Spelling of participle suffixes. Participle endings and suffixes Passive participles with the suffix enne

Spelling: spelling participle suffixes(formation of active participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).

Formation of active present participles

Active present participles are formed from the stem of imperfect present tense verbs using suffixes -ushch (-yushch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ashch (-box) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: play - the one who plays, writes - the one who writes, shaves - the one who shaves, builds - the one who builds, shouts - the one who screams, sees - the one who sees.

Formation of active past participles

Active past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form using suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- just like in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - having seen, melt - melted - melted.

Suffix -sh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, in all verbs ending in -whose. In this case, there is an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs ending -ti(in this case, alternations are also possible).

Formation of present passive participles

Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of “impelled”: “driven by a feeling of remorse”; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), and from an obsolete verb "move" .

Many transitive verbs have passive present participles Not are formed (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink and etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .

Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, incessant, unfading, incombustible) and from perfective verbs (beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).

Formation of passive past participles

Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).

Using a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).

Using a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- is cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-yonn-) also used to form participles from verbs with a consonant as a stem (verbs with -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ti: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).

Table “Spelling of participle suffixes”

You looked at the Russian language notes. Continuation of the topic “Communion is” in the following notes:

Active present participles written with the following suffixes:

1) -ush- (-yush-). These suffixes have participles that were formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation: melting (melting), laughing (laughing), painting (grinding), swaying (swaying), bubbling (bubbling).

2) -ash- (-box-). These suffixes are written in participles, which were formed from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: pleading (pray), stinging (sting), dependent (depend), etc.

Exceptions are participles building And squeamish which are formed from verbs rest on And disdain. And in communion future suffix -yush- is added to the stem, but is simplified, so the letter Yu falls out.

Active past participles in suffixes -vsh- have the same vowel as the verb in the past tense (or in the infinitive - before the suffix -th), from which the participle is formed: iron - ironed - ironed, hope - hoped - hoped, glued - glued - glued.

Note. Sometimes the meaning of a word depends on one vowel in a suffix: exhausted(to become weak - to lose strength) and exhausted(to weaken - to deprive of strength).

Suffixes of passive participles.

IN passive past participles the following suffixes are written:

1) Suffix -nn-, if the verb from which the participle is derived has a past tense form before the suffix -l vowels a, e, i: exchanged - exchanged, drew - drawn, offended - offended.

2) Suffix -enn-, -yonn- are written in participles in cases where the verb from which the participle is formed is in the past tense singular. m.r. has a vowel -And- before the suffix -l: stroked - ironed, groomed - groomed, traveled - groomed.

Participles

List and spelling of participle suffixes.

Rules.

• The formation of participles depends on the transitivity and type of the verb:
  • Valid participles are formed from transitional And intransitive verbs.
  • Passive participles are formed only from transitional verbs.
  • From verbs perfect only participles are formed past time. From verbs imperfect type - participles and present, And past time.
• Participle suffixes are formative suffixes. According to a number of sources, words are not included in the basis of morphemic analysis.
• After w, w, h, sch are written a, e, i, y : baked.
• In the suffix -yonn — (-yon- in short form) passive past participles after sibilants are written under stress Yo : defeat yonn th - defeat yeon .
• In the suffixes of short participles one is written -N . But, in short adjectives -NN.
• It is necessary to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
• Only passive participles can have a full and short form: glued - glued.
• Passive present and past participles can be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the active voice form: selling, selling.

List of used literature:

1. Arbatova E.A. Rules of the Russian language in tables and diagrams. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Litera", 2012.
2. Balush T.N. Russian language in tables: a guide for preparing for centralized testing and exams - 2nd ed. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2010.
3. Mironova N.I. Russian language: in tables and diagrams for preparing for the Unified State Exam - M.; Eksmo, 2012
4. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: Short theoretical course. - MSU: Moscow; 2000,
   ISBN
   5-211-05119-X.
5. Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language: A reference book for high school students and those entering universities - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011, ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.

The following suffixes are written in the present participles:

1) -ush-(-yush-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: boron- yush-yush (fight), bubbly-yush-y (bubble), sway-yush-yy (sway), small-yush-yy (grind), half-yush-yy (shower), creeping-yyyya (spread ), tha-yush-y (melt);

2) -ash-(-box-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation: breath- ash-yash (breathe), sting-yash-y (sting), hang-yash-y (depend), glue-yash-y (glue), mol-yash-y (pray), praise-yash-y (praise ).

Note 1. The verbs brezzhit and zizhetsya have the participles gnaw and zizhetsya.

1. In passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive verbs of the imperfect form) suffixes are written:

   1) -eat-(less often - om-), if participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: organize- eat (organize) hesitate (oscillate), check (check), lead (lead), attract (draw), bear (carry);

   2) -them-, if participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation; view- im-y (see), zavis-im-y (depend), glue-im-y (glue), hear-im-y (hear).

Note. The participle movable is formed from the obsolete verb move.

2. In active past participles before the suffix -vsh- the same vowel that comes before the suffix is ​​written -l- in a past tense verb (or before a suffix -th in the infinitive): cle i-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoped, hoped).

   Note 1. Participles from verbs like to become weak - to become weak differ in vowels e, and before the suffix -vsh-; Wed: exhausted e gone("lost strength") and became exhausted and whooped("deprived someone of power") [For spelling e, and in similar verbs, see section 1.11.3, paragraph 3].

   Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes -in-, -lice- the vowel that comes before the past tense verb is also preserved. -l- -th); Wed: get well e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard, heard), akimbo (put akimbo, put akimbo).

3. The following suffixes are written in passive past participles:

   1) -nn- -l-(or in an indefinite form before -th) there are vowels a, I, e: painted-nn-y (painted, painted), vyvalya-nn-y (fell out, felt), insist-nn-y (insisted, insist), sowed-nn-y (sowed , sow), exchanged (exchanged, exchanged), offended (offended, offend), seen (saw, see);

   2) -enn-, -yonn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix -l-(or in an indefinite form before -th) there is a vowel and: vyezzh-enn-y (go out, go out), grown-enn-y (raised, raised), vykhol-enn-y (groomed, groomed), napo-enn-y (give him a drink, give him something to drink); if participles are formed from a verb to -ch: baked-yonn-y (bake), saved-yonn-y (save), uvle-yonn-y (carry away); if participles are formed from verbs that have an indefinite form before the suffix -ti stands consonant: brought- yonn-y (bring), brought-yonn-y (bring), sweep-enn-y (sweep out).

Note 1. Participles with suffix -enn-(-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in whose and on here, here. Regarding verbs it, then, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced using the same suffix -nn-, as from verbs at, at, at. In the Old Russian language, when forming participles from verbs in it before a vowel And a combination appeared je, wherein j caused corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations arose d - g (walk - walked), s - w (wear - worn), z - g (freeze - frozen), v - vl (catch - caught), b - bl (dolve - dugout), p - pl (buy - purchased), m - ml (break out - broken out) etc. Subject to the same consent (j) and changed in e. As a result of re-decomposition (i.e. changing the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs have it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes ( -e-- indefinite suffix and -nn-- participle suffix) one -enn-.

Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb to burn and its derivatives using the suffix -yonn-; Wed: LJ burnt, lit, scorched, scorched, scorched, set on fire, scorched, scorched, scorched(but: burn enny).

Note 3. They differ in the spelling of participles from prefix formations of verbs weigh - hang, knead - stir, roll - swing and under. From verbs to it participles are formed using a suffix -enn-, and from verbs to at(yat)- participles with suffix -nn-(at the same time verbal suffixes -e-, -i- are saved); compare:

hang up hung, hung, hung, hung etc. are formed from the corresponding verbs in it: to hang- "close with a curtain" (The tightly curtained window did not let in any light); hang- “to hang, to put on something” ( hinged door); give short weight- “to deceive when buying, to underweight”; weight it- “divide by weight”;

hang up anna, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from verbs in at: to hang up- "hang throughout the entire space" (All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang- "hang in large quantities" (Various posters were hung in the corridors); hang around- “to hang on all sides, to hang everywhere” (Ships hung with multi-colored flags look festive); hang up- "hang in different places" (In summer, well-hanged laundry dries quickly- sometimes in combination with the word linen there is also the participle hung, but the first option is preferable). Participles on annay have the meaning “placed in large numbers throughout the entire space”, in other cases the participles end in new;

knead mixed, mixed, stirred, mixed and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb months it- “muddle, stir” ( knead dough) - kneading mix, mix, mix, mix;

knead annay, mixed up, crazy, mixed up and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb to interfere - “to turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something” ( stir the tea with a spoon)- knead stir, mix, stir, mix; compare: Mix it well enny cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.;

pump out enny, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat come (from the barn bike) and deflate at (from an oil tank);

shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot through etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs in to shoot: to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot down, to shoot through;

shot yanny, fired, shot, shot, shot (machine gun), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs in yat: shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("adjust aiming"), execution yat; compare: The landing party, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, managed to get ashore; The shell casings fired around indicated a heated battle; A gun that has been sighted does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.

Note 4. In a stable combination of arrows yang sparrow adjective is written with one n[For spelling n and n in adjectives and participles, see section 1.12.2].

1. NN written in passive past participles:

   1) if participles are formed from prefixed verbs: the manuscript you read, the picture pasted on, the fence painted, the path traveled, the film watched;

   2) if participles have a dependent word: recently mown meadow, three years ago a painted picture, a roof painted by a painter, a cobblestone road;

   3) if the participles are formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: broche nn y (throw) given (dat), executed (execute), bought (buy), deprived (deprive), captive (capture).

2. N written in verbal adjectives:

   1) if adjectives are formed from imperfect verbs (without prefixes or suffixes) -ovanna-, -yovan-): white nth house(whiten - imperfective verb), beshe new dog, boiled potatoes, blued steel, hardened bayonet, dried berries;

   2) if adjectives do not have a dependent word: more beautiful n y floor(but: more beautiful nn y oil paint floor), heavier nth barge(but: heavier sandy barge).

Note. The distinction between passive participles and verbal adjectives in some cases is carried out not only by the presence or absence of prefixes and dependent words, but also by meaning. For example, in the phrases t O captive oven and heat nth fat signs denoted by words t oh captive and heat nth fat, of different properties: in the first case, the verbal meaning is preserved (there is a time limit), i.e. the definition is expressed by a participle; in the second case, the sign is called constant (cf. also: tople new milk, ghee), i.e. the definition is expressed by an adjective.

The semantic difference is also observed in the following sentences: While wounded, the commander still gave orders(the word being introduces a temporary meaning into the form wounded, thereby enhancing its verbality). - Soldiers appeared at the edge of the forest, carrying out dead and wounded comrades.(the sign is indicated by an adjective).

3. In short passive participles, unlike full participles, it is written n, in short verbal adjectives, as in denominal adjectives, is written nn:

   1) with a short participle there is (or is thought of) a noun in the form of the instrumental case with the meaning of the doer; compare: The area around the new house has not yet been landscaped(participle). - The area around the new house was small and poorly maintained.(adjective); The sons were always lucky and were spoiled by fate(participle). - The sons were capricious and spoiled(adjective); The article was read and for recording on film(participle). - The girl was musical and well read(adjective); The population was excited about the radio message. - The sea is excited today;

   2) short passive participles are used in constructions:

   with dependent infinitive: Student intends to answer to the question;

   with dependent complement: The athletes were confident of victory; (But: The basketball players' throws were accurate and confident- without addition).

Note 1. Some verbal adjectives are written in short form with n(if they are formed from prefixed verbs, which makes them similar to participles): Her eyes were teary(cf.: crying nn eyes); His coat was worn out(vilify nn oh coat).

Note 2. In nouns and adverbs formed from participles and verbal adjectives, so much is written n, how many of them were in the producing base: bring up nn ik (educated), chosen one (chosen), priest ik (sacred), appointed ik (installed)[hint text = "On the formation of the word protege, see section 1.7.3, note 1], var nik (boiled), smoked ost (smoked), martyr (martyr), ice cream ( from the adjective ice cream n oe - freeze); organized about entering (organized), confused about answering (confused), looking surprised (surprised).

Usch- (-yush-), if participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: bor -shushing (struggle), bubbling (bubbling), swaying (swaying), grinding (grinding), floating (pouring), creeping ( creeping), melting (melting).


Ash- (-yash-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation: breathe -ash-y (breathe), sting-y (sting), hover-y (depend), glu-y (glue), be-y-y (beg), praise-y ( praise).

Note 1. Verbs breezy and zizhditsya have participles dawning and building.

Note 2. From the verbs torment and measure two forms are formed:tormenting, measuring(neutral) and tormenting, measuring(colloquial)

I eat- (less often -om-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: organize -em- y (organize), oscillate (hesitate), check-em (check), led (lead), attracted (attract), carried ( carry);

Im-, if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: type -im-y (see), dependent-im (depend), glue-im (glue), hear-im (hear)

Note. Communion movable derived from an obsolete verb move .

In active past participles, before the suffix -вш- the same vowel is written that comes before the suffix -л- in the past tense verb (or before the suffix -т in the infinitive): kle i-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoped, hoped).

Note 1. Participles from verbs like to become weak - to become weak differ in vowels e, and before the suffix-vsh-; Wed: exhausted e gone("lost strength") and exhausted and whooped("depriving someone of power") .

Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes-e- , -vsh- the vowel that comes before the past tense verb is also preserved.-l- -t); Wed: get well e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard, heard), akimbo (put akimbo, put akimbo).

The following suffixes are written in passive past participles:

Нн-, if in the past tense verb there are vowels a, i, e before the suffix -л- (or in the indefinite form before -т): painted-nny (painted, painted), felted-nny (fell out, felt out), infused-nny (insisted, insist), sowed-nny (sowed, sow), exchanged nny (exchanged, exchanged), offended (offended, offended), seen (saw, see);

Enn-, -yonn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix-l- (or in an indefinite form before-t) there is a vowel and: vyezzh -ennyy (go out, go out), grown-up (raised, raised), groomed (groomed, groomed), watered (watered, watered); if participles are formed from a verb to-ch: bake -yonny (bake), save-yonny (save), keen-yonny (carry away); if participles are formed from verbs that have an indefinite form before the suffix-ti there is a consonant: brought -yonny (bring), brought-yonny (bring), sweep-enny (sweep).

Note 1. Participles with the suffix -enn- (-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in -ch and in -zti, -sti. As for verbs starting with -it, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced from them using the same suffix -nn- as from verbs starting with -am, -yat, -eat. In the Old Russian language, when forming participles from verbs with -it before the vowel, the combination jе appeared, while j caused corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations arose d - w (ho walk - walked), s - w (but with it - worn), z - f (Moro zit - frozen), v - ow (howled in it - caught), b - bl (dol beat - dug out), p - pl (ku drink - purchased), m - ml (howled to wash - broken) etc. Under the influence of the same consonant (j) and changed into e. As a result of re-decomposition (i.e. changing the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs ending in -it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes (-e- - a suffix of an indefinite form and -nn- - a participle suffix) - - -enn- .

Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb to burn and its derivatives using the suffix -enn-; Wed: LJ burnt, lit, scorched, scorched, scorched, set on fire, scorched, scorched, scorched(but: burn enny) .

Note 3. The spelling of participles differs from the prefix formations of the verbs weigh - hang, knead - interfere, roll - swing and under. From verbs starting with -it, participles are formed using the suffix -enn-, and from verbs starting with -at (-yat) - participles with the suffix -nn- (at the same time, the verbal suffixes -a-, -я- are preserved); Wed: finished hung, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from the corresponding verbs in -it: curtains it- “close with a curtain” ( The tightly curtained window did not let in any light); canopy it- “to hang, to put on something” ( hinged door); body kit it- “to deceive when buying, to underweight”; weight it- “divide by weight”; hang up anna, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from verbs ending in -at: zavesh at- "hang throughout the entire space" ( All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang it at- "hang in large quantities" ( Various posters were hung in the corridors); wrap it around at- "to hang on all sides, to hang everywhere" ( Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang it up at- "hang in different places" ( In summer, well-hanged laundry dries quickly- sometimes in combination with the word linen there is also the participle hung, but the first option is preferable). Participles ending in -enny have the meaning “placed in large numbers throughout the entire space”; in other cases, participles end in -enny: implicated th, mixed th, obsessed th, mixed and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb knead - “mash, stir” ( knead the dough) - kneading to mix, mix, knead, mix; mixed up, mixed up, mixed up, mixed up and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb to interfere - “to turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something” ( stir tea with a spoon) - knead stir, mix, stir, mix; compare: Well-mixed cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.; pump out enny, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat it (bike from the barn) and pump out at (oil from a tank); shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot through etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs in -it: shot to shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot; shot, fired, shot, shot, shot (machine gun), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs starting with -yat: nastrel yat, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("adjust specifically"),shoot; compare: The landing party, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, managed to get ashore; The shell casings fired around indicated a heated battle; A gun that has been sighted does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.

Note 4: In stable combination shot sparrow the adjective is written with one n