What is current in physics. What is current: basic characteristics and concepts
Electric current can only operate machines when it circulates in a circuit. An electrical circuit is a channel through which electricity flows. The circuit begins in a power source (for example, a battery), to which a consumer is connected by a connecting wire, for example, an incandescent lamp.
The circuit does not end at the consumer, but returns along the ring again to the power source. The force that maintains the flow of electric current in a circuit is called electromotive force, or voltage. Since consumers weaken the current in the circuit, they are called resistances.
Understanding the relationship between electric current, voltage and resistance can be facilitated by drawing an analogy between electric current and water flowing through a channel (picture above). The battery can be represented as a water pump, and the electric current can be represented as a certain volume of water. Analogues of two electrical resistances (two incandescent lamps) are two drains in the channel.
In such a model, every time water (electric current) encounters a weir (resistance), it drops to a lower level (lower voltage). The volume of water remains unchanged, but its level (energy) decreases. The same thing happens with electric current. When electric current passes through a resistance, its energy is released into the environment and the voltage decreases.
Voltage drop calculation
When electric current passes through a resistance, such as an incandescent light bulb, the force on the charges (voltage) is reduced. This decrease is called voltage drop. The voltage change can be determined numerically by multiplying the resistance value by the current strength.
Electric current and electron flow
Electrons (blue balls) flow towards the positive pole of the current source, i.e. towards the electric current that moves from the positive pole to the negative pole (big blue arrow). The strength of the current depends on how many electrons pass through the cross section of the conductor per unit time.
Electric current in a parallel circuit
In a parallel circuit, the electric current (blue arrows) splits into two separate branches before returning to its source (red battery).
Circuit type and voltage
Serial circuit contains two resistances (R), which alternately reduce the voltage (V). The voltage drop is determined by the sum of the resistances.
IN parallel circuit Electric current travels through different paths. This arrangement of resistances (R) causes a simultaneous voltage drop.
Electrons or holes (electron-hole conductivity). Sometimes electric current is also called displacement current, which arises as a result of a change in electric field over time.
Electric current has the following manifestations:
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Classification
If charged particles move inside macroscopic bodies relative to a particular medium, then such a current is called electric conduction current. If macroscopic charged bodies (for example, charged raindrops) move, then this current is called convection .
There are direct and alternating electric currents, as well as various types of alternating current. In such concepts the word “electric” is often omitted.
- Direct current - a current whose direction and magnitude do not change over time.
Eddy currents
Eddy currents (Foucault currents) are “closed electric currents in a massive conductor that arise when the magnetic flux penetrating it changes,” therefore eddy currents are induced currents. The faster the magnetic flux changes, the stronger the eddy currents. Eddy currents do not flow along specific paths in wires, but when they close in the conductor, they form vortex-like circuits.
The existence of eddy currents leads to the skin effect, that is, to the fact that alternating electric current and magnetic flux propagate mainly in the surface layer of the conductor. Heating of conductors by eddy currents leads to energy losses, especially in the cores of AC coils. To reduce energy losses due to eddy currents, they use the division of alternating current magnetic circuits into separate plates, isolated from each other and located perpendicular to the direction of the eddy currents, which limits the possible contours of their paths and greatly reduces the magnitude of these currents. At very high frequencies, instead of ferromagnets, magnetodielectrics are used for magnetic circuits, in which, due to the very high resistance, eddy currents practically do not arise.
Characteristics
Historically it is accepted that direction of current coincides with the direction of movement of positive charges in the conductor. Moreover, if the only current carriers are negatively charged particles (for example, electrons in a metal), then the direction of the current is opposite to the direction of movement of the charged particles. .
Drift speed of electrons
Radiation resistance is caused by the formation of electromagnetic waves around a conductor. This resistance is complexly dependent on the shape and size of the conductor, and on the length of the emitted wave. For a single straight conductor, in which everywhere the current is of the same direction and strength, and the length L of which is significantly less than the length of the electromagnetic wave emitted by it λ (\displaystyle \lambda), the dependence of resistance on wavelength and conductor is relatively simple:
R = 3200 (L λ) (\displaystyle R=3200\left((\frac (L)(\lambda ))\right))The most commonly used electric current with a standard frequency of 50 Hz corresponds to a wave with a length of about 6 thousand kilometers, which is why the radiation power is usually negligible compared to the power of thermal losses. However, as the frequency of the current increases, the length of the emitted wave decreases, and the radiation power increases accordingly. A conductor capable of emitting noticeable energy is called an antenna.
Frequency
The concept of frequency refers to an alternating current that periodically changes strength and/or direction. This also includes the most commonly used current, which varies according to a sinusoidal law.
The AC period is the shortest period of time (expressed in seconds) through which changes in current (and voltage) are repeated. The number of periods performed by current per unit time is called frequency. Frequency is measured in hertz, with one hertz (Hz) corresponding to one cycle per second.
Bias current
Sometimes, for convenience, the concept of displacement current is introduced. In Maxwell's equations, the displacement current is present on equal terms with the current caused by the movement of charges. The intensity of the magnetic field depends on the total electric current, equal to the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current. By definition, the bias current density j D → (\displaystyle (\vec (j_(D))))- vector quantity proportional to the rate of change of the electric field E → (\displaystyle (\vec (E))) in time:
j D → = ∂ E → ∂ t (\displaystyle (\vec (j_(D)))=(\frac (\partial (\vec (E)))(\partial t)))The fact is that when the electric field changes, as well as when current flows, a magnetic field is generated, which makes these two processes similar to each other. In addition, a change in the electric field is usually accompanied by a transfer of energy. For example, when charging and discharging a capacitor, despite the fact that there is no movement of charged particles between its plates, they speak of a displacement current flowing through it, transferring some energy and closing the electrical circuit in a unique way. Bias current I D (\displaystyle I_(D)) in a capacitor is determined by the formula:
I D = d Q d t = − C d U d t (\displaystyle I_(D)=(\frac ((\rm (d))Q)((\rm (d))t))=-C(\frac ( (\rm (d))U)((\rm (d))t))),Where Q (\displaystyle Q)- charge on the capacitor plates, U (\displaystyle U)- potential difference between the plates, C (\displaystyle C)- capacitor capacity.
Displacement current is not an electric current because it is not associated with the movement of an electric charge.
Main types of conductors
Unlike dielectrics, conductors contain free carriers of uncompensated charges, which, under the influence of a force, usually an electrical potential difference, move and create an electric current. The current-voltage characteristic (the dependence of current on voltage) is the most important characteristic of a conductor. For metal conductors and electrolytes, it has the simplest form: the current strength is directly proportional to the voltage (Ohm's law).
Metals - here the current carriers are conduction electrons, which are usually considered as an electron gas, clearly exhibiting the quantum properties of a degenerate gas.
Electric currents in nature
Electric current is used as a carrier of signals of varying complexity and types in different areas (telephone, radio, control panel, door lock button, and so on).
In some cases, unwanted electrical currents appear, such as stray currents or short circuit currents.
Use of electric current as an energy carrier
- obtaining mechanical energy in all kinds of electric motors,
- obtaining thermal energy in heating devices, electric furnaces, during electric welding,
- obtaining light energy in lighting and signaling devices,
- excitation of electromagnetic oscillations of high frequency, ultrahigh frequency and radio waves,
- receiving sound,
- obtaining various substances by electrolysis, charging electric batteries. Here electromagnetic energy is converted into chemical energy,
- creating a magnetic field (in electromagnets).
Use of electric current in medicine
- diagnostics - the biocurrents of healthy and diseased organs are different, and it is possible to determine the disease, its causes and prescribe treatment. The branch of physiology that studies electrical phenomena in the body is called electrophysiology.
- Electroencephalography is a method for studying the functional state of the brain.
- Electrocardiography is a technique for recording and studying electric fields during heart activity.
- Electrogastrography is a method for studying the motor activity of the stomach.
- Electromyography is a method for studying bioelectric potentials arising in skeletal muscles.
- Treatment and resuscitation: electrical stimulation of certain areas of the brain; treatment of Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, also for electrophoresis. A pacemaker that stimulates the heart muscle with a pulsed current is used for bradycardia and other cardiac arrhythmias.
electrical safety
Includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures. Electrical safety rules are regulated by legal and technical documents, regulatory and technical framework. Knowledge of the basics of electrical safety is mandatory for personnel servicing electrical installations and electrical equipment. The human body is a conductor of electric current. Human resistance with dry and intact skin ranges from 3 to 100 kOhm.
A current passed through a human or animal body produces the following effects:
- thermal (burns, heating and damage to blood vessels);
- electrolytic (decomposition of blood, disruption of physical and chemical composition);
- biological (irritation and excitation of body tissues, convulsions)
- mechanical (rupture of blood vessels under the influence of steam pressure obtained by heating by the blood flow)
The main factor determining the outcome of electric shock is the amount of current passing through the human body. According to safety regulations, electric current is classified as follows:
- safe a current is considered, the long passage of which through the human body does not cause harm to it and does not cause any sensations, its value does not exceed 50 μA (alternating current 50 Hz) and 100 μA direct current;
- minimally noticeable human alternating current is about 0.6-1.5 mA (50 Hz alternating current) and 5-7 mA direct current;
- threshold not letting go is called the minimum current of such strength that a person is no longer able to tear his hands away from the current-carrying part by force of will. For alternating current it is about 10-15 mA, for direct current it is 50-80 mA;
- fibrillation threshold called an alternating current strength (50 Hz) of about 100 mA and 300 mA direct current, exposure to which for more than 0.5 s is likely to cause fibrillation of the cardiac muscles. This threshold is also considered conditionally fatal for humans.
In Russia, in accordance with the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers and the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations, 5 qualification groups for electrical safety have been established, depending on the qualifications and experience of the employee and the voltage of electrical installations.
Electric current is the ordered movement of charged particles.2. Under what conditions does electric current occur?
Electric current occurs if there are free charges, as well as as a result of the action of an external electric field. To obtain an electric field, it is enough to create a potential difference between some two points of the conductor.3. Why is the movement of charged particles in a conductor in the absence of an external electric field chaotic?
If there is no external electric field, then there is also no additional velocity component directed along the electric field strength, which means that all directions of particle motion are equal.4. How does the movement of charged particles in a conductor differ in the absence and presence of an external electric field?
In the absence of an electric field, the movement of charged particles is chaotic, and in its presence, the movement of particles is the result of chaotic and translational movements.5. How is the direction of electric current selected? In what direction do electrons move in a metal conductor carrying electric current?
The direction of the electric current is taken to be the direction of movement of positively charged particles. In a metal conductor, electrons move in the direction opposite to the direction of the current.This article shows that in modern physics the idea of electric current is mythologized and has no evidence of its modern interpretation.
From the standpoint of etherodynamics, the concept of electric current as a flow of photon gas and the conditions for its existence are substantiated.
Introduction. In the history of science, the 19th century was called the century of electricity. The amazing 19th century, which laid the foundations for the scientific and technological revolution that so changed the world, began with a galvanic cell - the first battery, a chemical source of current (voltaic column) and the discovery of electric current. Electric current research was carried out on a large scale in the early years of the 19th century. gave impetus to the penetration of electricity into all spheres of human life. Modern life is unthinkable without radio and television, telephone, smartphone and computer, all kinds of lighting and heating devices, machines and devices based on the possibility of using electric current.
However, the widespread use of electricity from the first days of the discovery of electric current is in deep contradiction with its theoretical justification. Neither 19th century nor modern physics can answer the question: what is electric current? For example, in the following statement from Encyclopedia Britannica:
“The question: “What is electricity?”, like the question: “What is matter?”, lies outside the sphere of physics and belongs to the sphere of metaphysics.”
The first widely known experiments with electric current were carried out by the Italian physicist Galvani at the end of the 18th century. Another Italian physicist Volta created the first device capable of producing a long-term electric current - a galvanic cell. Volta showed that the contact of dissimilar metals leads them to an electrical state and that from the addition of a liquid that conducts electricity to them, a direct flow of electricity is formed. The current resulting in this case is called galvanic current and the phenomenon itself is called galvanism. At the same time, current in Volta’s view is the movement of electrical fluids - fluids.
A significant shift in understanding the essence of electric current was made
M. Faraday. He proved the identity of certain types of electricity originating from different sources. The most important works were experiments in electrolysis. The discovery was taken as one proof that moving electricity is virtually identical to electricity caused by friction, i.e. static electricity. His series of ingenious experiments on electrolysis served as convincing confirmation of the idea, the essence of which boils down to the following: if a substance by its nature has an atomic structure, then in the process of electrolysis each atom receives a certain amount of electricity.
In 1874, the Irish physicist J. Stoney (Stoney) gave a talk in Belfast in which he used Faraday's laws of electrolysis as the basis for the atomic theory of electricity. Based on the magnitude of the total charge passing through the electrolyte and a rather rough estimate of the number of hydrogen atoms released at the cathode, Stoney obtained for the elementary charge a number of the order of 10 -20 C (in modern units). This report was not fully published until 1881, when a German scientist
G. Helmholtz noted in one of his lectures in London that if one accepts the hypothesis of the atomic structure of elements, one cannot help but come to the conclusion that electricity is also divided into elementary portions or “atoms of electricity.” This conclusion of Helmholtz essentially followed from Faraday's results on electrolysis and was reminiscent of Faraday's own statement. Faraday's studies of electrolysis played a fundamental role in the development of electronic theory.
In 1891, Stoney, who supported the idea that Faraday's laws of electrolysis meant the existence of a natural unit of charge, coined the term "electron".
However, soon the term electron, introduced by Stone, loses its original essence. In 1892 H. Lorentz forms his own theory of electrons. According to him, electricity arises from the movement of tiny charged particles - positive and negative electrons.
At the end of the 19th century. The electronic theory of conductivity began to develop. The beginning of the theory was given in 1900 by the German physicist Paul Drude. Drude's theory was included in physics courses under the name of the classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals. In this theory, electrons are likened to atoms of an ideal gas filling the crystal lattice of a metal, and the electric current is represented as a flow of this electron gas.
After the presentation of Rutherford's model of the atom, a series of measurements of the value of the elementary charge in the 20s of the twentieth century. In physics, the idea of electric current as a flow of free electrons, the structural elements of an atom of matter, was finally formed.
However, the free electron model turned out to be untenable in explaining the essence of electric current in liquid electrolytes, gases and semiconductors. To support the existing theory of electric current, new electric charge carriers were introduced - ions and holes.
Based on the above, a concept that is final by modern standards has been formed in modern physics: electric current is the directed movement of electric charge carriers (electrons, ions, holes, etc.).
The direction of the electric current is taken to be the direction of movement of positive charges; if the current is created by negatively charged particles (for example, electrons), then the direction of the current is considered opposite to the movement of the particles.
Electric current is called constant if the strength of the current and its direction do not change over time. For the occurrence and maintenance of current in any medium, two conditions must be met: - the presence of free electric charges in the medium; — creation of an electric field in the medium.
However, this representation of electric current turned out to be untenable in describing the phenomenon of superconductivity. In addition, as it turned out, there are many contradictions in the specified representation of electric current when describing the functioning of almost all types of electronic devices. The need to interpret the concept of electric current in different conditions and in different types of electronic devices, on the one hand, as well as a lack of understanding of the essence of electric current, on the other, forced modern physics to make an electron, the carrier of an electric charge, a “figaro” (“free”, “fast”, “knocked out”, “emitted”, “braking”, “relativistic”, “photo”, “thermo”, etc.), which finally raised the question “ what is electric current? to a dead end.
The importance of the theoretical concept of electric current in modern conditions has grown significantly not only due to the widespread use of electricity in human life, but also because of the high cost and technical feasibility, for example, scientific megaprojects implemented by all developed countries of the world, in which the concept of electric current plays a role significant role.
Ethereal dynamic concept of representing electric current. From the above definition it follows that electric current is directional movement electric charge carriers. Obviously, revealing the physical essence of electric current lies in solving the problem of the physical essence of electric charge and what is the carrier of this charge.
The problem of the physical essence of electric charge is an unsolved problem, both by classical physics and modern quantum physics throughout the history of the development of electricity. The solution to this problem turned out to be possible only using the methodology of etherodynamics, a new concept in physics of the 21st century.
According to the etherodynamic definition: electric charge is a measure of the movement of the flow of ether... . Electric charge is a property inherent in all elementary particles and nothing more. Electric charge is a quantity with a definite sign, that is, it is always positive.
From the indicated physical essence of the electric charge it follows that the above definition of electric current is incorrect in terms of the fact that ions, holes, etc. cannot be the cause of electric current due to the fact that they are not carriers of electric charge, since they are not elements of the organizational level of physical matter - elementary particles (according to the definition).
Electrons, as elementary particles, have an electric charge, however, according to the definition: are one of the basic structural units of matter, formelectronic shells atoms , the structure of which determines most optical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical andchemical properties substances, cannot be mobile (free) carriers of electric charge. The free electron is a myth created by modern physics to interpret the concept of electric current, which does not have any practical or theoretical proof. It is obvious that as soon as a “free” electron leaves an atom of a substance, forming an electric current, changes in the physical and chemical properties of this substance (according to the definition) must certainly occur, which is not observed in nature. This assumption was confirmed by the experiments of the German physicist Karl Viktor Eduard Rikke: “the passage of current through metals (conductors of the first kind) is not accompanied by a chemical change in them.” Currently, the dependence of the physicochemical properties of a substance on the presence of one or another electron in an atom of a substance has been well studied and confirmed experimentally, for example, in the work.
There is also a reference to experiments performed for the first time in 1912 by L. I. Mandelstam and N. D. Papaleksi, but not published by them. Four years later (1916), R. C. Tolman and T. D. Stewart published the results of their experiments, which turned out to be similar to the experiments of Mandelstam and Papaleksi. In modern physics, these experiments serve as direct confirmation that free electrons should be considered carriers of electricity in a metal.
In order to understand the incorrectness of these experiments, it is enough to consider the diagram and methodology of the experiment, in which an inductance coil was used as a conductor, which spun around its axis and stopped abruptly. The coil was connected using sliding contacts to a galvanometer, which recorded the occurrence of inertial emf. In fact, we can say that in this experiment the role of external forces creating EMF was played by the force of inertia, i.e. if there are free charge carriers in the metal that have mass, then They must obeylaw of inertia . Statement " They must obeylaw of inertia ” erroneous in the sense that, according to the level approach to the organization of physical matter, electrons, as elements of the “elementary particles” level, obey only the laws of electro- and gas dynamics, i.e., the laws of mechanics (Newton) are not applicable to them.
To make this assumption convincing, let’s consider the well-known problem 3.1: calculate the ratio of electrostatic (Fe) and gravitational (Fgr) interaction forces between two electrons and between two protons.
Solution: for electrons Fe / Fgr = 4·10 42, for protons Fe / Fgr = 1.24·10 36, i.e. the influence of gravitational forces is so small that it is not necessary to take them into account. This statement is also true for inertial forces.
This means that the expression for the emf (proposed by R. C. Tolman and T. D. Stewart), based on its definition in terms of external forces Fstore, acting on charges inside a conductor subjected to braking:
ε = 1/e ∫F store∙dl,
incorrect in its formulation, due to the fact that Fstore → 0.
However, as a result of the experiment, a short-term deviation of the galvanometer needle was observed, which requires explanation. To understand this process, you should pay attention to the galvanometer itself, for which the so-called ballistic galvanometer was used. Its instructions for use have this option.
A ballistic galvanometer can be used as a webermeter (i.e., measure magnetic flux through a closed conductor, such as a coil), to do this, an inductive coil is connected to the contacts of the ballistic galvanometer, which is placed in a magnetic field. If after this you sharply remove the coil from the magnetic field or turn it so that the axis of the coil is perpendicular to the field lines, then you can measure the charge passed through the coil due to electromagnetic induction, because the change in magnetic flux is proportional to the charge passed through; by calibrating the galvanometer accordingly, it is possible to determine the change in flux in Webers.
From the above it is obvious that the use of a ballistic galvanometer as a webermeter corresponds to the method of experiment of R. C. Tolman and T. D. Stewart in observing inertial current in metals. The question remains open about the source of the magnetic field, which, for example, could be the Earth's magnetic field. The influence of an external magnetic field was not taken into account or studied by R. C. Tolman and T. D. Stewart, which led to the mythologization of the results of the experiment.
The essence of electric current. From the above it follows that the answer to the question, what is electric current? is also a solution to the problem of electric charge carrier. Based on existing concepts of this problem, it is possible to formulate a number of requirements that the electric charge carrier must satisfy. Namely: the carrier of the electric charge must be an elementary particle; the electrical charge carrier must be a free and long-lived element; The electric charge carrier must not destroy the structure of the atom of the substance.
A simple analysis of existing facts allows us to conclude that the above requirements are satisfied by only one element of the “elementary particles” level of physical matter: an elementary particle - photon.
The combination of photons together with the medium (ether) in which they exist form a photon gas.
Taking into account the physical essence of the photon and the above information, we can give the following definition:
Electric current is a flow of photon gas designed to transfer energy.
To understand the mechanism of movement of electric current, consider the well-known model of methane gas transportation. Simply put, it includes a main pipeline that delivers methane gas from a gas field to the place of consumption. To move methane gas through the main pipeline, the following condition must be met: the pressure of methane gas at the beginning of the pipeline must be greater than the pressure of methane gas at its end.
By analogy with the transportation of methane gas, let us consider a diagram of the movement of electric current, consisting of a battery (electric current source) having two contacts “+” and “-“ and a conductor. If we connect a metal conductor to the battery contacts, we get a model of the movement of electric current, similar to the transportation of methane gas.
The condition for the existence of an electric current in a conductor, by analogy with the model of methane gas transportation, is the presence of: a source (gas) of increased pressure, i.e. a source of high concentration of electric charge carriers; pipeline - conductor; gas consumer, i.e., an element that provides a decrease in gas pressure, i.e., an element (drain) that provides a decrease in the concentration of electric charge carriers.
The difference between electrical circuits and gas, hydro, etc. is that the source and drain are structurally implemented in one unit (chemical current source - battery, electric generator, etc.). The mechanism for the flow of electric current is as follows: after connecting the conductor to a battery, for example, a chemical current source, a chemical reduction reaction occurs in the “+” contact area (anode), as a result of which photons are generated, i.e., a zone of increased carrier concentration is formed electric charge. At the same time, in the “-“ (cathode) contact zone, under the influence of photons that find themselves in this zone as a result of flow through the conductor, an oxidation reaction (photon consumption) occurs, i.e., a zone of reduced concentration of electric charge carriers is formed. Electric charge carriers (photons) move from a zone of high concentration (source) along a conductor to a zone of low concentration (sink). Thus, the external force or electromotive force (EMF) that provides electric current in the circuit is the difference in the concentration (pressure) of electric charge carriers (photons), resulting from the operation of chemical current sources.
This circumstance once again emphasizes the validity of the main conclusion of energy dynamics, according to which force fields (including the electric field) are created not by masses, charges and currents themselves, but by their uneven distribution in space.
Based on the considered essence of electric current, the absurdity of the experiment of R. C. Tolman and T. D. Stewart in observing inertial current in metals is obvious. There is currently no method for generating photons by changing the speed of mechanical movement of any macroscopic body in nature.
An interesting aspect of the above representation of electric current is its comparison with the representation of the concept of “light”, discussed in the work: light is a flow of photon gas... . This comparison allows us to conclude: light is an electric current. The difference in these concepts lies only in the spectral composition of the photons that form light or electric current, for example, in metal conductors. For a more convincing understanding of this circumstance, consider a circuit for generating electric current using a solar battery. The flow of sunlight (photons in the visible range) from the source (the sun) reaches the solar battery, which converts the incident light flow into an electric current (photon flow), which flows through a metal conductor to the consumer (drain). In this case, the solar battery acts as a converter of the spectrum of the photon flux emitted by the sun into the spectrum of photons of electric current in a metal conductor.
conclusions. There is no evidence in modern physics that electric current is the directed movement of electrons or any other particles. On the contrary, modern ideas about the electron, electric charge and Riecke's experiments show the fallacy of this concept of electric current.
Justification of the set of requirements for the carrier of electric charge, taking into account its ether-dynamic essence, made it possible to establish that electric current it is a stream of photon gas designed to transfer energy.
The movement of electric current is carried out from an area of high photon concentration (source) to an area of low concentration (drain).
For the generation and maintenance of current in any medium, three conditions must be met: maintenance (generation) of a high concentration of photons in the source area, the presence of a conductor that ensures the flow of photons, and the creation of a photon consumption zone in the drain area.
Electricity Electron.
Lyamin V.S. , Lyamin D. V. Lvov
What do we really know about electricity today? According to modern views, a lot, but if we delve into the essence of this issue in more detail, it turns out that humanity widely uses electricity without understanding the true nature of this important physical phenomenon.
The purpose of this article is not to refute the achieved scientific and technical applied results of research in the field of electrical phenomena, which are widely used in everyday life and industry of modern society. But humanity is constantly faced with a number of phenomena and paradoxes that do not fit into the framework of modern theoretical concepts regarding electrical phenomena - this indicates a lack of complete understanding of the physics of this phenomenon.
Also, today science knows facts when seemingly studied substances and materials exhibit anomalous conductivity properties ( ) .
The phenomenon of superconductivity of materials also does not have a completely satisfactory theory at present. There is only an assumption that superconductivity is quantum phenomenon , which is studied by quantum mechanics. Upon careful study of the basic equations of quantum mechanics: the Schrödinger equation, the von Neumann equation, the Lindblad equation, the Heisenberg equation and the Pauli equation, their inconsistency will become obvious. The fact is that the Schrödinger equation is not derived, but is postulated by the method of analogy with classical optics, based on a generalization of experimental data. The Pauli equation describes the motion of a charged particle with spin 1/2 (for example, an electron) in an external electromagnetic field, but the concept of spin is not associated with the real rotation of an elementary particle, and with respect to spin it is postulated that there is a space of states that are in no way related to the movement of an elementary particle particles in ordinary space.
In Anastasia Novykh’s book “Ezoosmos” there is a mention of the inconsistency of quantum theory: “But the quantum mechanical theory of the structure of the atom, which considers the atom as a system of microparticles that do not obey the laws of classical mechanics, absolutely not relevant . At first glance, the arguments of the German physicist Heisenberg and the Austrian physicist Schrödinger seem convincing to people, but if all this is considered from a different point of view, then their conclusions are only partly correct, and in general, both are completely wrong. The fact is that the first described the electron as a particle, and the other as a wave. By the way, the principle of wave-particle duality is also irrelevant, since it does not reveal the transition of a particle into a wave and vice versa. That is, the learned gentlemen turn out to be somewhat skimpy. In fact, everything is very simple. In general, I want to say that the physics of the future is very simple and understandable. The main thing is to live to see this future. As for the electron, it becomes a wave only in two cases. The first is when the external charge is lost, that is, when the electron does not interact with other material objects, say with the same atom. The second, in a pre-osmic state, that is, when its internal potential decreases."
The same electrical impulses generated by the neurons of the human nervous system support the active, complex, diverse functioning of the body. It is interesting to note that the cell's action potential (an excitation wave moving along the membrane of a living cell in the form of a short-term change in the membrane potential in a small area of the excitable cell) is in a certain range (Fig. 1).
The lower limit of the action potential of a neuron is at the level of -75 mV, which is very close to the value of the redox potential of human blood. If we analyze the maximum and minimum value of the action potential relative to zero, then it is very close to the rounded percentage meaning golden ratio , i.e. division of the interval in the ratio of 62% and 38%:
\(\Delta = 75 mV+40 mV = 115 mV\)
115 mV / 100% = 75 mV / x 1 or 115 mV / 100% = 40 mV / x 2
x 1 = 65.2%, x 2 = 34.8%
All substances and materials known to modern science conduct electricity to one degree or another, since they contain electrons consisting of 13 phantom Po particles, which, in turn, are septonic bunches (“PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS” p. 61) . The only question is the voltage of the electric current that is necessary to overcome the electrical resistance.
Since electrical phenomena are closely related to the electron, the report “PRIMODIUM ALLATRA PHYSICS” provides the following information regarding this important elementary particle: “The electron is a component of the atom, one of the main structural elements of matter. Electrons form the electron shells of the atoms of all chemical elements known today. They participate in almost all electrical phenomena that scientists are aware of today. But what electricity actually is, official science still cannot explain, limiting itself to general phrases that it is, for example, “a set of phenomena caused by the existence, movement and interaction of charged bodies or particles of electrical charge carriers.” It is known that electricity is not a continuous flow, but is transferred in portions - discretely».
According to modern ideas: “ electricity “is a set of phenomena caused by the existence, interaction and movement of electric charges.” But what is electric charge?
Electric charge (amount of electricity) is a physical scalar quantity (a quantity, each value of which can be expressed by one real number) that determines the ability of bodies to be a source of electromagnetic fields and to take part in electromagnetic interaction. Electric charges are divided into positive and negative (this choice is considered purely arbitrary in science and a very specific sign is assigned to each charge). Bodies charged with a charge of the same sign repel, and those with opposite charges attract. When charged bodies move (both macroscopic bodies and microscopic charged particles carrying electric current in conductors), a magnetic field arises and phenomena occur that make it possible to establish the relationship between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetism).
Electrodynamics studies the electromagnetic field in the most general case (that is, time-dependent variable fields are considered) and its interaction with bodies that have an electric charge. Classical electrodynamics takes into account only the continuous properties of the electromagnetic field.
Quantum electrodynamics studies electromagnetic fields that have discontinuous (discrete) properties, the carriers of which are field quanta - photons. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with charged particles is considered in quantum electrodynamics as the absorption and emission of photons by particles.
It is worth thinking about why a magnetic field appears around a conductor with current, or around an atom in whose orbits electrons move? The fact is that " what is called electricity today is actually a special state of the septon field , in the processes of which the electron in most cases takes part along with its other additional “components” "("PRIMODIUM ALLATRA PHYSICS" p. 90).
And the toroidal shape of the magnetic field is determined by the nature of its origin. As the article says: “Taking into account the fractal patterns in the Universe, as well as the fact that the septon field in the material world within 6 dimensions is the fundamental, unified field on which all interactions known to modern science are based, it can be argued that they all also have the form Torah. And this statement may be of particular scientific interest to modern researchers.". Therefore, the electromagnetic field will always take the form of a torus, like the torus of a septon.
Let's consider a spiral through which electric current flows and how exactly its electromagnetic field is formed ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BgV-ST478M).
Rice. 2. Field lines of a rectangular magnet
Rice. 3. Field lines of a spiral with current
Rice. 4. Field lines of individual sections of the spiral
Rice. 5. Analogy between the field lines of a spiral and atoms with orbital electrons
Rice. 6. A separate fragment of a spiral and an atom with lines of force
CONCLUSION: humanity has yet to learn the secrets of the mysterious phenomenon of electricity.
Peter Totov
Keywords: PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS, electric current, electricity, nature of electricity, electric charge, electromagnetic field, quantum mechanics, electron.
Literature:
New ones. A., Ezoosmos, K.: LOTOS, 2013. - 312 p. http://schambala.com.ua/book/ezoosmos
Report “PRIMODIUM ALLATRA PHYSICS” by an international group of scientists of the International Social Movement “ALLATRA”, ed. Anastasia Novykh, 2015;
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