NEOLOGISM (from the Greek "new" and "word") - a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that has recently appeared in the language. From this definition it is clear that the concept of neologism is changeable in time and relatively: a word remains a neologism as long as the speakers feel novelty in it. For example, for the Russian language of the late 20th century. a certain novelty is felt by the majority in words of foreign origin image maker, summit, Internet, in words formed from Russian morphemes: White House (about the defenders of the White House in Moscow during the October events of 1993), cash "cash", denationalization "transformation of state property into what - any other - private, cooperative, collective, etc. ", in the phrases hotline, shadow economy, in the recently appeared meanings of some old words: cracker" one who "hacks" computer programs", green "US dollars", apple "related to the socio-political association" Yabloko ", etc. New words that appear in the language to denote new things and concepts (in connection with the development of science, technology, culture and other aspects of the social life of society), it is customary to call actually lexical neologisms (in the examples just given, these are the words image maker, summit, Internet, White House, cash, denationalization e). If the old form of the word is used, but a new meaning is attributed to it, then they speak of a semantic neologism (cracker, greens, apple tree). Turnovers such as hot line, shadow economy, in which the very connections of words with each other are new, unusual, are called compatible neologisms. All three types of neologisms are united by the common name "linguistic". In addition to linguistic ones, individual or author's neologisms can be found in speech. Unlike linguistic ones, they, being created by one person - a poet, writer, public figure, etc. - remain an accessory of an individual style and their novelty, unusualness does not fade with time. Such, for example, are many of the neologisms of V. Mayakovsky (hulk, December, snort, etc.), V. Khlebnikov (exhausted, enthusiastic, laughers, etc.); V. Vysotsky called the physicist a quantalerist, combining the physical term quantum with the word cavalryman. Some of the author's neologisms - especially expressive and denoting communicatively important phenomena - can fall into general use. This happened, for example, with the words coined by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin: bungling and bungling, stupidity. Korney Chukovsky introduced the word clerical, which denotes a painful (cf. words like diphtheria, colitis, etc.) tendency of some people to inappropriate use of clerical words and phrases. Separate author's neologisms have become so firmly established in the language that now only specialists can establish that, for example, the word industry in the past was an author's neologism: N. M. Karamzin introduced it two centuries ago. The verb to fade into the background entered the general literary dictionary thanks to F. M. Dostoevsky; the now well-known word mediocrity (first with an emphasis on the base: mediocrity, and later on the prefix: mediocrity) was first used by the poet Igor Severyanin. Neologism words appear in the language in three ways: 1) by word-formation derivation - the formation of new words from morphemes existing in the language according to known (usually productive) models; 2) by semantic derivation. e. development in an already existing word of a new, secondary meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with the phenomenon already known: shadow - associated with illegal ways of enrichment (shadow business, shadow economy); 3) by borrowing words from other languages ​​(voucher, image, marketing, know-how, thriller

"word") - a word, meaning of a word or a phrase that has recently appeared in the language. From this definition it is clear that the concept of neologism is changeable in time and relatively: a word remains a neologism as long as the speakers feel novelty in it. For example, for the Russian language of the late 20th century. a certain novelty is felt by the majority in words of foreign origin image maker,summit,Internet, in words formed from Russian morphemes: White House(about the defenders of the White House in Moscow during the October events of 1993), cash"cash" denationalization"transformation of state property into any other - private, cooperative, collective, etc.", in phrases hot line,shadow economy, in the recently appeared meanings of some old words: cracker"one who "hacks" computer programs" green"U.S. dollars ", apple"related to the socio-political association "Yabloko"", etc.

New words that appear in the language to designate new things and concepts (in connection with the development of science, technology, culture and other aspects of the social life of society) are usually called lexical neologisms proper (in the examples just given, these are words image maker,summit,Internet,White House,cash,denationalization). If the old form of the word is used, but a new meaning is attributed to it, then they speak of a semantic neologism ( cracker,green,apple tree). Turnover type hot line,shadow economy in which the very connections of words with each other are new, unusual, are called compatible neologisms. All three types of neologisms are united by the common name "linguistic".

In addition to linguistic ones, individual or author's neologisms can be found in speech. Unlike linguistic ones, they, being created by one person - a poet, writer, public figure, etc. - remain an accessory of an individual style and their novelty, unusualness does not fade with time. Such, for example, are many neologisms of V. Mayakovsky ( hulk,December,snort and others), V. Khlebnikov ( exhausted,ecstatically winged,laughers and etc.); V. Vysotsky called physics quantalist, combining the physical term quantum with the word cavalryman. Some of the author's neologisms - especially expressive and denoting communicatively important phenomena - can fall into general use. This happened, for example, with the words that M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin came up with: bungler and bungling,stupidity. Korney Chukovsky introduced the word stationery, which means painful (cf. words like diphtheria,colitis etc.) the tendency of some people to the inappropriate use of clerical words and phrases. Separate author's neologisms have become so firmly established in the language that now only specialists can establish that, for example, the word industry in the past - the author's neologism: two centuries ago it was put into use by N.M. Karamzin. Verb fade away entered the general literary dictionary thanks to F.M. Dostoevsky; well-known word mediocrity(first with accent based on: mediocrity, and later on the prefix: mediocrity) was first used by the poet Igor Severyanin.

Neologisms appear in language in three ways:

1) by word-formation derivation - the formation of new words from morphemes existing in the language according to known (usually productive) models; The most common ways of forming neologisms are suffixation ( grounded - grounded,wind it up - wind it up,tease - tease,geologist - geologist-in-ya), prefix ( post-Yeltsin,super profitable), prefix-suffix method ( life-oh - about-life-and-be,sound - oh-sound-iva-th), addition of stems, often in combination with suffixation ( substance abuse,little picture,alienation), truncation of stems, especially characteristic of the formation of neologisms in colloquial speech ( shiz- from schizophrenic,beech- from bookstore);

2) by semantic derivation, i.e. development in an already existing word of a new, secondary meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with the already known phenomenon: shady- associated with illegal methods of enrichment ( shadow business,shadow economy); paralysis- complete inaction of power, economic, social and political mechanisms in the state ( power paralysis,the economy is on the verge of paralysis), guest performer- a criminal who commits crimes in different places outside his permanent residence;

3) by borrowing words from other languages ​​( voucher,image,marketing,know-how,thriller and many others) or from non-codified subsystems of a given language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons: for example, for the 1960s, neologisms were a word borrowed from dialects handyman, colloquial noun that has entered the literary circulation window dressing(and the adjective derived from it ostentatious), in modern speech are felt as relatively new slang words in origin lawlessness,disassembly,hangout and under.

A special group of neologisms is made up of lexical and phraseological tracing papers - words and combinations of words created under the influence of foreign language samples: steep"making a strong impression with his determination, manners and manner of behavior, ability to influence others, etc." ("translation" of one of the meanings of English. tough), skinheads(English) skinheads), hot line(English) hot line), brain drain(English) brain drain) etc.

In the Russian lexicographic tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them are several editions of the reference dictionary New words and meanings under the editorship of N.Z. Kotelova and Yu.S. Sorokin (L., 1973, 1984) and under the editorship of. E.A. Levashov (St. Petersburg, 1997), based on materials from the press and literature of the second half of the 20th century; Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya (St. Petersburg, 1998), Perestroika vocabulary ed. V.I. Maksimov (St. Petersburg, 1992), as well as a series of books called New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials, published from 1977 to 1996. Dictionaries of author's neologisms are also being created: for example, N.N. Pertsova compiled Dictionary of Neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov(Vienna - Moscow, 1995).

Occasionalisms should be distinguished from neologisms. (lat. occasionalis "random") - words formed "on the occasion", in specific conditions of speech communication and, as a rule, contradicting the language norm, deviating from the usual ways of forming words in this language. Occasionalism often appears in speech as a means of a language game, joke, pun: slander(for N.S. Leskov - the result of a pun connection of words slander and feuilleton), printer(a word created by I. Ilf and E. Petrov by deliberately distorting the word pioneer printer); Chukokkala- the name of the handwritten almanac of K. Chukovsky, combining the first part of his last name and the second half of the name of the village of Kuokkala near St. Petersburg, where K. Chukovsky lived before the revolution.

So-called potential words are close to occasionalisms - lexical units that are not in the dictionary of a given language, but which are easily formed according to one or another word-building models: cf. noted by researchers of Russian colloquial speech words like gripper,prod,starter,flapper and under. An important difference between occasionalisms and potential words is that occasionalisms are “violators of the laws (rules) of general language word formation”, and potential words, on the contrary, “filling the empty cells of word formation paradigms ... implement the action of the laws of word formation” (E.A. Zemskaya ).

Occasionalisms and potential words are often found in spontaneous colloquial speech: by a word created on occasion - in accordance with the laws of word formation or contrary to them - the speaker often means either something that does not have a standard name, or something that he cannot immediately remember the regular designation of.

If we compare our speech, modern, and the speech of at least our grandparents (and even parents), there will be significant changes. And it is worth listening to or getting a grasp of the communication of children and adolescents - we may not understand half of what they said at all. After all, they operate with such words, call such objects (a vivid example is game attributes and virtual things), which we do not even suspect.

All this is evidence that language is a living organism, that it is constantly evolving. What is this development? In the constant replenishment of the vocabulary at the expense of some words, in the care of others in the past. Is it a neologism? This is a word that at this particular point in time is perceived as new, entered recently, not mastered sufficiently. As it becomes fixed in the language, it loses its shade of novelty and becomes commonly used. An example would be, say, the word "airplane" or "mobile phone", or even "computer".

At a certain stage of social and scientific and technological development, all these were neologisms in the Russian language. But now we have long been accustomed to them, they have become part of the commonly used ones. Or let's take the word "pioneer", "Komsomol member" - with the advent of the phenomenon, the concepts that call them also appeared. But these organizations have disappeared - and now the words are becoming a thing of the past, becoming historicisms.

So what is neologism? entered into the language or formed in it relatively recently and perceived by most speakers as a new unit. The appearance of such words is inextricably linked with several points. The main thing is scientific and technological development. There is an invention, development, product - and there is a need for a new word. For example, "search engine", "browser", "laptop" came into active use just a little over ten years ago. To understand what neologism is, we will be helped by an analysis of social shifts and changes. If, for example, at the beginning of the 20th century the words "communist", "party member" were new, now, when new parties, organizations and social movements are being formed, "United Russia", "Medveputy" are entering the language.

The degree of mastery varies. For example, the active formation of word forms indicates that the word is firmly included in the vocabulary and consciousness of contemporaries. If a few years ago we used the name of the company and the search engine only as "Google", now you can hear such derivatives as "google", "google". Or let's take the interesting words "like", "tweet", "friend" - this will help us understand what neologism is and how the development of new things in our speech goes. Most often, updating the vocabulary occurs through borrowing. Moreover, often for the nomination of the same phenomenon or object, there are two words in parallel: mastered and new. For example, "pallet" and "pallet". Or "manager" and "manager". Neologisms are also formed by changing the meanings of existing words. For example, "voice" in the sense of "say, say out loud." Or "upload" in the meaning of "transfer files".

Writers and poets are actively engaged in word creation. Examples from Mayakovsky ("hulk", "to star"), Nabokov ("nymphet") will help us to understand what an individual-author's neologism is. Otherwise, such words are also called occasionalisms.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word neologism

neologism in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

neologism (neo- + Greek logos word; synonym speech neoplasm) in psychiatry

used by the patient in oral and written speech, a new word created by him.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

neologism

neologism, m. (from Greek Neos - new and logos - word) (lit. lingu.). A word that has reappeared in the language, for example. for the Russian language of our time, the words: Stakhanovite, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc.? An old word with a completely new meaning, e.g. bow, drummer, etc.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

neologism

A, m. In linguistics: a new word or expression, as well as a new meaning of an old word. neologisms of modern times. Neologisms of Mayakovsky.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

neologism

m. A new word, expression or new meaning for an already existing word, which reappeared in the language at a certain stage of its development (in linguistics).

Wikipedia

Neologism

Neologism- a word, the meaning of a word, or a phrase that has recently appeared in the language.

The freshness and unusualness of such a word, phrase or turn of speech is clearly felt by the native speakers of this language. This term is used in the history of the language to characterize the enrichment of the vocabulary in certain historical periods - so, we can talk about the neologisms of the time of Peter the Great, the neologisms of individual cultural figures (M. V. Lomonosov, N. M. Karamzin and his school), the neologisms of the period of the Patriotic wars, etc.

In developed languages, tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year. Most of them have a short life, but some are fixed in the language for a long time, enter not only into its living everyday fabric, but also become an integral part of literature.

neology- a science that studies neologisms. (Also a self-designation in Hungary for supporters of orthodox modernism in Judaism.)

Examples of the use of the word neologism in literature.

Manright is very modern, superbly versed in the ways of interpreting neologisms, colloquial words and expressions, buzzwords, clichés and jargon, señor.

This instability prompts the mythologist to resort to a special terminology, about which I would like to say a few words here, since sometimes it causes an ironic attitude to itself: it is about neologisms.

Speaking, however, about the vagueness of the morphemic structure of Carroll's neologisms, M.

As for neologisms the next five stanzas, it will be shown below that they also have a clear morphemic structure.

Stransky points out that due to the contamination of words, strange word formations often appear, reminiscent of their quirkiness neologisms early dementia.

I am quite sure that for the most part neologisms formed in this way.

It is noteworthy that many patients, who are in large numbers neologisms and bizarre crazy ideas, that is, under the unconditional domination of the complex, are often corrected by voices.

In the form of stimulus words, I chose neologisms, in the set existing in the patient.

And I made up neologisms, among which there were also successful ones: swelling, rulinet.

But one day I wondered: why, in fact, everything neologisms- exclusively words?

How did the writer make up those neologisms, which are usually called nonsense in Carrollian?

In mythology, it is most often necessary to give names to ephemeral concepts associated with specific circumstances, neologisms in this case are unavoidable.

There is not a single play by Shakespeare where there are no neologisms, and to this day giving the impression of new, unusual, poetic words.

Fighting for the purity, clarity, and general accessibility of the language, he ridicules the class jargon of the aristocracy, he skillfully uses dialectisms, vernacular, introduces neologisms.

Kostya, who is not indifferent to all sorts of literary delights, has taken it upon himself to write down these neologisms in a notebook, but soon got caught on it.