The main social problems of Russia and ways to solve them. Problem

  • 2. Factors of change in average family size and structure
  • 3. The essence of socio-economic problems of the modern family
  • 4. Ways to solve socio-economic problems of the family
  • Lecture No. 6 Culture and family life
  • 1. The role of father and mother in the family
  • 2. Family communication
  • 3. Family life
  • 4. The influence of everyday life on life and personality formation
  • Lecture No. 7 Principles of social protection of the family
  • 1. Essence and content of social protection
  • 2. State guarantees and minimum social standards in the social protection system
  • 3. The role and place of social services in social protection of the population
  • Lecture No. 8 Priorities, principles and mechanisms for implementing State family policy in the conditions of the Russian market economy
  • 1. The essence of state family policy
  • 2. Formation and implementation of state family policy in the Russian Federation
  • Lecture No. 9 Development and improvement of cash and in-kind payments to the family
  • 1. Maternity, paternity, childhood and the social security system
  • 2. Compensation payments
  • 3. Types of social benefits
  • Lecture No. 10 Protection of motherhood and childhood
  • 1. Organization of obstetric and gynecological care
  • I. Medical examination of pregnant and postpartum women.
  • II. Gynecological care.
  • III. Prevention of abortion, contraception.
  • 2. Organization of medical and preventive care for children
  • 3. Work on creating a healthy lifestyle
  • Lecture No. 11 Young family as an object of social protection
  • 1. Social portrait of a modern young family
  • 2. Problems of a young family
  • 3. Measures of social, economic and legal protection of young families
  • Lecture No. 12 Large family and its social protection
  • 1. Types of large families
  • 2. The main problems of a modern large family
  • 3. Social protection of large families
  • 4. Technology of social work with large families
  • Lecture No. 13 Social work with families with disabled people
  • 1. The situation of disabled children in modern Russia
  • 2. Problems of families with children with disabilities
  • 3. State legal framework for social protection of persons with disabilities and their families
  • 4. Experience of social services in the rehabilitation of families,
  • Having disabled children
  • Lecture No. 14 Social protection of single-parent families
  • 2. Socio-economic problems of single-parent families
  • 3. Social and psychological problems of single-parent families
  • 4. Problems of raising and socializing children in single-parent families
  • Lecture No. 15 Social work with the family of older people
  • 1.Elderly people as a social community
  • 2. The role of family in the lives of older people
  • 3. Concept of state social policy
  • Regarding older citizens
  • 4. Regulatory and legal framework for social support for older people
  • 5. Technology for social services for older people
  • Lecture No. 16 Family social assistance service. Structure, functions, institutions
  • 1. Social work in the system of social services for the population
  • 2. Social service system for the population:
  • Principles, functions, types and forms of activity
  • 3. Family social service institutions: their types and specifics of activity
  • Lecture No. 17 Foreign experience of social protection of families
  • 1. Goals and methods of family social protection systems abroad
  • 2. Social support for families in Europe and North America
  • 3. Social support for families in developed countries of Asia
  • And third world countries
    1. 4. Housing security. This factor is the most controversial of all. You don’t need to delve into science to understand that to create a family and have children, you need to have a home, preferably a good and roomy one. And the more children there are, the larger the family, the, quite obviously, larger housing is required (we won’t talk about the other amenities of a home now, although it is clear that they are also necessary).

      The paradox is that in order to get a divorce and leave the family, you also need a home, you need to move somewhere. And thus, housing insufficiency, on the one hand, restrains the growth of marriage and birth rates, and on the other, deters divorces (this does not mean at all that I welcome our eternal housing insufficiency as a panacea for divorces).

    2. 3. The essence of socio-economic problems of the modern family

    3. Throughout almost the entire 20th century. Russia was in a crisis of the institutional structures of society. For almost a hundred years, there has been disruption, modernization, the emergence of new social models, and the loss of old ones in the sphere of family relations. The family, as a structure-forming system of social life, focuses all the fundamental changes occurring in society.

      When accepting the family as an object of social work, it is necessary to take into account the following: its structure, environment, functioning, traditions and customs.

      All social problems characteristic of modern society are reflected in the family, therefore all types of social work technologies are applicable to it to one degree or another - aimed at the social rehabilitation of disabled children, providing assistance to the poor, women, military personnel, etc.

      Currently, there are more than 40 million families in the Russian Federation. The most common type is the nuclear family (from the Latin nucleus, nucleus), consisting of one pair of spouses with or without children. There are 2/3 such families in the structure of the population of the Russian Federation.

      There is also a typology of social risk, that is, the identification of families that, due to objective or subjective reasons, are in a state of life difficulties and need help from the state system of social protection and social services.

      These are families of refugees, internally displaced persons, low-income families, families with an excessive dependent load (large families or those with disabled people), in which there is more than one dependent per worker, single-parent families, families of conscripts. In recent years, new categories of families have emerged such as: families of the unemployed; families of contract servicemen; families living in disadvantaged regions; families whose members work in enterprises and institutions that have not paid wages for months.

      We can say that the complex of problems of all types of families is determined by the question of the purpose of the family in the modern world. Having emerged as the main form of life, the family initially concentrated in itself all the main functions of servicing human activity. Since the family gradually got rid of a number of these functions, sharing them with other social institutions, recently it has been difficult to identify a specific type of activity inherent only to the family.

      The whole multitude of problems associated with the modern family can be divided into the following groups: socio-economic; social and domestic; socio-psychological; fertility and family planning problems; family stability problems; problems of family education; specific problems of “at-risk” families 2.

      Socio-economic problems.

      This group includes problems related to the standard of living of the family, its budget (including the consumer budget of the average family), the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, with the specific needs and requirements of large families, the state system material assistance.

      The most difficult problems to solve in the current crisis situation are: economic problems, but they are the most pressing, everyday ones for the majority of the Russian population. The general deterioration of the economic situation has led to a sharp increase in the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level. Thus, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level (on average per capita) in 2001 amounted to 49.9 million rubles (27.6% of the total population).

      The share of families with minor children and average per capita income below the subsistence level is so significant that they still remain the main group of the poor population. The level of well-being of families is directly related to the number of children raised in them. For example, among single-parent families with three or more children, the share of families with an average per capita monetary income below the subsistence level was 93.4% of families.

      Particularly alarming is the fact that average per capita cash incomes below the subsistence level were registered in 58.4% of families receiving benefits for the period of parental leave up to 1.5 years, i.e. predominantly in young families.

      Short wage level, not meeting the family's needs to support dependents, the lag in the size of social benefits from the increase in the cost of living are factors causing widespread poverty among families with minors.

      The problems characteristic of our country closely resonate with global processes and reflect them in a unique way. The life of a family is closely connected with the life of the whole society and each person individually. Therefore, problems that complicate the situation of all residents undoubtedly affect the situation in the family, and the difficulties that the family experiences leave their mark on the well-being of individuals and the entire population as a whole.

      One of the most difficult family problems today is financial and economic difficulties, low security, inability to adequately provide for the family’s life using socially approved methods of activity. In a society with a healthy economy, the presence of permanent employment is a guarantee of labor security and the majority of the population is able not only to earn a living, but also to help those who, for various reasons - illness, old age, large families, etc. - support themselves and their families themselves.

      In our conditions, financing as social minimum wages, pensions, benefits, etc. Thus, the minimum wage or living wage are purely calculated indicators and have only an indirect relation to the real needs of individuals and families or the real minimum standards of survival. Thus, the minimum wage covers no more than a quarter, or at best a third of the expenses necessary for the survival of an individual, and together with compensation still does not reach the per capita physiological minimum.

      The family budget in our country is based on the equivalent of a husband and wife. The wife's lack of earnings during maternity leave (with sharply increased expenses) puts a young family in a very difficult situation. Of course, the complexity of the problem increases sharply when a child is born into an unemployed family, in an incomplete family, to an unmarried mother, when a disabled child is born, or to disabled parents.

      The increasing degree of payment for education, healthcare, cultural and educational activities forces parents to spend more and more money in order to provide their children with a satisfactory social start in an increasingly competitive environment. Children are becoming a social luxury that is increasingly difficult to afford. However, the strategy of demographic behavior - attitude towards marriage, childbirth, etc. - only partly depends on the financial situation, being determined, first of all, by internal moral and psychological attitudes.

      Another very important problem is related to the living conditions of families. Previously existing methods of resolving it, such as housing and construction cooperation, housing construction by industrial and agricultural enterprises, have almost disappeared. The stock of cheap municipal housing available to middle- and low-income families is practically not replenished. A home loan is extremely expensive and comes with conditions that make it unaffordable for the average family.

      This especially affects the situation of newly formed families. In accordance with the prevailing trend, stumps would prefer to live separately from their parents, but housing circumstances force them to live together, in the far from luxurious conditions of their parents' apartments.

      Meanwhile, there is a direct connection between the deterioration of living conditions and the tension of the family atmosphere, although, however, there is no clear inverse relationship: improving living conditions does not automatically lead to a strengthening of the family. But poor living conditions, overcrowding, and lack of space for proper rest aggravate all other family difficulties and affect the health and school performance of children.

      Complex is employment problem influencing the situation of the family and the situation in the family. Recipes for resolving a crisis situation tested by world practice - the development of small and family businesses, the service sector, folk arts and crafts - turn out to be ineffective due to the inflexible tax policy of the state.

      The majority of the unemployed are women, and many of them have children under the age of 16. Research shows that among those losing their jobs, the majority are young mothers with many children and parents of disabled children.

      Unemployment affects all aspects of a family's life, not just its economic situation. It is known that the loss of work and earnings leads to profound psychological changes in personality, defects in family relationships, and psychosomatic diseases. Moreover, the consequences affect not only the unemployed person himself, but also his family members, including children. On the other hand, if earlier we rightfully spoke about double employment for women who combined work outside the home with work to care for their family, today we can talk about double employment for almost everyone.

      To survive, people look for additional work and cultivate land that allows them to grow food. Naturally, all this sometimes requires excessive labor and effort. If we take into account that the sharp reduction in the consumption of household services (due to their high cost and due to the deterioration of the work of the system of consumer service institutions) deprived families of even the rather modest assistance that household services previously provided them, then the burden on women is no longer double , but triple employment. Hence- deterioration of public health, accumulation of fatigue.

      Considering that attendance at medical institutions is declining, people turn to health care less often, out of fear of losing their jobs and because of the high cost of medical services, the prospects for maintaining health and working capacity are quite problematic. Of course, fatigue and ill health manifest themselves in a deterioration in the psychological background of family relationships, in an increase in scandals and quarrels.

      A peculiar place is occupied by such a phenomenon as declinefertility. In the Russian Federation, this trend, complicated by the economic and moral crisis, has a number of features. Firstly, the decline in the birth rate occurred too sharply. Secondly,“relieving” the family burden is a way of resolving economic difficulties that does provide temporary relief to both individuals and the state: less expenditure is required to maintain or support disabled or less able-bodied members of society. However, historical experience shows that, in strategic terms, the presence of a family and the funds invested in its support are the key to the sustainability of society and its further development. Increases the survival rate of individuals. Unfortunately, at present we do not know a way in which we could influence the birth rate in the direction of its increase. The activities of modern structures to provide assistance to the population in the field of family planning, the dissemination of modern knowledge, medications and technical devices lead to a fairly reliably recorded decrease in induced abortions, although we are still far from civilized indicators in this area.

      Sharp wealth stratification Russian families, which threw the vast majority of the population not even below the poverty line, but beyond it, led to extremely negative moral and psychological consequences in the long term. The income and wage policy, ill-considered and ineffectively implemented since 1992, has led to a sharp weakening of labor motivation and discrediting honest, conscientious work. The inability to achieve personally significant goals in socially acceptable ways leads to the displacement of a significant part of the most energetic and enterprising representatives of the population into the criminal sphere.

      Children and adolescents grow up with the conviction that prestige and respect cannot be found in society, that parental love does not exclude, but provides for corporal punishment: whoever spares the rod destroys the baby.

      Forms of abuse are not limited to beating, they include any violent attack on the personality of a family member, on his right to dispose of his physical, mental and other abilities. Manifestations of emotional and mental cruelty such as ridicule, insults, humiliating comparisons, and unfounded criticism can be no less traumatic. One of the most destructive, although difficult to diagnose, forms of cruelty (primarily towards children) is emotional rejection, coldness, and abandonment without psychological and moral support. If abandonment without care, a lack of care and attention can become a reason for interference in the fate of persons authorized to monitor their well-being (representatives of guardianship and trusteeship authorities, internal affairs, etc.), then a deficiency of emotional warmth does not leave traces of external damage, but leaves a deep and indelible mark on the character and destiny of a developing person.

      The most dangerous type of treatment for personality, health and life itself is physical and sexual violence. Physical violence is often used to force children to engage in depraved acts. However, sometimes emotionally rejected and socially neglected children use their sexual resources to “bribe” adults in order to gain some of their attention. Physical and sexual abuse has devastating effects on children. Survivors are characterized by long-term depressive states, anxiety attacks, fear of touch and contact, nightmares, feelings of isolation and low self-esteem.

      A certain specificity of socio-economic problems is characteristic not only of the family institution as a whole, but also of different types of families, depending on their structure, size, and the presence of social risk factors. Important for social practice as well the question of the presence or absence of children and their number. Large families in most territories of the Russian Federation are recorded in the presence of three or more children (in a number of territories - five or more), and the majority of registered large families have three or four children. Although demographers advocate a family with three children, which, in their opinion, optimally combines the interests of family and society, the citizens themselves who get married mainly practice having few children. Surveys of young people show the stability of this trend, which has already moved into the category of institutional social features of modern society. In addition, studies conducted even in countries that are very prosperous from a socio-economic point of view show that in large families there are risk factors that do not depend on the level of household wealth, but negatively affect the self-esteem of children and hinder their successful social start.

      There is also typology of social risk, that is, identifying families where, due to objective or subjective conditions, social functioning is difficult, they are almost inevitably in a state of life difficulties and need help from the state system of protection and social services. These are families of refugees and internally displaced persons; low-income families, families with an excessive dependent load (large families or those with disabled people), where there is more than one dependent per worker; families raising disabled children; single-parent families; families of conscripts. Recently, such categories as unemployed families have been added to them; families of contract military personnel, families living in disadvantaged regions, families associated with enterprises and institutions where wages are not paid.

      Intensifies instability of family lifestyle, Crisis phenomena are growing, which are only partly due to the socio-economic difficulties experienced by our country. This is expressed, first of all, in an increase in the number of divorces. The divorce rate™ in our country has reached 4.5%, which is one of the highest rates in the world. For every three marriages in the country, there are an average of two divorces. And in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, Sakhalin, Murmansk regions, the Republic of Karelia and in 2001, there were from 803 to 945 divorces per 1000 marriages. In the Magadan Territory and the Chukotka National District, the annual number of divorces exceeded the number of marriages by 10 and 23%, respectively. For these harsh northern or eastern territories, behavior is typical, and... targeted at the “curtailment” of normal social life.

      As the experience of many countries shows, this is caused primarily by a change in the family model, a departure from its patriarchal monocentric type in favor of a demographic, elitist, polycentric type. Technologies for coordinating priorities and interests in such a family have not yet been developed, which leads to private, sometimes unjustified dissolution of such marriages. It is difficult for conflicting family members to diagnose their problems or find ways to resolve them. At the same time, qualified professional assistance provided by family therapy specialists could stabilize the marriage.

      Today, almost every fifth child in our country is born outside the registered marriage of their parents. This phenomenon can be interpreted as a crisis attempt to minimize the family: men do not consider themselves obligated to connect their lives with a woman and their child, although sometimes they agree to register themselves as fathers and provide them with financial assistance for a more or less long time. Often, women who give birth out of wedlock belong to socially disadvantaged segments of the population: migrant workers, temporary migrants, the unemployed or people from families of the unemployed.

      The birth of an illegitimate child to a minor woman is usually associated with insufficient sexuality education and information about contraceptives, lack of access to social resources, and family or social disadvantage. Employees of social education institutions are already familiar with such a phenomenon as minor mothers with many children (three children for a 17-year-old woman); As a rule, this indicates the congenital mental or intellectual limitations of a minor or early alcoholism leading to them. The increase in early pregnancy, including out-of-wedlock pregnancy, is a worldwide problem, but social burdens in the form of low income, illiteracy, social difficulties that push teenagers into prostitution, and a shortage of funds that society can allocate to solve it, especially complicate the situation in Russia. Children born in such conditions are more likely than others to have serious birth defects and health problems; from the first days of their lives they become clients of social services. Finally, a sign of instability in the family lifestyle can be considered the appearance attitudes towards refusing to start a family. For now, it is likely that abstaining from starting a family, postponing the birth of a child, and preferring actual rather than legal marriage is a symptom of external socio-economic ill-being. But, coinciding with the main trends in family development in the world, such behavior options can become habitual and preferred; a situational feature can become an established stereotype.

      Increase in the number of disabled children- another serious problem affecting the position and well-being of the modern family. This is caused by both the general deterioration of the habitat, increased anthropogenic pollution, and the increase in facts of trouble. Changing the views of society, the transition from the isolation of such children (and adults with disabilities) to their integration into society, to shifting the emphasis on raising them in the family and providing assistance to the family in serving children with disabilities, leads to the formation of a network of institutions for the social rehabilitation of children with disabilities and development of methods for their activities. Considering the decline in consumption standards and the deterioration in the quality indicators of each next generation, it should be assumed that social services for children with disabilities will not only occupy an increasing place in social work in our country, but also that such activities should become one of the important factors formation of labor reserves for future decades.

      Thus, helping people with socio-economic problems continues to be a relevant part of social work. However, practice shows that providing universal and poorly differentiated assistance to all the poor is a dead end. Thus, in individual mining towns and villages, where the mines stopped working and benefits were not paid regularly, a whole layer of people has developed who do not work and no longer want to work, who are ready to continue to live on meager state subsidies. An active approach to these people, involving their involvement in any work, solving problems of a socio-psychological nature simultaneously with economic ones, could be much more effective.

    4. 4. Ways to solve socio-economic problems of the family

    5. To comprehensively overcome negative trends in the standard of living of the population, the Government has developed a long-term program for the socio-economic development of the country. It especially emphasizes that Russian citizens need to achieve growth in their well-being mainly at their own expense and through their own efforts. It means: consumption growth must be ensured by personal income.

      The program plans to significantly increase the consumer burden on the personal income of Russians. Much of what families now receive for free or on preferential terms will have to be paid for in the future. A significant increase in expenses of the economically active population will also be due to a reduction in government guarantees and the fullest possible mobilization of citizens’ funds to pay for social benefits and services. What are these expenses?

      Thus, parents will have to spend significantly more on their children’s education. State guarantees of free education will be limited only to completion of secondary education. In the future, free access will be selective and subject to a number of difficult conditions. It’s easier to say that they will become predominantly paid.

      More funds will need to be allocated to maintaining your health. It is planned to reduce state guarantees in healthcare. Their scope, unlike the education sector, is not clearly defined in the program. However, a line towards reducing government obligations is visible. The budget is expected to cover expenses only for a narrow range of socially significant diseases, the purchase of particularly expensive equipment, and new construction, mainly on a program basis.

      We can expect a reduction in the basic medical and social insurance program, which, according to the government, should cover the bulk of the types and volumes of free medical care. It is planned to transfer part of the medical services and drug provision currently established by compulsory insurance to voluntary insurance. Voluntary insurance for these services will naturally require additional funds from the population. We should also expect an increase in personal expenses for health resort services.

      Significant costs will have to be incurred for the maintenance of housing and communal services. So-called housing compensation for low-income people will not save the matter. They will be reimbursed at the expense of other families. The bulk of the population will have to pay for most types of currently preferential consumption, fully or partially free benefits.

      Thus, the growth of personal income should not only cover additional expenses, but also ensure an almost twofold increase in personal consumption.

      What path is proposed to achieve a higher level and a different structure of consumption? But in fact, a different quality of life!

      The calculation is made to create a favorable business and investment climate, macroeconomic and structural policies. According to the program developers, they will ensure sufficient income for the working population. The strategy of economic modernization involves equalizing the opportunities of the population within various parts of the economic system.

      However, one should not rely too much on the automatic influence of economic conditions on the growth of the standard of living of the bulk of the population. It is known that in a market environment, the distribution of income can create a “surplus” population and increase inequality, while the corporate community only deepens it.

      From all this it follows that the created conditions must be supported by an income policy, that is, the development of methods for transforming possibility into reality.

      Thus, an important task of social policy is to establish the trajectory of change and the relationships between the main sources of income. Behind this lies the attitude of the state towards the welfare of various segments of society: employees, entrepreneurs, owners, as well as people living on social benefits.

      The main problem is that in the last decade there has been a process of depreciation of labor. About half of the employed now receive wages below the subsistence level.

      In order to achieve the growth of personal consumption planned in the program, the purchasing power of wages must be increased, according to expert estimates, by at least 2.5 times, bearing in mind that in 2000 it amounted to approximately 32% of the 1990 level. If If we limit the increase in wages at a rate corresponding to the expected growth in labor productivity, this will allow us to bring its level only to 60% of the 1990 level, which will not provide the bulk of the population with the intended consumption.

      Thus, if on average real cash incomes need to be increased by approximately 2 times (which is also provided for in the program), then the increase in wages should be significantly higher.

      It follows from the draft program that the strategic goal in reducing social inequality is to increase the total share of income of middle-income groups of the population, the formation of an independent middle class that ensures stable mass domestic demand. However, its achievement will also not happen on its own.

      According to experts, during the 90s the share of people with average incomes decreased by approximately three times and in 2000 amounted to about 15% of the total population. Without the effective levers outlined in the program, average growth rates of real cash incomes can be achieved, but not at the expense of average income groups, but by increasing the minimum income of low-income groups of the population and their very high level among rich Russians.

      In order to achieve the restoration of the standard of living in the next decade for the majority of the population, achieved at the turn of the 90s, as well as the formation of a new quality of life corresponding to the social market economy, the transformation of living conditions must be aimed at to resolve the following main tasks:

      Increasing the real price of labor, activating motives and incentives for work and entrepreneurial activity, restoring in the new conditions the connection between income and the growth of labor productivity and business performance;

      Preventing further destruction of minimum social guarantees for the population. Providing a living wage to all those in need through an active state policy of income redistribution;

      The transition from partial stabilization of the population's standard of living to general stabilization (among the main social groups; for most components of the standard of living; in the majority of regions).

      This will require: effective state regulation of the labor market and, above all, employment. State regulation of the labor market must be considered not in a narrow sense (as the ratio of the number of vacancies and job seekers), but as a complex problem of including individual labor in the process of social reproduction.

      Employment needs to be linked to labor and job balances. It is necessary to determine the parameters for ensuring full employment and characterize the requirements for increasing its efficiency; the scale and form of underemployment, which is an important condition for the effectiveness of employment. It will be necessary to analyze trends in the behavior of the population in the labor market and changes in the structure of employment depending on the dynamics of various forms of ownership, sources and levels of income of the population, especially on policies in the field of wages, capital income and entrepreneurial activity. The employment law should be focused not on social support for the unemployed, but on expanding modern areas of employment, increasing its productivity, advanced vocational training and retraining of workers.

      An important place should be given to the system of measures to regulate unemployment, determining its natural level, the scale due to the decline in production, including the hidden part. Ways to overcome unemployment caused by a drop in production depend on the characteristics of individual categories of the population, especially women and youth. The introduction of flexible forms of employment can help reduce female unemployment. For young people, a solution to this problem can be achieved by expanding the scope of educational services. Social protection of the unemployed should be based on professional retraining and participation in public works during the period of temporary unemployment.

      An important place should be given in practical social policy to the peculiarities of the formation of all-Russian and regional labor markets, the regulation of employment in areas with a shortage and excess of labor resources.

      Increasing the level of wages. It is necessary to provide not just an increase in its size, but an increase in the purchasing power of wages. For the foreseeable future, it would be possible to put forward the task of restoring the purchasing power of wages to the level that was achieved at the turn of the 90s. To achieve this, the purchasing power of wages must be increased by 2.5 times. This will require a corresponding restoration of GDP, i.e. it is associated with economic growth.

      Due to the scale of such a shift, on the way to it, it is advisable to highlight the stage of restoring an economically justified level of purchasing power of wages. Here we mean the level that would be possible given the actual rates of change in GDP that have developed over these years. In order to restore the economically justified level of purchasing power of wages, it (by analogy with the relative level of GDP in comparable prices per person employed in the economy) should be 67% of the level of 1990 with an actual 32% in 2000. For this, the purchasing power of wages labor needs to be increased by approximately 1.7 times relative to its level in 1998.

      Measures to increase the purchasing power of wages must combine a systematic review of nominal wages with their indexation in the intervals between these decisions. This is due to the need to maintain the purchasing power of wages in conditions of high inflation.

      Comparison of the number and dynamics of population groups with wages below the minimum and above the consumer budget of high income is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the ongoing socio-economic policy.

      Transformations of social security. To increase the level of social security, it is necessary to implement major general economic measures:

      1. Overcoming hidden wages is one of the cardinal sources of replenishing insurance premiums. According to experts, the amount of lost contributions due to hidden wages annually amounts to more than half of the paid contributions. This money would be enough to cover the entire need for temporary disability benefits, or more than triple the need for benefit payments:

      for pregnancy and childbirth,

      at the birth of a child and for caring for him until he reaches 1.5 years.

      2. Improving the tax system. Reducing the share of contributions, taxes and fees in the revenue of organizations. It is necessary to take measures to reduce the tariff of insurance premiums as a result of a set of measures to expand the base of insurance premiums and strengthen the targeting of insurance payments.

      An important role will be played by the specification of the pension reform envisaged in our country. This specification will require the development of additional pension provision, as well as special pension systems for liberal professions workers, farmers and other categories of the self-employed population.

      The organization of social security as a mixed system does not exclude, but on the contrary, presupposes the setting of very specific tasks for targeted support of the population.

      Targeted social support for the population. The right to receive state social assistance must be linked to the requirements of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation “On the Living Wage in the Russian Federation” and “On State Social Assistance”, the latter of which must be significantly specified and include all types of payments, and in-kind provision of goods and services with taking into account needs. In the process of implementing these laws, it is necessary to gradually move to determining the living wage for families of various types and sizes (complete, single-parent, families of pensioners, disabled people, etc.), which will make it possible to more accurately take into account their living conditions and increase the targeting of social support to specific categories of the population.

      Different living conditions in the territories suggest different possibilities for organizing social support.

      Investments in the social sphere. The development of the life support sector requires the priority direction of a larger volume of investment in housing construction, healthcare, education, culture, science and other sectors of social infrastructure. To achieve this, it is necessary to accelerate the development of social standards for housing provision and the development of a network of medical, educational and cultural institutions.

      Sources of financing for social infrastructure facilities, along with traditional sources, could be funds from the population accumulated to create financial mechanisms for long-term lending, mortgages and other collateral. For these purposes, it is advisable to direct the financial resources of endowment insurance funds under state guarantees of their return and funds from regional and local budgets, generated through housing, educational, bond loans and other financial mechanisms.

      The accelerated development of the education sector is especially relevant. To do this, it is necessary to invest appropriate resources in it.

      The implementation of the planned measures will be successful if public associations, entrepreneurs and the state interact. This will restore people's trust in the authorities and direct resources towards national revival.

      The guidelines put forward in the government program in the field of income and living standards of the population need greater justification and specification. This could be facilitated by the development of a concept for increasing the level and quality of life.

    1. Questions for self-control

      What types of families are distinguished by modern science and practice?

      Describe the main socio-economic problems of the modern family.

      Which of these problems are the most difficult for a modern family?

      What ways to solve problems are outlined in the country's socio-economic development program developed by the Government of the Russian Federation?

      What problems need to be solved in order to restore the standard of living of the Russian population?

      What will it take to restore the population's living standards in the next ten years?

    1. Literature

      Arkhangelsky V. Ya. On the issue of family policy and social support for families in the Russian Federation // Family in Russia, 1994, No. 1.

      Breeva E. B. Social work program with the unemployed and their families. M., 1994.

      Darmodekhin S.V. State family policy: principles of formation and implementation // Family in Russia, 1995, 3-4.

    Nuretdinova Yu. V. 1, Bogdanova E. V. 2

    1 Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy named after P. A. Stolypin; 2 Student, Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy named after P. A. Stolypin

    SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TERRITORIES AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

    annotation

    The article examines the main socio-economic problems of the agro-industrial complex and their impact on the development of rural regions. Particular attention is paid to changes associated with Russia's accession to the WTO. The main directions for solving existing problems have also been identified.

    Keywords: rural areas, agro-industrial complex, Russia, agriculture.

    Nuretdinova Y.V. 1, Bogdanov E.V. 2

    1 PhD, Associate Professor, Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy named after PA Stolypin; 2 Student, Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy named after PA Stolypin

    SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTIONS

    Abstract

    The article describes the main socio-economic problems of agriculture, their influence on the development of rural areas. Particular attention is given to the changes related to Russia’s WTO accession. And also identified key areas for the existing problems.

    Keywords: rural areas, agriculture, Russia, agriculture.

    Historically, agriculture is the foundation for the economic system of the Russian state, and its effective functioning is the basis for the well-being of our country and a guarantee of food security. It is no coincidence that today the main problem of further development for Russia is the rethinking, selection and implementation of directions for the socio-economic development of the agricultural sector.

    In the Concept of Sustainable Development of Rural Territories for the period up to 2020, sustainable development of rural territories is understood as the stable development of the rural community, ensuring increased efficiency of the rural economy, improving the quality and standard of living of the rural population, and maintaining the natural and ecological life support system.

    In connection with Russia's accession to the WTO, a period of adaptation is required, which makes it possible to achieve the required efficiency, in which, if successful, a transition to modern Western technologies, a reduction in the cost of products, and an improvement in their quality are inevitable. However, we will have to give up the legend that Russia is a special country with more difficult climatic conditions, since among the WTO member countries there are states with worse living conditions that do not have sufficient raw material resources. Russia's agricultural sector may suffer not only due to low production efficiency, but also due to imperfect management systems.

    Within the WTO, “baskets” have been established that determine the directions and volumes of state support for agriculture. State authorities of the Russian Federation must plan the development of domestic agriculture taking into account these documents.

    The “green box” includes measures that do not have a negative impact on production and trade and are not intended to support producer prices.

    In terms of the volume of green box measures being implemented, countries must only provide information to the WTO headquarters. The “blue box” refers to direct payments under agricultural production reduction programs, tied to crop yields and fixed areas of crops and livestock. They do not distort global trade and are not regulated. No information required.

    During the negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO, the main disagreements were over the “yellow box” measures, which are focused on direct government support for agriculture. As a result, it was decided to reduce the permissible amount of support by 2 times - from $9 billion in 2012 to $4.4 billion in 2018 and subsequent years.

    State regulation should ensure the targeted effective functioning of the agro-industrial complex as a whole. The primary task is to reduce food dependence on imports while increasing per capita food consumption, creating organizational and economic conditions for the effective work of agricultural producers and processing industry enterprises. The state’s agricultural policy should be aimed at the development of a sustainable and competitive agricultural sector, contributing to the country’s food security and equalizing the quality of life of the rural and urban population.

    State programs are designed to create the necessary conditions for solving the main production, financial, economic and social problems in agriculture and rural areas, as well as to promote the implementation of the entire set of goals for the country’s socio-economic development.

    In accordance with the Federal target program “Sustainable development of rural areas for 2014-2017 and for the period until 2020”, 99.4 billion rubles will be allocated from the budgets for 2013-2020, including by year: 2013 - 9, 0 billion rubles; 2014 – 9.0 billion rubles; 2015 – 9.0 billion rubles. ; 2016 – 10.6 billion rubles. ; 2017 – 11.9 billion rubles; 2018 – 14.2 billion rubles; 2019 – 16.5 billion rubles; 2020 – 19.2 billion rubles. .

    Social tension, which may arise in the event of the bankruptcy of a large number of agricultural producers, poses a huge risk for agricultural regions. The problem itself is not directly related to the WTO, but an additional increase in the volume of imported food, which will compete on equal terms with the products of large domestic producers, may push them to ruin.

    To solve problems, it is necessary: ​​an adequate state agricultural policy, focused on effective measures to increase the competitiveness of agricultural products, integration of agricultural markets of states, as well as the creation of a mechanism for managing problem areas, and one of the possible options could be a cluster approach. A cluster consists of interconnected firms located at a relatively short distance from each other in the same region, operating in the same industry, located in the same production chain and combining their labor resources and communication flows.

    So, in accordance with the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Ulyanovsk region for the period until 2020, one of the areas of development of the region is the creation and improvement of clusters. In Ulyanovsk there already exist such clusters as aviation, automobile, nuclear, tourism, IT cluster, mechanical engineering and the only cluster of creative forces in Russia. However, the agro-industrial cluster is just being formed and it will take time and effort for its sustainable functioning.

    Literature

    1. Kuznetsov R. A. On the issue of developing a mechanism for managing the socio-economic development of problem territories // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. – 2013. – No. 10 (056). – pp. 82-86
    2. Beznosov G. A., Malysheva M. S. WTO and problems of development of the Russian agro-industrial complex // Youth and science. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 34
    3. Nuretdinova Yu. V., Nuretdinov I. G. Material incentives for the effective use of agricultural land // Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University. – 2013. – No. 5 (103). – pp. 160-162
    4. State program for 2013-2020. [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.mcx.ru/navigation/docfeeder/show/342.htm (access date 02.23.2014)
    5. Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Ulyanovsk region for the period until 2020. [Electronic resource] URL: http://ulgov.ru/page/index/permlink/id/3425 (date accessed 02/23/2014)

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    Macroeconomics

    Social problems of Russia and alternative ways to solve them

    INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

    1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

    CHAPTER 2. MAIN SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND ALTERNATIVE WAYS FOR THEIR SOLUTIONS

    2.1 Rating of social problems

    2.2 Poverty, misery of the population

    2.2 Corruption

    2.3 Demographic crisis

    2.4 Alternative ways to solve social problems

    CONCLUSION

    LIST OF SOURCES USED

    ANNEX 1

    introduction

    Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, our country finds itself at another historical fork in the road. Just like a hundred years ago, as a result of incomplete and largely unsuccessfully implemented reforms, an unstable situation has developed in society, within which many serious contradictions have not been properly resolved and continue to grow, including in an implicit form, inevitably bringing the moment of their conscious or spontaneous permissions. At the same time, the process of awareness and scientific understanding of these contradictions clearly lags behind their emergence and maturation, which increases the risk of losing control over the situation and its development according to a spontaneous destructive scenario. In the 1990s, unprecedented differences in comparison with the Soviet era arose in Russia both in the current income and consumption of the population, and in its provision of real estate and durable goods. As a result, social stratification has increased in the country, which is expressed not only in quantitative parameters. The new population groups that emerged (rich, middle classes, middle- and low-income) formed their own ways of life. At the same time, during the years of recovery, despite favorable average economic indicators, the differences between these structures continued to deepen.

    The processes of social reform in Russia indicate the growing relevance and significance of social transformations. Further progress along the path of becoming a civilized market is practically impossible without solving the accumulated problems and contradictions in the social sphere, as well as without the necessary marketization of its industries. The desire to advance only in the financial and economic sector of reforms - liberalization of the rules of economic life without taking into account the entire complex of social realities - led to a “lag in the social rear.” It was mistakenly believed that economic transformations should be carried out first, and then, when the economy is firmly on its feet in market conditions, the turn will come to the person with all his small and large worries. But the economy then stands on one leg; and instead of mobilizing the social energy of the people on a huge scale, the previously accumulated professional and intellectual, spiritual and physical potential is being wasted.

    Thus, the relevance of identifying and finding ways to solve social problems in Russia lies in the fact that the social support system, which is based on universal social transfers, subsidies for goods and services, as well as categorical benefits, is fundamentally unable to solve the problem of redistributing resources in favor of the neediest groups population. In conditions of increased underfunding of social programs, this problem has become especially acute, including political. The social environment is not a “container of economic events”; on the contrary, the entire space represents a single and simultaneous socio-economic process.

    The main goal of the study is to study social problems that are most significant for Russia and search for alternative ways to solve them

    To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

    1. Consider the theoretical foundations of the concept of social problem, social policy of the state;

    2. Identify social problems characteristic of Russian society;

    3. Analyze the main social problems of Russia and propose alternative ways to solve social problems

    The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, 5 tables and 6 figures, a conclusion, a list of sources used and 1 appendix.

    Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects emergence of social problems

    1.1 History of the emergence of the concept of “social problem”

    Social problems of society are issues and situations that directly or indirectly affect a person and, from the point of view of all or a significant number of members of the community, are quite serious problems that require collective efforts to overcome them.

    The idea that there are social problems in society seems as old as humanity itself. Actually this is not true. Although difficulties and suffering can be found in any society at any time in history, the idea that they are social problems about which something can and should be done is relatively recent. Researchers argue that awareness of social problems - the general tendency to see and condemn the conditions of misfortune that happen to strangers, non-close people, the determination to change these conditions - could not have appeared until the emergence in Western Europe of the late 18th century of a peculiar complex of four ideas: the old idea of ​​equality and new ideas natural perfection of man, changeability of social conditions and humanism.

    The most significant role in recognizing the existence of social problems in Western society of the New Age (i.e., the modern era) was played by:

    1) secular rationalism, the essence of which was the conceptual translation of problems and conditions from the ancient theological context of good and evil into the rationalist context of analytical understanding and control;

    2) humanism as a gradual expansion and institutionalization of the feeling of compassion Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. Univ., 2001. pp. 262-282..

    The very phrase “social problem” originated in Western European societies of the early 19th century and was originally used to refer to one specific problem—the uneven distribution of wealth. The concept of a social problem as an undesirable situation that can and should be changed is used somewhat later in Western societies when trying to comprehend the social consequences of the industrial revolution: the growth of cities, and with it the growth of urban slums, the destruction of traditional ways of life, the erosion of social guidelines. In the United States, the concept of a social problem began to be used at the end of the Civil War of 1861 - 1865, which caused a sharp deterioration in the living conditions of most of the population. In England, a significant role in realizing the existence of social problems was played by data from statistical surveys that appeared towards the end of the 19th century. Statistical descriptions of the poverty of certain sections of the British population, presented primarily by C. Booth and B.S. Rowntree, amazed the British public. According to C. Booth C. Life and Labor of the People in London, London, 1889-1891, published in 1889, one third of London residents lived in abject poverty. In London, according to Charles Booth, there were 387 thousand poor, 22 thousand malnourished and 300 thousand starving. Similar data were provided by B.S. Rowntree in relation to the working population of the English city of York, a third of whom were in a state of physical or absolute poverty.

    “Every social problem,” write Fuller and Myers, “consists of an objective condition and a subjective definition... Social problems are what people consider to be social problems” Fuller R., Myers R. History of a social problem // Contexts of Modernity-2 : Reader. Kazan, 1998. P. 55. Fuller and Myers also proposed the concept of the stages of existence of a social problem, which lies in the fact that social problems do not immediately arise as something final, mature, enjoying public attention and causing an adequate policy for their solution. On the contrary, they reveal a temporal order of development in which different phases or stages can be distinguished, such as: 1) the awareness stage, 2) the policy-making stage, 3) the reform stage. A social problem is thus understood by them as something always in a dynamic state of “becoming.” Constructionism presupposes a fundamentally different set of questions compared to objectivism that a researcher of social problems must ask. For example, from the perspective of the traditional objectivist approach to homelessness, important questions are about the number of homeless people in a city, region or society, types of homelessness, why people become homeless, what is the role of alcohol consumption in the homeless subculture, etc.

    The constructionist is interested in whether homelessness is a social problem, that is, whether it is a subject of concern and debate on the part of the public, whose claims-claims make homelessness a subject of public attention, how these claims typify homeless people, what is done to make these claims appear convincing, how the public and politicians react to these statements-demands, how these statements change over time, in other words, what is their fate, and therefore the fate of the social problem of homelessness Best J. Constructionist approach to the study of social problems // Contexts of modernity - 2: Reader. Kazan, 1998. P. 80. The study of the social problem of homelessness in Russia involves, in particular, an analysis of the activities of such organizations as Doctors Without Borders, the Nochlezhka Foundation. Website of the Nochlezhka Foundation/ http://www.nadne.ru and some others, by their actions directly or indirectly drawing attention to the situation of homeless people in Russian society and, thus, constructing this problem. One of the strengths of constructionism is also that this approach, refusing to understand social problems as static conditions, proposes to consider them as a sequence of certain events that constitute the activity of putting forward statements and demands. This interpretation is much more consistent with the procedural nature of social reality. As a result, the constructionist approach makes it possible to most closely fit social problems into the context of a transforming society. From this point of view, social problems in Russian society of the last decade arose as a result of certain transformational shifts, such as the opening of channels of interaction through which it is possible to put forward statements and demands regarding certain conditions - the liberalization of mass media, the emergence of constitutional guarantees of the right to free search, receipt, transmission, production and dissemination of information by any legal means, as well as freedom of activity of public associations and the right to peaceful meetings, rallies and demonstrations; development of public opinion research services, etc. Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. Univ., 2001. pp. 262-282..

    So, traditionally, social problems have been and are understood to be certain “objective” social conditions - undesirable, dangerous, threatening, contrary to the nature of a “socially healthy”, “normally” functioning society.

    Social problems can be global in nature, affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. Thus, demographic, environmental, technogenic, food, energy and other problems are currently becoming global in nature, and their resolution requires the participation of most states on our planet.

    Social problems may concern the interests of individual or several social systems. For example, social crises spreading to individual countries, national-ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings. Problems can extend to certain areas of life of a group of people or individuals. These can be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-political, spiritual or social spheres of people’s lives.

    One of the most important ways to solve a problem is to accurately define it. There is even an opinion that correctly posing a problem is half of its solution. Therefore, if the problem is correctly formulated, then this, firstly, allows you to choose the right path to search for the missing information; secondly, it provides the necessary set of social impact tools.

    1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

    social problem crisis poverty

    Changes in the level and quality of life of the Russian population over the past 20 years have transformed into acute socio-economic problems that have had no less acute demographic consequences. Among them:

    Catastrophic decline in income and material security of the main part of the population;

    High proportion of poor people with extremely poor definition of poverty level;

    Unprecedented polarization of living conditions;

    Significant levels of unemployment and non-payment of wages;

    Degradation of social security and actual destruction of the social sphere, including housing and communal services.

    All this could not but affect the state of the population: its natural decline and depopulation began, the quality of the population decreased, and an ineffective model of external and internal migration emerged.

    Currently, the most pressing social problems in Russia include the following:

    Poverty, Social inequality, Standard of living

    Unemployment

    Child homelessness

    Inflation

    Corruption

    Addiction

    High mortality rate

    Terrorism

    The threat of man-made disasters

    Crime, etc.

    Let's take a closer look at some social problems characteristic of Russian society:

    Poverty is a characteristic of the economic situation of an individual or social group, in which they cannot satisfy a certain range of minimum needs necessary for life, maintaining working capacity, and procreation. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the general standard of living in a given society. Poverty is a consequence of diverse and interrelated causes, which are grouped into the following groups:

    Economic (unemployment, low wages, low labor productivity, uncompetitiveness of the industry),

    Social and medical (disability, old age, high morbidity rates),

    Demographic (single-parent families, large number of dependents in the family),

    Educational qualifications (low level of education, insufficient professional training),

    Political (military conflicts, forced migration),

    Regional-geographical (uneven development of regions).

    Inflation (lat. Inflatio - inflation) - an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. With inflation, the same amount of money will, over time, buy fewer goods and services than before. In this case, they say that over the past time the purchasing power of money has decreased, money has depreciated - it has lost part of its real value.

    Corruption (from Lat. corrumpere - to corrupt, Lat. corruptio - bribery, damage) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and the rights entrusted to him, as well as the authority, opportunities, connections associated with this official status for the purpose of personal gain, contrary to law and moral principles. Corruption is also called bribery of officials, their corruption.

    Standard of living (well-being level) is a level of material well-being, characterized by the volume of real income per capita and the corresponding volume of consumption. In reality, the concept of the level of well-being is not identical to the concept of the standard of living. The standard of living is a broader concept and is characterized not only by the volume of real income per capita, but also by a number of non-monetary factors, such as:

    The opportunity to do what you love;

    Level of calm;

    Health;

    Habitat;

    The amount of lost time;

    The opportunity to spend time with loved ones, rest and relax.

    In economics, (general) living standards are measured using indicators. Typically the indicators are economic and social indicators. Often such indicators are considered:

    Average GDP per capita,

    Gross National Income (formerly Gross National Product),

    Per capita income and other similar indicators in the economy.

    The UN evaluates living standards according to the HDI index, which it provides in its annual Human Development Report. At the end of 2012, Belarus is in 50th place, Russia is in 55th place, Ukraine is in 78th place, Kazakhstan is in 69th place, Latvia is in 44th place, Estonia is in 34th place (the highest figure in the post-Soviet space ). In 1st place in 2013 Norway. In 2nd place is Australia, in 3rd place is the USA.

    Social problems in a democratic state are solved by the government through social policy. Social policy - policy in the field of social development and social security; a system of activities carried out by a business entity (usually the state) aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of certain social groups, as well as the scope of studying issues related to such policies, including historical, economic, political, socio-legal and sociological aspects, as well as examination of cause-and-effect relationships in the field of social issues. However, it should be taken into account that there is no established opinion as to what should be understood by the expression “social policy”. Thus, this term is often used in the sense of social administration in relation to those institutionalized (that is, enshrined in legal and organizational terms) social services that are provided by the state. Some authors consider this use of the term to be erroneous.

    The traditional areas of social policy are the following: education, health care, housing and social insurance (including pensions and individual social services).

    The instruments for implementing the state's social policy are social guarantees, standards, consumer budgets, minimum wages and other threshold social restrictions. Social guarantees are provided on a legislative basis, fixing the duties and responsibilities of both the state to citizens and citizens to the state. Funds are allocated as a priority for the implementation of federal programs to support families and children, the disabled and the elderly, health care, and the development of educational and cultural services. Significant monetary resources are concentrated in the following off-budget social funds: pension, employment, social insurance, health insurance.

    Social standards are a means of ensuring the rights of citizens in the field of social guarantees provided for by the Constitution. They are also necessary to determine financial standards. State minimum social standards are developed on a unified legal basis and general methodological principles. For example, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation establish the cost of living per capita based on the proposal of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. This indicator is used to assess the standard of living of the population, in the development and implementation of social policy, federal social programs, to justify the minimum wage and the minimum old-age pension, as well as to determine the amount of scholarships, benefits and other social payments and the formation of budgets at all levels. The minimum consumer budget serves as the basis for planning support for low-income segments of the population during an economic crisis, and is also used to calculate the minimum wage and pensions. In the version of the increased standard, it ensures normal reproduction of the labor force, and in the version of the lower standard it is an indicator of the subsistence (physiological) minimum. The subsistence minimum is the minimum income, one of the most important instruments of social policy. With its help, the standard of living of the population is assessed, income is regulated, and it is taken into account in social payments. The subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of the minimum scientifically based set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to preserve health and maintain human life at a certain level of economic development. It includes expenses on food based on minimum consumption levels, expenses on non-food goods and services, as well as taxes and mandatory payments.

    The state also determined the legislative scope of guaranteed social services provided on a free and preferential basis. Threshold values ​​for indicators in science, education, culture, and healthcare are being developed; they are taken as a basis when calculating the volume of financing for these industries. According to the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, pensions, benefits and other types of social assistance must ensure a standard of living not lower than the minimum subsistence level established by law.

    The basis of the state's social policy is the social doctrine of the development and formation of Russian society. Social doctrine is the most general methodological ideas about the fundamentals of politics in the transition period, revealing analytical and theoretical principles relating to the modern social situation, key problems and contradictions in the social sphere, criteria for action in the transition period, the concept of a social program, mechanisms and methods for solving the most important social tasks.

    The doctrine is the foundation of the strategies formed by the state. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that transformation processes today have a certain specificity, namely that the population’s adaptation to changed socio-economic conditions occurs against the backdrop of an acute civilizational crisis, characterized by a massive change in fundamental mechanisms and instruments of social regulation. The usual norms of social relations are destroyed, a change in the value system occurs, when old stereotypes are gradually discarded, and new ones are formed much more slowly.

    The peculiarities of the current state of society determine the seven main principles of the Russian social doctrine, which determines the social concept of the country's development, its social policy and corresponding action programs. Rimashevskaya N.M. “Reforming the social sphere of Russia: problems, searches for solutions.” 2012. //Information and analytical portal “Socpolitika”

    The first principle is the optimal combination of liberalism and social guarantees.

    The second principle is a radical increase in work motivation, aimed at all groups as a whole and each segment of the population separately.

    The third principle is that the central place among social institutions today is occupied by the family, which has a decisive influence not only on demographic processes in society, but also on the state of social capital. It is organically interconnected with the family, through the formation of human health.

    The fourth principle includes the activation of local government and civil society organizations (charitable structures and social initiatives). Along with reliance on the family, social policy is designed to support the restoration and renewal of specialized institutions based on the values ​​of freedom, human solidarity and mutual assistance. The need to mobilize people for the purposes of social policy requires that today part of the work on the implementation of social programs should be entrusted to self-organizing institutions. In the business environment, it is necessary to formulate norms of a stable image, inextricably linked with charity, with free participation in social programs and humanitarian actions.

    The fifth principle concerns the interaction of federal and regional efforts, the cardinal problem of which is the determination of their mutual responsibilities. The severity of this problem is enhanced by the presence of a significant number of regions that benefit from federal subsidies.

    The sixth principle relates to the technology of constructing a social program of action, as well as to the development of strategy and tactics within the framework of social policy. We are talking about the echeloning of activities in time. The economic component of the reform has clearly shown that a hasty solution to such large-scale and complex problems multiplies the negative consequences that, in fact, accompany any transformation. All the more seriously and carefully, with great preliminary study and testing, one should take the transformation of the social sphere, which concerns, without exception, every citizen of the country.

    Seventh principle. Gender and national-ethnic aspects of the population's condition should be strictly taken into account. This refers to the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, as well as ensuring equal opportunities for social activities and the socio-cultural development of ethnic groups. Social policy must include gender and national-ethnic components as its integral components. Specific steps and stages of transformation of the social sphere include correlation with gender asymmetry and the state of individual ethnic groups in the country.

    Chapter 2. Main social problems of Russia and alternative ways to solve them

    2.1 Rating of social problems

    According to a VTsIOM survey conducted at the beginning of 2012, as a result of which 1,600 people were interviewed in 140 localities in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia, this is what the ratings of the importance of the main social problems of modern Russia look like (see Table 2.1.).

    Table 2.1.- Results of the VTsIOM survey Results of the VTsIOM survey economics. finance. sociology world of measurements3/2012

    Which of the following problems do you consider the most important for yourself personally and for the country as a whole:

    inflation, rising prices for goods and services

    unemployment

    alcoholism, drug addiction

    corruption and bureaucracy

    standards of living

    crime

    health situation

    pension provision

    situation in the housing and communal services sector

    economic crisis

    situation of youth

    delays in salary payments

    demographic situation (fertility, mortality)

    the influence of oligarchs on the economic and political life of the country

    Russia's position in the world

    National security

    situation in the education sector

    democracy and human rights

    terrorism

    state of morality

    situation in the army

    ecology and environmental conditions

    relations with CIS countries

    interethnic and interfaith relations

    implementation of national projects

    extremism, fascism

    energy security

    In this list of pressing issues, what worries people personally differs significantly from what they believe is important for the country as a whole (these ideas are based on statements by officials in the media). According to this criterion, the ratings presented in the 2nd and 3rd columns of the table differ. The rise in prices is seen as equally significant for itself and for the country; unemployment at the beginning of 2009 did not yet affect everyone, and government officials promised an even greater increase; For some reason, alcoholism and drug addiction are merged into one problem in surveys, and for themselves personally, people do not place the degree of importance of these problems as high as it is positioned by the country's top officials. The population itself evaluates its own standard of living more negatively than this indicator appears according to official estimates, while at the same time, demographic problems - low birth rates and high mortality rates - are difficult for the people to take into account individually: people do not rate these problems very highly in their personal ratings and refers to the problems of the whole society.

    In general, the data from the sociological survey showed that public opinion is the result of the information and propaganda activities of the authorities: what the authorities consider a problem is seen by the people as a problem. Many problems simply do not come to the attention of the population - they are not on TV.

    If we study the issue using statistical data, the picture turns out different. The list of real problems of society over the past ten years is as follows - although it is difficult to say which of them are the most acute and which are less so.

    Obviously, poverty is leading the way in one of the richest countries in the world. Probably one of the reasons for this is corruption. Further mention should be made of the alcoholization of the country, the spread of drugs, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the spread of tuberculosis, child homelessness and population extinction in general.

    It cannot be said that information about real social problems is now unavailable, as in Soviet times, when, for example, data on the number of psychiatric or tuberculosis patients was classified. Reports from the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Rosstat and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences are available on the Internet, but they are not distributed by the media, and the average person has little chance of learning about them.

    Such data - medical, statistical and sociological - make it possible to identify the main social diseases. It should be noted that ranking social problems - assessing relative importance and severity - is a very complex process, since most problems are interdependent, stem from one another, some are short-term in nature, others are long-term or historically inherent in our people. Therefore, social problems are considered further without assessing their relative importance.

    2. 2 Poverty, poverty of the population

    Poverty tops the list of problems identified by the population; in public opinion polls, people indicate it as the most acute. The growth in income of the entire population “on average” over the past ten years was ensured by the increase in the income of the richest fifth of the population and, above all, the very top of society, amounting to half a percent. Three quarters of the population during this time only became poorer; only 15-20% of the population can be considered a slowly growing “middle class”. According to UN criteria, 20-30% of the population live in poverty, three quarters of the Russian population live in poverty. Unlike Western countries, we did not have a “trickle down” of income from the rich to the poor, rather, “the poor got poorer, the rich got richer.” The gap between the richest strata - the top 10% of the population - and the poorest 10% is, according to various estimates, 15-20 times. The main cause of poverty is obviously not the poverty of the country rich in mineral resources, but the economic policies of the ruling class. Over the past ten years, the main “impoverishing” parameters of economic policy have been mothballed. First of all, the official level of the minimum wage, the minimum wage, is set at a level ten times lower than in developed countries: in our country this minimum is 120 euros, in France - 1200 euros, in Ireland - 1300 euros. Benefits, benefits, fines, average salaries, and pensions are calculated from this modest base. Accordingly, businesses are allowed to pay an average salary of $500 a month, which, again, is several times less than in Europe and America. Hence the miserable pensions - less than 25% of the average salary (as opposed to 44%, as in Europe). In addition, all minimum incomes supported by the state are calculated from the “subsistence basket” of 1991, which assumes only physical survival. All subsequent increases in the cost of living only somehow prevented the extinction of the poorest strata.

    The main shameful feature of Russian poverty is working-age adults, employed or unemployed, whose wages and benefits are below the subsistence level; they make up 30% of all poor people. In addition, Russian poverty has a “childish face”: 61% of all poor families are families with children. With all the calls from the authorities for young families to have more children, in reality the birth of a child, and especially two, plunges a young family into a state of poverty or destitution.

    Research by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2012 shows that 59% of the Russian population is poor. The middle class in the country, determined according to European methods, is only 6-8%. At the same time, the characteristics of the stratum of the Russian poor are such that only the social state can help them. This indicator is also striking: only 19% of Russians have a computer at home.

    A large-scale study of Russian society was conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His main conclusions are presented in the book “Russian Society as It Is” “Russian Society as It Is”, published by New Chronograph, 2011. Sociologists have divided Russian society into 10 strata (Fig. 2.1.).

    Figure 2.1 - Standard of living of the Russian population based on average monthly income per family member, 2012, in%

    The criteria for determining the strata included the average monthly income per family member. To fall into the category of the poor, you had to have less than 5,801 rubles per person, low-income - 7,562 rubles, relatively prosperous - from 14,363 rubles per month.

    The first 2 strata are people below the poverty line and at the poverty line. There are 16% of those in Russia. The third and fourth strata are Russians teetering on the brink of poverty and low-income people. They make up 43% of the population. Researchers emphasize that the fourth stratum (low-income) is characterized by the so-called. “modal”, or the most typical standard of living of a Russian. In total, these four strata, whose representatives can be combined with one word “poor”, make up 59% of the country’s population. Four more strata - from the fifth to the eighth - make up 33%: this is the so-called. "middle strata of Russian society." Finally, the 9th and 10th strata are the so-called. “prosperous Russians” (researchers’ term), there are 6-8% of them. By the standards of Western countries, they are more likely to belong to the middle and upper middle class. If we proceed from the “method by contradiction,” then, according to the terminology of these sociologists, 92-94% of Russians can be classified as “disadvantaged” strata.

    At the same time, real disposable cash income (income minus mandatory payments, adjusted for the consumer price index), according to preliminary data, in 2012. compared to 2011 increased by 4.2% in December 2012. compared to the corresponding period of the previous year - by 4.9%. (Table 2.2)

    Table 2.2 - Real disposable cash income and expenses of the population of Russia, 2011-2012 Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/

    In December 2012 The monetary income of the population amounted to 4979.9 billion rubles and increased compared to December 2011. by 10.4%, cash expenses of the population - respectively 4695.6 billion rubles and by 11.2%. The excess of the population's cash income over expenses amounted to 284.3 billion rubles.

    In the structure of cash income of the population at the end of 2012. compared to the corresponding period in 2011. the share of income from property and wages (including hidden wages) increased, while income from business activities and social benefits decreased.

    However, the positive growth in cash income of the population had virtually no effect on the total volume of cash income of the population, which in 2011-2012. distributed as follows (Table 2.3)

    Table 2.3 - Distribution of total cash income of the population, in % Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/

    Dynamics

    Cash income

    including for 20 percent groups of the population:

    first (lowest income)

    fourth

    fifth (with the highest incomes)

    Thus, the total volume of monetary income increased in the population group with the highest incomes, while among the population with the lowest incomes and the low-income population, the increase in the total volume of monetary income had practically no effect. In 2012, according to preliminary data, the share of the 10% most affluent population accounted for 30.8% of total cash income (in 2011 - 30.7%), and the share of the 10% least affluent population accounted for 1.9% (1 .9%) (Table 2.4).

    Table 2.4 - Distribution of the population by average per capita monetary income, as a percentage of the total population

    Reference 2011

    Whole population

    including with average per capita cash income per month, rubles

    over 45000.0

    1) Preliminary data.

    Poverty in Russia at present largely depends on such characteristics as the type of settlement, age, household characteristics, etc. Socio-demographic characteristics determine the nature and scale of Russians’ spending and influence life chances in the sphere of consumption and in the labor market.

    Number of economically active population in December 2012 amounted to 75.3 million people, or more than 53% of the total population of the country, of which 71.3 million people, or 94.7% of the economically active population, were employed in the economy and 4.0 million people (5, 3%) did not have an occupation, but were actively looking for one (in accordance with the methodology of the International Labor Organization, they are classified as unemployed). In state institutions of the employment service, 1.1 million people are registered as unemployed. Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/ (Figure 2.2).

    Rice. 2.2- Share of unemployed in Russia, 2012, in%

    The average age of the unemployed in 2012 was 35.1 years. Young people under 25 years old make up 28.3% of the unemployed, people aged 50 years and older - 17.9% (Figure 2.3)

    Figure 2.3 - Structure of unemployed citizens of Russia. 2012, in%

    The main factors influencing the standard of living in Russian conditions are the type of settlement in the place of current residence and during the period of primary socialization, the nature of the dependent load and the type of household as a whole, the state of health of the individual and his age (the latter, however, matters only when We are talking about pre-retirement and retirement age). In developed countries, the influence of these factors on the life chances and standard of living of the population is largely neutralized by social policy measures: building an effective healthcare and pension system, demographic policy measures, etc. In Russia, some of the social inequalities that arise under the influence of socio-demographic factors are not even designated (for example, inequalities associated with the place of socialization), but those that are designated (inequalities associated with health status, pension status, dependent burden of children, etc. .), are not regulated effectively. Although, under favorable economic conditions, the level of well-being of the Russian population as a whole has increased over the past six years, the situation of all socio-demographic groups at high risk of poverty and low income has relatively worsened, and some (single-parent families, pensioner households, etc.) ) fell sharply. This allows us to say that during the economic crisis, the situation with the standard of living of these groups of Russians will deteriorate at an accelerated pace, and it is they who will increasingly constitute the low-income and poor segments of the population.

    2. 3 Corruption

    The topic of corruption for Russians is a subject of special attention and attitude. Corruption, in fact, is not a separate social problem. This is a systemic disease of society, a congenital defect of the new political economic system, the basis of the relationship between government and business and within the government itself. Over the past decade, corruption has increased tenfold; however, it also increased in the 90s. It is on the corruption potential of the problem, the expected “rollback”, that its solution or non-solution depends: if this is the holding of some kind of world championship in Russia, then success is guaranteed, but if the problem is homelessness, then there is little chance of a solution.

    According to the head of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor's Office A. Bastrykin, the amount of damage caused by corrupt officials, customs officers, prosecutors and police officers - this is only in investigated criminal cases - approached 1 trillion rubles "Statistics of corruption in Russia" Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 / / http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya-v-rossii/statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html. At the same time, the largest number of corruption-related crimes were committed in the areas of law enforcement, control and audit activities and in local government bodies. According to K. Kabanov, chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9-10 trillion rubles. in year. This is what concerns corruption in the upper echelons of power.

    In general, the average bribe in 2012 compared to 2011 tripled and exceeded 27 thousand rubles. Over the past year, a third of the population paid bribes at least once. In the list of “non-corruption” Russia is in 146th place in the world, which it shares with Ukraine, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. The only countries worse in this regard are Afghanistan, Iraq, Chad and Somalia.

    The number of corruption-related crimes increased by almost a quarter in 2012, according to the report of Russian Prosecutor General Yuri Chaika on the state of law and order in 2012 received by the Federation Council. “The number of registered corruption crimes increased last year compared to the previous year by 22.5% and amounted to 49,513, while in 2011 - 40,407” “The number of corruption crimes has increased” Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yuri Chaika” “RAPSI” http:/ /korrossia.ru/,” the document says. More than 13.5 thousand persons were brought to criminal liability.

    The structure of corruption crime continues to be dominated by fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement committed through the use of official position. At the same time, the number of crimes such as crimes against state power, the interests of civil services and service in local governments has decreased. Also, the report notes, the reduction in the number of registered cases of both giving and receiving bribes is “concerning.”

    Corruption has long (several centuries) become an integral part of the national mentality; the desire not to act according to the law, but to “solve matters” is instilled with mother’s milk. Hence the interest in combating this phenomenon is understandable. The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) provided another portion of popular sentiment regarding the fight against corruption. I don’t know how seriously you can believe in these numbers, however, the results of the surveys as of April 2013 came out as follows: “Statistics of corruption in Russia” Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 // http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya- v-rossii/statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html:

    Have you seen any results in the fight against corruption recently?

    Yes, the country is doing a lot to fight corruption - 7%

    There are results, but they are not too significant - 38%

    There are no real results, everything remains as it was - 41%

    The situation is getting even worse, corruption is only getting worse - 11%

    Difficult to answer - 3%

    Damage from corruption represents the amounts illegally received by officials and the profits of businessmen as a result of the transaction. But practically, the overwhelming majority of funding for solving social problems comes from state budgets at various levels and, according to numerous estimates, as a result of competitions and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them go to “kickbacks” to corrupt businessmen and officials. It turns out that half of the social part of the state budget does not go to its intended purpose, i.e. is stolen. It is not surprising that representatives of all socially oriented sectors of the economy, without exception, talk about “underfunding” of their areas of activity, it would be reasonable to add “and the theft of public funds.”

    2. 4 Demographic crisis

    The demographic phenomenon, called the “Russian cross” in sociological terminology, was recorded in Russia in 1992, when the curve depicting mortality went up sharply and crossed the birth rate line. Since then, the mortality rate has exceeded the birth rate, at times by one and a half times: we have become a country with a European birth rate and an African death rate. According to official forecasts, by 2025 the population will decrease to 130 million people, and according to some estimates, to 85 million. Russia is the only developed country dying out in peacetime. The main causes of record mortality are diseases, including socially determined ones, murders and suicides, road deaths, alcohol poisoning Bagirov A.P. Conceptual approaches to the formation of reproductive policy in the Russian Federation / A.P. Bagirova, M.G. Abilova // National. interests: priorities and security. - 2013. - N 3. - P.2-6..

    According to estimates, the permanent population of the Russian Federation as of December 1, 2012 amounted to 143.3 million people and since the beginning of the year increased by 276.2 thousand people, or by 0.19% (at the corresponding date of the previous year there was also an increase in the population by 156.6 thousand people, or 0.11%).

    The increase in population in 2012 was due to natural and migration growth. At the same time, migration growth amounted to 98.3% of the total population growth. General characteristics of population reproduction in the Russian Federation in 2011-2012. presented in table. 2.5.

    Table 2.5 - Vital indicators Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

    January-November

    For information

    per 1000 population

    increase (+), decrease (-)

    2012 VC
    2011

    people of the population for 2011 as a whole

    Born

    of which children
    under 1 year of age

    Natural
    increase (+), decrease (-)

    Divorces

    1) Here and further in the section, monthly registration indicators are given in annual terms. In connection with the transition to expanded criteria for birth (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated December 27, 2011 No. 1687n “On medical criteria for birth, the form of the birth document and the procedure for its issuance”) in the civil registry offices from April 2012. The birth and death of newborns with extremely low body weight (from 500 to 1000 grams) are subject to registration.

    2) Per 1000 births.

    In 2012 in Russia there was an increase in the number of births (in 79 constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and a decrease in the number of deaths (in 70 constituent entities).

    In the whole country in January-November 2012. the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 4,600 people. At the same time, in 43 subjects of the Russian Federation there is an excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, of which in 10 subjects of the Russian Federation it was 1.5-1.8 times.

    Figure 2.5 - Number of births and deaths, 2011-2012, thousand people Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

    Natural population growth in January-November 2012 recorded in 40 subjects of the Russian Federation (in January-November 2011 - in 28 subjects).

    Changes in the mortality rate of the Russian population due to diseases and external causes in 2011-2012 are presented in Appendix 1. In Figure 2.6. The dynamics of mortality of Russians depending on external causes is presented.

    Figure 2.6.- Dynamics of mortality due to external causes, 2011-2012, thousand people. Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

    As can be seen from Fig. 2.6., the share of mortality from transport accidents has increased, there has been a decrease in mortality due to alcohol poisoning, suicide and murder, although the share of mortality for these reasons is large.

    Obviously, not seeing an opportunity to actually reduce mortality, the authorities are focusing on increasing the birth rate. There has been some growth here - from 12.6 cases per 1000 people in 2011 to 14.1 cases per 1000 people in 2012. Further this growth will slow down A.G. Vishnevsky. Russia: demographic results of two decades // World of Russia: sociology, ethnology. - 2013. - N 3. - P.3-40.. Meanwhile, the fact that in a country forced to deal with enormous problems, natural demographic growth began in 2012 does not mean that the situation here is invariably positive. In the 1990s, there was a catastrophic decline in the birth rate, which accompanied the period of change in the political system. Therefore, when young people born between approximately 1993 and 2005 reach childbearing age, we should expect a marked decline in the total fertility rate.

    In general, the announced statistics indicate an improvement in the quality of life: unemployment remains at a consistently low level of about 5.4%, and an improvement in housing conditions (mortgages broke records last year, the volume of loans issued increased more than 1.5 times and approached 1 trillion rubles), the effectiveness of government policy (availability of maternity capital and the possibility of using it to improve housing conditions). A decrease in mortality by 4-7% indicates an increase in the quality of medical care and the overall health of the nation. For the Russian economy, an increase in the birth rate means an increase in workers, which will increase the domestic market, consumption within the country and will stimulate economic development. The improvement is due to a sense of stability in the country - the economic and political situation has improved significantly. Also one of the reasons is the payment of maternity capital at the birth of a second child; in 2012 it amounted to 387,640 rubles, in 2013 it was already 408,960 rubles.” According to experts, this trend will continue in 2013 and can be considered sustainable.

    2.5 Alternative ways to solve social problems

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    Introduction

    1.1 Specifics of personal social problems

    1.2 Socio-economic problems of society

    1.3 Social problems related to public relations and communications

    2.1 Social work in solving individual, personal, family problems

    2.3 Social work as a tool for solving behavioral, information and communication problems, problems of symbolization and social modeling in society

    2.4 The contribution of social work to solving socio-political problems

    Conclusion

    Introduction

    This test is devoted to the topic: “Types of social problems and their place in social work.”

    The relevance of the choice of topic is explained by the fact that in the modern world the active and effective social policy of the state, in the structure of which social work occupies an important place, plays the role of one of the powerful executive mechanisms. And this mechanism can become a strong foundation for the comprehensive, innovative, social development of the country, the basis for the construction of a social state with a competitive socially oriented market economy capable of ensuring human development, a decent level and quality of life for citizens.

    Under such conditions, studying the types of social problems and their place in social work is a requirement of the time. Modern society has a certain social structure, its life activity is determined by the level of development of forms of ownership and the power of horizontal social relations. This influences the emergence of new social problems. The main dominant of society is the individual, his needs and interests; it is from this point of view that we will study the classification of social problems. The content of social work is determined by the processes that occur in the economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of life of society as an organic system with its own relationships and problems. In addition, the relevance of the study is enhanced by the fact that the study of the connection between types of social problems and directions in social work remains insufficiently developed in the scientific literature.

    1. Social problems of our time

    Social problems in the theory of social work and other sciences today are usually understood as partial or complete dissatisfaction of the needs and interests of individual individuals, groups, and societies. People's needs can be very different, ranging from physiological needs (needs for food, clothing, housing) to spiritual needs (needs for communication, education, self-realization). Social problems give rise to corresponding social problems that require solutions in order to eliminate the problems that gave rise to them. These tasks are closely related to social work tasks. Therefore, we can identify a number of social problems that social work is aimed at solving:

    individual personal, family problems: problems with physical and mental health and well-being (disability, old age), loneliness, social isolation, dysfunctional atmosphere in families, including those caused by alcohol and drug addiction of family members, problems of children and youth in training and socialization;

    socio-economic problems: unemployment, poverty, increase in the number of socially vulnerable people;

    socio-ecological problems: pollution and depletion of the environment affecting people's health and well-being;

    problems of social stratification: stratification in society, a large difference between the incomes of different classes, creating favorable conditions for social exploitation and manipulation;

    behavioral problems: deviant behavior of individuals and social groups, including crime, addictions, social anomalies and defects;

    problems of symbolization and social modeling: distorted perception of the world, distorted social values, and as a result, the severance of social ties and the development of inhumane ideas and an asocial lifestyle;

    communication and information problems stem from problems of symbolization and social modeling and are expressed in difficulties in establishing social contacts;

    socio-political problems: low level of social activity of the population, tension and instability of relations in society.

    In order to understand the essence and interconnection of these problems, let us consider them in more detail.

    .1 Specifics of personal social problems

    In the Russian Federation, about 13 million people are disabled, many of them have lost their ability to work and found themselves in conditions of social isolation. The number of people who have temporarily lost their ability to work as a result of physical and mental illness and need rehabilitation is also large. Elderly people also find themselves in a rather difficult situation (more than 40 million people of retirement age).

    Most often, citizens with insufficient physical and mental health and well-being need:

    in socio-psychological rehabilitation and adaptation;

    in compensation for impaired physical and mental abilities;

    in freedom of movement;

    in communication;

    in medical, social and cultural services;

    in employment and education;

    in improving living conditions;

    in material support.

    Thus, disabled people, temporarily disabled people and pensioners can be classified as a special socio-demographic group. This group is characterized by low income, low opportunity to obtain education, including (retraining) and employment, social alienation, loneliness (such people often do not have families and friends), and low civic activity. In many ways, this situation is explained not only by the characteristics of the psychological self-esteem of people in this category, but also by the stereotypes and attitudes existing in society. Conditions are created that are favorable to discrimination against this group. Therefore, the most important thing for its representatives is communication, establishing social communications with healthy people of different gender, age and social status.

    Similar problems are typical for other less protected segments of the population: single mothers, large and low-income families, liquidators of the Chernobyl accident and people affected by man-made accidents, WWII veterans, internationalist soldiers (“Afghans”), veterans of military operations in Chechnya and etc., refugees, people released from prison, homeless people. Many of them, to the extent of their socio-psychological attitudes, also do not always behave adequately in society, often finding themselves unprepared for the most ordinary life situations, for example, interviews with employers. Therefore, they gravitate toward selective communication with people similar to themselves, uniting in formal and informal organizations, assessing the quality of their lives only by the level of material security and ignoring their other needs. A situation is emerging where dialogue becomes impossible on both sides. At the same time, as experience shows, it is enough for disabled people and other categories of the population to “break out” of this vicious circle, for example, get a job, start communicating with healthy people or active disabled people, their self-esteem increases and many personal problems disappear.

    An acute social problem in society is dysfunctional families, disabled children, children and youth experiencing problems with socialization and self-realization. Among dysfunctional families we can distinguish: families with an unfavorable psychological atmosphere (conflicts, dissatisfaction, emotional coldness); families with acute socio-economic problems (poverty, lack of housing and basic necessities, illness, deprivation of the will of a family member); criminogenic and immoral families (family members suffer from alcoholism, drug addiction, family violence, do not want to find a job, lead an antisocial or outright illegal lifestyle). Children and women become the most vulnerable in such families. They receive both physical and psychological injuries, their adaptation to society is disrupted, they often cannot get an education, leave home and lead a vagabond lifestyle. Among them, morbidity, disability and mortality are high.

    But young people from wealthy families can also experience specific problems: lack of funds for education, lack of jobs, low wages, lack of self-confidence, leading an unhealthy lifestyle, the decline in the role of traditional values ​​in society, low levels of civic and political activity, underdevelopment social infrastructure for youth, etc. The same applies to young families.

    Thus, we can conclude that social, individual, personal and family problems are closely related to each other, as well as to other problems, for example, socio-economic and political. This vision of this issue fits within the framework of the systemic-structural approach to the study of society. Disabled people, elderly people, and members of dysfunctional families experience not only health problems, but also psychological problems, becoming socially passive and isolated, which harms not only them, but also the entire society and makes the search for solutions to these problems urgent.

    .2 Socio-economic problems of society

    Earlier we talked about the fact that it is difficult for disabled people and young people to find work, that many families are deprived of normal living conditions and even housing. This is only part of the socio-economic problems of society.

    The transition from a planned economy to a market model and a series of reforms in all spheres of society turned out to be very painful. Political problems aggravated the situation, for example, high levels of corruption in government bodies and the absence of civil society.

    The most serious socio-economic problems include:

    low level of income of the population and rising prices, including tariffs for utilities, essential goods, inflation, and as a result poverty (17.8 million Russians are below the poverty line);

    unemployment;

    increase in the number of socially vulnerable people;

    low quality of medical care;

    low level of social development of children and youth, inconsistency of the education system with the requirements of the labor market;

    unsatisfactory state of housing and communal services;

    social problem work tool

    unfavorable conditions for the development of science and small business, entrepreneurial self-realization of citizens.

    All these problems are also closely interconnected: the economy negatively affects people, people negatively affect the economy. In this case, people develop a number of negative socio-psychological attitudes: apathy or aggression, low levels of socio-economic, civic, political activity, decadent and depressive moods. Young people are more prone to radical solutions to problems, such as emigration abroad, as a result of which Russia is deprived of young, talented personnel, which, in turn, aggravates social problems.

    The roots of the problems also lie in the very mentality of society, because for many years a completely different, Soviet economic system was imposed on citizens, where all entrepreneurial activity was prohibited and condemned. People have not only forgotten how to be economically active, but also have a negative attitude towards businessmen and the business community. And it is not surprising that the Russian Federation ranks only 105th in the world according to the social development index, and 95th in terms of economic freedom. According to domestic social research, 48% of Russian citizens assess their situation as unsatisfactory.

    Therefore, we can conclude that the socio-economic problems of modern Russian society are due to both objective reasons: ineffective government policies for economic development and distribution of national income, free access to property, science, healthcare, and the lack of programs for the comprehensive development of people's potential. And also for subjective reasons: a low level of entrepreneurial and legal culture, passivity of society, inadequate attitudes and stereotypes regarding the phenomena of economic life. On the one hand, Russians, including young people, have become familiar with living standards in developed societies, but on the other hand, they do not have a clear idea of ​​how they are achieved.

    .3 Social problems related to public relations and communications

    People's lack of clear demands and ideas about their standard of living allows politicians to manipulate society. Different political parties exploit different ideologies: some play on nostalgia for the Soviet past, others emphasize pro-Western democratic values, others call for the revival of the monarchy, or use openly populist slogans bordering on political show. Under such conditions, society turns into an “electorate” and “cheap labor.” It becomes politically unstable. The result of instability has been the protest movement in Russia in recent years, with striking episodes of “social outbreaks” such as mass riots during the “March of Millions” on May 6, 2012. But, as the experience of neighboring states, whose social problems are similar to Russia’s, shows, everything can be much more more serious.

    At the same time, there is a sharp division of society into a small group of people with very high incomes and the vast majority of the population with low incomes. In modern Russian society, a middle class has not actually formed. Of course, social stratification is an inevitable phenomenon, but it should not develop into social injustice. Otherwise, social polarization and marginalization occurs (people lose a sense of social belonging). The development of both phenomena began in the Soviet period of our history, when the ruling party elite and weak vertical mobility in society were formed, leading to a decline in social and labor activity, and to resignation to a low standard of living. In modern society, the oligarchic elite has replaced the party elite. And the main criterion for stratification in society became property and income level. It is precisely according to the criterion of material security that society has been divided over the past decades, the so-called. "new poor" and declassed, asocial elements. The “new poor” have housing, minimal access to education and medicine, but their source of income is unstable and meager. As a result, new reasons for social confrontation and tension are brewing. Some of these people receive social assistance from the state, but it is not enough. The other part does not formally have the right to benefits and finds itself in a difficult life situation, experiencing a feeling of hopelessness. Thus, socio-economic and communication problems develop into personal problems.

    The result of hopelessness and depression, especially among young people, can be deviant behavior and the emergence of addictions, as well as a distortion of traditional moral values ​​in the mind. The most common social anomalies are conflictual relationships between parents and children, lack of a permanent place of work, friendships and reluctance to start their own family. Subsequently, a complete rejection of social norms develops, leading to various types of deviant behavior, including those accompanied by disorders of mental functions. Currently in the Russian Federation there are about 22 thousand juvenile delinquents, 8.5 million drug addicts, 5 million people with alcohol addiction. All this has a detrimental effect not only on health and morality, but also on the gene pool of the nation itself.

    Such trends are supported by changes in values ​​at the level of society and the individual. In social modeling, the material type of values ​​began to prevail over the spiritual. Many people, to put it in simpler terms, have forgotten how to experience happiness from simple things: communicating with other people, observing nature, reading books, etc. Spiritual self-improvement is not a priority in a consumer society. Symbols of modernity are luxury goods; the modern type of ideal person is the type of an active business and wealthy person. On the one hand, this is good; activity and initiative are not the worst traits. But on the other hand, the once popular images of heroes, people who know how to show mercy, compassion, and the ideal of selfless enthusiasm are disappearing. Altruism is seen as something primitive, archaic and funny, and selfishness is seen as the norm of life (the so-called “healthy selfishness”). Family values ​​are also deteriorating. A clear indication of this can be considered the increase in the number of divorces and abortions, adultery, the so-called. "civil marriages", domestic violence, suicides due to family troubles, a drop in the birth rate, an increase in the number of single-parent families and single mothers. Modern show business media act as commercial tools for promoting immorality and depravity: by painting the image of an “easy, luxurious life,” they only deepen the problems of symbolization and social modeling.

    Against this background, social communication and information problems develop: people become disunited, separated from society and from nature (which also gives rise to social and environmental problems). And even useful communication tools, for example, the World Wide Web, become just another means of alienation and social isolation when the skills of real communication with people are lost. It is much easier to manipulate such a society of divided people by sowing hostility on economic, political, ethnic, religious and other grounds.

    So, we can see that social problems associated with social relations and communications are ultimately the same problems of social maladaptation and isolation, only caused by reasons of a different nature. To one degree or another, they can be inherent in all people, regardless of their social status or level of social security.

    To summarize this chapter, we note that social problems, such as the dissatisfaction of the needs of individual citizens or groups, are characteristic of all societies and are closely related to each other. However, in those societies where the socio-economic and political situation is stable and the level of satisfaction of basic human needs is high. This means that many social problems are either absent or not expressed too acutely.

    The solution to social problems is a set of measures implemented, first of all, by the state and aimed at generally improving the standard of living of the population and overcoming social injustice and alienation. Not the least place among these measures is given to social work.

    2. Social work as a tool for solving social problems

    Social work, as a type of practical activity, is usually understood as a special professional activity to improve the standard of living of individuals and the whole society. Being a professional activity, it cannot be charitable, but is philanthropic in nature. Through social workers, the state delegates part of its powers to ensure a decent material, social and cultural standard of living.

    Socio-economic problems also greatly intensify social work in our country. Therefore, it is customary to distinguish such areas of social work as:

    Help in solving individual, personal, family problems:

    working with families;

    working with people with disabilities;

    work with older people, military personnel, victims of conflicts, violence, etc.;

    work in the field of health care and psychological assistance;

    hospice work;

    Assistance in solving socio-economic, environmental problems, problems of social stratification;

    work in employment centers;

    work with young people, including in educational institutions;

    Help in solving behavioral, information and communication problems, problems of symbolization and social modeling:

    work in law enforcement;

    work in the leisure sector;

    work in the field of prevention and rehabilitation of addiction to psychoactive substances;

    .Assistance in solving socio-political problems:

    working with ethnic minorities and refugees;

    social work in municipalities.

    Let's consider all areas of work in more detail.

    .1 Social work in solving individual, personal, family problems

    Thus, a social worker should build his assistance to families in several interrelated areas:

    diagnostic - studying the type of family, psychological atmosphere, identifying existing individual and personal problems;

    prognostic - forecast for the further development of family relationships;

    organizational and communication - communication with children and parents, organizing educational work, increasing the general cultural and pedagogical level of parents, formulating recommendations for getting rid of bad habits, etc.;

    preventive - monitoring to ensure that family members do not develop deviant behavior;

    social and domestic - organizing the provision of material assistance to the family;

    socio-psychological - psychological counseling, advice on solving difficult family situations;

    organizational - holding cultural, leisure and health events for the whole family.

    The result of such activity should be not only the social protection of the family, but also its transition from the status of a dysfunctional family to a prosperous family. That is, creating conditions so that the needs and interests of all family members are satisfied.

    With assistance to disabled people, elderly people, military personnel, victims of conflicts, violence and other related categories, social work is organized as follows:

    diagnostics - assessment of a person’s physical and mental state, his social status;

    correction - changing psychological attitudes, moral values, teaching socialization skills, economic independence;

    rehabilitation - restoration of health, overcoming trauma and returning to social status, “entering life”;

    prevention - preventing the recurrence of social problems with the help of auto-training, strengthening the attitude towards an active life position;

    adaptation - monitoring of employment, a person’s work activity, psychological support if necessary.

    All this allows disabled people and other people with health problems to receive not only material support and improved living conditions, but also assistance in socio-psychological rehabilitation and adaptation, compensation for impaired physical and mental abilities (for example, teaching visually impaired people reading and simple labor skills). And also gain freedom of movement, the joy of communication, additional medical, social and cultural services, assistance in employment and education, and as a result, full life.

    Social work in the field of health care and psychological care includes: providing primary psychological care and legal counseling to patients; additional medical care; support for women giving birth and older people in hospital treatment; organization of recreation for children; provision of social insurance services in case of illness; organization of social programs for seriously ill patients.

    Special social work with seriously ill patients is carried out in hospices. If other medical institutions are focused on curing the patient, hospices help patients with incurable diseases to ease the last period of their life. In this case, the social worker provides both everyday and psychological assistance, helping the patient come to terms with the idea of ​​death, establish relationships with others, come to the spiritual aspect of life and death, and perhaps even help perform religious rites.

    Summarizing what has been written, we should note that a social worker, helping people solve individual, personal, family problems, performs many functions, and working in various socio-medical, pedagogical and other institutions must “fit in” well with their team, becoming a single whole with him, forming a team. In this way, social problems will be solved most effectively.

    2.2 Social work and socio-economic, environmental problems, problems of social stratification

    Of course, social workers are not able to eliminate the entire range of socio-economic, environmental problems, the problem of social stratification that have accumulated in society. This will require years of hard work by legislators, executive authorities, municipalities, public organizations, and all citizens. But in many ways, social work can help smooth out these problems by influencing, as in the case of individual work with families and people with disabilities, mental attitudes. This work begins in educational institutions, and then in employment centers.

    Social work in the field of education includes:

    educational work - the formation in children and youth of ideas about a healthy lifestyle, about the rules of gender communication, about social, economic and civic activity, about nature conservation, about personality, instilling traditional moral values, explaining the whole variety of cultural and spiritual phenomena in society;

    counseling - helping children and youth in solving psychological problems, providing legal information, materials on vocational guidance;

    social patronage - monitoring the living conditions of orphans, disabled people, children from disadvantaged and low-income families;

    organization of cultural and leisure events;

    rehabilitation of children and youth with delinquent behavior.

    The responsibilities of a social worker at an employment center include:

    provision of individual and group professional consulting assistance;

    professional diagnostics of job applicants;

    legal advice, assistance in finding employment for minors;

    cooperation with educational institutions, creation of databases of potential employers for young people;

    providing information on labor market trends, retraining, training in the basics of psychology and etiquette;

    patronage of employment of disabled people, young professionals, minors and other categories;

    field work with rural youth;

    assistance to students with temporary employment during the holidays and organization of internships.

    Analyzing this paragraph, we can again draw attention to the fact that the central social problems in social work are the problems of family, youth, disabled people, and one way or another all types of social work are aimed at the comprehensive protection of the individual.

    .3 Social work as a tool for solving behavioral, information and communication problems, problems of symbolization and social modeling in society

    Social work in law enforcement and leisure spheres, in the field of prevention and rehabilitation of addiction to psychoactive substances helps to overcome acute behavioral, information and communication problems, problems of symbolization and social modeling in society, as well as other difficulties.

    Social work in the law enforcement sphere, on the one hand, is aimed at protecting law enforcement officers themselves from the adverse effects. On the other hand, it is working with persons who have committed offenses, primarily with juvenile offenders. Social and pedagogical work in penitentiary authorities is aimed at returning full-fledged citizens to society.

    Social work in the field of leisure is designed to introduce the population, mainly young people through mass events, to the best examples of culture and a healthy lifestyle, helping to form a correct understanding of social roles and relationships in society.

    The first stage of social work with persons who use psychoactive substances involves counseling and intervention. Then secondary and tertiary prevention is carried out, and then a social rehabilitation scheme is implemented, as when working with people with disabilities.

    Thus, social work extends its boundaries far beyond existing problems, but also tries to eradicate possible problems in the future, doing everything possible to change people's behavior and worldview for the better.

    .4 The contribution of social work to solving socio-political problems

    The Russian Federation, like other democratic states, is trying to form a tolerant multicultural society, but many problems remain relevant, for example, the situation of refugees, ethnic and sexual minorities.

    Social work with refugees and internally displaced persons involves:

    legal protection and consultation;

    assistance to migrants and refugees in obtaining housing and social benefits;

    patronage to identify cases of inhumane treatment of refugees and migrants;

    creating self-help groups, adapting people to a new culture;

    prevention of deviant behavior and crime;

    This means that we can come to the conclusion that social work is also called upon to mitigate many pressing socio-political problems of Russian society, to promote harmony and dialogue in society, and to maintain a balance of power between government bodies and municipalities.

    The classification of social work by type of social problems given in this chapter is very conditional, because any type of social work solves several important social problems at once. For example, working with families allows you to avoid behavioral problems and communication and information problems; working in employment centers helps solve not only economic problems and problems of social stratification, but also many individual and personal problems. And any type of social assistance, as a rule, includes medical, psychological, socio-economic, professional, household, sports, creative and direct social rehabilitation. After all, man is a holistic and complex being. Therefore, social work should be approached as a complex, promising science and activity.

    Conclusion

    After writing this work, we became convinced that social work can help solve many important social problems. First of all, these are personal and family problems that are overcome through the organization of social work with families, the disabled, the elderly, military personnel, victims of conflicts, violence, work in the field of healthcare and psychological assistance, and work in hospices. This allows people to solve personal, material and psychological problems associated with loss of health or other unfavorable factors.

    Assistance in solving socio-economic problems, aimed at combating unemployment, poverty, the increase in the number of socially vulnerable people, etc. For this purpose, social work is carried out in educational institutions, employment centers, etc. It allows people to actualize their inner abilities in order to take their rightful place in life. Indirectly, this type of social work allows solving problems of social stratification and socio-ecological problems.

    Assistance in solving behavioral, information and communication problems, problems of symbolization and social modeling is achieved through the organization of social work in the law enforcement sphere, in the leisure sphere, in the field of prevention and rehabilitation of addiction to psychoactive substances. And a partial solution to socio-political problems is achieved through work with ethnic minorities and refugees, and the activities of social services in municipalities.

    It is impossible to identify a clear place for specific types of social problems in social work. This is where its significance and uniqueness are demonstrated: by solving one problem, it helps eliminate a number of other interdependent problems, harmonizing social relations.

    List of used literature

    1.Akmalova A.A., Kapitsyn V.M. Social work with migrants and refugees. - M.: Infra-M, 2010. - 224 p.

    2.Aldasheva A.A. Personality and the laws of adaptation // Social and human sciences in the Far East. 2013. No. 2 (38). P.11-18.

    .Ananyev N.K., Barichko Ya.M., Khrustalev B.M. Economy and health of the nation - a guarantee of the prosperity of society // Problems of management (Minsk). 2013. No. 2 (47). P.63-68.

    .Budina-Nekrasova M. The concept of “revolution” in the context of the naming “color revolutions” // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Philology. 2013. No. 5. P.22-29.

    .Kravtsova L.V. Psychology and pedagogy of social work with families. - M.: Dashkov and Co., 2012. - 224 p.

    .Lavrinenko V.N. Sociology. Lecture notes. - M.: Prospekt, 2013. - 328 p.

    .Mardakhaev L.V. Social pedagogy. - M.: RGSU, 2013. - 416 p.

    .Novikova K.N. Sociology of social protection of the population. - M.: RGSU, 2013. - 344 p.

    .Platonova N.M. Social work as an area of ​​innovative social activity // Domestic Journal of Social Work. 2012. No. 3. P.61-67.

    .Platonova N.M., Nesterova G.F. Theory and methodology of social work. - M.: Academy, 2012. - 400 p.

    .Platonova N.M., Platonov M.Yu. Innovations in social work. - M.: Academy, 2012. - 256 p.

    .Ser L.M. Problems of professional guidance and employment of youth // Labor and social relations. 2012. No. 7. P.22-27.

    .Sigida E.A., Lukyanova I.E. Theory and methodology of medical and social work practice. - M.: Infra-M, 2013. - 240 p.

    .Modern state, society, people: Russian specifics. - M.: Book on demand, 2013. - 248 p.

    .Sommer D.S. Morality of the 21st century. - M.: CODE, 2-13. - 480 s.

    .Social dangers and protection against them. - M.: Academy, 2012. - 304 p.

    .Social workers as agents of change. - M.: Variant, 2012. - 212 p.

    .Stolyarenko L.D. Stolyarenko E.V. Social Psychology. - M.: Yurayt, 2012. - 220 p.

    .Tyurina E.I., Kuchukova N.Yu., Pentsova E.A. Social work with families and children. - M.: Academy, 2009. - 288 p.

    .Topchy L.V. Social services for the population. Values, theory, practice. - M.: RGSU, 2012. - 322 p.

    .Khizhny E.K. The problem of poverty in the EU countries and in Russia. - M.: INION RAS, 2012. - 88 p.

    .Kholostova E.I. Social work with disabled people. - M.: Dashkov and Co., 2012. - 238 p.

  • Lecture No. 4 Demographic aspects of the state and development of the family
  • 1. Subject of demography and demographic policy
  • 2. From the history of the issue
  • 3. Demographic crisis in modern Russia: causes and consequences
  • 4. Concept of demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015.
  • Lecture No. 5 Socio-economic status of the family in the transition to market relations
  • 1. Family structure of the population of the Russian Federation
  • 2. Factors of change in average family size and structure
  • 3. The essence of socio-economic problems of the modern family
  • 4. Ways to solve socio-economic problems of the family
  • Lecture No. 6 Culture and family life
  • 1. The role of father and mother in the family
  • 2. Family communication
  • 3. Family life
  • 4. The influence of everyday life on life and personality formation
  • Lecture No. 7 Principles of social protection of the family
  • 1. Essence and content of social protection
  • 2. State guarantees and minimum social standards in the social protection system
  • 3. The role and place of social services in social protection of the population
  • Lecture No. 8 Priorities, principles and mechanisms for implementing State family policy in the conditions of the Russian market economy
  • 1. The essence of state family policy
  • 2. Formation and implementation of state family policy in the Russian Federation
  • Lecture No. 9 Development and improvement of cash and in-kind payments to the family
  • 1. Maternity, paternity, childhood and the social security system
  • 2. Compensation payments
  • 3. Types of social benefits
  • Lecture No. 10 Protection of motherhood and childhood
  • 1. Organization of obstetric and gynecological care
  • I. Medical examination of pregnant and postpartum women.
  • II. Gynecological care.
  • III. Prevention of abortion, contraception.
  • 2. Organization of medical and preventive care for children
  • 3. Work on creating a healthy lifestyle
  • Lecture No. 11 Young family as an object of social protection
  • 1. Social portrait of a modern young family
  • 2. Problems of a young family
  • 3. Measures of social, economic and legal protection of young families
  • Lecture No. 12 Large family and its social protection
  • 1. Types of large families
  • 2. The main problems of a modern large family
  • 3. Social protection of large families
  • 4. Technology of social work with large families
  • Lecture No. 13 Social work with families with disabled people
  • 1. The situation of disabled children in modern Russia
  • 2. Problems of families with children with disabilities
  • 3. State legal framework for social protection of persons with disabilities and their families
  • 4. Experience of social services in the rehabilitation of families with disabled children
  • Lecture No. 14 Social protection of single-parent families
  • 2. Socio-economic problems of single-parent families
  • 3. Social and psychological problems of single-parent families
  • 4. Problems of raising and socializing children in single-parent families
  • Lecture No. 15 Social work with the family of older people
  • 1.Elderly people as a social community
  • 2. The role of family in the lives of older people
  • 3. The concept of state social policy in relation to older citizens
  • 4. Regulatory and legal framework for social support for older people
  • 5. Technology for social services for older people
  • Lecture No. 16 Family social assistance service. Structure, functions, institutions
  • 1. Social work in the system of social services for the population
  • 2. Social service system for the population: principles, functions, types and forms of activity
  • 3. Family social service institutions: their types and specifics of activity
  • Lecture No. 17 Foreign experience of social protection of families
  • 1. Goals and methods of family social protection systems abroad
  • 2. Social support for families in Europe and North America
  • 3. Social support for families in developed Asian countries and third world countries
  • 4. Ways to solve socio-economic problems of the family

    To comprehensively overcome negative trends in the standard of living of the population, the Government has developed a long-term program for the socio-economic development of the country. It especially emphasizes that Russian citizens need to achieve growth in their well-being mainly at their own expense and through their own efforts. It means: consumption growth must be ensured by personal income.

    The program plans to significantly increase the consumer burden on the personal income of Russians. Much of what families now receive for free or on preferential terms will have to be paid for in the future. A significant increase in expenses of the economically active population will also be due to a reduction in government guarantees and the fullest possible mobilization of citizens’ funds to pay for social benefits and services. What are these expenses?

    Thus, parents will have to spend significantly more on their children’s education. State guarantees of free education will be limited only to completion of secondary education. In the future, free access will be selective and subject to a number of difficult conditions. It’s easier to say that they will become predominantly paid.

    More funds will need to be allocated to maintaining your health. It is planned to reduce state guarantees in healthcare. Their scope, unlike the education sector, is not clearly defined in the program. However, a line towards reducing government obligations is visible. The budget is expected to cover expenses only for a narrow range of socially significant diseases, the purchase of particularly expensive equipment, and new construction, mainly on a program basis.

    We can expect a reduction in the basic medical and social insurance program, which, according to the government, should cover the bulk of the types and volumes of free medical care. It is planned to transfer part of the medical services and drug provision currently established by compulsory insurance to voluntary insurance. Voluntary insurance for these services will naturally require additional funds from the population. We should also expect an increase in personal expenses for health resort services.

    Significant costs will have to be incurred for the maintenance of housing and communal services. So-called housing compensation for low-income people will not save the matter. They will be reimbursed at the expense of other families. The bulk of the population will have to pay for most types of currently preferential consumption, fully or partially free benefits.

    Thus, the growth of personal income should not only cover additional expenses, but also ensure an almost twofold increase in personal consumption.

    What path is proposed to achieve a higher level and a different structure of consumption? But in fact, a different quality of life!

    The calculation is made to create a favorable business and investment climate, macroeconomic and structural policies. According to the program developers, they will ensure sufficient income for the working population. The strategy of economic modernization involves equalizing the opportunities of the population within various parts of the economic system.

    However, one should not rely too much on the automatic influence of economic conditions on the growth of the standard of living of the bulk of the population. It is known that in a market environment, the distribution of income can create a “surplus” population and increase inequality, while the corporate community only deepens it.

    From all this it follows that the created conditions must be supported by an income policy, that is, the development of methods for transforming possibility into reality.

    Thus, an important task of social policy is to establish the trajectory of change and the relationships between the main sources of income. Behind this lies the attitude of the state towards the welfare of various segments of society: employees, entrepreneurs, owners, as well as people living on social benefits.

    The main problem is that in the last decade there has been a process of depreciation of labor. About half of the employed now receive wages below the subsistence level.

    In order to achieve the growth of personal consumption planned in the program, the purchasing power of wages must be increased, according to expert estimates, by at least 2.5 times, bearing in mind that in 2000 it amounted to approximately 32% of the 1990 level. If If we limit the increase in wages at a rate corresponding to the expected growth in labor productivity, this will allow us to bring its level only to 60% of the 1990 level, which will not provide the bulk of the population with the intended consumption.

    Thus, if on average real cash incomes need to be increased by approximately 2 times (which is also provided for in the program), then the increase in wages should be significantly higher.

    It follows from the draft program that the strategic goal in reducing social inequality is to increase the total share of income of middle-income groups of the population, the formation of an independent middle class that ensures stable mass domestic demand. However, its achievement will also not happen on its own.

    According to experts, during the 90s the share of people with average incomes decreased by approximately three times and in 2000 amounted to about 15% of the total population. Without the effective levers outlined in the program, average growth rates of real cash incomes can be achieved, but not at the expense of average income groups, but by increasing the minimum income of low-income groups of the population and their very high level among rich Russians.

    In order to achieve the restoration of the standard of living in the next decade for the majority of the population, achieved at the turn of the 90s, as well as the formation of a new quality of life corresponding to the social market economy, the transformation of living conditions must be aimed at to resolve the following main tasks:

    Increasing the real price of labor, activating motives and incentives for work and entrepreneurial activity, restoring in the new conditions the connection between income and the growth of labor productivity and business performance;

    Preventing further destruction of minimum social guarantees for the population. Providing a living wage to all those in need through an active state policy of income redistribution;

    The transition from partial stabilization of the population's standard of living to general stabilization (among the main social groups; for most components of the standard of living; in the majority of regions).

    This will require: effective state regulation of the labor market and, above all, employment. State regulation of the labor market must be considered not in a narrow sense (as the ratio of the number of vacancies and job seekers), but as a complex problem of including individual labor in the process of social reproduction.

    Employment needs to be linked to labor and job balances. It is necessary to determine the parameters for ensuring full employment and characterize the requirements for increasing its efficiency; the scale and form of underemployment, which is an important condition for the effectiveness of employment. It will be necessary to analyze trends in the behavior of the population in the labor market and changes in the structure of employment depending on the dynamics of various forms of ownership, sources and levels of income of the population, especially on policies in the field of wages, capital income and entrepreneurial activity. The employment law should be focused not on social support for the unemployed, but on expanding modern areas of employment, increasing its productivity, advanced vocational training and retraining of workers.

    An important place should be given to the system of measures to regulate unemployment, determining its natural level, the scale due to the decline in production, including the hidden part. Ways to overcome unemployment caused by a drop in production depend on the characteristics of individual categories of the population, especially women and youth. The introduction of flexible forms of employment can help reduce female unemployment. For young people, a solution to this problem can be achieved by expanding the scope of educational services. Social protection of the unemployed should be based on professional retraining and participation in public works during the period of temporary unemployment.

    An important place should be given in practical social policy to the peculiarities of the formation of all-Russian and regional labor markets, the regulation of employment in areas with a shortage and excess of labor resources.

    Increasing the level of wages. It is necessary to provide not just an increase in its size, but an increase in the purchasing power of wages. For the foreseeable future, it would be possible to put forward the task of restoring the purchasing power of wages to the level that was achieved at the turn of the 90s. To achieve this, the purchasing power of wages must be increased by 2.5 times. This will require a corresponding restoration of GDP, i.e. it is associated with economic growth.

    Due to the scale of such a shift, on the way to it, it is advisable to highlight the stage of restoring an economically justified level of purchasing power of wages. Here we mean the level that would be possible given the actual rates of change in GDP that have developed over these years. In order to restore the economically justified level of purchasing power of wages, it (by analogy with the relative level of GDP in comparable prices per person employed in the economy) should be 67% of the level of 1990 with an actual 32% in 2000. For this, the purchasing power of wages labor needs to be increased by approximately 1.7 times relative to its level in 1998.

    Measures to increase the purchasing power of wages must combine a systematic review of nominal wages with their indexation in the intervals between these decisions. This is due to the need to maintain the purchasing power of wages in conditions of high inflation.

    Comparison of the number and dynamics of population groups with wages below the minimum and above the consumer budget of high income is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the ongoing socio-economic policy.

    Transformations of social security. To increase the level of social security, it is necessary to implement major general economic measures:

    1. Overcoming hidden wages is one of the cardinal sources of replenishing insurance premiums. According to experts, the amount of lost contributions due to hidden wages annually amounts to more than half of the paid contributions. This money would be enough to cover the entire need for temporary disability benefits, or more than triple the need for benefit payments:

      for pregnancy and childbirth,

      at the birth of a child and for caring for him until he reaches 1.5 years.

    2. Improving the tax system. Reducing the share of contributions, taxes and fees in the revenue of organizations. It is necessary to take measures to reduce the tariff of insurance premiums as a result of a set of measures to expand the base of insurance premiums and strengthen the targeting of insurance payments.

    An important role will be played by the specification of the pension reform envisaged in our country. This specification will require the development of additional pension provision, as well as special pension systems for liberal professions workers, farmers and other categories of the self-employed population.

    The organization of social security as a mixed system does not exclude, but on the contrary, presupposes the setting of very specific tasks for targeted support of the population.

    Targeted social support for the population. The right to receive state social assistance must be linked to the requirements of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation “On the Living Wage in the Russian Federation” and “On State Social Assistance”, the latter of which must be significantly specified and include all types of payments, and in-kind provision of goods and services with taking into account needs. In the process of implementing these laws, it is necessary to gradually move to determining the living wage for families of various types and sizes (complete, single-parent, families of pensioners, disabled people, etc.), which will make it possible to more accurately take into account their living conditions and increase the targeting of social support to specific categories of the population.

    Different living conditions in the territories suggest different possibilities for organizing social support.

    Investments in the social sphere. The development of the life support sector requires the priority direction of a larger volume of investment in housing construction, healthcare, education, culture, science and other sectors of social infrastructure. To achieve this, it is necessary to accelerate the development of social standards for housing provision and the development of a network of medical, educational and cultural institutions.

    Sources of financing for social infrastructure facilities, along with traditional sources, could be funds from the population accumulated to create financial mechanisms for long-term lending, mortgages and other collateral. For these purposes, it is advisable to direct the financial resources of endowment insurance funds under state guarantees of their return and funds from regional and local budgets, generated through housing, educational, bond loans and other financial mechanisms.

    The accelerated development of the education sector is especially relevant. To do this, it is necessary to invest appropriate resources in it.

    The implementation of the planned measures will be successful if public associations, entrepreneurs and the state interact. This will restore people's trust in the authorities and direct resources towards national revival.

    The guidelines put forward in the government program in the field of income and living standards of the population need greater justification and specification. This could be facilitated by the development of a concept for increasing the level and quality of life.

    Questions for self-control

      What types of families are distinguished by modern science and practice?

      Describe the main socio-economic problems of the modern family.

      Which of these problems are the most difficult for a modern family?

      What ways to solve problems are outlined in the country's socio-economic development program developed by the Government of the Russian Federation?

      What problems need to be solved in order to restore the standard of living of the Russian population?

      What will it take to restore the population's living standards in the next ten years?

    Literature

      Arkhangelsky V. Ya. On the issue of family policy and social support for families in the Russian Federation // Family in Russia, 1994, No. 1.

      Breeva E. B. Social work program with the unemployed and their families. M., 1994.

      Darmodekhin S.V. State family policy: principles of formation and implementation // Family in Russia, 1995, 3-4.

    4. Matskovsky M. S. Russian family in a changing world//Family in Russia, 1995, No. 3-4

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