Jeanne Dark is a warrior, martyr, saint. Jeanne D'Arc - national heroine of France From what family Jeanne dark
586 years have passed since the death of the famous Maid of Orleans. The amazing life of Jeanne d'Arc haunts historians. Books, works, films, plays and paintings are dedicated to the legendary liberator of France. There is no city in France where her name has not been immortalized. The phenomenon of memory and great reverence for Jeanne d'Arc lies in her unique biography - at the age of 17 she became the commander-in-chief of France.
He is the only victim of the Catholic Church, not only rehabilitated after death, but also canonized. Selfless devotion to the people, courage and resilience of the Maid of Orleans made her a symbol of France. Rushing through medieval history with a bright flash, Jeanne d'Arc left an indelible mark on the history of mankind.
Childhood and youth
Jeanne d'Arc, Jeanette as a child, was born on January 6, 1412 in Domrémie (Lorraine, France). Jeanne's father is Jacques d'Arc, mother is Isabella Roma. Numerous researchers of Jeanne's biography do not give an exact answer from which class the family comes from. According to information left by a descendant of Jacques d'Arc, Charles du Lys, Jacques married Isabella and moved to Domrémie from Seffon, grew bread and had 20 hectares of land, cows, sheep and horses.
Zhanna is the eldest of the d'Arc children. The family grew up Jeanne's brothers - Jean, Pierre, Jacquin and sister Catherine. Catherine died in her youth. The brothers became companions and support of Jeanne in the future. Jeanne did not call herself Jeanne d'Arc - as a child, the Maid of Orleans gave herself the name “Jeanne the Virgin”.
Visions and prophecies
Jeanne's first vision came at the age of 13. The girl saw the Archangel Michael, the Great Martyrs Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret of Antioch. In visions, God ordered to go to Orleans at the head of the troops and lift the siege, bring the Dauphin Charles to the crown and cleanse France of the English invaders. Probably, the girl's imagination was influenced by the legends about the prediction of the magician Merlin at the court of King Arthur, who predicted that a virgin from Lorraine would save France.
At that time, the country was torn apart by the Hundred Years War. Part of France was occupied by the British, and part was raided and plundered. Isabella of Bavaria, the wife of the crazy Charles VI, signed an agreement with the British in 1420, according to which power after the death of Charles VI passed not to Charles's son, but to Henry V, King of England. The exhausted people and the defeated army were waiting for a miracle, a savior.
At war
In January 1429, Jeanne d'Arc ran away from home and went to Vaucouleurs. Having met with the captain of the city Robert de Baudricourt, she announced her intention to meet with the Dauphin. The girl was not taken seriously and was sent home. Returning to Vaucouleurs a year later, Jeanne shocked the captain by predicting the defeat of the French at the Battle of Rouvray, news of which came much later than the predictions.
Impressed, Robert de Baudricourt sent Jeanne d'Arc to court, supplying him with a man's vestments, a letter to the Dauphin and providing a group of soldiers to help. On the way, the girl was accompanied by the brothers. The path to Karl's court was extremely dangerous. As Jeanne herself said, the Archangel Michael helped the travelers on the road.
The moment of the meeting between Jeanne d'Arc and Karl is poetically described in many works. Karl did not dare to meet for a long time. The court was divided into two camps, many dissuaded the Dauphin from meeting a shepherdess from Lorraine. The clergy believed that the devil led the Maid of Orleans. Having agreed to an audience, Karl put a page on the throne in his place. Jeanne, entering the hall, did not look at the throne, but went up to Karl, who was standing among the courtiers.
The Maid of Orleans Jeanne D "arc As the Virgo later said, the archangel Michael pointed to Karl. After the dialogue between Jeanne and Charles in private, the future king looked enlightened. Karl revealed the essence of the conversation only a quarter of a century later - d'Ark dispelled the Dauphin's doubts about the legitimacy of his power. Jeanne assured the future sovereign that the throne belonged to him by right.
So Karl believed Virgo. But his opinion did not decide everything - the last word was with the priests. The clergy gave Jeanne a tiring test. Thanks to her sincerity and purity of thoughts, having passed all the tests and interrogations of the commission in Poitiers, Jeanne was admitted by Charles to the army. The valiant military path of the Maid of Orleans began. From Poitiers, Jeanne d'Arc arrived at Tours. Having received equipment and a horse in Tours, Virgo went to the city of Blois - the starting point on the journey to Orleans.
Jeanne D "arc in battle An inexplicable event took place in Blois - Jeanne d'Arc pointed out the Chapel of Saint-Catherine-Fierbois, in which the sword of King Karl Martell was kept. With this sword, the king defeated the Saracens at the Battle of Poitiers in 732. The sword helped the Maiden in battles. The news of the appearance of the savior flew around France. The militia gathered under the banner of Jeanne d'Arc. The chaos and despondency in the ranks of the troops came to an end, the soldiers took heart and believed that the Maid of Orleans would lead to victory.
Jeanne stood in front of the troops in shining armor, with an ancient sword and banner. Incredibly, the illiterate shepherdess from Lorraine managed to master the tricks of military science in the shortest possible time, put things in order in the demoralized troops, and earn respect among the military commanders. It remains to be seen how the remarkable talent of the commander manifested itself in the 17-year-old simpleton. Jeanne herself repeated that God was leading her.
Joan of Arc The first step in Jeanne's fight against the British was to lift the siege of Orleans. Orleans was the only outpost on the way of the British troops to the complete capture of France, so the liberation of the city was a top priority for Jeanne d'Arc. On April 28, 1429, French troops, led by a young military leader, set out on a campaign against Orleans. They were met by a 6,000-strong French army. Virgo invited the captains of her army to approach the main gate of Orleans and attack the enemy troops.
But the commanders disobeyed the order, withdrew their troops to the besieged Orleans and stood on the left bank of the Loire, opposite the enemy troops. Both bridges to Orleans were besieged by the British. Crossing by swimming under the enemy's arms is a dangerous business. The situation was hopeless. Jeanne was furious. I had to send the troops back to Blois and send them along the right bank of the Loire. D'Arc herself, with a small detachment, made her way from the southern side of Orleans and entered the city through the Burgundy Gate. There was no limit to the jubilation of the townspeople.
People's heroine Jeanne D "arc The Battle of Orleans ended in a triumphant victory for Jeanne d'Arc. In lifting the siege of the fortresses of Saint-Loup, Augustin and Turret, the Virgin took part personally. In the attack on the latter, she was wounded in the shoulder. On May 8, 1429, the British abandoned the approaches to Orleans and fled shamefully. The city was declared saved. The victory of the French had a psychological significance - the country believed in itself. After the victory at Orleans, the young commander-in-chief was given the nickname "The Maid of Orleans".
Karl's coronation
Having celebrated the victory in Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc went to Tour to Karl, to declare the victory. The path to the Dauphin passed through crowds of grateful Frenchmen. Everyone wanted to touch the armor of the Maid of Orleans. In the churches, solemn prayers were held in honor of the savior. Karl met the young commander-in-chief with honors - he sat down next to her, like a queen, and granted the title of nobility.
Jeanne D "arch at the coronation of Charles The next task for the Maid of Orleans was the liberation of Reims. It was there that the coronation of all the rulers of France took place. The unprecedented patriotic sentiments of the population made it possible to gather about 12 thousand soldiers of the national liberation army. The wave of the liberation movement swept over France. Karl doubted the success of the campaign against Reims to the last. However, the prediction of the Virgin came true - the troops bloodlessly marched to the walls of the city in two and a half weeks. Charles's coronation took place in a traditional place. The Dauphin's crown was put on in the Reims Cathedral. Joan of Arc stood next to the king with a banner, in the armor of a knight.
Captivity and death
With the coronation of Charles, the mission of the Maid of Orleans ended. Jeanne asked the king to let her go to her native village. Karl personally asked to remain in the post of commander-in-chief. Jeanne agreed. The ruling elite of France, led by La Tremouille, who received proceeds from the war and concluded a truce with the Duke of Burgundy, persuaded Charles to postpone the liberation of Paris. Jeanne d'Arc attempted an independent offensive.
Capture of Jeanne D "arc May 23, 1430 Jeanne was captured by the troops of Burgundy. She was held captive by the commander of the Burgundians in Picardy, Jean Luxemburg. He was not going to give the Virgin to the British, but asked for a ransom from Charles. The king betrayed the one who had enthroned him without showing any interest. The tacit refusal of the French is considered the main betrayal in the history of the country.
Jeanne d'Arc's trial took place in Rouen. The British needed more than just killing the Maid of Orleans - they needed to denigrate her name. Therefore, Jeanne had to confirm her connection with the devil before being executed by a French tribunal. For this, the most sophisticated were invited to the church court. This was Pierre Cauchon, the former bishop of Beauvais. For the successful massacre of the Virgin, the British promised Cauchon the miter of the Archbishop of Rouen.
From December 1431, Jeanne was detained in Rouen, a place belonging to the British on French soil. The trial was also held there. It was necessary to sentence the Virgo to death by proving the connection with the devil. In this, the defendant indirectly helped, explaining the actions of the connection with the supernatural. Neither the king, nor the rescued Orleans, nor comrades-in-arms came to the aid of the savior. The only one who rushed to the aid of Jeanne d'Arc was the knight Gilles de Rais, who was later executed.
Execution of Jeanne D "arc At the cemetery of the Abbey of Saint-Ouen, Jeanne signed a paper on guilt and connection with the devil. The judges tricked out the confession by deception by reading another document. The forgery came to light later, in the course of the rehabilitation of the martyr. The verdict of the tribunal read: "Execution by burning at the stake alive." Until the moment of her death, Jeanne was calm and confident. The "Voices" promised salvation to the Maid of Orleans in May 1431.
Rehabilitation of Jeanne d'Arc took place 25 years later, after the liberation of France from the British invaders.
Personal life
Jeanne d'Arc's personal life is devoid of passion. Having entered the army as a 16-year-old virgin, the Maid of Orleans died at the stake at the age of 19.
Memory
Today, the memory of the Maid of Orleans is immortalized in monuments, films and books. The Catholic Church celebrates Saint Joan of Arc's Day on May 30 every year. The French annually celebrate Jeanne d'Arc Day on May 8. In Paris, at the site of Jeanne's wound, there is a monument to the Virgin on a horse in gold. Filmed 100 paintings dedicated to the Maid of Orleans.
Biography and episodes of life Jeanne d'Arc. When was born and died Zhanna d'Arc, memorable places and dates of important events in her life. Holy quotes, images and videos.
Jeanne d'Arc's life years:
born January 6, 1412, died May 30, 1431
Epitaph
“Listen, in the night -
France is crying:
Come again and save me, meek martyr
Jeanne! "
From the prayer of Saint Teresa of Lisieux
Biography
The name of Jeanne d'Arc, condemned as a heretic and subsequently canonized, is dear to the heart of any Frenchman as a symbol of freedom and justice. Moreover, the bright star of Joan shone for less than two years from her ascension to the sky and up to her martyr's crown. There are many legends around this historical figure, there is no certainty even in the correct year of birth of Jeanne. But one thing is for sure: a young inexperienced girl has done in her short life what seemed impossible.
Jeanne was born into a family of either wealthy peasants or impoverished nobles - there are disagreements among historians on this score. At the age of 13, she first heard voices and saw the saints telling her that her destiny was to lead the army and drive the English invaders from her native land. At the age of 16, Jeanne went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs, who made fun of her. But the girl did not give up, and in the end a detachment was assigned to her to travel to Chinon, where the uncrowned Dauphin Karl was at that time.
Having achieved an audience with the Dauphin, Jeanne passed all the tests that were prepared in order to test her, and in the end convinced the Dauphin to transfer command of the troops to her. This in itself was a miracle. But others soon followed: with a small detachment, Jeanne freed Orleans from the siege of the British in 4 days, while the French military leaders could not cope with this for many months. After this victory, Jeanne received the nickname "The Maid of Orleans" and moved to Path, winning one victory after another. In the last battle, the British troops were defeated, and Jeanne summoned the Dauphin to Reims for her coronation.
Jeanne d'Arc at the coronation of Charles VII, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1854
The trip to Reims was called "bloodless": the presence of Jeanne convinced the inhabitants of the cities of whose side God was on. But after the coronation, the cautious and cautious Karl did not allow Jeanne to build on her success. The courtiers also did not favor the Maid of Orleans. Finally, during the siege of Compiegne, Jeanne was betrayed by her own associates, captured by the Burgundians and sold to the British for 10,000 gold livres.
The trial of Jeanne d'Arc officially accused her of intercourse with the devil, but was paid in full out of the English pocket. In order to prevent her from receiving the crown of the martyr, they tried to obtain a confession of guilt from Joan, but to no avail. In the end, Jeanne's signature on the corresponding document was obtained by fraudulent means, and the Maid of Orleans was sentenced to be burned alive.
The Hundred Years War ended 22 years after Joan's execution. The Maid of Orleans, by actually organizing the anointing of the French king to the throne, dealt too serious a blow to England's claims. Immediately after the end of the war, Charles VII ordered to collect all the materials of the trial and to investigate the case again. Jeanne d'Arc was fully acquitted, and more than four centuries later she was canonized.
Jeanne d'Arc by John Everett Millais, 1865
Life line
January 6, 1412 Date of birth of Jeanne d'Arc.
1425 g. Apparitions of the saints to Jeanne.
March 1429 Arrival in Chinon and an audience with the Dauphin Karl.
May 1429 Jeanne d'Arc's first victory and the lifting of the siege of Orleans.
June 1429 A swift series of victories and a complete defeat of the British troops at the Battle of Path.
July 1429 Attendance at the solemn anointing of Charles in Reims.
September 1429 Dissolution of Jeanne's army.
May 1430 Capture of Jeanne d'Arc by the Burgundians.
November-December 1430 Transportation of Jeanne to Rouen.
February 21, 1431 The beginning of the trial of Zhanna d'Arc.
May 30, 1431 Date of death of Jeanne d'Arc.
1455 g. The beginning of the repeated trial.
1456 g. Zhanna d'Arc's acquittal on all counts of the previous indictment.
May 16, 1920 Canonization of Jeanne d'Arc.
Memorable places
1. The house in Domremi, where Jeanne was born and lived, is now a museum.
2. Chinon, where Jeanne met King Charles.
3. Orleans, where Jeanne won her first victory.
4. Site of the Battle of Pat, in which Jeanne's army defeated the British.
5. Reims Cathedral, the traditional place of the coronation of French monarchs, where the Dauphin Charles was anointed in the presence of Jeanne.
6. Compiegne, where the capture of Joan took place.
7. Tower of Jeanne d'Arc in Rouen, the former part of the Rouen castle, where, according to legend, Jeanne was kept during her trial.
8. House number 102 on the street. Jeanne d'Arc, in the courtyard of which there are the remains of the foundations of the Tower of the Virgin, where Jeanne was actually kept.
9. Monument and church at the site of the execution of Jeanne d'Arc on the Old Market Square in Rouen.
Episodes of life
Belief in Joan of Arc was based largely on the prophecy that a virgin would save France. After her appearance with the Dauphin Karl, the latter checked her in various ways, but Jeanne really turned out to be a girl, and besides, she recognized Karl, who had put another person on the throne and was huddled in the crowd of courtiers.
Zhanna herself never used the surname "d'Ark" and called herself only "Zhanna the virgin". It is believed that the British contributed to the spread of the name "Jeanne d'Arc" because of the consonance of his word "dark" - "dark".
Jeanne preferred to wear men's clothing, as it was more comfortable in battle and less embarrassing for her male companions. In medieval France, this was considered a grave sin, and a special commission of theologians from Poitiers gave the Maid of Orleans special permission to do so. Nevertheless, wearing men's clothing appeared as one of the accusations proving Jeanne's connection with the devil.
Monument by Maxim Real del Sarte at the site of the execution of Jeanne d'Arc
Covenants
"For God to grant victory, soldiers must fight."
"We will get peace only at the end of a spear."
The documentary film The Controversial Story of Jeanne d'Arc. Part I "
Condolences
“Jeanne embodied the Spirit of Patriotism, became its personification, its living, visible and tangible image.<...>
Love, Mercy, Valor, War, Peace, Poetry, Music - for all this you can find many symbols, all this can be represented in images of any gender and age. But a fragile, slender girl in the prime of her first youth, with the crown of a martyr on her forehead, with a sword in her hand, with which she cut the bonds of her homeland - won't she, it is she, remain a symbol of PATRIOTISM until the end of time? "
Mark Twain, writer, author of the book "Jeanne d'Arc"
"The famous Jeanne d'Arc proved that the French genius can work miracles if freedom is in danger."
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France
“Jeanne d'Arc could remain a rural seer, she could prophesy and heal. She could finish work as a revered abbess, if not even a respected citizen. There were paths to everything. But the Great Law had to find in her one more light evidence of the Truth. The flame of her heart, the flame of a bonfire - a flaming crown - all this is far beyond ordinary laws. Even beyond the ordinary human imagination. "
Nicholas Roerich, artist and philosopher
At dawn on May 30, 1431, 581 years ago, priests entered the prison in the city of Rouen to confess and give communion to one of the prisoners. After that, a nineteen-year-old girl named Jeanne d'Arcs was escorted to the Old Market Square in Rouen, where a bonfire was already awaiting her, illuminating her path to immortality.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
Twenty-five years after the trial, Jeanne was rehabilitated and recognized as the beloved daughter of the Church and France. And in 1920, in the four hundred and ninety years after the burning at the stake, the Roman Church canonized her and recognized her mission as true, fulfilling which she saved France.
Eugene Tyrion. Archangel Michael's apparition to Jeanne d'Arc. 1876
Jeanne d'Arc was born on January 6, 1409/1408 (the traditional date of birth of Jeanne is 1412) in the village of Domréme on the border of Champagne and Lorraine in a family of impoverished nobles (according to another version, wealthy peasants, although the peasants never had a prefix in their names "de") Jacques d'Arc and Isabella de Vouton, nicknamed Roma (Roman) because of her pilgrimage to Rome. Jeanne never called herself Jeanne d'Arc, but only “Jeanne the Virgin”, specifying that in childhood she was called Jeanette. At the age of 13, Jeanne for the first time, according to her assurances, heard the voices of the Archangel Michael, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret of Antioch, who sometimes appeared to her in visible form. After some time, they revealed to Jeanne that it was she who was destined to lift the siege from Orleans, to enthroned the Dauphin and expel the invaders from the kingdom.
Semiradsky G. I. Jeanne d "Arc.
When Jeanne was 17 years old, she went to the captain of the city of Vaucouleurs Robert de Baudricourt and announced her mission. Being ridiculed, Jeanne was forced to return to the village, but a year later she repeated her attempt. This time, the captain, amazed by her persistence, was more attentive, and when Jeanne accurately predicted the sad outcome for the French of the “Battle of Herring” under the walls of Orleans, he agreed to give her people so that she could go to the king, and also provided a man's clothing - a chaperone , hook and shossami, and Jeanne until the end preferred to dress that way, explaining that it would be easier for her to fight in men's clothes and, at the same time, not cause unhealthy attention to herself from the soldiers.
Ernst Stueckelberg.
In Chinon, Jeanne amazed Charles VII and the young Duke of Alencon with her horsemanship, her impeccable knowledge of the games common among the nobility: kenten, the game of rings, which required perfect weaponry. During the acquittal process, Alain Chartier, secretary of kings Charles VI and Charles VII, said the following: "It seemed that this girl was brought up not in the fields, but in schools, in close communication with the sciences." After nothing was found that could cast a shadow on the girl's reputation, Karl decided to transfer the command of the troops into her hands and appointed her commander-in-chief.
Scheffer Нenry.
An important role in such a bold decision was played by the fact that Jeanne, in the name of God, confirmed to Charles his legitimacy and rights to the throne, which were doubted by many, including Charles himself. After the appointment, they make armor for Jeanne (she received special permission from the commission of theologians from Poitiers to wear men's clothing), a banner and a banner. The sword for her was found in the church of Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois according to the command of Jeanne herself. According to legend, this sword belonged to Charlemagne.
Harold Piffard. Joan Of Arc.
On April 29, Jeanne with a small detachment penetrates Orleans. On May 4, her army won its first victory, taking the Saint-Loup bastion. Victories followed one after another, and on the night of May 7-8, the British were forced to lift the siege from the city. Thus, Jeanne d'Arc solved the task, which other French commanders considered impossible, in four days.
J.J. Scherrer. Jeanne d'Arc victorieuse entre dans Orleans. 1887
Charles's hesitation and indecision were the reason that Jeanne made her next trip to the English-occupied castles of the Loire only on June 9th. However, this time, too, the army, led by her, acted quickly, decisively and unusually successfully. On June 11, the army approached the central fortified point of the British on the Loire - Jargeau, the next day Jargeau was taken by assault, on June 15, Jeanne speaks to Meun-sur-Loire, on June 16 - on Beauhansy, and on June 18 the decisive battle of Pathe took place with the English an army led by Talbot and Fastolfe, which ended in the complete defeat of the British. The formidable Talbot was captured, Fastolfe fled from the battlefield. The Loire operation was completed.
Jan Matejko. Jeanne D "Ark. (Detail) 1886.
On June 29, a "bloodless campaign" towards Reims began. City after city opened the gates to the royal army, on July 17 the king was solemnly anointed at Reims Cathedral in the presence of Joan of Arc, which caused an extraordinary surge of national spirit in the country. The Duke of Burgundy Philip III the Good did not come to the ceremony, and Jeanne wrote him a letter on the same day, calling for reconciliation.
Peter Paul Rubens. Joan of Arc.
After the coronation, Jeanne persuaded Charles to launch an offensive on Paris, taking advantage of the favorable situation and confusion in the British camp, but he again began to hesitate. The attack on the capital was launched only in September, but the offensive was quickly stopped. The king gave the order to withdraw the army to the Loire, and on September 21 the army was disbanded.
Eugene Samuel Grasset.
In the spring of 1430, hostilities were resumed, but were sluggish. Jeanne was constantly put up with obstacles by the royal courtiers. In May, Jeanne comes to the aid of Compiegne, besieged by the Burgundians. On May 23, as a result of betrayal (a bridge was raised to the city, which cut off Jeanne's escape route), Jeanne d'Arc was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. King Charles, who owed her so much, did nothing to save Joan. Soon the Burgundians sold it to the British for 10,000 gold livres. In November - December 1430, Jeanne was transported to Rouen.
Dillens A.A.Capture of Jeanne d Arc.
The process began on February 21, 1431. Despite the fact that Joan was formally tried by the church on charges of heresy, she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war. The process was headed by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, an ardent adherent of British interests in France. During the trial, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the trial with tremendous courage and confidently refuted accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps. In the hope of breaking the will of the prisoner, she is kept in terrible conditions, the British guards insult her, the tribunal threatens her with torture, but in vain - Jeanne refuses to submit and plead guilty.
Paul Delaroche. Jeanne's interrogation by the Cardinal of Winchester. 1824 g.
On May 24, Cauchon resorted to outright meanness - he presented the prisoner with a ready-made fire for her execution by burning, and already near the fire promised to transfer her from an English prison to a church prison, where she would be provided with good care if she signed a paper on renunciation of heresies and obedience to the Church. At the same time, the paper with the text read to the illiterate girl was replaced by another, on which there was a text about the complete renunciation of all her "delusions", on which Jeanne gave up.
A few days later, under the pretext that Jeanne again put on men's clothing (the women's one was taken from her by force) and, thus, “fell into the previous delusions,” the tribunal sentenced her to death. On May 30, 1431, Jeanne d'Arc was burnt alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. A paper miter with the inscription "Heretic, apostate, idolater" was put on Jeanne's head and led to the fire. “Bishop, I am dying because of you. I challenge you to God's judgment! " - Jeanne shouted from the height of the fire and asked to give her a cross. The executioner handed her two crossed twigs. And when the fire engulfed her, she shouted several times: "Jesus!" Almost everyone cried with pity. Her ashes were scattered over the Seine. In the museum of the city of Chinon, remains are kept, allegedly belonging to Jeanne d'Arc, although, according to the research of scientists, these relics do not belong to her.
Burning of Jeanne d'Arc. 19th century postcard.
"I ask that they send me to God, from whom I came ..."
Joan of Arc
AND ; the same is reported by Pernu and Clain).
Jeanne dArc is the most prominent figure in the entire history of the Hundred Years War (which took place in the 14-15th centuries between England and France). Despite the large number of publications about this smart and courageous person, there are a lot of inconsistencies in her biography. But whatever it was, it was under her command that the French won several victories and, in the end, drove the British out of their territory.
Childhood
Jeanne was born in the village of Domremi into a family of wealthy peasants, besides her, there were four children in the family. Zhanneta was no different from her peers, grew up as a cheerful, kind and sympathetic girl, willingly helped around the house, herded cattle, knew how to sew and spin flax. She didn't go to school and could neither read nor write. Since childhood I have been very pious as soon as she heard the bell ringing, she got down on her knees and began to pray.
Putting on a man's dress, the 16-year-old girl set off on the road. Upon arrival at the place, the king gave Jeanne a check and after the young peasant woman withstood her, a military detachment was assigned to her.
Jeanne at war
Jeanne dArc was not an experienced military leader, but natural intelligence and observation helped her defeat the enemy at Orleans. The news of the lifting of the siege from the city inspired the French, and they won several more victories and liberated the southwest of the country from the British.
A year later, the French, under the command of Jeanne, won a victory at Poitiers. This cleared the way, and the Dauphin, along with the army, were able to enter Reims. On July 17, 1429, the coronation of Charles VII took place, Jeanne was with him all this time.
In September 1429, the French attempted to liberate Paris, but failed. During the battle, Jeanne was wounded and the king ordered his army to retreat.
Jeanne remained with a small detachment and nevertheless entered the city.
Captivity and execution of Saint Jeanne
The popularity of the Virgin of Orleans among the peasants grew every day, which was very frightening for Charles VII and his entourage.
May 23, 1430, betrayed by her compatriots, she is captured by the Burgundians. Jeanne tried to run twice, the second attempt almost cost her her life: she jumped out of the window. Later at the trial, she is charged with attempted suicide. The king did nothing to free the girl, although, according to the customs of the Middle Ages, he could ransom her.
Then the Burgundians sold Jeanne to the British for 10 thousand livres, which gave it to the clergy.
The trial under the leadership of Pierre Cauchon began on February 21, 1431 and lasted more than three months. They tried to accuse Jeanne of heresy and in connection with the devil. By proving her guilt, the British could prove that Charles VII ruled France illegally. But it was not easy to blame the illiterate commoner. The court did not manage to get from her a confession of heresy.
Trying to break her will, the captives kept her in inhuman conditions, intimidated with torture, but she did not admit her guilt. Then she was accused of not requiring proof - wearing men's clothing.
Cauchon knew that if he pronounced the death sentence on the girl without proving her guilt, he would create a crown of the great martyr around her. Therefore, he went to meanness: a bonfire was built on the square and the bishop announced next to him: if Jeanne sign a paper on renouncing heresy, she will be pardoned and placed in a church prison, where conditions of detention will be better.
However, another paper was slipped to the illiterate peasant woman, in which it was written that she completely renounced her delusions.
Jeanne was deceived and again returned to the prison for prisoners of war. Here women's clothes were forcibly taken away from her, and the girl had to put on a man's dress. This meant that Jeanne had committed the crime again, and the court sentenced her to be burned at the stake.
On May 30, 1431, a 19-year-old French heroine was executed in Rouen on the Old Market Square, and the ashes were scattered over the Seine.
By order of Charles VII, a quarter of a century after the execution of Saint Joan, another trial took place. 115 witnesses who knew Jeanne dArc during her lifetime were interviewed. All charges were dropped from her and her feat was recognized.
In 1920, after almost 5 centuries, the Catholic Church canonized the Virgin of Orleans.
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