What are we talking about? Technopolis is a scientific and industrial complex created for the production of a new
progressive products or for the development of new science-intensive technologies based on close
relations and interaction with universities and scientific and technical centers, for
functioning of research and educational institutions (organizations),
included in these entities, as well as their enterprises, companies and firms,
producing new types of products based on advanced science-intensive technologies.

The basis of technopolises:

The basis of the technopolis is its research complex, "brain center"
enterprises and industries developing in it. He prepares radical
breakthroughs in technology based on fundamental scientific research.

The idea of ​​creating technopolises:

The idea of ​​creating technopolises arose in the mid-1950s. in the USA. The first
technopolises were Silicon Valley in California and Route 128 in Massachusetts -
now widely known all over the world outposts for the connection of science with production.

Causes of occurrence:

depletion of resources for industrial development;
an urgent need for the development of new technologies;
overcoming the relative autonomy of science and production;
the need for the reconstruction of large enterprises;

Benefits of creating technopolises

The creation and operation of science and technology parks contributes to
equalization of the economic level of various regions of the country, more
rational distribution of productive forces, transformation of individual
economically less developed regions into scientific and industrial zones with
relatively high standard of living.

Types of technopolises:

innovation centers;
science and research parks;
technological parks;
technology centers;
belts of technocomplexes and science parks;

Technopolises of Western Europe

Western Europe is one of the world's leading regions for the development of science and
research. The number of scientists and engineers here exceeds 850 thousand people.
Nevertheless, for a long time, it lagged noticeably behind the United States and
Japan, primarily in the development of the latest technology and technology.

Technoparks and technopolises in France

In France, as in most other Western European countries, the main centers
the development of science is served by universities. However, unlike Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany or
Sweden, in France there is no city with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants, wherever
there was no university, and there are 75 universities in this country.

Technopolises of France

For a long time, Paris with its famous university (Sorbonne) and other
unique intellectual infrastructure concentrated the overwhelming
part of all national research in science and technology. Role of Paris
became even more significant after the creation in its new satellite cities
Ivry and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, often referred to as the Ile-de-France city of science. There are 9 science and technology parks here.

The largest technopolis in France

The largest project was carried out in the south of France, the administrative center
which is the city of Nice. In the mid-1970s. here work began to create
Technopolis Sophia - Antipolis on the Valbonne plateau. The choice of this place was due to
its location close to Nice airport, Paris-Nice railway and
motorway A-8 ("Provencal"), as well as the presence of free and unpolluted
territories close to the French Riviera.

Technopolises of Great Britain

In Great Britain, the first science park appeared in 1972 in Edinburgh, based on the local
university, the second - in 1973 in Cambridge, also on the basis of a famous university,
founded back in 1209. Other science parks originated mainly in the Eastern
England, in the so-called M-4 corridor between London and Bristol, but they are also
and in more remote areas of the central part of England, its North-East, Scotland.
In all cases, the areas chosen for the arrangement of science parks differ
attractive living conditions and developed infrastructure.

Technopark Cambridge

Already in the mid-1990s. more than 400 high-tech
firms specializing in electronics, computer technology,
computer software. Branches of many
large companies such as Siemens. At the park, a research and
innovation centers. Back in the late 1980s. about 20 thousand people worked here.
A special image of this park is given by the urban landscape of Cambridge, ecological
setting, proximity to London (80 km).

Technopolises of Germany

In Germany, the first technoparks appeared only in the early 1980s, but then in this
the field began a real boom, and the number of parks began to grow rapidly. Among them
small incubators and innovation centers prevail, although
some are quite large. Among the main centers of concentration
such parks include Berlin and Munich. Other important science parks and technopolises
Germany is located in Hamburg, Bremen, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Ulm, Hanover, Bonn.

Isar Valley Science Park

Isar Valley near Munich specializes in microelectronics. The emergence of it
due to the presence in the capital of Bavaria of a large cultural potential (nine universities,
including two universities, scientific libraries, museums, etc.), as well as residences
such large concerns as Deutsche Aerospace, Siemens, a developed banking sector.

Technopolises of Italy

In Italy, by the mid-1980s. only one technological park, Novus
Ortus ", near the city of Bari. It was created as part of the regional policy on
the rise of the Italian South and began as an innovative
center, but became a large park. Other projects are underway in Genoa, Florence,
Pisa and Siena - based on local universities, as well as in Turin, Venice, Trieste.

Technopolises of Russia

Russia has also gained experience in organizing science and technology parks.
However, perestroika and the subsequent economic reform caused
certain damage to the system of these parks. Funding has decreased, many
scientists have left the industry. The problem of preserving and
multiplying the country's innovative potential.

Technopolises of Russia

In mid-2002, the Council of State and the Security Council determined
nine main directions of development of science and 52 critical science-intensive
technologies to be emphasized. Concept developed
reforming public research centers.

Technopolises of Russia

In 2006, the government approved the program “Creation of technoparks in the field of
high technologies "aimed at the development of high-tech industries
economy and the creation of technoparks in the field of high technologies, which is
an effective mechanism for the development of high-tech industries.

Output

An important factor in the development of the high-tech sector in the world
the economy is the formation and improvement of systems
technoparks and technopolises. For the full functioning of these
entities require the active participation of the state in their creation and
maintaining. The formation of special funds is necessary,
lending to risky scientific and technical projects, the creation
advisory structures to help innovative firms
find and do business with foreign partners.

Japan is known as the country with the most highly developed science. In terms of the number of scientists and engineers (850 thousand), it is second only to the United States and China and shares the third and fourth places with Russia. In terms of the share of R&D expenditures, Japan is also among the top five countries in the world. Using a complex system of coefficients, scientists sometimes calculate the general level of development of science in a particular country. In this case, Japan is at the very beginning of the ranking, ranking third behind Sweden and Switzerland.
From a geographical point of view, the issue of the territorial organization of science in Japan is of greatest interest. This country has always been distinguished by a very high level of territorial concentration of science, which was almost entirely concentrated in the Kanto, Tokai and Kinki regions. Only in Greater Tokyo more than half of all scientific research carried out in the country was carried out, half of all professors taught in it, more than 40% of all students studied. It is all the more important that in the early 1970s. there was a "great migration" of science from Tokyo to a new city of science - Tsukubu, built specifically for this purpose 60 km northeast of the capital and soon became the country's largest research and development center. This marked the beginning of the process of deconcentration of the scientific sphere, which in the 1970s. became typical for other spheres of economic and non-economic activity.
In the mid-1990s. 78 different scientific institutions already worked in Tsukuba. Among them are two universities, 46 national research laboratories, 8 private research centers, as well as enterprises and research institutions of private firms. They specialize in higher education (students from 50 countries of the world study in Tsukuba), in research in the field of natural (institutes of geography, environment), technical (metallurgy, synthetic materials) sciences. There is a space center, a library, a science museum, a botanical garden (Fig. 121).
But that was only the beginning. A much larger decentralization of scientific research began in connection with the implementation of the Technopolis program. The word "technopolis" ("tekunoporisu") appeared in the Japanese lexicon in 1980. combination of science and industry. In order to better understand this concept itself, it should be remembered that in Japan (as well as in the USA) the overwhelming part of R&D expenditures, exceeding 90%, is spent on applied research and development.


The Technopolis program was first formulated in 1980 in a special document prepared by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry of Japan entitled “A Look into the 80s”. It provided for a balanced, organic combination of high-tech industry, science and a favorable living space. Specifically, it was a question of creating research and production towns (technopolises) in different parts of the country, but outside the largest urban agglomerations, in which there should be conditions for research activities, and for high-tech production, and for training personnel. Some experts believe that this program was based on the concept of "growth poles", which was quite popular at that time.
At the same time, the main criteria for the placement of future technopolises were quite clearly formulated:
- proximity (no more than 30 minutes drive) to the "mother city" with a population of 150-200 thousand people, which would provide public services;
- proximity to the airport, and even better to the international airport or to the station of the high-speed railway;
- the presence of a basic university providing training and research in the field of high technologies;
- a balanced set of industrial zones, research institutes and residential areas;
- improved information network;
- favorable conditions for life, conducive to creative scientific work and thinking;
- planning with the participation of all three stakeholders: business, universities and local authorities.
In 1983, a law on technopolises was adopted and its implementation began. At first, the program provided for the creation of only seven to eight technopolises. But it turned out that 40 out of 47 Japanese prefectures expressed their desire to participate in it. Therefore, in 1983-1984. projects of 14 technopolises were approved, and then their total number was brought to 26.
An analysis of the location of these technopolises (Fig. 122) leads to a number of interesting conclusions. For example, that almost all of them were created outside the Pacific belt. Further, that 12 of them belong (according to V.V.Krysov) to the semi-peripheral, and 14 - to the peripheral regions of Japan. Finally, the fact that technopolises appeared in all economic regions of Japan, but in the largest number (6 each) in such truly peripheral regions as Tohoku and Kyushu.

The island of Kyushu, formerly known for coal mining and metallurgy, agriculture and fishing, already in the 1970s. gradually became the focus of knowledge-intensive industries - primarily semiconductors, integrated circuits, which is explained by the availability of cheap labor, lower cost of land, and a better environmental situation. Even then, from the mouth of a child, one could hear here: "Grandfather works in the field, father works in the city, and sister works at a high-tech production plant." The Technopolis committee selected the sites here for the creation of six technopolises. It is no coincidence that Kyushu began to be called the Silicon Island.
In accordance with the plan, all technopolises were created at university cities. Many of them (Akita, Utsunomiya, Naga-oka, Hakodate, etc.) and have the same names as their "mother" cities. As for their research profiles, they are very diverse. For example, in Hakodata it is the production of means for the development of the ocean, in Akita - electronics, mecatronics, the production of new materials, in Nagaoka - the production of advanced technical systems, the design industry, in Utsunomiya - electronics, fine chemical technology, in Hamamatsu - optoelectronics, in Toyama - biotechnology. , computer science, in Kumamoto - the production of machines for applied purposes, information systems, etc.
As a result, it can be argued that technopolises in Japan have already become an important link not only in the territorial organization of science, but also in the entire territorial organization of the economy of this country.

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Formation and development of technoparks in the countries of Southeast Asia

Sergey Yaroshenko

The issue of creating technoparks in our country has recently become not only fashionable, but also relevant. It is becoming obvious that without the introduction of innovative technologies in the production of consumer goods, we are doomed to sell off the dwindling reserves of energy resources in order to buy a toothbrush or vacuum cleaner. We can say that in our country there have long existed academic cities, closed institutes or entire closed administrative territorial cities, which made it possible to create a nuclear bomb or hydrogen rocket engines.

Unfortunately, since the founding of ZATO, the economic and political realities in the country have changed significantly, and the high-tech products of these closed territorial entities turned out to be unclaimed, and they were not ready for the mass production of competitive consumer goods. Therefore, more and more IT specialists are interested in examples of successful world projects for the development of a network of technoparks. best practices can certainly be grafted onto the fertile Russian soil.

The birth of technoparks

In the course of the formation of an industrial, and then a post-industrial society, it became obvious that the most acute problem for small innovative enterprises is the availability of production space and financial support. A way to solve such problems was found in the early 50s at Stanford University (California, USA).

After the creation of the first semiconductor transistor, the rapid development of semiconductor electronics began. At the same time, a number of problems emerged, without the solution of which semiconductor technology could not get a start in life. The university offered creative teams wishing to work in this high-tech field to rent their empty buildings and a piece of land near them for a relatively small fee. This is how the Stanford University Science and Technology Park was formed, famous for its phenomenal achievements in the development of the knowledge-intensive industry sector. Such well-known companies as Hewlett-Packard and Polaroid began their lives in the technopark. The results of experimental developments of small enterprises of the technopark laid the foundation for the rapid development of the electronics industry in this region. Since silicon is the basic material for semiconductor electronics, this area has become known as "Silicon Valley" (Silicon Valley). Today it is one of the most prosperous regions in the United States (suffice it to say that the average salary in Silicon Valley is 5 times higher than the average for the United States). The success of Silicon Valley is determined by the fact that it was there that a special financing scheme for high-tech projects was developed and applied - venture financing. (Venture capital financing is financing of new businesses and new activities that are traditionally considered high-risk, which prevents them from obtaining financing in the form of bank loans and other generally accepted sources.)

Today, there are more than 160 technology parks in the USA, which is more than 30% of the total number of technology parks in the world. Similar formations have appeared in other advanced countries of the world. (For the sake of fairness, we note that the decision of the USSR government to create the Novosibirsk academic town and the "ring" of industrial production around it at the end of the 1950s was, in a sense, the first experience of creating such cities-technoparks.)

From industrially developed states, technoparks have moved to developing countries - Brazil, India, China and many other young nation states. Already in 1998, there were more than 400 technoparks in the world.

Japanese technopolises

Speaking about the countries of Southeast Asia, we cannot fail to mention Japan. In Japan, technoparks are called "technopolises". Technopolis is a program of the Japanese government in the early 1980s, which became one of the key elements of the country's regional development strategy in the context of the transition to a science-intensive industrial structure, accelerating scientific and technological progress, softization and servicing of the economy.

The technopolis construction program provided for a balanced and organic combination of high-tech industry, science (universities, engineering universities, research institutes, laboratories) and living space (prosperous and spacious living areas), as well as the combination of the rich traditions of the regions with advanced industrial technology. The new research and production townships were conceived as multipurpose and complex, which favorably distinguished them from similar territorial entities in the United States and Europe. Japanese technopolises include not only science parks and research centers, capital and new technologies, but also new residential areas, roads, communications and communications.

In 1990, the first stage - formation of 20 technopolises - was completed, and the government decided to develop plans for the second stage - development and amendments to the overall strategy. At the same time, the interim results of the implementation of the program were summed up. As indicators of the efficiency of the work of technopolises, the following were taken: the volumes of shipped industrial products, the volume of added value created in industry, the same per employee and the number of people employed in industry. Research results showed that the average annual growth rate in 1980-1989. on all indicators significantly lagged behind the forecasted ones. However, this did not indicate the inconsistency of the very idea of ​​technopolises or its practical implementation. The projected figures were indicative. The program for the construction of technopolises was not a directive plan, it determined only a general development strategy, and from the very beginning it was assumed that it would be flexibly adjusted. Since in the 80s. the yen rate rose sharply, industry rushed not to the provinces, but abroad. As a result, the indicators of industrial development laid down earlier in the project turned out to be overestimated. In addition, the different degree of preparedness of the prefectures for the implementation of the program, the presence or absence of large companies interested in the project, as well as strong leaders capable of leading it, had an effect in a particular area.

Practice has shown that the most successful technopolises are those located in areas of high and medium levels of economic development. At the same time, high-tech industries became the growth leaders, which testifies to qualitative changes in the sectoral structure of industry in technopolises. In almost all technopolises, elements of a new research, production and information infrastructure were laid. Perhaps this was the greatest achievement of the first stage of the Technopolis program. For 10 years, research centers, technoparks, high-tech centers, high-level information systems have been built in technopolises, joint research of universities and industry in the field of high technologies has intensified. There has been a long-term trend towards a slowdown in the outflow of graduates of local universities from their native places, as technopolises have opened up prospects for them to apply their knowledge.

Hsinchu Science and Industry Park (Taiwan)

Japan has played an extremely important role in the development of the Taiwanese economy. Taiwan embarked on industrialization, initially relying on the economic infrastructure left behind by Japan, factories built before and during World War II, the railway system, highways, etc., as well as management methods and technology, which greatly facilitated the post-war development of the island.

In 1981 in Taiwan, in the city of Hsinchu, the first Science and Industry Park (NIP) was organized, which initially included seven companies. Today the park is about 180 companies; scientific and educational organizations: state universities of Tsinghua and Jiaotong, Institute for the Study of Industrial Technology; social institutions: kindergartens, schools (where education is conducted in Chinese and English), theaters, a concert hall, sports facilities, restaurants, a supermarket. The Technopark has a powerful housing stock; there is a recreation area on the territory of the park. It is also very important that the atmosphere of creative freedom reigns here.

The park, which employs about 50 thousand people, is located on a rented area of ​​380 hectares. Xinzhong Park is the heart of Taiwan's information industry and a world-class high-tech hub. His specialization is the creation of communication systems, computers and medical equipment. In the fact that Taiwan has reached the third place in the world (after the USA, Japan) in the production of IT products, the decisive role belongs to the NIP in Hsinchu.

NIP is an independently operating scientific and technical complex with broad management rights and economic opportunities. Taiwanese or foreign companies that choose to settle in the park receive significant economic incentives. Excellent conditions, economic benefits cannot fail to attract Taiwanese and foreign businesses, especially Chinese people who live in the United States and other countries of the world. (Half of the companies in Hsinchu are organized by overseas Chinese, who come mainly from the United States.) The rate of return in Hsinchu Park is 25%, while the average for the entire manufacturing industry of the island is 6.5%.

High-tech industry of the Republic of Korea

The economic development model of the Republic of Korea is similar to that of Japan. Unlike its northern neighbor, the Republic of Korea has built a high-tech industry in four decades.

In 1987, the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea developed a fifteen-year plan that determined the main directions of the state's scientific and technological policy. It outlined the development of microelectronics and pure chemistry, computer science and production automation. In the 80s of the last century, research and production parks (technoparks), research institutes and risk firms in the field of high technologies began to be created in the country. Thanks to financial and tax incentives, large enterprises from leading industries in Korea and foreign companies took part in them.

Experimental small-scale production, development of new technologies, products and materials were carried out in technoparks. With positive results of R&D, mass production of new products was organized. As the level of industrialization increased, the development of its own R&D gradually increased. During 1960-1980, government spending for these purposes increased from 0.25% to 0.58% of GDP. By 2000, the number of people employed in the IT industry reached 440 thousand people (about 3.8% of the total working-age population of the country).

Hong Kong creates its own Silicon Valley

On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was taken over by the Chinese administration. Today it is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC. In 1997, the Hong Kong government expressed its intention to build a "digital city" called Cyberport, a national Silicon Valley that would bring together more than 100 companies with 10,000 state-of-the-art technology professionals. The embodiment of this idea was Cyberport, which occupies an area of ​​24 hectares. The digital city is located in the south of the SAR. Within four years, a hotel, residential complexes, shops and high-tech service centers were built here. The project is currently at the completion stage. $ 2 billion has already been spent on the creation of Cyberport.

As conceived by the creators, Cyberport should provide affordable production facilities and support for small and medium-sized high-tech companies. Cyberport is an opportunity for specialized businesses such as online video, music, animation and imaging production. The wireless access network deployed throughout Cyberport is capable of transmitting data at a speed of 100 Mb / s.

Today, only half of the offices of Cyberport are filled, which has not yet been self-funded. The problem is that the transition of companies to a new high-tech industrial zone is promising, but it is complicated by the underdeveloped infrastructure and high cost of location.

Note that Hong Kong has the largest accumulation of venture capital in Asia, very strict legislation governing intellectual property, a large number of highly educated and talented people - graduates of six universities, Cyberport and Science Park employees. All this together creates an ideal environment for research and development.

IT technologies are the future of China's economy

Since 1988, China has been implementing a program to concentrate efforts aimed at developing knowledge-intensive industries: microelectronics and informatics, fiber-optic communications, genetic engineering and biotechnology, and medical equipment. The state policy of China in the field of science and high technologies is quite progressive and uses all methods to stimulate the development of knowledge-intensive industries in the country.

Hong Kong's success in high-tech development has pushed mainland China to establish high-tech centers in Beijing and Shanghai. Zones for the development of new high technologies - technoparks - began to be created in the country. In 1988, the first technopark "Beijing Experimental Zone for the Development of New Technologies in the Hai Dan Region" was created, and now there are more than 120 zones in China, where technologies of various levels of complexity are rapidly developing. By 2001, the proceeds from the export of technoparks' products alone amounted to more than $ 4 billion. There are people to work in Chinese technoparks. Today in China there are 1 thousand scientists and engineers per one million of the population, in other words, this stratum of society numbers about 1.3 million specialists who speak Chinese, English and often Russian.

Indian technology parks

In 1991, the Department of Electronic Industry and Software Technology Park, by the decision of the government of the country, began to create a network of technology parks. The meaning of Indian technoparks is the formation of centers for the concentration of advanced knowledge and technologies with the rapid introduction of the latter into production. In India, technoparks are exempt from import tax, for five years - from paying internal taxes and fees, and have a number of other benefits (energy supply and communications, including satellite). Today they are acquiring the features of complex R&D centers with well-developed infrastructure and state-of-the-art electronics R&D facilities. They are created on the principle of a "closed production cycle".

Technopark Bangalore. Only the support of the Indian government helped create the first Indian technology park Bangalore (Bangalore), the national Silicon Valley. The technopark began its history in 1984, when a contract was signed with Texas Instruments, and in 1986 the Software Technology Park was officially opened here. Today, the park employs more than 80 thousand first-class IT specialists, a highly developed network of research and educational institutions has been formed, uniting over 55 colleges and universities.

A technopark in Bangalore is located a few hundred meters from the outskirts of an ordinary Indian city with its poverty and shacks. However, inside the technology park, there is a different world, with golf courses, swimming pools, shops, gyms and superb spaces for programmers to work with.

The Indian Technopark is a tool for solving the problem of developing high technologies in a poor country. Young people are showing how they can live if they strive for higher education. Park employees are quite young people. No international, all as one Indians. There are noticeably more men (they wear exclusively European clothes), but there are also many girls, mostly dressed in saris. These are programmers. They debug software for powerful specialized supercomputers commissioned by multinational IT companies. Personnel are trained here, in Bangalore. The education system is fundamentally different from the Russian one. After leaving school, the student goes to college for two years and turns into a programmer. Further study is possible and obligatory only for project managers, and there are only one for several dozen developers.

The restructuring of economies, in particular in India and China, is leading to a significant increase in the demand for highly qualified scientific and engineering personnel within these countries, threatening American leadership in the field of high technology. Cooperation between the state and business in India is highlighted as a key development mechanism, expressed in serious investments in technical universities and telecommunications infrastructure, the creation of advanced technology parks. All this makes India more competitive and attractive for investors and international corporations. As a result, highly qualified and talented high-tech specialists of Indian origin who found work in the United States flocked to their homeland.

The factors noted above, together with the government support program, have helped India become the leader in the global offshore programming market. A total of 13 Indian technology parks employ about 1.3 thousand development companies, which employ more than 450 thousand employees. India earns about $ 13 billion a year from this market segment (Russia - $ 500 million).

Japan is known as the country with the most highly developed science. In terms of the number of scientists and engineers (850 thousand), it is second only to the United States and China and shares the third and fourth places with Russia. In terms of the share of R&D expenditures, Japan is also among the top five countries in the world. Using a complex system of coefficients, scientists sometimes calculate the general level of development of science in a particular country. In this case, Japan is at the very beginning of the ranking, ranking third behind Sweden and Switzerland.

From a geographical point of view, of greatest interest is the question of territorial organization of science in Japan. This country has always had a very high level of territorial concentration of science, which was almost entirely concentrated in the Kanto, Tokai and Kinki regions. Only in Greater Tokyo more than half of all scientific research carried out in the country was carried out, half of all professors taught in it, more than 40% of all students studied. It is all the more important that in the early 1970s. there was a "great migration" of science from Tokyo to a new city of science - Tsukubu, built specifically for this purpose 60 km northeast of the capital and soon became the country's largest research and development center. This laid the foundation for deconcentration process scientific sphere that in the 1970s. became typical for other spheres of economic and non-economic activity.

In the mid-1990s. 78 different scientific institutions already worked in Tsukuba. Among them are two universities, 46 national research laboratories, 8 private research centers, as well as enterprises and research institutions of private firms. They specialize in higher education (students from 50 countries of the world study in Tsukuba), in research in the field of natural (institutes of geography, environment), technical (metallurgy, synthetic materials) sciences. There is a space center, a library, a science museum, a botanical garden (Fig. 121).

But that was only the beginning. A much larger decentralization of research began with the implementation of the Technopolis program. The word "technopolis" ("tekunoporisu") appeared in the Japanese lexicon in 1980. combination of science and industry. In order to better understand this concept itself, it should be remembered that in Japan (as well as in the USA) the overwhelming part of R&D expenditures, exceeding 90%, is spent on applied research and development.

Rice. 121. Tsukuba City of Science

The Technopolis program was first formulated in 1980 in a special document prepared by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry of Japan entitled “A Look into the 80s”. It provided for a balanced, organic combination of high-tech industry, science and a favorable living space. Specifically, it was a question of creating research and production towns (technopolises) in different parts of the country, but outside the largest urban agglomerations, in which there should be conditions for research activities, and for high-tech production, and for training personnel. Some experts believe that this program was based on the concept of "growth poles", which was quite popular at that time.

At the same time, the main placement criteria future technopolises:

- proximity (no more than 30 minutes drive) to the "mother city" with a population of 150-200 thousand people, which would provide public services;

- proximity to the airport, and even better to the international airport or to the station of the high-speed railway;

- the presence of a basic university providing training and research in the field of high technologies;

- a balanced set of industrial zones, research institutes and residential areas;

- improved information network;

- favorable conditions for life, conducive to creative scientific work and thinking;

- planning with the participation of all three stakeholders: business, universities and local authorities.

In 1983, a law on technopolises was adopted and its implementation began. At first, the program provided for the creation of only seven to eight technopolises. But it turned out that 40 out of 47 Japanese prefectures expressed their desire to participate in it. Therefore, in 1983-1984. projects of 14 technopolises were approved, and then their total number was brought to 26.

An analysis of the location of these technopolises (Fig. 122) leads to a number of interesting conclusions. For example, that almost all of them were created outside the Pacific belt. Further, that 12 of them belong (according to V.V.Krysov) to the semi-peripheral, and 14 - to the peripheral regions of Japan. Finally, the fact that technopolises appeared in all economic regions of Japan, but in the largest number (6 each) in such truly peripheral regions as Tohoku and Kyushu.

Rice. 122. Technopolises of Japan (by Sh. Tatsuno)

The island of Kyushu, formerly known for coal mining and metallurgy, agriculture and fishing, already in the 1970s. gradually became the focus of knowledge-intensive industries - primarily semiconductors, integrated circuits, which is explained by the availability of cheap labor, lower cost of land, and a better environmental situation. Even then, from the mouth of a child, one could hear here: "Grandfather works in the field, father works in the city, and sister works at a high-tech production plant." The Technopolis committee selected the sites here for the creation of six technopolises. It is no coincidence that Kyushu began to be called the Silicon Island.

In accordance with the plan, all technopolises were created at university cities. Many of them (Akita, Utsunomiya, Naga-oka, Hakodate, etc.) and have the same names as their "mother" cities. As for their research profiles, they are very diverse. For example, in Hakodata it is the production of means for the development of the ocean, in Akita - electronics, mecatronics, the production of new materials, in Nagaoka - the production of advanced technical systems, the design industry, in Utsunomiya - electronics, fine chemical technology, in Hamamatsu - optoelectronics, in Toyama - biotechnology. , computer science, in Kumamoto - the production of machines for applied purposes, information systems, etc.

As a result, it can be argued that technopolises in Japan have already become an important link not only in the territorial organization of science, but also in the entire territorial organization of the economy of this country.

In 1991, the Department of Electronic Industry (DEP) and Software Technology Park, by the decision of the Government of India, began to create a network of technology parks. However, in fairness, we note that the decision of the USSR government to create the Novosibirsk Academgorodok and the "ring" of industrial production around it at the end of the 1950s was, in a sense, the first experience of creating such cities-technoparks.

The meaning of technoparks is the formation of centers for the concentration of advanced knowledge and technologies with the rapid introduction of the latter into production. In India, technoparks are exempt from import tax, for five years - from paying internal taxes and fees, and have a number of other benefits (energy supply and communications, including satellite). Now they are already acquiring the features of complex research centers with a developed infrastructure and with the most modern means for R&D in the field of electronics. They are created on the principle of a “closed production cycle”.

In India, the formation of the structure of technoparks continues. In various states, on the basis of existing industries and research institutions, the largest centers of modern production are being created. Technoparks are being set up throughout India, but progress has been made in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The intensive growth of technoparks, accompanied by government guarantees for preferential taxation, the formation of various research institutes, makes India today an attractive place for foreign investment.

In Japan, technoparks are called technopolises, because in many times they exceed parks both in terms of territory and in terms of the volume of work and research carried out. By the beginning of the new century, Japanese technopolises had become the main centers of science and technology in the 21st century.

Technopolis is a government program in the early 1980s, which became one of the key elements of the country's regional development strategy in the context of the transition to a science-intensive industrial structure, accelerating scientific and technological progress and the introduction of IT into the economy.

The technopolis construction program provided for a balanced and organic combination of high-tech industry, science (universities, engineering universities, research institutes, laboratories) and living space (prosperous and spacious living areas), as well as the combination of the rich traditions of the regions with advanced industrial technology. The new research and production townships were conceived as multipurpose and complex, which distinguished them from similar territorial entities in the United States and Europe. Japanese technopolises include not only science parks and research centers, capital and new technologies, but also new residential areas, roads, communications and communications.

Technopolises are fundamentally different from the territorial-production complexes that were created in Japan in the 60-70s. Their novelty lies in the fact that the most advanced industries and technologies that are at the stage of development or prosperity, characterized by science intensity and a high share of added value, were chosen as the main lever for economic growth in peripheral regions. The process of selecting these industries and industries, as well as the development and implementation of specific development plans for each technopolis, was in the competence of local self-government bodies.

Technopolises were created in various parts of the country (outside of large urban agglomerations). They became strongholds for the development of peripheral regions. Initially, it was not planned to build a large number of technopolises, but interest in them in the regions turned out to be so high that it was decided to expand the circle of program participants. To date, the number of technopolises has reached 26.

At a new stage in the life of technopolises, support for R&D comes to the fore, aimed at educating "creative" people and "creative" industries, strengthening the sphere of production services ("the brains of industry"), creating a comfortable living environment, opportunities for sports and other types active rest. It is supposed to strengthen the information link between individual "techno-cities".