Versatile, deep and unique. For centuries, being the subject of comprehensive research for various scientific fields, it still remains largely unexplored. Thanks to the accumulated and systematized knowledge, the main personality traits are highlighted. Getting to know them helps a person to better understand himself, which, in turn, allows him to make adjustments to beliefs, self-motivation system, to change habitual ways of acting to improve the quality of his life and increase the level of happiness.

Personality structure

There are many different theories about personality traits. In Russian psychology, the personality structures of such authors as Platonov K.K., Leontiev A.N., Kovalev A.G. are widely known.

In the table below, the personality structure according to Kovalev A.G.

In the works of the famous Russian psychologist A.G. Kovalev, personality is defined as an integrative formation of mental processes, states and formed traits of a person's personality.

Psychological processes

Psychological processes determine the foundation of a person's mental life, since they provide him with interaction with the environment and are responsible for the formation of his life experience. There are a lot of such processes both in consciousness and in subconsciousness. They are the most dynamic and short-lived. Emotional, volitional and cognitive mental processes stand out among them. The last group includes perception, sensation, presentation, thinking, memory, attention, imagination.

Psychological conditions

Psychological states are already more stable formations that are formed from psychological processes. They represent the internal integral characteristics of the individual psyche that are relatively unchanged over time. Each such state can be characterized by one or several parameters that distinguish it from many others. Depending on what kind of activity or what kind of behavioral act this state provides, the dominance of certain cognitive, emotional or volitional mental processes manifests itself.

Psychological properties

Mental properties or personality traits of a person are individual psychological characteristics that underlie the constant ways of his interaction with the world. They characterize a person as a system of certain subjective attitudes towards himself, towards people around him, various groups and the world as a whole, which manifests itself in communication and interaction with them.

While the formation of general stable personality traits is just beginning, the child is characterized as a whole by his prevailing psychological states. For example, they speak of him as calm, balanced, shy, capricious, affective, excitable, depressive. With the change, the appearance of the child's personality also changes. Under certain conditions, one of these states can gain a foothold and in the future manifest itself in some features of its character.

The formation of personality traits is carried out from mental processes that occur against the background of mental states. They represent the most stable and stable, little subject to change and at the same time slowly accumulating mental formations. As such, A. G. Kovalev identified four main categories. The list of personality traits of a person is as follows:

• temperament;
• focus;
• character;
• capabilities.

At the same time, he drew attention to a certain degree of conventionality in the selection of these structures, since the same properties can characterize both direction and character, and influence the manifestation of abilities. However, it is very important to view these structures as relatively autonomous. Indeed, in the presence of the same properties, for example, temperament, people can differ greatly from each other in orientation, character and abilities.

Temperament

Human temperament refers to biologically determined personality traits and is the foundation on which it is formed. It reflects the differences between people on such criteria as emotional impressionability, intensity and stability of emotions, pace and vigor of actions, and other dynamic characteristics. The personality traits caused by it are the most stable and long-term.

According to the definition of BM Teplov, temperament can be spoken of as a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a particular person, which are associated with the rapidity of the onset of feelings and their intensity.

Thus, to determine the type of temperament, two main dynamic characteristics are investigated - activity and emotionality. The indicator of activity of behavior characterizes the degree of speed, impetuosity, energy or inertia and slowness. The emotionality indicator characterizes emotional processes, reflecting their sign, positive or negative, and modality - fear, anger, joy and others. The most common today is the classification proposed by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. e., distinguishing four types of temperament:

• sanguine;
• phlegmatic;
• melancholic;
• choleric.

In representatives of the sanguine type, rapidly arising but weak feelings are noted, phlegmatic - slowly arising and weak feelings, melancholic - slowly arising but strong feelings, choleric - rapidly arising and strong feelings. It can also be noted that representatives of the sanguine and choleric types of temperament are characterized by fast movements, general mobility and a predisposition to a bright external expression of feelings through facial expressions, movements and speech. For representatives of the phlegmatic and melancholic, on the contrary, slow movements and a tendency to weak expression of feelings are characteristic. In practice, it is very rare to find people with a pronounced pure type of temperament, more often there are mixed types, when traits of two types of temperament are combined.

Temperament does not in any way affect the presence of a person's abilities and giftedness. Outstanding talents in various fields of activity can occur with the same frequency for any type of temperament. For example, such famous Russian writers as I.A.Goncharov and I.A.Krylov showed features of a phlegmatic type of temperament, I.V. Gogol and V.A.Zhukovsky - melancholic, A.I. Herzen - sanguine , A.S. Pushkin had pronounced features of choleric. And among the two great Russian commanders, the types of temperaments were opposite: in A. V. Suvorov - choleric, in M. I. Kutuzov - phlegmatic.

The question of which type of temperament is better is incorrect. Each of them has both its positive and negative sides. Valuable personality traits of a sanguine person are liveliness, mobility, responsiveness, phlegmatic - calmness, lack of fussiness and haste, melancholic - depth and stability of feelings, choleric - energy, passion, activity.

There is a tendency for the development of undesirable personality traits:

• in a sanguine person, such as frivolity and infantilism, a tendency to diffuse, superficial feelings;
• in a phlegmatic person - inertia, lethargy, indifference;
• for a melancholic - excessive isolation, excessive shyness, a tendency to plunge headlong into their own experiences;
• in a choleric person - harshness, incontinence, a tendency to emotional "explosions".

Personality orientation

The orientation of the personality acts as the leading characteristic of a person. It is understood as a set of stable motives that orient the activity of an individual and have relative independence from the actual situation. In other words, it is the main motivational core of a person. The orientation of the personality is always socially conditioned and is formed in the process of education. Directionality is attitudes that have become personality traits and found their manifestation in certain forms, each of which is based on the motives of a person's activity. These forms include:

• attraction;
• a wish;
• interest;
• addiction;
• ideal;
• worldview;
• belief.

Characteristic of directional forms

In this context, an attraction is understood as a mental state that expresses an indistinguishable, unconscious or insufficiently realized need. As a rule, attraction is a temporary phenomenon, since the person's need manifested in it either fades away, or is realized and thus is transformed into desire.

Desire is a need already realized by a person and an attraction to something specific. Desire, through sufficient awareness, has a motivating power. It contributes to the vision of the goal of future actions and the construction of a detailed plan. This form of manifestation of orientation is characterized by the awareness, firstly, of their needs and, secondly, of the potential ways to satisfy them.

Aspiration is usually seen as a perceived urge to act. It appears when desire is combined with a volitional component.

The most striking and voluminous characteristic of the orientation of a person is her interests, being the most important motivating force for cognition of the surrounding reality. On a subjective level, interest reveals itself in a special emotional background that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to certain objects. An amazing feature of interest is that, when satisfied, instead of extinction, on the contrary, it evokes a number of new ones corresponding to higher levels of cognitive activity.

Inclination reflects the focus of a person on a certain type of activity. At its core, it is a stable interest in the dynamics of its development that develops into a deep and stable human need to perform a particular activity. This happens when the volitional component is connected to interest.

An ideal is a certain concrete image or representation of an objective goal, towards which a person is guided, towards which he strives through the realization of his inclinations.

A worldview is understood as a system of subjective views of a person on the world around him, on his place in it, on his attitude to himself and to other people. It reflects the ideals, value orientations, principles and beliefs of the individual.

Persuasion is considered the highest form of direction and is considered as a system of motives of a person's personality, prompting him to act in accordance with his views, principles, worldview. The concepts of motive and motivation are different from each other. The latter is broader and more capacious. A motive is a stable personality trait that from within prompts a person to take certain actions. In the formation of the orientation of the personality, the main role belongs to perceived motives, since they ensure the activation and direction of behavior. Their formation originates from human needs.

Character

In psychology, it is customary to understand character as a set of individual mental properties that manifest themselves in typical forms of behavior and methods of action for a given individual. The process of forming general stable personality traits is carried out in the course of life.

Character traits include not all of its features, but only the most significant and stable ones. For example, even very cheerful and optimistic people may experience feelings such as sadness or sadness, but this does not make them pessimists or whiners.

There are a lot of classifications of the main psychological personality traits. Most often in Russian psychological literature, there are two approaches. According to the first, all character traits are tied to mental processes and therefore are divided into three groups. The list of personality traits in this case is as follows:

• Strong-willed - independence, organization, activity, perseverance, decisiveness and others.
• Emotional - impressionability, impetuosity, fervor, responsiveness, indifference, inertia and others.
• Intellectual - curiosity, thoughtfulness, resourcefulness, ingenuity and others.

According to the second approach, personality traits are described based on the orientation of the personality. In the formed character, the leading component is the belief system, which sets the long-term, strategic direction of a person's actions and behavior, provides confidence in the importance and fairness of the work he is doing, and determines perseverance in achieving his goals.

Character traits that determine the attitude towards activity are expressed in the sustainable interests of a person. A spineless person has no goals at all or very scattered. The superficiality and instability of their interests are often associated with a high degree of imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person's personality. And, on the contrary, the content and depth of a person's interests testifies to his purposefulness and perseverance.

The specific character of the personality is manifested in situations of choice of methods of action or types of behavior. In this context, we can talk about such a character trait as the degree of expression of motivation to achieve success. The choice of a person will depend on it either in favor of actions leading to success - initiative, competitive activity, willingness to take risks, or in favor of the desire to simply avoid failure - risk avoidance, evasion of responsibility, inactivity, lack of initiative.

All personality traits can be conditionally attributed to two types - motivational and instrumental. The former, accordingly, stimulate and direct the activity, and the latter give it a certain style. For example, when choosing the goal of an action, a motivational personality trait is manifested. However, after the goal has been determined, instrumental character traits appear more, which determine the choice of certain methods of achieving this goal.

The character is formed gradually and can undergo transformation throughout a person's life. And this process can be made conscious. As the famous English writer William Makepeace Thackeray said, sow an action - reap a habit, sow a habit - reap character, sow character - and you will reap destiny.

Human abilities

According to the approach of the domestic scientist B.M. Teplova, abilities are understood as such individual psychological characteristics that, on the one hand, distinguish one person from another, on the other hand, they are related to the success of performing any one activity or numerous activities, with the third - are not limited to the knowledge, skills and abilities that a person already has.

A person's abilities determine the degree of ease and speed of acquiring and assimilating knowledge, skills and abilities. In turn, the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities significantly contribute to the further development of abilities, and their absence, on the contrary, serves as a brake on the development of abilities. In psychology, they are most often classified as follows:

• ability;
• giftedness;
• talent;
• genius.

The successful implementation of any activity depends not on any one, but on the combination of several abilities at once. In this case, the combination leading to the same result can be provided in different ways. In the absence of the necessary inclinations for the successful development of some abilities, their deficit can be compensated for through deeper development and elaboration of others. According to B. M. Teplov, abilities cannot exist in the absence of a constant development process. Ability that is not practiced is lost over time. Only through diligence, constant exercise, systematic engagement in such complex activities as mathematics, music, artistic or technical creativity, sports is it possible to maintain and develop the corresponding abilities.

How a great artist was not accepted into the academy

The identification of abilities and skills in everyday practice often leads to erroneous judgments and conclusions, especially in pedagogical practice. The story of how the famous artist V.I. Surikov at the initial stage of his development was not accepted into the Academy of Arts, was honored to be included in the psychological literature as an example for a better understanding of the category of "ability".

V.I. Surikov's passion for drawing was evident from early childhood. For some time he took lessons at the Krasnoyarsk district school. After the death of his father, due to financial constraints, a good education was not affordable for his family. The young man got to serve as a scribe in the governor's office. Somehow his drawings came across to PN Zamyatin, the governor of Yenisei, and he saw in them the great artistic potential of the author. He found V.I. Surikov a patron who was ready to pay for his studies at the Academy of Arts. But despite this, the first attempt to enter an educational institution did not end in success.

Educators made the mistake of not distinguishing between lack of skill and ability and lack of ability. Despite the fact that the outstanding abilities of the young artist appeared early enough, he still lacked drawing skills at that time.

Within three months, V.I. Surikov mastered the necessary skills and abilities and as a result was enrolled in the Academy of Arts. During his studies, he received four silver medals for his work and was awarded several monetary prizes.

His example shows that you need to believe in yourself, in your dream and persistently achieve your goal.

Properties, or personality traits, are the characteristics that most accurately describe the deep characteristics of a person, that which gives an idea of ​​his manner of communicating with society, responding to certain situations, not only at a given moment, but also during long-term contact with others.

Personality traits can be social in nature and be innate characteristics of a particular individual.

Classification of personality traits

The main character traits are usually divided into three groups:

1. The attitude of the individual to the society, the people around him (in other words, the attitude to the external environment).
2. Attitude to your own person.
3. Attitude towards learning and work, that is, towards activities.

Emotional character traits, like apathy or cheerfulness, aggressiveness or good nature, impulsiveness or isolation, love, capriciousness, hot temper, melancholy, and so on, are formed at an early stage of the formation of the psyche, that is, in early childhood.

Intellectual traits ( prudence, insight, independence, etc.) and strong-willed(masculinity, assertiveness, discretion, pedantry, etc.) character traits, on the contrary, are acquired during life, being formed under the influence of various external situations.

Characteristics such as are not personality traits:

In the formation of a person's personality, natural predisposition will be of great importance, as well as the influence of temperament and hereditary genes on it.

However, one should not underestimate the role played by the environment of the child in the formation of his character. It is no less important than congenital features. The kid learns the world around him and learns to act in different situations in one way or another. At first, this process occurs reflexively, and then it becomes the result of a conscious choice. It is this choice that determines the further development of the personality, its growth.

Main character traits

In any person, you can find an interweaving of a wide variety of personality traits, both positive and negative. While it is impossible to assert with absolute certainty that a particular trait is positive or, on the contrary, negative, for example, a penchant for all sorts of adventures can both help in prosperity and create huge problems, depending on how deliberately a person engages in adventures.

Envy, for example, is commonly referred to as a highly negative personality trait, but it can stimulate the envious person to move forward and achieve much more than others. In general, we can say that the decisive role is played not so much by a specific character trait as by the ability to apply it correctly, as well as its combination with other personality traits. But from a moral point of view, the most characteristic personality traits are still usually subdivided into negative and positive.

Negative traits

Positive features

It is possible to list the positive character traits for a very long time, but the most significant ones include:

Of course, all of the above is not an axiom, and it is almost impossible to predict how a particular person will react to a particular situation, how he will behave in it, even knowing him closely. Besides, negative character traits can be:

• decrease,
• turn into positive ones.

However, this is achieved by long and hard work on oneself, and this, unfortunately, is far from being possible for many.

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Before proceeding with the classification and enumeration of human character traits, it is necessary to understand what meaning and concept is embedded in this term. Translated from Greek "character" means difference, sign or omen. The personality of each person is multifaceted and in each there is an interweaving of a large number of personal properties that determine the behavior of a person in a given situation. What are the character traits?

Classification of personality traits

Conventionally, the main character traits are divided into three main groups.

• the first characterizes emotions;
• the second is will;
• the third is intelligence.

There is also a division according to the direction of the impact.

1. First of all, this is characterized by an attitude towards the external environment - society and the people around them.
2. Secondly, the attitude towards your own person;
3. In the third - to activity, that is, work and training.

An emotional group that includes traits such as:

• aggressiveness;
• apathy;
• artistry;
• irascibility;
• impressionability;
• good nature;
• cheerfulness;
• isolation;
• impulsiveness;
• capriciousness;
• love of love;
• melancholy and others

All of them are formed in early childhood, when the child's psyche is undergoing a stage of formation under the influence of many different factors.

Strong-willed character traits are acquired throughout life:

1. power;
2. masculinity;
3. assertiveness;
4. resourcefulness;
5. obsession;
6. discretion;
7. pedantry;
8. devotion, etc.

The intellectual group includes:

• insight;
• rationality;
• prudence;
• independence;
• savvy;
• sensibleness;
• integrity, etc.

Natural predisposition is of decisive importance here, which is influenced by hereditary genes and temperament.

However, the child's environment cannot be discounted: it would be more correct to say that it plays the same role in the formation of the personality, as that which is laid down by nature.

The kid grows up, gains experience of interacting with the outside world and a set of positive and negative personality traits. This process continues throughout life and the list of already existing character traits is constantly replenished with new personality traits. And if at first this process occurs unconsciously, reflexively, then later, when a person is aware of his actions, he can already make a choice. This conscious choice opens up opportunities for character transformation, that is, personal growth.

Main personality traits

Today, the list of character traits consists of several hundred different definitions.

Their most different combinations can be found in the same personality. But in general, the personality traits that exist today are divided into positive and negative.

However, it is impossible to say with absolute certainty that this is a bad character trait, and this is a good one.

For example, adventurism can be called both a negative trait and a positive, depending on what effect it has on human behavior.

If he is excessively and thoughtlessly carried away by various adventures of an incomprehensible nature, then this, most likely, will not bring him to good.

The healthy adventurism inherent in a successful businessman allows him to move forward, invest in promising projects and thrive. Or, for example, envy. Everyone will say that this trait is extremely negative.

But psychologists say that it is the engine of progress, forcing people to strive forward and achieve more than others have. In most cases, it is worth talking about certain sets of properties that, depending on the current situation, can have a greater impact on a person. But from a social and moral point of view, they can all be divided into positive and negative.

Negative character traits

Here are some of them:

Negative personality traits include rudeness, boasting, familiarity, gloominess, vanity, obstinacy, bitchiness, arrogance, licentiousness, etc.

List of positive personality traits

Here are some of them:

The positive qualities of a person include meekness, sincerity, solicitude, trustfulness, self-control, politeness, nobility, accuracy, etc.

How many people, so many characters, and it is impossible to predict a person's behavior in a certain situation, even knowing him well. Throughout life, you can cultivate positive traits in yourself and try to diminish the strength of negative ones, but few can do this.

Only those who are ready to grow spiritually are able to change themselves and their lives for the better.

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Distinctive personality traits

So, what is personality, if we bear in mind these limitations? Personality is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics that are socially conditioned, manifest in social connections and relationships, are stable, determine the moral actions of a person that are essential for him and those around him. Along with the concepts "man", "personality" in science, the terms "individual", "individuality" are often used. Their difference from the concept of “personality” is as follows.

If the concept "person" includes the totality of all human qualities inherent in people, regardless of whether they are present or absent in a given person, then the concept "individual" characterizes him and additionally includes such psychological and biological properties that, along with personal are also inherent in him. In addition, the concept of "individual" includes both qualities that distinguish a given person from other people, and properties common to him and many other people.

Individuality is the narrowest concept of all discussed. It contains only those individual and personal properties of a person, such a combination of them that distinguishes this person from other people.

Consider the structure of the personality. It usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, social attitudes.

Abilities are understood as individually stable properties of a person that determine his success in various activities.

Temperament includes qualities on which a person's reactions to other people and social circumstances depend.

Character contains qualities that determine a person's actions in relation to other people.

Volitional qualities encompass several special personal properties that affect a person's desire to achieve their goals.

Emotions and motivation are, respectively, experiences and motivations for activity.

Social attitudes - beliefs and attitudes of people.

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