Nuremberg trials: the lessons of history. Nuremberg Trials: History Lessons World History in 6 Volumes Nauka Publishing House

The volume highlights the main issues of the history and culture of the medieval world. It examines the migration of tribes, explores the problems of coexistence of settled and nomadic peoples, the ways of development of world religions. Particular attention is paid to the typology of the formation of medieval states, the emergence of new world powers in the historical arena - empires and national-territorial states, nomadic khaganates and eastern caliphates. The synchronization of socio-economic, political and cultural processes taking place in various regions of Asia, Europe and Africa makes it possible to see a certain unity of the medieval World-System in the totality of unique civilizations.
For historians and the wider readership.

FORMATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF FEODALISM.
Feudalism for many people is synonymous with the Middle Ages, and the words "medieval" and "feudal" mean roughly the same thing to them. We are talking about words and concepts that are deeply embedded in our culture and appear in it in many guises. The idea of ​​feudalism as a special social system that existed in Europe in the Middle Ages was born in France in the 18th century. On the eve of the French Revolution, the most odious facts of public life were qualified as requiring the abolition of the vestiges of feudalism. 19th century scientists made a lot of effort to make feudalism a rigorous scientific concept. The science of that time sought to understand the history of society as a successive change of historical epochs, visibly different from one another. And the era preceding the research of enlighteners and scientists of the 18th-19th centuries was called the era of feudalism.

This concept was introduced into circulation in order to emphasize the depth of the gap between “their modernity” and the past. Feudalism was initially conceived as something qualitatively different from that of modernity, presenting itself as a kind of “anti-world”, the heritage of which enlightened Europeans wanted to get rid of as soon as possible. Behind this word was hidden technical stagnation and the routine state of technology, the "fist law" of some and the complete lack of rights of others, the weakness of the state and public authorities, the priority of personal loyalty over relations prescribed by a single law for all, the lack of guarantees of private property and political fragmentation, the dominance of the church, fanaticism and ignorance. Feudalism, like the Middle Ages proper, was not only scolded; he also had admirers from among those dissatisfied with reality, who were looking for ideals in the past. Others considered the Middle Ages as the history of the struggle against feudalism, therefore, special attention was paid to the study of the "sprouts of the future": cities and their "communal revolutions"; royal power as a "representative of order in disorder", seeking, in alliance with the cities, to curb the feudal lords; merchants and artisans, whose work undermined the natural economy; freethinkers who opposed the ignorance and omnipotence of the church.

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• World history in 6 volumes. Volume 5. The World in the 19th Century: Towards an Industrial Civilization.[Djv-42.4M] Managing editor of the volume V.S. Mirzekhanov. Scientific publication. Artist V.Yu. Yakovlev.
  (Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 2014. - Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of World History)
  Scan, OCR, processing, Djv format: mor, 2015
• CONTENT:
  INTRODUCTION XIX century in world history: problems, approaches, models of time. V.S. Mirzekhanov (5).
  FORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: GLOBALIZATION TRENDS
  Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. A.V. Revyakin, V.S. Mirzekhanov (21).
  Economic growth, demographic shifts and mass migrations. V.A. Melyantsev, V.S. Mirzekhanov, S.B. Wolfson (42).
  social processes. A.A. Iserov (72).
  Cultural languages ​​of the 19th century. K.V. Kondakov (Languages ​​of Russian culture - V.S. Parsamov) (92).
  Education and science. A.N. Dmitriev, N.V. Rostislavleva, M.V. Loskutov (137).
  Medicine in the 19th century. A.M. Stochik, S.N. Zatravkin (173).
  Religion and the Church. S.G. Antonenko (192).
  Politics and society. N.P. Tanshina, M.P. Aizenshtat (210).
  THE WORLD-SYSTEM OF THE 19TH CENTURY: EMPIRES AND NATIONS
  Empire and nation in the "long 19th century". A.I. Miller (246).
  EUROPE AND THE WORLD: A THORNY PATH TO A GLOBAL SYSTEM OF STATES
  Pax Britannica: UK. M.P. Aizenshtat (264).
  Pax Britannica: Dominions. A.A. Iserov, A.N. Uchaev (296).
  Pax Britannica: India. L.B. Alaev (309).
  France: from Napoleonic despotism to parliamentary democracy. A.V. Revyakin (322).
  Decline of the Spanish Empire. I.Yu. Mednikov (362).
  Portugal: the decline of a great empire. A.P. Chernykh (376).
  The Netherlands: a small European country - a great colonial power. G.A. Shatokhin-Mordvintsev (390).
  Belgium: kingdom and empire. A.S. Namazov (403).
  Southeast Asia: from traditional to colonial society. V.L. Tyurin (416).
  Sub-Saharan Africa: Local Civilizations and the Colonial Division. A.S. Balezin (431).
  TRANSITIONAL AGE MONARCHIES OF THE WEST AND EAST: FROM THE OLD ORDER TO MODERN
  Russian 19th century. V.S. Parsamov (450).
  The Habsburg Monarchy in the 19th century: from an absolutist empire to a constitutional state. E.V. Kotova (504).
  The Ottoman Empire in the 19th century: the long search for renewal. S.F. Oreshkova, M.S. Meyer (527).
  Arab world. B.V. Dolgov, E.A. Prussian (545).
  Iran under the rule of the Qajar dynasty. A.I. Polishchuk (559).
  China and the World: Contradictory Processes of Modernization. O.E. Nepominin (574).
  NATIONAL IDEA, FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STATES
  Japan on the way to the "club of great powers". S.B. Markaryants, E.V. Molodyakova (596).
  Germany: the embodiment of the national dream. A.G. Matveeva (617).
  Italy in the 19th century: The Risorgimento. Z.P. Yakhimovich, A.A. Mitrofanov (642).
  Northern Europe on the way to prosperity. V.V. Roginsky (664).
  The Rise of Nation States in Southeast Europe. O.E. Petrunina (675).
  NEW FATES OF THE NEW WORLD
  Western Hemisphere: Continuity and Change. A.A. Iserov (686).
  USA: on the way to power. B.M. Shpotov (694).
  Latin America: a century of independence. M.S. Alperovich (722).
  INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES
  The Napoleonic Wars and the Vienna System of International Relations. V.V. Roginsky (752).
  International order, wars and diplomatic relations in the middle of the 19th century. V.V. Roginsky, V.N. Vinogradov (789).
  World politics of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries. A.V. Revyakin (811).
  CONCLUSION
  The World in the 19th Century: Historical Results and Looking to the Future. V.S. Mirzekhanov (845).
  APPS
  Chronological table (compiled by G.A. Shatokhina-Mordvintseva) (861).
  Selected Literature (877).
  Index of names (compiled by A.A. Kritsky, E.A. Prusskaya) (895).
  Index of geographical names (compiled by S.A. Eliseev, B.S. Kotov) (915).

Publisher's note: The volume is devoted to the key problems of the "long 19th century" (from the French Revolution to the First World War), meaningful from the standpoint of the latest achievements of historical science - the industrial revolution, urbanization, as well as scientific and technological progress and economic growth, the formation of modern political institutions of citizenship, constitutionalism and parliamentarism, the ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, socialism, nationalism, the colonial redistribution of the world and the dominance of Europe unprecedented in history. The publication includes an introductory theoretical section that summarizes the history of the century around the world and focuses on the increased intensity of macro-processes in the period under review, as well as chapters that describe the history of individual countries - empires and nation-states.
For historians and a wide range of readers.

MAIN EDITORIAL BOARD:

Academician A. O. CHUBARYAN (Chief Editor) Corresponding Member of the RAS V. I. VASILYEV (Deputy Editor-in-Chief) Corresponding Member of the RAS P. Yu. UVAROV (Deputy Editor-in-Chief) Candidate of Historical Sciences M. A. LIPKIN (Executive Secretary) Corresponding Member of the RAS Kh. A. Amirkhanov Academician B. V. ANANICH Academician A. I. GRIGORIEV Doctor of Historical Sciences A. B. DAVIDSON Academician A. P. DEREVYANKO Corresponding Member of the RAS S. P. KARPOV Academician A. A. KOKOSHIN Academician V. S. MYASNIKOV Doctor of Historical Sciences V. V. NAUMKIN Academician A. D. NEKIPELOV Doctor of Historical Sciences K. V. NIKIFOROV Academician Yu. REPINA Academician V. A. TISHKOV Academician A. V. TORKUNOV Academician I. Kh. URILOV

Editorial board of the first volume:

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. I. Ivanchik,

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kh. A. Amirkhanov,

Doctor of Historical Sciences G. A. Koshelenko,

Doctor of Historical Sciences O. V. Sidorovich

Reviewers:

Doctor of Historical Sciences A. A. Bokshchanin,

Doctor of Historical Sciences P. P. Shkarenkov

WORLD HISTORY: VIEW FROM THE XXI CENTURY

The Russian reader is offered a new six-volume edition of World History. The previous 13-volume edition was published in the 60s of the XX century. It presented a lot of factual material, but the whole concept of the publication, historical assessments, of course, reflected the ideological postulates of that time. The idea of ​​development and change of socio-economic formations permeated all volumes (from antiquity to modern times). Since then, in the historical science of Russia, and indeed the whole world, there have been huge fundamental changes. With the refusal of Russian historians from the formational paradigm as a universal and the only criterion for revealing and understanding the history of mankind, the possibility of a pluralistic view of the course of world history opened up before Russian historiography. The publication in Russia of the works of the most prominent representatives of world philosophical and historical knowledge - Max Weber and Arnold Toynbee, Fernand Braudel and Karl Jaspers - allowed historians to get acquainted with alternative explanations of world history.

Interest in history has increased significantly in modern society. In Russia and in many other countries, there are heated discussions around the assessment of many historical events, especially in relation to the 20th century. The sharpness of the controversy is also caused by the fact that in a number of countries there has been a tendency to revise the established assessments of the history of Russia and other countries, problems of international relations and social conflicts. According to a number of historians and political scientists, public figures and journalists, in different countries there is a clear “politicization” and “nationalization” of history, which makes it difficult to search for and disseminate historical knowledge and the truth about real events in domestic and world history.

All this raises the social status and importance of historical science; at the same time, criticism of professional historians from various circles of the population is also increasing. Moreover, these phenomena are characteristic both for Russia and for other countries. On this basis, there is a growing interest in comprehending historical experience, in understanding its role in modern life. Historical science is becoming increasingly important both as a source of knowledge about the past, about national and international traditions, and as an accumulator of historical memory and the historical path traversed by mankind.

In this regard, history is an important, if not the most important, tool for shaping the personality and educating the younger generation, affirming value orientations among young people in which modern life is organically combined with historical experience and the legacy of the past. Thanks to it, a genetic link with previous generations is maintained, on which knowledge and information obtained in schools, universities and through the media are superimposed.

In recent years, thousands of fundamental works have been published in many states, revealing world, regional and national history. The reprinting of world-famous publications, such as the Cambridge History, constantly stimulates the study of theoretical problems of world history.

Over the course of 15–20 years, new areas of scientific development and research have emerged in this area. First of all, we are talking about the so-called "global history". This term appeared in historical science as a result of worldwide interest in the problems of globalization and in the universality of the historical process. The spread of the topic of "global history" has led to the publication of a significant number of works on this issue; A special Association for Global History was created, scientific journals began to be published in many countries, the topic of global history was included in the program of the International Congress of Historical Sciences.

The main thing is that "global history" has become a kind of new confirmation of the "universality" of the historical process, its integrity and, to some extent, universality, thereby obtaining a new impetus and legitimacy in the study of its problems. At the same time, the past years have shown that the concept and the term "global history" itself is by no means a universal and even less the only criterion for understanding and revealing historical development. The concept of "global history" only points to the interconnection of continents, regions and states in different historical eras, to common processes and similar phases of development.

In world history, globalism and universality, universalism and macrohistory have always attracted considerable attention from the historical community. In this context, topics such as the formation and collapse of empires, integration processes in history, the interconnection of continents, comparative studies, the economic aspect of internationalization, are actively studied by specialists in different countries.

MAIN EDITORIAL BOARD:

Editorial board of the first volume:

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. I. Ivanchik,

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kh. A. Amirkhanov,

Doctor of Historical Sciences G. A. Koshelenko,

Doctor of Historical Sciences O. V. Sidorovich

Reviewers:

Doctor of Historical Sciences A. A. Bokshchanin,

Doctor of Historical Sciences P. P. Shkarenkov

The Russian reader is offered a new six-volume edition of World History. The previous 13-volume edition was published in the 60s of the XX century. It presented a lot of factual material, but the whole concept of the publication, historical assessments, of course, reflected the ideological postulates of that time. The idea of ​​development and change of socio-economic formations permeated all volumes (from antiquity to modern times). Since then, in the historical science of Russia, and indeed the whole world, there have been huge fundamental changes. With the refusal of Russian historians from the formational paradigm as a universal and the only criterion for revealing and understanding the history of mankind, the possibility of a pluralistic view of the course of world history opened up before Russian historiography. The publication in Russia of the works of the most prominent representatives of world philosophical and historical knowledge - Max Weber and Arnold Toynbee, Fernand Braudel and Karl Jaspers - allowed historians to get acquainted with alternative explanations of world history.

Interest in history has increased significantly in modern society. In Russia and in many other countries, there are heated discussions around the assessment of many historical events, especially in relation to the 20th century. The sharpness of the controversy is also caused by the fact that in a number of countries there has been a tendency to revise the established assessments of the history of Russia and other countries, problems of international relations and social conflicts. According to a number of historians and political scientists, public figures and journalists, in different countries there is a clear “politicization” and “nationalization” of history, which makes it difficult to search for and disseminate historical knowledge and the truth about real events in domestic and world history.

All this raises the social status and importance of historical science; at the same time, criticism of professional historians from various circles of the population is also increasing. Moreover, these phenomena are characteristic both for Russia and for other countries. On this basis, there is a growing interest in comprehending historical experience, in understanding its role in modern life. Historical science is becoming increasingly important both as a source of knowledge about the past, about national and international traditions, and as an accumulator of historical memory and the historical path traversed by mankind.

In this regard, history is an important, if not the most important, tool for shaping the personality and educating the younger generation, affirming value orientations among young people in which modern life is organically combined with historical experience and the legacy of the past. Thanks to it, a genetic link with previous generations is maintained, on which knowledge and information obtained in schools, universities and through the media are superimposed.

In recent years, thousands of fundamental works have been published in many states, revealing world, regional and national history. The reprinting of world-famous publications, such as the Cambridge History, constantly stimulates the study of theoretical problems of world history.

Over the course of 15–20 years, new areas of scientific development and research have emerged in this area. First of all, we are talking about the so-called "global history". This term appeared in historical science as a result of worldwide interest in the problems of globalization and in the universality of the historical process. The spread of the topic of "global history" has led to the publication of a significant number of works on this issue; A special Association for Global History was created, scientific journals began to be published in many countries, the topic of global history was included in the program of the International Congress of Historical Sciences.

The main thing is that "global history" has become a kind of new confirmation of the "universality" of the historical process, its integrity and, to some extent, universality, thereby obtaining a new impetus and legitimacy in the study of its problems. At the same time, the past years have shown that the concept and the term "global history" itself is by no means a universal and even less the only criterion for understanding and revealing historical development. The concept of "global history" only points to the interconnection of continents, regions and states in different historical eras, to common processes and similar phases of development.

In world history, globalism and universality, universalism and macrohistory have always attracted considerable attention from the historical community. In this context, topics such as the formation and collapse of empires, integration processes in history, the interconnection of continents, comparative studies, the economic aspect of internationalization, are actively studied by specialists in different countries.

But along with this, there is clearly a growing interest in regional and local history, in private life and in the history of everyday life. Sharp discussions unfolded in the 90s of the 20th century around the problems of not only macro-history, but also micro-history. The rejection of the theory of formations aroused in Russian historiography a great interest in the study of individual issues, in everyday life, united by the concept of "microhistory". To a greater extent, this trend was the result of the refusal of the majority of Russian historians from the desire to explain all the diversity of the historical process with a single concept of socio-economic formations. After lengthy discussions, historians have come to the conclusion that a macro- and micro-historical approach is necessary, but the historical synthesis remains the most important criterion and way to explain the progressive movement of mankind. In the context of these phenomena, one can find an explanation for the correlation of a historical fact, a specific event and the general lines of development, synthesis and narrative.

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