Warm is the opposite. Dictionary of antonyms for elementary grades (1,2,3,4)

The child's knowledge of synonyms and antonyms speaks well of the child's vocabulary. And with those, and with others, as a rule, children are not good enough. But there is nothing complicated in this. There is such a children's game of antonyms - "Opposites". One calls the word, the second selects an antonym for it. This game enjoys great attention from animators for children and even adults, and it is a frequent entertainment at holiday parties. So you can play antonyms with your child, and he will remember these words and show off his knowledge not only at the holiday, but also in his future compositions.

For starters, antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning. Dictionaries of antonyms are huge, sometimes even an adult does not know the meaning of some words in them, let alone the meaning of the opposite ... On this page we have collected for you only simple antonyms for simple words, the elementary school level, subject to memorization by students 1,2 ,3,4 classes.

Brief dictionary of antonyms:

neat - slovenly
antonym - synonym
White black
turn pale - blush, darken
to shine - to twinkle, to dim
close - distant
rich man - poor man
big small
fast - slow
century - moment
correct - wrong
cheerful - sad, sad, boring
windy - windless
old - new
Turn on, turn off
inside Outside
question answer
east - west, west (sea)
sunrise - sunset
enter - exit
high Low
extinguish - kindle
smooth - rough
vowel - consonant
deep - shallow
speak - be silent
hungry - full
city ​​- village, village
bitter - sweet
hot Cold
warm - cool
dirt - purity
dirty - clean
do - mess around
day Night
dialogue - monologue
good evil
friend - enemy
hefty - frail
go - stop
heat - cold
hard - soft
closed - sociable
healthy - sick
green - mature, ripe
winter summer
sincere - hypocritical
truth - delusion, deceit
source - mouth
strong - fragile
sour - sweet
lazy - hard worker
superfluous - necessary
dexterous - clumsy
go to bed - get up
love - hate
to freeze - to warm up
peace - war, quarrel
many - few
mighty - weak
wet - dry
wise - stupid
soft - hard
hope - despair
deliberate - unintentional
imperturbable - unbalanced
uncomplicated - sly
new - old
plentiful - scarce
defend - attack
educated - ignorant
upset - comfort
sharp - blunt
courageous - cowardly, cowardly
frank - secretive
open close
obvious - doubtful
plus - minus
victory - defeat
hang up - take down
useful - harmful
put - take
benefit - harm
help - hinder
true False
truthful - false
picky - unpretentious
pleasant - repulsive
empty - full
fluffy - smooth
joy - sadness, sadness
difference - similarity
agile - slow
determined - unsure
timid - bold
Motherland, fatherland - foreign land
light - darkness, darkness
dawn - dusk
north - south, south (sea)
laugh - cry
save - destroy
sleep - stay awake
start - finish
full - hungry
hard - soft
dark - light
cramped - spacious
thick - thin
thin - thick
work - rest
difficult - easy
grieve - rejoice
assure - dissuade
gloomy - friendly
move away - approach
narrow - wide
intentional - unintentional
stubborn - obstinate
success - failure
sympathetic - indifferent
negligent - conscientious
brave - cowardly
frequent - rare
honest - mean
wide narrow
generous - miserly
bright - dim
furious - meek
clear - overcast, rainy

Antonymy is the opposite of language units in a semantic sense. Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning. For example:

He didn't love badly dressed. Tired. Sick. Old. Ugly. awkward. Shy. sad. They interfered with his energetic advancement. They irritated his visual perception of the world. However, if he had delved into himself, he would still have found that he needed them, as a background against which he should stand out - immaculately dressed, always ready to fight for myself, healthy, young, beautiful, dexterous, shameless who does not allow himself such a luxury of the poor as sadness - Igor Seleznev ( E. Evtushenko).

In this passage, adjectives are clearly contrasted in meaning. sick — healthy, old — young, ugly — beautiful, awkward — dexterous, shy — shameless, adverbs bad — impeccably(dressed), less opposed tired and the phrase ready to fight. The division and connection of the phenomena of the surrounding reality by contrast is one of the common operations of human logic. Therefore, when considering antonymy, much attention is paid to some logical concepts, primarily the concept of opposites. The latter is understood primarily as the opposition between the phenomena of the real world: from philosophical categories to everyday objects, their signs and actions. For clarity, we give an excerpt from the novel by E. Yevtushenko "Berry Places".

No matter how hard she [wife] tried, Seleznev Sr."everything is bad sat." I had to endlessly alter it, and it cost her a lot of nerves, because it was almost impossible to drag her husband into the atelier. On the Seleznev Jr. everything was sitting like poured. Seleznev Sr. still has not got rid of the terrible, in her opinion, habit of smoking Belomor Canal. Seleznev -younger smoked only american cigarettes. Seleznev -senior could not learn a single phrase from Russian-English phrasebook. Seleznev Jr. spoke brilliant English and good French. Seleznev Sr. did not study no sports. Seleznev Jr. played tennis, skiing and water skiing, He practiced figure skating and karate. Seleznev Sr. endlessly reread the same book - "War and Peace". Seleznev- younger was reading " Tropic of Cancer" Henry Miller in the original.

The whole presentation in the above passage is based on the opposition of persons, objects, their signs and actions. In most cases, these oppositions are expressed by syntactic constructions: Seleznev -senior— Seleznev- younger; didn't sit well — sat like a glove; could not learn a single phrase from the Russian-English phrasebook — spoke brilliant English etc. But in one case - in the appendix to the surname - the opposition is expressed by antonyms: senior —younger.

The opposite can be embedded in the internal content of one and the same phenomenon and be found in the external forms of its existence, also expressed by syntactic constructions and antonyms. For example:

• 1) I took life into myself. I knew her in struggles and labors. And let old age come. I drank sagebrush and honey — not fresh drink (Ya. Rylenkov). Different types of drinks are mentioned here, the names of which in one case are contrasted according to the taste of drinks and are expressed by antonyms ( sagebrush and honey), and in another case - by the presence of general taste qualities in drinks (words wormwood and honey- phrase unleavened drink);
• 2) Frowningly said to the waiter: "A portion of ham," adding: - leaner..." The waiters had already studied it and carried it fatter(E. Yevtushenko);
• 3) Article 105. Compound and disconnection multiple claims. 1. The plaintiff has the right to combine in one statement of claim several claims related to each other ( Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). In examples 2 and 3, the opposite inherent in different types of object ( lean and oily ham) and different types of procedural actions ( compound and disconnection claims), is expressed only by antonyms.

The opposition expressed by antonyms can be of two kinds, which is determined by the presence or absence of a middle link between the two extreme points of the corresponding concepts.

In some cases, such a link exists, for example: the wind can be not only weak, strong, but also moderate) between cold and hot tea possible warm; among loving and hating anything meet indifferent; stood out among the peasants poor, fists, as well as middle peasants. In most cases, there is no intermediate link between antonyms: false — truthful, Russophiles — Russophobes, main — secondary, be proud — be ashamed, Earth — sky.

Antonyms are divided into full and partial (conditional). Antonyms are called complete if they denote opposites in their extreme manifestation, regardless of whether there are intermediate links between them or not.

Partial antonyms name objects, their signs or actions that are not at the extreme positions of their logical opposition, but are only conditionally opposed. For example, in grammar use the terms: letter and sound, vocalism and consonantism, vowels and consonants, subject and rhema. These terms cannot be recognized as antonyms in the full sense of the word, i.e. naming concepts in their extreme opposition.

Rather, they are words denoting concepts that are conditionally opposed to each other, in this case, within the framework of the description of the language system.

Antonyms are divided depending on the morphemic composition:

■ antonyms - words of different roots: repressed - rehabilitated, destroy - restore, cooling - warming, left - right, own - strangers;

■ antonyms - single-root words:

• - formed with the help of prefixes opposite in meaning: import - export, arm - disarm, ascend - enter, win - lose, tie - untie;
• - formed from another word with the help of a prefix that gives the word the opposite meaning: moral — immoral, Russian — anti-Russian, spot — cashless, humanization — dehumanization, entrepreneurship — pseudo-entrepreneurship(creation of a commercial organization without the intention to carry out entrepreneurial activity), visiting — travel restrictions;
• - formed from a common generating word by means of suffixes opposite in meaning. Home: house — domino; hand: pen — hands.

Recently, the number of antonyms among compound terms, in particular legal ones, has noticeably increased. Some of them have a middle link located between the extreme points of manifestation of antonymy:

• 1) along with the concept joint-stock company- a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares, there are opposing concepts - a joint-stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, and - a joint-stock company, whose shares are distributed only among its founders;
• 2) apart from the concept competition, contrasting concepts are used closed competition— a competition in which only Russian subjects of foreign trade activity can take part, and open competition— a competition in which any subjects of foreign trade activity can take part;
• 3) in addition to the concept organization introduced antonymous concepts commercial organization- an organization that pursues profit as the main goal of its activities, and non-profit organization- an organization that does not have as its main goal the extraction of profit and does not distribute the profit received among the participants;
• 4) term resort served as the basis for the creation of antonymous compound terms local resort and federal resort, as well as, as it were, a middle term regional resort.

However, most compound terms - antonyms do not have a middle link. For example:

• 1) rental agreement for a vehicle without a crew- an agreement for the provision by the lessor to the lessee of a vehicle for payment in temporary possession and use without the provision of services for its management and its technical operation and vehicle rental agreement with crew- an agreement for the provision by the lessor to the lessee of a vehicle for payment for temporary possession and use with the provision of services on its own for managing it and for its technical operation;
• 2) association of commercial organizations and association of non-profit organizations;
• 3) separate citizen(in particular, a foreign citizen and a stateless person) as a subject of civil law and entity- an organization that owns, manages or manages separate property and is liable for all obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, incur obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court.

The presence of such antonymic pairs as vehicle rental agreement without a crew — withcrew , does not suggest that other compound terms, including a prepositional substantive phrase, necessarily have antonymous compound terms with a prepositional substantive phrase opposite in meaning.

For example, it has recently become very relevant in our country limited liability company- an economic company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents; the participants of the company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the value of their contributions. But this does not mean that there is a term limited liability company, whose participants are fully responsible for its obligations and for possible losses. For such societies, other names are used: Open Joint Stock Company, closed joint stock company and etc.

There are known cases of competition between some antonymic pairs in the 1990s.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, on the borders of the Russian Federation, a kind of new abroad (new independent states - Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, etc.) arose in comparison with the already existing, old, always taking place. This process is reflected in official documents. Thus, the "Programme of measures to support compatriots abroad" (1996) provided for the involvement of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in solving the problems of compatriots abroad, including those Russian republics whose titular population makes up a significant part in the countries new and traditional for Russia abroad. This and only this antonymous pair in this case is consistently used throughout the document as official terms.

However, this antonymous pair new — traditional abroad did not gain a foothold in use, did not enter into the speech practice of the population either at the official or at the household level. Thus, in the commentary to the "Programme of Measures" ( S. Karkhanin. Ros. newspaper) for the generalized naming of countries included in the Commonwealth of Independent States, not used new, a Near Abroad: Perhaps the main problem for Russians in near abroad Today, education has become in their native language.

At the same time, the antonymic pair near-far abroad has been widely used, and at all levels: There are two main directions in Russia's foreign policy. The first is relations with the former Soviet republics, the so-called neighboring countries , the second is relations with the so-called far abroad.

There are linguistic, speech, contextual antonyms. Language antonyms belong to the language system, i.e. are well-known and commonly used: repressed — rehabilitated, moral — immoral, Near Abroad — far abroad etc.

Speech antonyms are those that occur in the speech of certain persons, but have not become public domain. For example: Brezhnev's suit, designed by Igmand, was not only unfashionable, he was, you can say, antifashion (AiF. 1999). Adjective antifashion, probably invented by the author; in any case, it is not recorded in any dictionary.

Contextual antonyms are close to speech antonyms - these are words that are not antonyms, if taken separately, but acquire signs of antonymy in a certain verbal series. For example:

1) The conversation ultimately concerned new things.

Did you buy the cloth from Gasner?

- This is? What do you! From Bucharest... Look closely, what color!

- The color is very pleasant, but ... they say it is no longer in fashion. Here is black! Well, that one never goes out of style... Verified!

If the material was black, then in the mouth of an envious person from "verified" he turned into "bored" and "beaten" (Y. Kolesnikov); 2) And power at and mafia sometimes / close in nature: / They stubbornly among themselves / Leading the fight against crime V. Orlov); 3) It didn’t even stop that the neighborhood of two Vladimirs - Baptist and atheist- this is nonsense in every sense: political, moral and historical ( B. Oleinik).

Of course, words taken out of context verified — bored, beaten; power — mafia; Baptist — atheist are not antonyms.

A variety of antonyms includes the so-called conversives - pairs of words that express the reverse relationship in the original and derived statements. For example: school students sent parcel fighters special forces. — Fighters special forces got mail from school students. The subject of the first utterance ( students) and its destination object ( fighters) change roles in the second utterance, where the subject becomes fighters, and the object - the source of something - students. Such relations between subject and object, expressed lexically - in converse words, resemble similar relations in active and passive turns of speech. Wed: The graduate student summarizes the article. — Article outlined graduate student. Here the conversion is expressed by the forms of the verb - transitive ( outlines) and return ( outlined).

There is another group of antonyms - euphemisms - words that express the opposite meaning in a softened way. Usually euphemisms are formed by adding the prefix not- to the original word beautiful — ugly, but ugly; thrifty — wasteful, but careless; noble(Human) - short, but base.

Antonyms usually act as a pair, although one of them can sometimes be opposed by two or more lexical units at the same time. For example: hot Cold (ice); rude — polite (courteous, delicate); dirty, owl. in. pollute — clean, owl. in. clean out (clean up). The words in brackets are antonyms.

If a word has many meanings, then each of its meanings can be included in a special antonymic pair. For example:

• 1) noun protection in the meaning of "protection from hostile actions" opposes attack, and the noun protection in the meaning of "protecting party in a lawsuit" - accusation;
• 2) the adjective is light, "performed without much difficulty", opposite difficult, and the adjective easy, "insignificant in weight", — heavy.

Antonymy as an artistic technique (antithesis) is often used in literary works, helping to create a contrast of images, to emphasize the opposition of signs and actions, which makes statements more emotional and memorable. Here is one phrase from E. Yevtushenko, where a whole chain of antonymic pairs is strung: Apart from funny and sad , besides vile and good , besides life and of death there is still world infinity on earth.

Of the antonymic dictionaries, the most famous are two:

Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. About 2000 antonymic pairs. M., 1978.

Lvov M. R. School dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. M., 1980.

§ 129. Antonyms (from Grsch. anti-"against" and oputa -"name") are usually defined as "words opposite in meaning", "words having opposite meanings", "words with opposite meanings to each other", "words diametrically opposed in conceptual meaning". At the same time, the semantic correlation of antonymous words is often emphasized: "Antonyms are words of different meanings that express opposite, but correlative concepts with each other." When defining the concept of antonyms, sometimes attention is drawn to their belonging to the same part of speech (cf.: "ANTONYMS ... - words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings").

Semantic relations between words expressing opposite meanings, i.e. which are antonyms are called antonymic relations, antonymic opposition, or antonymy. "ANTONYMY - a type of semantic relations of lexical units that have opposite meanings ( antonyms)...". The combination of words related by antonyms is called antonymous pair(antonymic row), or antonymic opposition.

Antonymic relations between words are possible provided that these words express a qualitative feature. Antonyms can be "words that have a qualitative feature in their meaning and therefore are able to be opposed to each other as opposite in meaning." A qualitative sign can be expressed in words that "designate phenomena that have qualitative, quantitative, temporal and spatial significance." Most often, a qualitative feature is expressed by adjectives, so antonymy is most common among adjectives, for example: white - black, close – distant, big – small, tall – low, long – short, expensive – cheap, soft – rough, early - late, strong – weak, old – young. Less commonly, antonyms are found among other parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, for example: day - night, winter - summer, good – evil, start – end, south - north; lie down - get up, fall - rise, observe – violate; ahead – back, fast – slowly, early – late; in – from, under – above.Нс form antonymic pairs of words or separate lexico-semantic variants of words with specific meanings that do not have evaluative semantics, for example, nouns meadow, forest, field, lake, road, house, table(at least in direct, nominative meanings), adjectives blue, purple, wooden, Verbs draw, examine and many others.

§ 130. Polysemantic words enter into antonymic relations in their separate meanings (lexico-semantic variants), therefore they can form antonymic pairs with different words; cf., for example: old(reaching old age) young(underage, not yet old) and old(long used) - new(first created or made, appeared or emerged recently). At the same time, different polysemantic words may be in antonymic relations not in all their meanings, but only in one or several of them. For example, a noun day forms an antonymic pair with the word night only in the first, nominative meaning: day(part of the day from sunrise to sunset, between morning and evening) - night(part of the day from sunset to sunrise, between evening and morning). Obviously, in such cases one can speak of partial antonyms, or partial antonymy. Sometimes antonymic nars also form such polysemantic words that are opposed to each other in all lexical meanings. So, but according to explanatory dictionaries, antonymous nouns north and south opposed to each other in all three lexical meanings: north(1. One of the four cardinal directions and a direction opposed to the south ... 2. The area lying in this direction ... 3. The area with a cold, harsh climate, cold edges) - south(1. One of the four cardinal points and a direction opposite to the north ... 2. The area lying in this direction ... 3. The area with a warm, hot climate, warm edges). Such words can be called, respectively, full antonyms, and the relationship between them complete antonymy. Full antonyms are, of course, all single-valued words that form antonymic pairs.

§ 131. Like synonyms, antonyms differ in structure, i.e. are divided into heterogeneous and single root, sometimes called grammatical, or lexico-grammatical. In heterogeneous antonyms, the opposite of meaning is expressed by root morphemes, which is especially pronounced in non-derivative antonymous words (see examples above). In single-root antonyms, this function is performed by certain derivational means. In Russian, these are mainly prefix morphemes (cf., for example: friend – enemy, revolution – counter-revolution, expensive - inexpensive, handsome - ugly, young – middle-aged, strong - powerless, finite - endless, above-ground - underground, make – take out, close – open, assemble - disassemble). Sometimes (very rarely) word-building suffixes or inflections are used as such means (cf.: house – house, hand - hand, husband - wife and some others).

§ 132. As noted above, polysemantic antonymous words are usually opposed to each other in separate lexical meanings, in separate lexico-semantic variants. According to the definition of L. A. Novikov, "the elementary unit of antonymy, opposition is the lexico-semantic version of the word." Among the lexico-semantic variants of the same polysemantic word, there may be variants with opposite semantics, i.e. in antonymic relations with each other, for example: priceless -"very valuable, above any price" and (obsolete) "not valuable, of little value"; definite- "firmly established" and "some, this or that"; blow out- "by blowing, extinguish, for example, a candle" and "ignite, put into action (about a blast furnace)"; listen- "perceive by ear, listen" and (colloquial) "not perceive by ear, not hear, skip"; probably (probably) - "true, exactly, undoubtedly" and "apparently, probably, in all probability"; obviously- has the same meaning. Such a phenomenon is called intra-word antonymy, or enantiosemy(from Greek. enantios- "opposite" and sema- "sign"). Intra-word antonymy (enantiosemy) can be defined as the semantic opposition of lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. According to the definition of L. A. Novikov, this is "the opposite of meanings within the same word .., which finds external expression in the context, in the nature of the syntactic and lexical connections of the word (in its different, opposite meanings) with other words ...". The lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word that are in antonymic relations are called enantiosemes, or antonyms-enantiosemes. They can also be called intra-word antonyms.

§ 133. Antonymic words, the opposite of the meanings of which are fixed in the vocabulary of the language, are called ordinary, or language, general language. These include all words with opposite meanings, which are recorded in normative dictionaries (their detailed description is given above). Usual antonyms are contrasted with occasional antonyms, which are usually called speech, less often - contextual, contextual speech, situational, author's, individual, individual stylistic. Occasional (speech) antonyms are words that in themselves, out of context, are not antonyms, but in speech, in a certain context, acquire opposite meanings characteristic of antonyms. Some examples: "Salary [from the secretary of the head of the institution] secretarial, and the clothes foreign"(from the TV show); "Table for pure trays" and "Table for used trays "(from the inscriptions in the dining rooms). Especially often speech antonyms are used in fiction in order to achieve artistic expressiveness (cf .:" A yellow tallow candle equally smoked and palace Petersburg nobleman, and in hut village deacon "(L. Leonov. Road to the Ocean);" Shining with happiness, the youngest of the sisters, Tonya, with her long legs has not yet young woman and no longer girl... ran out of the house to meet them "(A. Fadeev. Young Guard);" He fiercely wanted exist, And we wanted live and we will live" (A. Surkov. Payback).

In artistic texts, words that are ordinary synonyms are often used as speech antonyms, which serves as one of the means of creating an artistic effect. Consider, for example, the use of synonymous words fisherman and angler in opposite meanings in the following dialogue from K. Fedin's novel "An Extraordinary Summer": "[Dorogomilov] - ... You can also earn ... by fishing. [Anochka] - Then you will fisherman but not fisherman." Other examples: "And Uli's eyes were big, dark brown - not eyes, a eyes, with long eyelashes, black mysterious pupils ... "(A. Fadeev. Young Guard); "- ... Grandfathers lived without doctors, they healed the wounds themselves. What do I have wounds? So, injured.."(B. Gorbatov. Unconquered); "Not seen, a seen captain of an American corvette..." (I. A. Goncharov. Frigate "Pallada"); "Oblomov... I heard and not heard how the dry cough of the old woman sounded .., saw and not seen, how the hostess and Akulina went to the market ... "(I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov).

§ 134. Such phenomena as antithesis and oxymoron (oxymoron) are closely related to antonymy. Antithesis(from Greek. antithesis- "opposition") is defined as a turn of speech, expression, stylistic figure, built on a sharp opposition of antonymous words. Sometimes this phenomenon is also called the term "contrast". Antithesis is used "to enhance the expressiveness of speech by sharply contrasting concepts, thoughts, images." Examples: "Learning - light, ignorance - dark"(proverb); "Days and nights"(title of the story by K. Simonov); " live and dead"(novel by K. Simonov). an oxymoron(from Greek. oxymoron- letters. "witty-stupid") is a combination of words with antonymous meanings that express "logically incompatible concepts that sharply contradict in meaning and mutually exclude each other." Some examples: ringing silence, eloquent silence, pessimistic optimism, diachronic synchrony(linguistic term), " Living Dead"(title of the play by L. N. Tolstoy), " An optimistic tragedy(name of the play by V. Vishnevsky).

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sorrow, take off and land, begin and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! Examples of such words, as well as the actual concept of "antonym" we will present in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as "antonyms". Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given ad infinitum. Sweet - bitter; cute - nasty; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words "love" and "hate", "always" and "frequent", "lighten" and "dark" are not antonyms. Can the adjectives "low" and "happy" be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared on one basis. And in our case there are two. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. So, "frost" and "heat" are not full-fledged antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Noun antonyms: word examples

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are quite common. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: adherence to principles - lack of principles; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; the word is silence; dream - reality; dirt - purity; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; start - end.

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Among adjectives, you can find the largest number of pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; day - night; fervent - dull, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - unsure; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - someone else's; obstinate - complaisant; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

Adverbs in this regard are not inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; corny - original; long - not long; enough - not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs in Russian that are opposite in meaning.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to recover; get better - lose weight; to refuse - to agree; accustom - wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig out; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn around - turn away; iron - knead; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To reinforce the learned material, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a gibberish for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place

They don't travel.

What is far, not close at all.

High, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pour from empty to empty.

Do not write on white chalk

And do not call idleness a thing.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

1. ... feeds a person, but ... spoils.
2. ... ... does not understand.
3. ... body, yes ... deed.
4. ... for food, yes... for work.
5. ... saddled, but ... galloped.
6. Day to day strife: today ... and tomorrow ...
7. Prepare the cart ... and the sleigh ...
8. One brother... and the other...
9. Today the sea ... but yesterday it was quite ...
10. Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
11. You're always like this... why is today...?
12. The root of the doctrine ... but the fruits ...

Exercise #1: silent - they speak; far close; high - low; arrive - leave; lie - stand; idleness is business.

Exercise #2:

1. Labor, laziness.
2. Satiated, hungry.
3. Small, big.
4. Hello, hil.
5. Early late.
6. Warm, cold.
7. Winter, summer.
8. Silent, talker.
9. Stormy, quiet.
10. Good evil.
11. Cheerful, joyful.
12. Bitter, sweet.

How do we know the world around us? Through images, sensations and words. A child's vocabulary is formed in early childhood and continues to grow throughout life. This process should not be left to chance, it is necessary to connect to it in a playful way, and then the baby will not only replenish his piggy bank of words, but will also begin to notice something more in the world around him. In particular, a game of antonyms, that is, in "Opposites", will become an excellent exercise for the development of figurative thinking. Many people remember this fun from their childhood: one player calls the word, and the other - its antonym. The game continues until the antagonist words run out. Well, or until you get bored.

Name and meaning

How did the antipode words, which are so rich in our speech today, get their name? The word "antonym" came to us from Greece, it consists of two parts: the first part antii is translated as "against"; the second part of onima means "name". The general meaning is "opposite name".

As a rule, antonyms come from the same part of speech, are pronounced and written in completely different ways and are words that are absolutely opposite in meaning. Not all words have a pair in the form of an antonym, however, in our great and mighty, most objects have an antipode.

Examples can be easily found: black color - white color; day Night.

So, words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. They belong to a certain part of speech, and you can ask the same questions to them. Antonyms consider the properties of an object, attribute or action from a single plane, paying attention to certain characteristics, but in meaning they are antipodes. These opposites are formed in pairs, and the combination of words opposite in meaning is called antonymic pairs: pure truth - dirty lie.

Morphological differences

Let's move on to morphology. Carrying out a morphological analysis of antonymic pairs, Russian scholars found out that antonyms are divided into two types according to a structural feature:

• The first type: heterogeneous, in the words of which there are no common components. For example: masculine - feminine (adjectives). Accordingly, a man is a woman (nouns);

• The second type: single-root, obtained by adding prefixes that have an anti-meaning to the common root: enter the house - leave the house; or prefixes attached to the main word: literate - illiterate; polite - impolite; stress - antistress.

Polysemy - unambiguity

In Russian, there are which behave differently:

• Option one: a certain antonym is "attached" to each of its semantic meanings of the word. For example: cold - warm (floor), cold - warm (reception), cold - warm (look). Here, words that are opposite in meaning are combined into pairs.
• Option two: when different meanings of the word correspond to different antonyms. For example: soft - hard (character), soft - sharp (voice), soft - bright (light), soft - hard (earth). In this case, words opposite in meaning do not constitute a rigidly fixed union and depend on the context.

Important! It is necessary to be careful not to confuse polysemantic words and homonyms.

Polysemantic words have two or more lexical meanings united by a common meaning.

As for homonyms, their spelling and pronunciation are equal, but the meaning has nothing in common: turn the key in the door - the key beats out of the ground.

About relationships

Antonyms have a lot of "secrets" regarding the relationship to different categories. Consider them:

• attitude to time: the end of the matter - the beginning of the matter; early rise - late rise; daytime sleep - night sleep;
• relation to space: to be far away - to be close; go left - go right; to be inside - to be outside;
• attitude to quality (feelings, age): to experience love - to experience hatred; show anger - show kindness; happy child - sad child; a young man is an old man;
• relation to quantity: many fruits - few fruits; excess of feelings - lack of feelings; sell high - sell low.

Semantic subtleties

Speaking about antonyms or words that are opposite in meaning, one cannot fail to mention the subtleties of semantic shades inherent in this category of the Russian language. Among them are:

• Contradictory type of antonyms. Here, only the start and end points are available, there are no transitions between them: start - finish.
• Contrary type of antonyms. There is an intermediate point between the starting and ending points: cold - warm - hot.
• Vector type of antonyms. They are characterized by the opposite direction of distinctive features, activities, manifestations: scientific - anti-scientific; left - arrived.
• Conversion of antonyms. In this case, an opposite view of the object (subject) or type of activity is presented: to study at school - to teach at school; find time - lose time.
• type of enantiosemy. Here the semantic meaning of the antonym is diametrically opposite when the structure of the phrase coincides: borrowed a notebook from a friend - lent a notebook to a friend.

Parts of speech

It is not always possible to find words that are opposite in meaning: they are not among numerals, pronouns, and also among proper names. It should also be remembered that antonyms form pairs only within the boundaries of their part of speech, namely:

Opposite in meaning words are often included in the content of works by writers and poets: thanks to these words, texts become more vivid and figurative. At the same time, the authors use the so-called contextual antonyms, which clarify the meaning of a phrase or a voluminous text, as a result of which the description of the character of the characters turns out to be more voluminous.

Antonyms are also widely used in folk wisdom: proverbs and sayings.

Such for Russian speech is difficult to overestimate. Therefore, it is so important to form the child's vocabulary from early childhood, showing him the possibilities of the Russian language.