents are sure that they would have more friends if they did not have "pimples" (Fig. 3). There was no impact on academic performance during the study.

Along with this, it was revealed that all girls use concealers (foundation, powder, concealer, corrector, etc.), 88% of them daily and 12% periodically. These results, in our opinion, point to the special importance of appearance on relationships with peers and the need for complete masking of friable elements.

According to the analysis of questionnaires, it was found that adolescents with acne in 96% of cases want to completely get rid of acne and have a clean and beautiful face. 63% of schoolchildren with acne believe that they need to change their appearance, 31% do not mind changing their appearance for the better, and only 6% are satisfied with their appearance.

Figure 3. Impact of acne on peer relationships

Acne vulgaris with rashes on the face has a significant impact on the psycho-social status of adolescents. In our opinion, preventive and therapeutic measures, timely seeking help from specialists will completely get rid of acne and reduce the risk of developing unwanted disfiguring complications, which in turn will improve the quality of life of adolescents.

CHAPTER 4
DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FACIAL SKIN CARE IN ADOLESCENTS

In order to prevent the appearance of youthful acne and rashes in adolescence, an important preventive point is proper skin care and timely treatment. Currently, acne therapy is represented by various methods, a combination of external and systemic drugs, the appointment of which takes into account the type of acne, the severity of the disease, causative factors, psychosomatic status (Albanova V.I., Zabnenkova O.V., Terry J. Dubrow, Arabian E.A.). For each patient, doctors develop an individual program of treatment and care procedures. The presence of modern highly effective agents allows successful therapy for any form of acne, both mild and severe. Proper and regular skin care of a teenager, timely treatment at the first manifestations of acne are the key to clean and beautiful skin without signs of inflammation and cosmetic defects (Albanova V.I., Zabnenkova O.V., Akhtyamov S.N., Samtsov A.V.) .

The low rate of schoolchildren seeking specialized medical care, on the one hand, and the impact of the disease on relationships with peers and the desire to have a clean and beautiful face, on the other hand, revealed in the course of the study, served as the basis for the development of a leaflet-recommendation for facial skin care in adolescence.

Together with a dermatologist, we have developed a memo for schoolchildren with recommendations for facial skin care. The memo contains rules for skin care in adolescence, a brief algorithm of actions when the first symptoms of the disease appear, as well as step-by-step instructions depending on the manifestations of acne. The memo contains a visual acne scale to determine the severity of the disease and the algorithm of actions. All proposed preventive and curative measures are grouped into programs depending on skin type and severity of acne and include: skin care at home, dietary recommendations, contacting a specialist, basic treatment principles.

FINDINGS

1. A high level of prevalence of acne vulgaris among schoolchildren in grades 7-11 was established, comparable with domestic and world data
2. The features of the course of the disease with a predominance of moderate forms of acne were revealed.
3. The main sources of information about the disease and methods of its treatment among adolescents are Internet resources.
4. Data were obtained on the insufficient level of access to doctors and the low rate of treatment coverage for schoolchildren with acne symptoms
5. Questioning showed that acne vulgaris in adolescents affects relationships with peers
6. The developed memo includes information about the rules of facial skin care in adolescence and a step-by-step algorithm of actions in the presence of acne.

CONCLUSION

Our study allowed us to establish a high prevalence of acne vulgaris among students in grades 7-11, comparable to world data. We found that 67% of schoolchildren aged 12 to 17 have acne symptoms. At the same time, 28% of schoolchildren have a mild course of the disease, 59% of adolescents have moderate forms, and 12% of students have a severe course of the disease. During the analysis of the questionnaires, information was obtained on the impact on the quality of life of schoolchildren: 62% of schoolchildren with acne believe that the presence of "pimples" significantly affects their relationships with peers, 52% of respondents are sure that they would have more friends if they had there were no pimples. It was revealed that all girls use concealers (foundation, powder, concealer, corrector, etc.), 88% of them daily and 12% periodically. Of course, all this proves the impact of acne on the psycho-emotional state of adolescents, indicates the special importance of appearance on relationships with peers and the need for complete masking of rash elements.

Along with this, we obtained data on the low awareness of adolescents about the disease and methods of its treatment, and also found a low rate of access to specialist doctors. According to the survey data, only 24% of students have ever consulted a specialist doctor, in 54% of cases they received treatment. All this undoubtedly indicates the need for educational work among schoolchildren. The memo developed by us allows the teenager to determine the severity of the disease and, if necessary, promptly seek help from a specialist.

The school is becoming more and more popular. When students do research, they are faced with the question: “How to write and design this type of work?” It should be noted that this is not an easy question. Therefore, our article will tell you how to write a research paper, as well as suggest the most interesting topics for research. So, first things first.

Stage 1. Choosing a theme

Before you go to the library and select the necessary literature, it is important to think about the topic of the study. But where to start? First of all, you need to ask yourself some important questions about your research. After all, choosing a theme is the most important and main step! It is important that there is enough material and literature on your problem. If you are researching any new phenomenon, then keep in mind that there will be very few sources of information. If the problem has been little studied, is it appropriate to have your own opinion in this work?

Research work at school or university should be devoted to a topic of interest to you. If you study the one that is not indifferent to you, then the result will be positive. Today, research papers in literature are very popular. Children consider the features of poetics in the poems of various writers, study oral folk art in their native lands, and so on.

Teacher's opinion

Be sure to discuss the chosen topic with the teacher. Listen to his advice, perhaps the teacher's ideas will be original. Quality work is in the sphere of interests of the teacher. Remember that teachers will always help you.

Don't be afraid to adjust the research topic. It happens that the work does not move forward. Do not despair! It is enough to revise the topic together with the teacher and continue research work in literature, history, social science, and so on. You can adjust not only the topic, but also goals with tasks. Please note that it is impossible to deviate strongly from the original theses. This can fundamentally affect the course of work in the future.

Stage 2. Gathering information

To figure out how to write a research paper, you need to know the algorithm. The next step after choosing a topic is collecting information. Once a topic is chosen, you need to select encyclopedias, books, magazines, newspaper interviews, blog posts that match your problem.

Attention! The more sources you read, the better, even if you are writing a research paper in mathematics, which is based on calculations.

In the process, refer to empirical research that is endorsed by others on your subject. Don't neglect the library. The method, of course, is "grandfather's". But it is in this place that you will find a lot of information! Ask questions to the staff of the reading room. Contact them for help. After all, that is what their job is all about.

Seek help online. Do not use the first three links on your request. The information that you find on the Internet should be analyzed, since websites and various forums are not the most reliable sources. You will find a lot of useful knowledge on sites with domains:

• gov and others.

When formulating a query, use synonyms and cognates.

Stage 3. Analysis of the received information

And we continue to figure out how to write a research paper. We pass to the next, already analytical stage. At this stage of the research, you need to systematize and structure the information found. First, you need to read everything. Secondly, make the necessary notes in the margins, put bookmarks, as it will come in handy later on! It is very convenient when the information is systematized by color. For example, if you are writing a research paper in mathematics, then in orange you can mark information about the discovery, in red - text about scientists, and so on.

After you have decided on the sources, you need to make a preliminary list of references. It is necessary to write out the authors, the year of publication of the book or magazine, where it was published, the number of pages. And, of course, be sure to write down the page number that contains the information you need. This will come in handy even at the stage of protection!

Stage 4. Definition of the essence of the study

There are two approaches to how to write a research paper. This fact should be taken into account before joining the workflow. So:

• Discussion research work. It is based on a controversial issue or an argument in favor of a point of view. Naturally, the problem today should be controversial, then your opponents will be interested and will be able to bring counterarguments.
• Analytical research work. Offers listeners a fresh idea or perspective that addresses an important issue. Interesting topics for research papers of this nature may not cause high-profile controversy during the defense. You must convince your listeners that your views are worth listening to.

Stage 5. The structure of scientific work

The researcher must understand that his work must be strictly structured.

1. Title page.

3. Introduction. It reveals the problem, topic, relevance, purpose of novelty, literature review and methodology.

4. Theoretical chapter.

5. Practical chapter. There may be several of them, depending on the purpose and objectives of the study.

6. Research results.

7. Conclusion. Contains conclusions, as well as the practical significance of the study.

8. List of used sources.

9. Application. Their number also depends on the study.

Stage 6. Work on the text

Before you sit down at the computer and print the study, you need to familiarize yourself with the rules for processing such works. Check margins, line spacing, color, font, point size, and so on. If these rules are not followed, the commission has the right not to accept your work. Save studies on multiple storage media:

• Email;
• flash drive;
• HDD;
• virtual disk.

Rewrite them regularly. In the event of a laptop or computer breakdown, you will have the latest version of the study at hand.

Now you know how to write a research paper. And we bring to your attention a list of interesting topics.

Possible research topics

You can research anyone and anything. Every object or phenomenon deserves it. For example, consider some examples of chemistry topics:

• aromatherapy;
• gifts of fire;
• history and properties of soap;
• salt secrets.

Ecology is also able to offer interesting topics for research. For example:

• where it is easier to breathe;
• study of water in a certain area;
• nanotechnology;
• study of the properties of water;
• live colors;
• microflora;
• problems of homeless animals;
• hay and so on.

We offer you a list of common topics:

• ways to quickly memorize poems;
• what is the difference between Russian and European snowmen;
• how to learn to forgive insults;
• How do weather events affect mood?
• how to learn about the mood with the help of gestures;
• what can be said about the character of a person by his handwriting;
• symmetrical landscapes;
• magic numbers in fairy tales;
• the evolution of mobile phones;
• arrangement and operation of the piano;
• differences between road signs in Russia and Europe;
• whether the character depends on the name;
• electricity in the body;
• how to find and maintain emotional balance.

As a rule, environmental topics deserve special attention in 2017. 2016 has been declared the year of cinema. The year 2015 was devoted to literature.

There is a lot of controversy going on in 2018. The first propose to declare it the year of the theater, the second - the year of unity of Russia, the third - the year of the fight against cancer. The controversy has not yet subsided.

Our article has come to an end. We wish you creative success on your research path!