Resistance movement in World War II. Resistance movement during World War II

The Resistance Movement is a national liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War against the German, Italian, Japanese occupiers, their allies and collaborators; acquired a large scale in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The Resistance Movement took the form of civil disobedience, propaganda, sabotage and sabotage, assistance to escaped prisoners of war and downed pilots of the Allied aviation, and armed resistance. Separate detachments, reconnaissance, sabotage and organizing groups for actions in the occupied territory of Europe were created on the territory of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. International Day of the Resistance Movement is celebrated on April 10.

Resistance forces

Broad masses of the people took part in the Resistance movement, two currents stood out in it: the left movement was led by the communists, who demanded not only national liberation, but also social transformations, the right movement was of a conservative nature, and sought to restore the order that existed before the occupation. Accordingly, the communists were guided by the USSR, and the conservatives by the USA and Great Britain. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway) between the left and right currents in the course of the Resistance movement, cooperation was established against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece), the governments in exile, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created their own organizations in the occupied territories of their countries, which, acting under the flag of liberation, actually fought against the left forces. Being national in character in each individual country, the Resistance movement was at the same time an international movement, had a common goal for all fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, liberation from the invaders of the territories of the occupied countries. In many European countries, the Resistance movement was fought by Soviet people who fled from concentration camps. In the Resistance movement, the struggle against fascism, for national liberation was intertwined with the struggle for democratic and social transformations, and in the colonial and dependent countries - with the struggle against colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of the Resistance movement, people's democratic revolutions unfolded. In some countries, revolutions that began during the Resistance movement ended after the end of World War II.
The Resistance Movement was distinguished by a variety of forms of struggle against the occupiers. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at factories producing products for the occupiers and in transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, collection of intelligence information for the anti-Hitler armies coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of the Resistance movement was a nationwide armed uprising.
In a number of countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines) the Resistance movement grew into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, the main forms of resistance were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of resistance were the conspiratorial activities of underground anti-fascist groups, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and in the army, and assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war taken to Germany.

The active and consistent struggle of the Comintern, the communist parties against fascism, for the freedom and national independence of peoples was the most important factor that determined the emergence and development of the mass anti-fascist resistance movement of the peoples of occupied Europe.

In the countries of the fascist bloc, the Resistance movement was a continuation of the battles of the forces of democracy with the reaction, which unfolded even before the start of the Second World War.

The anti-fascist Resistance movement was of a nationwide nature, it was a struggle for independence and sovereignty, and in some countries - for the very existence of the nation. As a national liberation struggle, the Resistance movement was rooted in the depths of the history of the peoples of Europe, relying on the traditions of the Hussite movement in Czechoslovakia, the Garibaldi movement in Italy, the Gaidut movement in the Balkans, the partisan struggle of 1870-1871 in France, etc.

The Resistance Movement was a struggle against fascist totalitarianism for the restoration and revival of democratic rights and freedoms, for the overthrow of both the fascist regimes themselves and the puppet military dictatorships and "governments". Consistently anti-fascist, the Resistance movement thus acquired an anti-imperialist character, for an uncompromising struggle against fascism meant a struggle against the social forces that gave rise to it. And this gave the anti-fascist movement not only a democratic, but also a revolutionary-democratic character.

The Resistance Movement was international. The struggle against fascism, which threatened Europe and the whole world with enslavement, was the common cause of all freedom-loving peoples. Each national resistance unit was an integral part of the international front against fascism. The composition of its participants in each country was also international. Foreign fighters - internationalists who turned out to be the will of fate outside their homeland, rightly believed that they were fighting against a common enemy, "for your and our freedom." The Resistance Movement was the embodiment of the organic unity and interconnection of internationalism and patriotism, it developed the traditions of friendship and cooperation between peoples.

The anti-fascist Resistance movement manifested itself in the most diverse forms - peaceful and non-peaceful, legal and illegal, passive and active, individual and mass, spontaneous and organized. The use of certain forms of struggle was determined by the specific situation in the country, the degree of organization and political maturity of the participants in the movement, and the situation at the fronts.

At first, when the population of many countries was shocked by the rapid victories of the armed forces of the fascist states, the defeats of their armies and the betrayal of the collaborators, resistance to the occupiers was passive and was expressed, for example, in ignoring the orders of the authorities, refusing to cooperate with them. Then, other, more effective methods of struggle began to be applied: a decrease in the intensity and productivity of labor, an increase in rejects at work, damage to machinery and equipment, and strikes in cities; refusal to surrender agricultural products, opposition to requisitions, concealment, and sometimes spoilage of food - in villages. This form of resistance, such as helping escaped captivity or patriots persecuted and wanted by the invaders, has also found wide application.

The illegal anti-fascist press (newspapers, magazines, leaflets and brochures), which contained truthful information about the international situation, the course of the world war and the Resistance movement, was of great importance for strengthening the morale of the enslaved peoples and mobilizing them to fight the invaders. The struggle against fascism was also expressed in countering its chauvinist policy, in the protection of national culture, science and education. The patriots hid cultural treasures of national museums, libraries and archives from fascist robbers. Members of the Resistance Movement organized clandestine schools and courses to prepare young people for the fight against the invaders.

Already in the first period of the war, various forms of popular armed struggle against the occupiers began to develop.

Its striking manifestations were the participation of voluntary workers' battalions in the defense of Warsaw, the struggle of the Greek communists who escaped from the prisons against the aggression of the Italo-fascist troops, individual armed attacks on the enemy, the creation of the first underground armed organizations in France, Yugoslavia and other countries.

Various classes and social groups participated in the Resistance movement - workers and peasants, who were the main driving force of the anti-fascist struggle, the progressive intelligentsia, the petty and partly the middle bourgeoisie. They were people of different political and religious views - communists and socialists, liberals and conservatives, republicans and even sometimes monarchists, believers and atheists. The most active, leading role in the anti-fascist struggle belonged to the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties. The Resistance organizations created by them made the greatest contribution to the struggle against fascism, for the freedom and independence of peoples. Their dominant role was explained by the fact that they were the only parties politically and organizationally prepared for the fight against fascism. The bourgeois and social democratic parties either disintegrated or went to cooperate with the fascist occupiers. The Socialist International (Sotsintern), according to its leadership, finally became an incapacitated organization and in the spring of 1940 disappeared from the political arena ( From the history of the Comintern. M., 1970, p. 239.).

As for the bourgeois organizations of the Resistance, they did not show any noticeable activity for a long time. There were many honest anti-fascist fighters in these organizations, but their leaders were afraid of the development of a nationwide armed struggle against the invaders and therefore in every possible way slowed it down, calling on the people to "calm down" and wait for decisive events on the war fronts (the call to "keep guns at their feet", etc.). NS.). Some bourgeois organizations were only nominally part of the Resistance Movement (“Zbroine Forces of the People” in Poland, “Chrissi Andistasi” in Greece, “Balli Kombetar” in Albania, D. Mikhailovich's Chetniks in Yugoslavia, and others). They were created not so much to fight the fascist occupiers as to stand guard over the class interests of the capitalists and landowners of their countries. Therefore, they often even entered into armed clashes with democratic forces and sometimes were allies of the occupiers.

Part of the bourgeoisie of the countries occupied by the fascists joined the Resistance movement in one form or another. The other part of the ruling class - these were, as a rule, large monopolists and landowners - betrayed the national interests of their peoples and went into direct collusion with the fascist invaders. It followed a peculiar policy of "double guarantees", calculated to preserve the class rule of the bourgeoisie in any outcome of the war. The Resistance Movement developed in a fierce struggle against collaborators - the direct accomplices of the fascist invaders.

The first period of the war was the most difficult for the Resistance movement: they had to fight both against the aggressor and against his accomplices - the capitulators. Light military victories of the fascist armies in Europe gave rise to confusion and passivity among the population, which hindered the development of the anti-fascist struggle. And yet, gradually, as with the expansion of aggression more and more peoples were drawn into the orbit of the "new order", and its misanthropic essence was more and more revealed, the Resistance movement grew and expanded, new social forces were included in it, it became more and more active and widespread.

The peoples of dismembered Czechoslovakia and Poland were among the first to take the path of resistance to the fascist invaders. The struggle of the Czechoslovak people at first was predominantly spontaneous and manifested itself mostly in the form of individual, hidden and passive resistance. But already in the fall of 1939 and in 1940 in a number of industrial centers of the Czech Republic (Ostrava, Kladno, Prague), workers went on strikes, which testified that the movement was acquiring a more organized and mass character. At the same time, the anti-fascist struggle intensified in many regions of Slovakia.

However, the reactionary bourgeoisie put a brake on the liberation struggle. She called for waiting for decisive events on the fronts, declaring that "the people at home should not make any sacrifices", but only need to calmly "spend the winter" ( German Imperialism and World War II, p. 783.). As can be seen from the directive of E. Benes, sent in December 1939 to bourgeois underground organizations, the Czechoslovak bourgeoisie was afraid of the victory of the proletarian revolution after the fall of the fascist regime ( Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung, 1961, No. 7, S. 22.).

In Poland, in the most difficult conditions of the beginning of the occupation, underground organizations arose - only on the lands annexed to the Reich, they operated in 1939-1942. over 50 ( German Imperialism and World War II, pp. 769 - 770.). The main forms of struggle at that time were sabotage and sabotage in production and transport, the publication and distribution of underground newspapers of various directions, etc. From the remnants of the defeated Polish army, the first partisan detachments were created, among them the detachment of Major H. Dobrzański, who fought against the invaders, was especially famous in 1940 in the Kielce Voivodeship ( Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung, 1963, No. 8-10, S. 113.).

Gradually, the Polish Resistance movement consolidated two main directions - the right and the left. The right direction was represented by organizations operating under the leadership of the émigré government and its representative office in Poland - the so-called delegates. He was characterized by anti-communism and anti-Sovietism; it saw its main task in restoring in the future liberated Poland the pre-war regime, that is, the rule of the landowners and capitalists.

The leftist trend, represented by the communists and other progressive forces, developed under particularly difficult conditions, since until 1942 there was no organizationally formed revolutionary party of the working class in Poland. In 1939 - 1941. the leftist organizations of the Polish underground did not have a single leading center and acted separately. Fighting against the occupiers, they strove to prevent the restoration of the old reactionary order in the future liberated Poland.

The Polish Resistance movement developed in the struggle between the right and left trends, which at times reached extreme acuteness.

In a difficult situation, the anti-fascist Resistance arose in the countries of Western and Northern Europe, which found themselves under the thumb of the Nazi occupiers in the spring and summer of 1940. In Denmark, the surrender of the Stuning government, approved by parliament and all bourgeois parties, as well as the demagogy of the German fascists, who declared that they had come to the country as friends, in order to protect it from the threat of invasion by Western powers, they slowed down the development of the mass Resistance. This movement here developed slowly and manifested itself mainly in the form of a passive protest against the policy of collaborationism and the hardships of the occupation regime. The most active role in its organization was played by the Danish Communist Party. While all the bourgeois parties supported the policy of collaboration, the Danish communists aroused the masses of the people to fight against the occupiers, conducted anti-fascist propaganda, and sought to establish cooperation with representatives of other political parties.

In Norway, the resistance of the people to the invaders was also led by the communists. On August 10, 1940, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Norway appealed to the working class to launch a struggle for the future free Norway. In the fall of 1940, anti-Nazi demonstrations took place in Bergen, Trondheim, Sarpsborg and other cities, and cases of sabotage and sabotage became more frequent. In the spring of 1941, the Nazis for systematic damage to German communication lines imposed a fine of 500 thousand crowns on the cities of Oslo, Stavanger, Haugesund and on the Rogaland region ( Die Welt, 1941, No. 19, S. 592.).

In Belgium, the anti-fascist struggle began shortly after the occupation. Under the leadership of the Communists, in the summer of 1940, underground publication of newspapers and leaflets was carried out, illegal trade unions and the first partisan groups (in the Ardennes) ( Der deutsche Imperialismus und der zweite Weltkrieg. Bd. 3. Berlin, 1960, S. 121-122.). The hunger strike in Liege and other demonstrations of the working people in the fall of 1940 showed that the resistance of the Belgian people to the invaders was growing. In the summer of 1941, the Walloon Front was created, which became the embryo of the future broad front of independence. However, in Belgium, as well as in other countries, the passive position of bourgeois organizations, which avoided coordinating their actions with the left wing of the anti-fascist movement, was a serious brake on the development of the Resistance movement.

In Holland, the Communist Party, which had gone underground, started publishing illegal newspapers in the fall of 1940, and in February 1941 organized a 300,000-strong strike of workers and employees of Amsterdam and its suburbs in protest against the forcible sending of Dutch workers to Germany ( "Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung", 1961, No. 6, S. 74 - 75.).

The people of France did not bow their heads before the occupiers. With his struggle, he fully confirmed the proud declaration of the French Communists that the great French nation would never be a nation of slaves. The Resistance Movement in this country developed both in the struggle against the German invaders and their Vichy accomplices. The working people, following the call of the communists, resorted to more and more active forms of the liberation struggle. But the French bourgeoisie also claimed the leadership of the Resistance movement. General de Gaulle, the leader of the bourgeois wing of the movement, sentenced to death in absentia by a Vichy court, twice spoke on London radio in June 1940 with an appeal to unite around the Free France committee he had created. However, he, in essence, guided the French people to the expectation of their liberation from the outside. Following this attitude, the bourgeois organizations of the French Resistance adhered to passive forms of struggle.

The working people of France, with the help of the communists, found effective forms and methods of the liberation struggle. People's committees, created in factories, in residential areas and villages, as well as women's committees fought to meet the immediate needs of the working people, sought trade union unity, and led strikes. In December 1940, a major sabotage action was organized at Renault factories, as a result of which hundreds of motorcycles were scrapped. A major event was the 100,000th strike of miners in the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais at the end of May - beginning of June 1941. Its significance was not only that the occupiers received almost a million tons of coal less, but also raised the morale of the workers , having shown in practice that even under occupation conditions a struggle is possible. Following the workers, peasants, intelligentsia and students rose up against the Nazis.

On May 15, 1941, the Central Committee of the PCF issued a statement about the party's readiness to create a National Front to fight for the independence of France. Soon, this front was proclaimed and began to act ( Ibid., S. 136.).

In the last months of 1940, the French Communist Party, having begun preparations for an armed struggle, created the so-called Special Organization, which was "the embryo of a military organization adapted to the conditions of the underground struggle and fascist terror" ( M. Torez. Son of the People, p. 168.). Its militant groups organized the security of gatherings and demonstrations, collected weapons, and carried out individual acts of sabotage. Following their example, "youth battalions" were created, the first leader of which was the young communist worker Pierre Georges, later the famous Colonel Fabien. The actions of the PCF were directed by the executive leadership of the party, which was deeply underground, consisting of the secretaries of the Central Committee M. Torez, J. Duclos and the general secretary of the General Confederation of Labor B. Frachon.

With the development of fascist aggression in southeastern Europe, a front for the Resistance movement was formed in the Balkans.

Already in the first months of the occupation, the Greek communists created underground organizations in various regions of the country (National Solidarity, Svoboda, Sacred Companies, etc.), which aroused broad masses of the people to fight the invaders. On May 31, 1941, a young communist Manolis Glezos and his friend Apostolos Santas tore the fascist flag with a swastika from the Athenian Acropolis, calling on the people to resist the fascists with their feat. On the same day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece, in a manifesto addressed to the entire people, called for the creation of a powerful popular front and put forward the slogan of a national liberation war ( G. Kiryakndis. Greece in World War II, p. 118.).

The organizer of the mass liberation struggle of the Yugoslav people, as well as the Greek, was the Communist Party. Even during the April catastrophe, she tried by all means to strengthen the combat capability of the army and the people. Thousands of communists volunteered for military units to replenish the ranks of the army, but were refused. The Communist Party demanded weapons for the anti-fascists, but did not receive them under the pretext of "the senselessness of the struggle" ( Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung, 1963, No. 8-10, S. 92.).

On April 10, 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia made a decision to start organizational and political preparations for an armed struggle against the invaders. It was headed by the Military Committee under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. In May - June, military committees are created throughout the country, the collection of weapons and ammunition begins, shock groups are formed in cities and rural areas. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first battles with the occupiers unfolded.

The Communist Party pursued a policy of creating a united front of the broad masses of the people. Its ranks grew continuously. Between May and June 1941, the number of Communists increased from 8 to 12 thousand, and the number of Komsomol members reached 30 thousand people ( F. Trgo. Review of the development of the national liberation war. In the book: I. Tito. Selected military works. Belgrade, 1966, pp. 330 - 332.).

In Yugoslavia, the Resistance movement took the form of an armed struggle from the very beginning. Yugoslav patriots fought not only against the occupiers and numerous Yugoslav quislings (Pavelic in Croatia, Nedic in Serbia, etc.), but also against the conservative forces, which after the liberation of the country counted on the restoration of the old bourgeois-landlord order. The royal government of Yugoslavia, which was in exile, considered the armed struggle premature, adventurous and contrary to the interests of the people. In an address to the people on June 22, 1941, broadcast on London radio, it called for calmly awaiting the future victory of the allies, who would "bring freedom" to Yugoslavia ( European Besistance Movements 1939 - 1945. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the History of the Resistance Movements held in Milan 26 - 29 March 1961. Oxford, 1964, p. 466.). This, in fact, was the political line of Mikhailovich Chetniks, who invariably rejected all the proposals of the Yugoslav partisans to establish contact with him, and then went into direct armed conflicts with them. But it was already impossible to extinguish the fire of partisan war in Yugoslavia, it flared up more and more.

The Resistance Movement in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves was directed against the regimes that existed in them and the social forces on which they relied, for the restoration of democratic rights and freedoms. In the first period of the war, the anti-fascist struggle was waged here only by small groups of people, convinced revolutionaries, communists, genuine democrats. The instructors of the Central Committee of the KKE, R. Halmeyer, G. Schmeer, I. Müller, G. Hanke and other comrades, who had illegally arrived in Germany, were working to create a new central party leadership. Despite the fact that with the beginning of the war in Germany, repression intensified and the propaganda of racism, chauvinism and militarism began to be carried out more widely, the struggle against fascism did not stop. Underground anti-fascist groups operated in the country: the "Internal Front" in the Berlin area ( German Imperialism and World War II, p. 599.), V. Knechel's group in the Rhine-Westphalian region ( Ibid, p. 617.), the groups of R. Urich, H. Schulze-Boysen and A. Harnack, H. Gunther, Eve and Fritz Schulze and others ( W. Schmidt. Damit Deutschland lebe, S. 288 - 336.). These groups carried out anti-fascist propaganda, published leaflets and newspapers in small quantities, and committed acts of sabotage and sabotage. The scope of the propaganda activities of the anti-fascist underground in Germany is evidenced by the archives of the Gestapo, according to which, in January 1941, 228 anti-fascist publications were recorded, and in May - 519 ( Ibid., S. 330.).

Under the leadership of the communist parties, the anti-fascist struggle unfolded in Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Finland.

A special page in the European Resistance movement is the struggle of prisoners in numerous Nazi concentration camps. And here, under the leadership of the communists, workers' movement leaders, underground organizations were created that fought against unbearable living conditions, arranged escapes.

The more the scale of the war expanded, the more people realized what fascist aggression was bringing to the peoples, the more the anti-fascist liberation struggle flared up, the role of the working masses increased in the struggle against the enslavers. Objectively, conditions arose in which the fate of the war against the countries of the fascist bloc was increasingly determined by the struggle of the broad masses of the people, in the vanguard of which were the communist and workers' parties.

patriotic, liberation democratic movement against fascist occupiers and regimes during WW II. It developed in the territories occupied by the aggressors and in the countries of the fascist bloc. Its goals are liberation from fascism, restoration of national independence, establishment of a democratic system, implementation of progressive social transformations. Its forms are non-observance of orders of the occupation authorities, anti-fascist propaganda, assistance to persons persecuted by the Nazis, intelligence activities in favor of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan struggle, armed uprisings. Various social forces participated in the Resistance Movement: the working class, the peasantry, the patriotic intelligentsia, part of the clergy, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, prisoners of war, escaped prisoners of concentration camps. In total, 2.2 million people took part in the movement. It made a significant contribution to the defeat of the bloc of fascist states

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RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

nat.-liberate., anti-fascist democratic. movement of bunk beds. masses during the second world war 1939-45 against germ., ital. and japan. the invaders and the local reactionaries who collaborated with them. elements. D.S. was one of the creatures. factors that led to the transformation of World War II into a just one, liberate., antifash. war and antifash that contributed to the victory. coalitions; the decisive role of the bunkers was especially clearly manifested in it. masses in the life of society, their increased influence on the fate of the state. By its roots, DS was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the pre-war. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign. interventionists and Franco rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fasc. enslavement. DS was a natural and legitimate struggle against fascism and its "new order" as an undisguised form of nat. and the social oppression of peoples by imperialism. Various classes and strata of the population, regardless of the class, took part in the DS. affiliation, polit. and religion. beliefs: workers and peasants, mountains. small and partly cf. bourgeoisie, democratic. minded intelligentsia and part of the clergy. In Asian countries, in the fight against the Japanese. colonialists rallied even more heterogeneous strata of the population. In almost all the countries occupied by the fascists, there were two trends in the DS: 1) the people's democratic, led by the working class headed by the communist. parties that put forward in their programs will release. struggle demands not only national, but also social liberation, and 2) right-wing, conservative, led by the bourges. elements, which limited its tasks to the restoration of power nat. the bourgeoisie and the order that existed before the occupation of the country. Ch. the role in the DS was played by the working class and the peasantry, who were its active forces, especially the working class headed by the communist. and workers' parties. The vast majority of the bourges. org-tions, which were part of the right wing of D.S., sought to keep the bunkers. the masses from the active struggle against the invaders. In their plans for the liberation of the occupied countries and the seizure of power, they focused on the victory of the West. powers, hence a characteristic feature of their tactics was passive waiting for the arrival of allied troops, hesitation and inconsistency. She held the same position and hence. some of the leaders of the Social-Democrats and socialist. parties. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, etc.), between the People's Democratic and Rightist currents during D. S. established cooperation against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.), the bourges in emigration. pr-va, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created a fascia on the occupied states. block territories of their countries reaction. org-tions, to-rye, although formally and advocated liberation from German-fasc. occupation, in fact, they fought against the nar.-liberate. movement, against the communist parties and other democratic. org-tions, often betraying them to the enemy. The communists collaborated with those elements in the right current of the D.S., to-rye were ready to conduct action. fight against the occupiers and at the same time resolutely opposed the treacherous activities of the antinar. bourgeois. org-tions and those bourges. representatives in the DS, to-rye destroyed the unity of action in the fight against the occupiers, tried to seize the leadership of the national liberation. struggle to weaken the D.S., strike a blow at the Communist Parties and Democratic. org-tions supporting the Communist Party. By its nature, D.S. in each individual country was deeply national, since it pursued the goals of the nat. liberation, which met the fundamental interests of the peoples of the countries occupied by the fascists. At the same time, it was international, since it had a common goal for all the fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries of Europe and Asia from the invaders, and the creation of conditions for a lasting post-war. the world. D.S.'s internationalism manifested itself in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the broad participation of anti-fascists from various countries in each national. D.S.In many European countries, owls fought bravely in D.S. people who fled from fasc. concentration camps. Many owls. the patriots were the leaders of the anti-fascist. groups, partisan commanders. detachments. Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous strata of the population in DS was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fasc. aggressors and restoration of nat. independence. Thanks bunk. the character of DS the struggle for the nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for a democratic. transformation and social demands of the working people, and in the colonial and dependent countries and with the struggle for liberation from the imperialist. and colonial oppression. In a number of countries, during the DS, the narcotics began and defeated. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the DS period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea). D.S. was distinguished by a variety of forms and tactics used by patriots in the struggle against the invaders. The most common forms were: antifash. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises producing products for the occupiers, and in transport, arms. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the occupier. administration, partisans. war. The highest and most effective form of DS was vsenar. armed the uprising, in which the leading role belonged to the working class. Communist. and the workers' parties, who were the main leaders. organizers and inspirers of D.S., developed national liberation programs for the conditions of each country. anti-fascist struggle. Proceeding from the fact that the root problem in the life of the European countries occupied by the Nazis was the destruction of fascists. occupier. regime, program documents nat. - will release. the movement directed all the patriots of these countries to the deployment of a wide plank. struggle for the overthrow of foreign domination, restoration of nat. independence and the establishment of democratic. freedoms. So, in the Communist Manifesto. Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) on March 15, 1939 indicated that the communists "will selflessly and bravely fight in the vanguard of the national resistance for the restoration of complete freedom and independence of the Czech nation." The CPC called on the working people of the city and countryside, all honest patriots of the country to unite in a wide national. front and decide to deploy. fight against fasc. invaders and their accomplices. The same task of consolidating patriotic. forces was put forward in the proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of France to the government on June 6, 1940 and in its Manifesto to the French people, published on July 10, 1940 in gas. "L'Humanite", in the Address of the Communist Party of Greece from 2 Nov. 1939, in the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indochina (June 1940), in the Directive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of March 6, 1940, in the Proclamation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania of July 8, 1941, in the Proclamation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia of April 15. 1941 and in the program documents of the communist. parties of other countries affected by fasc. occupation. The progressive forces of the fascist countries led by the communists. block his ch. the task was seen to be selflessness. the fight against fascism and reaction to contribute to the victory of freedom-loving peoples in their just war for nat. independence, overthrow the fasc. regime and establish democratic. orders. So, already in the first days of the war (September 1939), the Central Committee of the German Communist Party, which was deeply underground, appealed to the party members, all of them. patriots with an appeal to join forces in the fight against fascism and the military unleashed by it. adventures. He addressed the Italian with a similar appeal. to the people of the Central Committee of the Italian Communist Party (June 1940). The process of the emergence and development of DS in different countries did not take place simultaneously, its scope and forms of struggle were determined by a number of internal. and ext. factors, the ratio of the class. forces, natural and geographic. conditions, etc. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where partisans are widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fasc. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth occurred at different stages of the war, over the course of several years, up to and including 1944. In Yugoslavia and Albania, national liberation. the war against the occupiers merged with the civil. war against internal. the reaction opposed will liberate. movements of their peoples. Due to a number of military. and internal political. reasons in countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, arms. the struggle was not widely developed. The main and most massive and effective form of DS in these countries was the strike movement, antifash. demonstrations. In Germany, Ch. the form of struggle was the carefully conspiratorial activity of underground anti-fascists. groups for the involvement of workers in the active struggle against fascism, the spread of propaganda. materials among the population and in the army, assistance to foreigners. workers and prisoners of war, etc. DS in its development (hl. arr. in the countries of Western Europe) passed the following basic. periods caused by the turning points of World War II and, above all, by the situation at its decisive Soviet-German. front. (For the insert map of D.S., see between pp. 688-689). The first period (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and propaganda preparation of mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion. Communist. parties in enemy-occupied countries developed antifash programs. will release. struggle, rallied the patriotic. force, carried out will explain. work among the masses, seeking to overcome the confusion and feelings of hopelessness that gripped the meaning. part of the population of the occupied countries, who fell under the yoke of the fascist enslavers. Already from the first days of World War II, antifash began in the occupied districts. performances. In Poland in Sept.-Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fasc. occupier. troops were attended by separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity, and the local population. Main the core of the first partisans. groups and detachments were workers, and their vanguard were the Polish communists, who, despite the dissolution of the checkpoint (1938), continued to lead the revolution. work. During the autumn of 1939 and the summer of 1940, D.S. was enveloped in meaning. part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread. Main form of struggle Polish. peasants during this period there was a sabotage of supplies, non-payment was numerous. taxes. Gradually, the non-proletarian strata of the population and the progressive Polish were drawn into the struggle. intelligentsia. However, what has begun will liberate. the movement was still heterogeneous and disorganized, since in Poland in the first years of the occupation there was no political. a party capable of uniting and leading the patriotic struggle. forces. In Czechoslovakia in the initial period, German-fasc. occupation an important form of struggle were political. demonstrations, boycott fasc. press, there was also a strike movement (in 1939 there were 25 strikes at 31 plants). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Czech and Slovak patriots began to create groups to fight against the invaders, which began to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage in factories, transport, etc. in the fall of 1939. The first partisans were in Yugoslavia. detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) ch. arr. on the initiative of the communists, they consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the struggle. Partiz. the struggle in Yugoslavia had intensified by the summer of 1941, but was not yet on a mass scale. In France, the first participants in the DS were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other prom. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage in factories and railways. transport, patriotic. demonstrations and strikes of workers. One of the first large demonstrations organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941, there was a powerful strike that engulfed St. 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. At the call of the PCF, thousands of representatives of the French. the intelligentsia joined the working class in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the FKP, a mass patriotic was created. association - Nat. front that united the French. patriots of various social strata and views. Simultaneously with the creation of Nat. front, the FKP was preparing the conditions for the widespread deployment of weapons. fight against the occupiers. Already at the end. 1940 the communists created the embryo of the war. org-tion, which received the name. "Special organization", edges were soon renamed into the organization "Frantirers and Partisans" (FTP). The peoples of other Europeans also rose to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D.S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization. The attacks on the occupiers and traitors were carried out alone or in small groups of patriots. The national liberation, which began before World War II, reached a large scale during this period. whale fight. people defending their independence from the Japanese. imperialists. After the Japanese attack on China in July 1937. the invaders, encouraged by the ruling circles of the United States, Great Britain and France, opened a new phase in the implementation of their plans to seize all of China, D.S. Kit. of the people took on a massive character. Due to the fact that in China at that time there were two camps - a democratic one led by the CPC and a bourgeois landowner led by the Kuomintang, each with its own territory and its own weapons. forces, there actually existed two independently. front: Kuomintang and led by the CPC democratic. front of the liberated districts, the latter being the main one. front anti-jap. D. S. In the period from October. 1938 to Aug. 1945 intense struggle in China was fought by Ch. arr. between japanese. army and liberated districts. The leading force of the national-liberate. war was the CCP. In the course of the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies and partisans led by the Communist Party grew. detachments in the rear of the Japanese. 20 Aug - Dec 5. 1940 units of the 8th Army were held in the North. China's offensive against Japan. position, called the battle of the "hundred regiments". In the liberated areas were held democratic. transformations, democratic people were elected through general elections. authorities, the leadership of which the people handed over to the communists. Democratic. the transformations strengthened the anti-Japanese base. struggle and prepared the corresponding. transformations all over China. The second period (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of the D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the entry of the USSR into the war against fasc. Germany and her allies in Europe as a result of the treacherous attack on him by the fasc. Germany and other Europ. state-in-fasc. block. Influenced by courage. struggle and the first victories of the Red Army over it.-fasc. troops D.S. in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a general. struggle against the occupiers and traitors, great success was achieved in rallying the patriotic. forces. Will liberate. the struggle of the peoples was led by the mass patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifash. National Liberation Chamber in Yugoslavia, National Liberation. front in Greece and Albania, front of independence in Belgium, Fatherland. front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. the headquarters of the nar.-liberate. partisas. detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on arming. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, at the end of July armed. the fight began in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the terror and taken in Sept. and oct. 1941 ct. expeditions with the aim of eliminating partisans. forces and suppress the uprising, the occupiers were unable to strangle liberate. the struggle of the peoples of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1941, 44 partisans were active in the country. detachment, 14 separate battalions and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80 tons in total). The main headquarters of the People's Liberation, who led their struggle. detachments in Sept. 1941 was transformed into the supreme headquarters of the People's Liberation. partisas. detachments of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1942, the patriots liberated 1/5 of the territory. Yugoslavia. 26-27 nov. 1942 The Anti-Fascist Veche of the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOYU) was formed, which elected Execute. to-t, which actually performed the functions of the Prospect Island, which included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascists. groups. An important role in the further deployment of the increased struggle in 1941 Polish. the people played created, in January. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which was the organizer of the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partiz. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard Ludova. Following the example of the Ludovaya Guards, arms on the way. the struggle became plural. detachments of the "Cotton Battalions" and the Home Army, created by the emigre government of Poland and intended not to fight the occupiers, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. Soldiers and b. h. junior officers of the Home Army were honest patriots and were eager to fight the invaders. The first partisans were formed in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party (BKP), the Fatherland Front was created underground in 1942, uniting all anti-fascists led by the communists. forces and started a wide partisan. antifash. war. For the leadership of the armament. the Center was created by the struggle against the occupiers. military commission, transformed in the spring of 1943 into Ch. the headquarters of the nar.-liberate. partisas. army. In Romania, the Communist Party (CPR) in 1941 developed an antifash program. fight room. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. front, in which, in addition to the CRC, included democratic. cross. org-tion "Front of Farmers", democratic. org-tion Hungarian. nat. minority "Mados" and others. Partisans expanded. fight of the albs. people, led by the established in November. 1941 by the Communist Party (CPA). In Greece he will. the struggle was led by the one created in Sept. 1941 on the initiative of the Greek. Communist Party (KKE) National-Liberate. front (EAM), the core of which were workers and peasants. Arising in the beginning. 1941 partisans. the detachments were united in December. 1941 in Nar.-liberate. army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE. Fight against German-fasc. occupation intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 antifash intensified. and anti-war. speeches of workers in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the fasc. Germany. On the initiative of the IKP in Sept. 1941 in the country was created "K-t actions for the unification of the Italian people", whose task was to organize the people. fight against war. As a result of the persistent activities of the communists in order to unite the efforts of the nation in November. 1942 in Turin was formed by the Committee of nat. front, consisting of representatives of the anti-fasc. parties. The same to-you were created in other cities. Antifash, which did not stop during the war, intensified. the fight against the Nazis in fasc. Germany. It was conducted in difficult conditions by the communists of Germany, joint venture. with the best representatives of social democracy and non-partisans. workers. Despite the repression of the Gestapo, at the end. 1941 - early. 1942 in the country, the release of clandestine antiwar wars increased significantly. and antifash. printed materials. Organized by antifash. struggle were underground communist. groups of Urich, Schulze-Boysen, Bestlein-Jacob-Abshagen, Neubauer-Poser, etc. Under the influence of heroic. struggle of the Red Army, the DS of the peoples of the East countries expanded. and South-East. Asia exposed by the Japanese. occupation. The greatest scale in the countries of Asia took on the national liberation. whale fight. people. In 1941-42 the Japanese. the army undertook a "general offensive" against the liberated districts, but at the cost of heavy losses was only able to seize part of the territories. liberated districts North. China, and the territory of the liberated districts of Central and South. China continued to expand during this period. Inspired Heroic resistance of the Sov. of the people of German-fasc. the invaders launched an active struggle for the liberation of their countries from the oppression of the Japanese. invaders are patriots of Vietnam, Korea, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, the Philippines. In Vietnam in 1941, the communists created the core of the partisans. army. In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League of the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans were formed and fought. detachments. DS also developed in other districts of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia. In Malaya, the first partisans. detachments began to be created by the communists in December. 1941. At the end. 1942, on their basis, anti-Japanese was created. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among citizens. the population was organized by anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians. In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese. occupation of Indonesia, began to unfold liberate. wrestling indones. people directed against the Japanese. invaders, against any colonial oppression. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were arranged at enterprises and transport, a cross was raised. uprising (in Singaparna, Indramaya, in the Karo district), there was an uprising of troops in Blitar. All these anti-jap. the speeches were brutally suppressed by the invaders. In 1942, the struggle against the Japanese began. occupiers in Burma. In the north and in some center. In regions of the country, the communists who were underground created partisans. detachments and groups that fought against the invaders and the local military who collaborated with them. administration. Anti-Japon has received a large scale. fighting in the Philippines. The Communist Party of the Philippines united and led the working class, the laboring peasantry and part of the nat. the bourgeoisie into a single anti-Japanese. front patriotic. forces. In March 1942, in addition to other anti-Japanese. org-tions, headed by representatives of the nat. bourgeoisie, on the initiative of the Communist Party was created Nar. army Hukbalahap, edges, relying on the support of the population, led the fight against the invaders. D.S., deployed in Europe and Asia against the invaders, helped to strengthen the anti-fascist coalition and significantly weakened the forces of the countries of the fascist bloc. The third period (November 1942 - end of 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war caused by the East. the victories of the Red Army on the Volga and near Kursk; D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fasc. the bloc (including in Germany itself) has grown sharply; ended in the main. nat. association of patriotic. forces and were created by a single community. fronts. DS became more and more widespread. Communists of their courage. through the struggle they won the confidence of the people and became the leading force of the D.S. Partisas reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifash. fight. On the basis of partisas. detachments were created nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Ludov Guard acted, captivating with its example the units of the Home Army, which was hindered in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. Apr 19 1943 the Warsaw ghetto uprising began in response to the German fascist attempt. troops to take out for destruction the next batch of Hebrews. population. Brutally suppressed after weeks of heroic. struggle, the uprising contributed to the intensification of the struggle of the Polish. people against the invaders. New partisans arose. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. Released on a wide scale. wrestling in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and North. In Italy, whole areas were liberated from the invaders, on the territory of which the Narc bodies created by patriots operated. authorities. In some countries there are partisans. the struggle grew into a national liberation. war against fasc. invaders and merged with citizens. war against internal. reactions. In a number of countries, preparations were being completed for the implementation of the wsnar. armed uprisings; against the occupiers and traitors. The Soviet partisans were an example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world (see Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). The victory of the Red Army, the struggle of the owls. people on the owls temporarily captured by the fascists. territories - in Belarus, Ukraine, in Karelia, the Baltic states, the Bryansk region, Leningrad and other regions of the RSFSR, where the connections of the Sov. The partisans actively assisted the regular troops of the Red Army and had a tremendous impact on the entire further course of the development of DS not only in Europe, but also in Asia. Arms acquired a large scope. struggle in China, especially in those districts where it was led by the CCP. 8th and New 4th armies of China together with partisans. detachments and plank beds. militia of the liberated areas not only successfully repelled the attacks of the Japanese. troops, but they themselves went on the offensive. In the battles of 1943, the National Revolution. army and other whale forces. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand occupiers and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-v" Wang Ching-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite the persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. In Vietnam, there are many. partisas. detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country. In the liberated districts, instead of the colonial authorities, the patriots created their own to-you, which became the embryo of a new, democratic. building. In Burma, the center is patriotic. Forces of the country was formed in 1944 Antifash. league of people's freedom, which included the Communist Party, trade unions and other patriotic. the strength of the country. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified. The fourth period (late 1943 - May-September 1945). During this period, the Red Army inflicted fascism. will crush the invaders. blows, drove them out of the owls. land, moved by the military. actions on the territory of the East. and South-East. Europe, she played a decisive role in the liberation of these countries from the Nazi occupiers. In the midst of a successful offensive by the owls. troops nationwide antifash. the struggle in many occupied countries resulted in armaments. uprisings that led to the establishment of the People's Democratic. building. After the start of the Jassy-Kishinev operation of the Red Army on 23 August. 1944 antifash happened. bunk bed the uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of the Sov. troops on the territory. Bulgaria began (9 Sept. 1944) armed. uprising of the Bulgarians. people (see the September people's armed uprising of 1944), which opened the era of socialism for Bulgaria. 1 aug. 1944 began lasting 63 days and tragically ended antifash. Warsaw Uprising of 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944 the Slovak Uprising of 1944 began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against fascism. invaders. Great help to the uprising was provided by the command of the Red Army and the Sov. partisans. The final event in the liberation of Czechoslovakia was the Czech uprising. people in May 1945, the center of which was in Prague. The formations of the Red Army, which made a rapid transition in a short time (see the Prague operation of 1945), came to the aid of the Czechs. to the people. Expelling the occupiers and the traitors who collaborated with them from among the monopoly. the bourgeoisie and landowners, the working masses of Czechoslovakia, led by the working class, took the fate of the state into their own hands and established a People's Democratic Party in Czechoslovakia. system that ensured the development of the country along the path to socialism. With the growth of the military successes of the Red Army in the struggle against fascism, the liberation expanded. wrestling in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania. Patriotic. the forces of these countries, under the leadership of the working class, created the organs of revolution. the authorities who solved the problems of the People's Democratic. revolution. Dec. 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, in Poland, on the initiative of the PPR, the Craiova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created, then local Rada Narodovs began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish Committee of the National Assembly was formed. liberation, to-ry took over the functions of time. pr-va. In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of the Sov. troops on December 2. 1944 on the initiative of the Communist Party, Weng was created. nat. front of independence, and 22 December. 1944 Time. nat. the meeting in Debrecen formed the Time. nat. pr-in. In Yugoslavia, another 29 Nov. 1943 was created by the National. the Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, which performed the functions of Temporary. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and yugosl. armed forces - democratic. pr-in. In Albania, a legislature was created. organ - Antifash. national-will release. Council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist National Liberation. to-t, endowed with the functions of time. pr-va. In Greece, the patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and achieved the liberation of the entire territory by the end of October 1944. continental Greece from German-fasc. invaders. However, the Greek. the people failed to consolidate the independence they had won and establish the Nar. power. German fasc. occupiers in Oct. 1944 changed the English. troops, to-rye, with the support of the United States, restored reactionaries in Greece. monarchic. mode. DS achieved great success in France. Created in May 1943 Nat. Council of Resistance (NSS) March 15, 1944 adopted the program of D.S. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. int. forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, in which the leading role belonged to the communists. Influenced by the victories of the Red Army and the landing of Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the invaders grew into a nationwide war. the uprising, the highest point to-rogo was the victorious Paris uprising of 19-25 August. 1944. Franz. the patriots liberated most of the territories on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities. In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was formed. the army of patriots of the Freedom Volunteers Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand soldiers. Partiz. the army liberated vast areas in northern Italy from the occupiers. In cities and villages, patriotic groups arose and fought. actions. Along with the partisans. fighting in the winter of 1944-45 in a number of prom. centers of the North. There were massive strikes in Italy. In apr. 1945 a general strike began in the north of the country, which grew into a general strike. the uprising, which ended in the liberation from the occupiers of the North. and Center. Italy even before the Anglo-Amer. troops. By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were active in Belgium. Armed. the fight of partisans and patriotic. militia, thanks to the efforts of the communists, ended the national community. the uprising that engulfed in Sept. 1944 the whole country and who contributed to the liberation of many. cities and villages of Belgium. In Germany, despite the brutal mass repressions and executions, the victims of which were the leader of the Germans. communists Ernst Thälmann, most of the participants and leaders of the anti-fascist. groups, the Nazis could not completely suppress DS in the country. The surviving communist. the groups continued to fight against the fasc. regime. Outside Germany, in July 1943, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the KKE in the USSR, a national was created and acted. the leading center of the struggle against Hitler's domination is the National Committee "Free Germany" (NKSG), in which representatives of various politicians have united. views and beliefs. The creation of the NCSG was of great importance for the activities of him. anti-fascists who were in Germany itself, in German-fasc. troops, as well as in the countries occupied by Germany. In France in November. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed. Him. communists in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with the help of local communists, carried out anti-fascism. work among him. occupier. troops and actively participated in the organizations and detachments of D.S. in these countries. The NCSG program and its activities provided significant assistance to anti-fascists in Germany itself. Antifash. fight is dumb. Democrats under the leadership of the Communist Party contributed to the struggle against fascism in Germany and played an important role in the formation of the first in the history of it after the war. people of the workers 'and peasants' state-va - German Democratic. Republic. DS achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, Nar. army Hukbalahap in 1944 with the active participation of the population cleared of the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the Democrat were held. transformation. However, the progressive forces of the Filipino people have failed to consolidate the gains they have made. In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments was created by the Vietnam Liberation Army. DS was especially widespread immediately after the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Sov. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupying almost the entire North and part of Central China. Will liberate. whale fight. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistich. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of Nar. revolution in China. In aug. 1945 the victorious Nar happened. the uprising in Vietnam (see. The August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), a cut led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia, 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. In Malaya, antiyapons. bunk bed army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the landing there English. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. the uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers. DS, who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa. In the course of the DS, the peoples of the whole world were again convinced by facts of the truly international character of the Sov. socialist state-va. The Soviet Union rendered the peoples of all countries fighting against fascism. domination, huge political., economical. and military. help. The ruling circles of the USA and Great Britain treated DS in a completely different way. Despite some differences, determined by the imperialist. the goals of their policies, pr-va zap. powers in their attitude to the DS agreed on the main point. They feared the growth of politicians. activity bunks. the masses and the outgrowth of the national-liberate. movement in the revolution. the fight against the bourges. regimes, and in the occupied countries of the East and South-East - against the imperialist. and colonial oppression. Throughout the war, formally recognizing will put. role of DS and using its results to achieve victory over the troops of the fasc. coalitions, the United States and Great Britain were guided by the bourgeois. and moderate liberal elements in the DS and together with the emigre governments of the occupied countries of Europe supported only the organizations of the DS, which were under the influence of representatives of the bourgeoisie, and were not intended to drive out the fascists. invaders, and to fight for the restoration of the pre-war. conservative regimes. Based on the reaction. forces in the occupied countries, the USA and Great Britain, tried in every possible way to subjugate D.S. in order to narrow its goals and scope, limiting the participation of the narcotics. masses by passive forms of struggle: gathering intelligence. information and the implementation of sabotage in the rear of it. occupiers under the strict control of the Anglo-Amer. intelligence services. In an effort to limit the scope of a truly popular DS, the US and Great Britain sent their agents into its ranks, sought to oppose the working class and communists with other social groups and politicians. the currents participating in the DS created and armed the reactionaries. antinar. formations, supported the traitors disguised as members of the DS ("Bali Kombetar" in Albania, Draz Mikhailovich in Yugoslavia, etc.), and at the same time refused to support the democratic and especially proletarian elements and together with the reactionaries. the forces of the occupied countries tried to prevent the nat. armed uprisings; they used the presence of their troops in countries liberated from fascism. invaders (Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway), and in the West. Germany against the Democratic. forces to restore monopoly power. the bourgeoisie; disarmed participants DS, not stopping before the use of military. forces (in Greece, Indonesia, Malaya, the Philippines); tried to send their troops into Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia in order to establish an antinar there. regimes, which were prevented by the Red Army and the democratic. the strength of these countries. In the struggle against the invaders, many of the heroes of the DS were killed. The Communists, who were in the first ranks of the DS, suffered the greatest number of victims. They played creatures. role in the defeat

The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, its decisive contribution to achieving victory over the fascist-militarist bloc played an exceptionally important role in the rise and further development of the liberation struggle of the peoples against the aggressors. This struggle, which went down in history as a Resistance movement, testified to a tremendous growth in the political consciousness of the masses, who rejected fascism as a deeply reactionary political trend and branded its criminal acts incompatible with universal human morality with shame. Freedom, national independence, equality, justice - these and other humane moral and political principles inspired patriots of all countries.

The Resistance Movement, which in its socio-political content was anti-fascist, general democratic, had a great influence on the nature, course and results of the Second World War. Its main goals were the destruction of fascism, the revival of national independence, the restoration and expansion of democratic freedoms. It was also directed against internal reactionary forces, traitors to national interests. In a number of countries, the struggle against the aggressors grew into action against the foundations of the existing bourgeois-landlord system, for the establishment of a truly popular power.

The ideas and goals of the Resistance movement were in the interests of the broad masses. It was attended by the working people of cities and villages, patriotic circles of the bourgeoisie (small and middle), as well as the intelligentsia, officers, officials. The anti-fascist struggle included not only communist and workers' parties, but also representatives of bourgeois parties. The most active role in the resistance movement was played by the working class, led by the communist parties - the most consistent and courageous fighter against fascism.

The Resistance Movement covered many countries and united people of different nationalities. So, for example, as part of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, there were 03 special international and national formations, staffed by citizens of many states. Representatives of 34 nationalities fought in the ranks of the Polish Resistance fighters. Among the participants in the Slovak National Uprising were fighters of more than 20 nationalities. The resistance of foreign citizens to the aggressors in France, Italy and other countries took on a massive character. At least 40 thousand Soviet citizens took part in the liberation struggle of the peoples of Europe, and many foreign anti-fascists (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks, Yugoslavs, Hungarians, French, Germans and others) became bonds of Soviet partisan detachments.

In the Resistance movement, two main directions were distinguished almost everywhere: the people's democratic and the bourgeois. Representatives of the people's democratic trend set as their tasks not only the expulsion of the hated enemy and the revival of national independence, but also the establishment of people's power, the struggle for socio-economic transformations. The leading, organizing and mobilizing force of this trend was the communist and workers' parties. The clarity and concreteness of the program goals and slogans, their consonance with the fundamental interests of the masses, the loyalty of the communists to the national and international interests of the working class, all working people, selfless courage in the fight against fascism ensured the communist parties high authority and people's confidence. In a number of countries, the people's democratic direction remained dominant until the end of the war and ultimately won.

The bourgeois trend was headed by leaders of bourgeois parties and organizations, and in some countries - by emigre governments. Their political programs were reduced mainly to the demand for the restoration of the lost independence, as well as the restoration of the pre-war socio-economic and political order. This trend was joined not only by representatives of the so-called middle strata, but also by a part of the working people who were attracted by national-patriotic slogans and promises of post-war democratic reforms. However, the bourgeois leadership tried to prevent the development of mass movements, pursued a policy of "attantism" (waiting), the essence of which was to limit the fight against the occupiers to a minimum, and to save the available forces as much as possible for the future struggle for power.

The attitude of the leaders of this wing of the Resistance movement towards the people's democratic direction was hostile. In some countries, it came to political and armed provocations and even armed clashes between heterogeneous social forces. However, even in these conditions, the communist parties sought to unite all organizations and groups of the Resistance, regardless of their political platform. It was thanks to the efforts of the communists in the course of the liberation struggle that the creation of broad national anti-fascist fronts became possible.

The scope and forms of the Resistance movement were determined both by the internal factors of each country and by external factors, primarily the successes of the Soviet Armed Forces. Prepared by the entire course of previous events, it depended on the political system, the level of socio-economic development, the balance of forces, as well as on the natural-geographical and other conditions. During the Second World War, the Resistance movement took on the character of a powerful, organized and conscious struggle of the peoples.

The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union had a profound influence on the development and intensification of the struggle. As a result of the failure of the "blitzkrieg" on the Soviet-German front, the weakening of the military might of Hitlerite Germany, its allies and satellites, the Resistance movement became widespread, the partisan struggle expanded, and the leading role of the communist parties increased.

The forms of the Resistance movement were very diverse. The most active - armed struggle included combat operations of regular and semi-regular liberation armies, as well as national and local uprisings and sabotage. Such forms of unarmed resistance as sabotage, strikes, evasion from compulsory labor service and various jobs for the invaders, ignoring the orders of the occupation authorities, boycotts, their propaganda activities, and anti-fascist propaganda are widespread.

The communist parties skillfully and flexibly used various forms so that the masses, the broadest strata of the public, deeply realized the need for an active struggle against the oppressors. Under the leadership of the Communist Parties, with their participation, the Resistance became more decisive. All the main mass anti-fascist actions of the working people were carried out under the leadership of the communists.

The armed struggle against invaders usually went through several stages. At first, these were the actions of individual battle groups and detachments, which gradually became more numerous and powerful. In some countries, the development of the partisan movement led to the creation of popular armies. In Yugoslavia, in the summer of 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an open armed struggle against the fascist invaders began. From the very beginning it took on a massive character, at the end of 1941 a special brigade and up to 50 partisan detachments were formed. Subsequently, divisions and corps appeared, and the armed forces began to be called the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOAJ).

In Czechoslovakia, the struggle against the fascist invaders acquired an especially wide scope in the spring and summer of 1944. Under the leadership of the CPC, the proletariat became the leader of all liberation forces united in the National Front. Partisan detachments were active in the country. In August 1944, the Slovak National Uprising took place, and later the May Uprising of the Czech people in 1945.

In Poland, small partisan detachments, the core of which were workers, first joined the struggle against the German fascist invaders. Later, the Ludowa Guard (GL), created at the initiative of the Polish Workers' Party, joined the armed struggle against the occupiers, later transformed into the Ludowa Army (AL).

In Greece, in October 1941, a military center of the Resistance was established, later reorganized into the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Army (ELAS).

In Albania, under the leadership of the communists, the partisan couples were transformed in the summer of 1943 into the National Liberation Army (NOAA).

The political consolidation of the Resistance forces in France made it possible at the beginning of 1944 to create an internal armed force, the most combat-ready and active part of which were the communist-led frantirers and partisans.

Resistance fighters made a significant contribution to the victory over the fascist invaders. They thwarted the plans of the Nazi leadership to transform Western Europe into a reliable and stable rear. The patriots inflicted tangible blows on the enemy's communications and garrisons, disorganized the work of industrial enterprises, and diverted part of the armed forces of the Hitlerite coalition to themselves. They destroyed tens of thousands of enemy soldiers and officers, expelled the occupiers and their accomplices from settlements, cities and large areas, and in some countries (Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, France) liberated almost the entire territory or a significant part of it.

The significance of the Resistance movement is not limited to its military side. It was also an important moral and political factor in the struggle against fascism: even the most modest in scale actions were directed against the entire system of the "new order" and strengthened the moral strength of the peoples in the struggle against fascism.

During the war, there was no formal coordination center for the Resistance forces in Europe. However, the political influence of the Resistance movement was exceptionally great. This was manifested in the fact that it united the patriots of all occupied countries in a common anti-fascist front. The establishment of military cooperation between members of the Resistance movement of different countries testified to its international character. Thus, in the process of liberating the peoples of Central and Southeastern Europe, Soviet partisan detachments were redeployed to the territory of their countries and fought shoulder to shoulder with Polish, Slovak and Czech partisans. In the course of the anti-fascist struggle, an agreement was concluded on the military interaction of the French and Italian partisans. The partisans of France and Belgium, the partisans of Yugoslavia with the partisans of Bulgaria, Greece and Italy collaborated with each other.

The political significance of the Resistance movement also consisted in the fact that it created the internal preconditions for deep socio-economic transformations. In the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe in 1944 - 1945. it developed into uprisings, which were directed not only against the invaders, but also to overthrow the pro-fascist regimes. Organs of people's power were created in Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Albania. After the war, revolutionary processes continued to develop.

The successes of the Resistance movement contributed to a change in the balance of political forces in other occupied European countries. “Resistance has established itself as a powerful factor in political and economic transformation” (94). In France, the Communist Party, the National Front, trade unions, socialists and some leftist organizations of the Resistance put forward the task of a radical restructuring of the country's economy and politics. In 1943 - 1944. the demands of socio-economic transformations were included in the program of the right-wing organizations of the French Resistance. Even where the victory over fascism did not lead to revolutionary changes, a number of socio-political reforms were carried out, which, however, did not affect the foundations of the exploiting system.

The Resistance Movement in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition had its own characteristics in comparison with the occupied states. The anti-fascist struggle was waged here in the most difficult conditions of mass repressions and executions, brutal persecution of all democrats. Moreover, the regime of terror and political lawlessness in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition was combined with a particularly sophisticated nationalist and militaristic demagogy, which made the anti-fascist struggle extremely difficult. Relying on a ramified system of ideological and political fooling of the masses, the Nazis sought to eradicate democratic ideas from the consciousness of the working people.

Changes in the social structure of the population had a negative impact on the anti-fascist movement in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition, especially in Germany. Most of the working class was drafted into the army, a significant number of the most active workers were thrown into Nazi torture chambers and concentration camps. Professional workers in production were replaced by representatives of the middle strata, the labor of prisoners of war and civilians driven from the occupied countries, who were constantly under special supervision and control, was widely used.

Nevertheless, the liberation movement in the countries of the fascist bloc grew during the war. Already at the beginning of it, anti-fascists consolidated deeply underground. Communists and other representatives of progressive forces, exposing the criminal nature of the actions of the aggressors, emphasized the inevitability of their military and political defeat. The organizational basis of the Resistance movement was underground organizations and groups led mainly by communists.

A powerful impetus for the expansion and activation of the anti-fascist Resistance was given by the heroic struggle of the Soviet Union. The victories of the Soviet Armed Forces and the resulting radical change in the course of the war shattered the fascist system, contributed to a change in the socio-political views of various social groups, and the growth of the ranks of anti-fascists.

An important role in the consolidation of anti-fascist forces was played by the All-Slavic Committee, the National Committee "Free Germany", the Union of Polish Patriots and other organizations created in the USSR. In Italy, in October 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an Action Committee was created to unite patriotic forces at home and abroad. Counteraction to the terrorist fascist regime intensified in Germany and other states. In all countries of the aggressive bloc, there was growing dissatisfaction with the domestic and foreign policies of the fascist dictatorships. Further growth in the activity of the masses depended largely on the level of leadership from the communist parties. Where it was possible to achieve close rallying of the ranks of the working class and unite democratic forces around it, large anti-fascist organizations and partisan formations were created.

In the countries that joined the fascist bloc, the Bulgarian people were the first to rise up for a massive armed struggle against the reactionary regime. At the end of June 1941, under the leadership of the Bulgarian Communist Party, partisan groups were organized, the number of which grew rapidly in the future. In the spring of 1943, the People's Liberation Insurgent Army was formed and a plan of military operations was developed on a national scale. In early September 1944, the partisan forces numbered over 30,000 armed fighters and operated with the support of over 200,000 partisan assistants.

The transfer of the actions of the Soviet Army to the territory of the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe and the successful implementation of its liberation mission inspired the patriots even more, instilled in them confidence in the final defeat of the fascist regimes. More and more new members were included in the Resistance movement. Thus, the entry of the Soviet Army into the territory of Bulgaria created favorable conditions for the deployment of mass revolutionary actions. In areas controlled by the People's Liberation Insurgent Army, people's power was established. On September 9, 1944, as a result of a nationwide, anti-fascist armed uprising in the country, the monarchist-fascist regime was overthrown and the government of the Fatherland Front was formed.

In Romania, in preparation for an armed uprising led by the Communist Party, a large number of militant patriotic groups were created. In the summer of 1944, the National Democratic Bloc was formed, which included the Communist, Social Democratic, National Liberal and National Tsarist parties. He advocated the immediate overthrow of the fascist government and an end to the aggressive war. The successes of the Soviet Army, above all its outstanding victory in the Jassy-Kishinev operation, accelerated the development of the anti-fascist struggle in the country. On August 23, an armed uprising took place in Bucharest, which led to the overthrow of the fascist dictatorship.

Despite the fierce terror, preparations were made for an armed uprising in Hungary, which in March 1944 was occupied by German fascist troops. In May of the same year, at the call of the communists, the anti-fascist Hungarian Front was created, uniting almost all parties and trade union organizations. As the country was liberated by the Soviet Army, local committees were transformed into organs of people's power, which played an important role in democratic and socialist transformations.

Influenced by the successes of the Soviet Armed Forces, as well as by the actions of the American-British forces that landed in southern Italy in the fall of 1943, the first partisan formations arose in northern Italy. On the initiative of the Communist Party, they managed to unite them in June 1944 into the People's Army - the Freedom Volunteers Corps, which initially numbered 82 thousand, and by April 1945 - already 150 thousand people. A mass resistance movement developed in Italy under the leadership of the working class. A speech by the armed forces of the Resistance in the second half of April 1945, supported by a general strike at the call of the communists, led to the fact that in many industrial centers and cities of Northern Italy, almost all German fascist troops and black shirts laid down their arms even before the arrival of the Anglo-American troops.

The decisive actions of the Soviet Army contributed to the intensification of the struggle of the German anti-fascists. The political platform developed by the Communist Party in the spring of 1944 guided the German people towards unification in the broad anti-fascist Resistance front. The Operational Leadership of the Communist Party of Germany (KKE), created on the territory of Germany, sought the unity of action of all anti-fascist forces in the country. An increasing number of representatives of the middle strata in the rear and soldiers at the front were included in the fight against Nazism. A large detachment of the anti-fascist movement was formed among German prisoners of war in the USSR, led by the National Committee "Free Germany".

The KKE has repeatedly appealed to the people of Germany with an appeal to undertake mass protests for an early end to the bloody war and the prevention of senseless destruction on German soil. On the eve of the collapse of the fascist regime, progressive forces managed to prevent a number of Nazi-planned destruction, rigging tens of thousands of human lives. In the city of Eisleben, for example, an anti-fascist working group took power into its own hands even before the arrival of the US-British troops. In a number of cities, anti-fascists succeeded in disarming Wehrmacht and Volkssturm units and paralyzing the work of military factories. As the Soviet Army liberated cities and towns from the Nazis, the KKE took over the leadership of the progressive forces aimed at implementing the program of creating a new, democratic Germany.

Resistance to fascism also existed in Nazi concentration camps, prisoner of war camps and foreign workers, where the Nazis used them as a slave force. The prisoners, despite the inhuman living conditions, committed sabotage and sabotage at military enterprises, conducted anti-fascist propaganda, and organized mutual assistance. An active role in this struggle was played by Soviet officers and soldiers, who led many underground organizations and groups.

The Resistance Movement was an integral part of the peoples' liberation struggle. This struggle was fraught with great sacrifices.

Hundreds of thousands of patriots gave their lives on the battlefields and in Hitler's dungeons. The losses were especially great among the communists.

The massive growth of the ranks of the Resistance movement and its effectiveness are inextricably linked with the struggle of the Soviet people, with the victories of the Armed Forces of the USSR. For the peoples enslaved by fascist Germany, the Resistance was a peculiar form of their participation in the struggle against the "new order". The Resistance Movement personified, first of all, the striving of peoples for freedom and national independence. It was on this basis that various social and political groups and organizations collaborated in it.

The development of the struggle of the Resistance movement into people's democratic and socialist revolutions in a number of countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe was due to a combination of favorable internal political and external conditions. The internal conditions consisted in the aggravation of the contradictions in the socio-economic and political life of these states, in the growth of the liberation struggle of the masses, led by the working class, against the fascist invaders and part of the national bourgeoisie that collaborated with them. The victorious offensive of the Soviet Armed Forces was an external decisive condition that contributed to the weakening, shaking and final elimination of the existing regime in these countries.

On the whole, the anti-fascist movement continued the revolutionary traditions of the working masses, enriched their experience of the liberation struggle. Emerging in almost all countries occupied by the fascist powers, the Resistance movement united under its banners broad sections of the population, who by the end of the war had become a truly nationwide force acting in the direction of progress and democracy.

MOVEMENT RESISTANCE - nat.-liberation-child., anti-fascist democratic. movement of bunk beds. masses during the second world war, 1939-45 against germ., ital. and japan. invaders.

By its roots, DS was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the pre-war. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign. interventionists and Franco rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fasc. enslavement.

Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous strata of the population in DS was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fasc. aggressors and restoration of nat. independence. Thanks bunk. the character of DS the struggle for the nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for a democratic. transformations and social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries and with the struggle for liberation from colonial oppression. In a number of countries, during the DS, the narcotics began and defeated. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the DS period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea).

D.S. was distinguished by a variety of forms and tactics. The most common forms were: antifash. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises producing products for the occupiers, and in transport, arms. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of ok-kupats. administration, partisans. war.

The process of origin and development of DS in different countries did not take place simultaneously. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where partisans have become widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fasc. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth occurred at different stages of the war, over the course of several years, up to and including 1944.

First period(the beginning of the war-June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and propaganda preparation of mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion.

Already from the first days of World War II, antifash began in the occupied districts. performances. In Poland, in Sept. - Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fasc. okku boy. troops were attended by separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity, and the local population. During the autumn of 1939 and the summer of 1940, DS encompassed a significant part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread.

In Czechoslovakia in the initial period, German-fasc. occupation an important form of struggle were political. demonstrations, boycott fasc. press, there was also a strike movement. The first partisans were in Yugoslavia. the detachments that emerged immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the struggle. In France, the first participants in the DS were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other prom. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage in factories and railways. transport, etc. One of the first large demonstrations organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941, there was a powerful strike that engulfed St. 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. The peoples of other Europeans also rose to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D.S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization.

Second period(June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of social security in the countries of Europe and Asia. Will liberate, the struggle of the peoples led by the massive patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifash. veche of people's liberation in Yugoslavia, National Liberation, front in Greece and Albania, front of independence in Belgium, Fatherland, front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. the headquarters of the nar.-liberate. party. detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on arming. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, at the end of July armed. the fight began in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Jan. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which was the organizer of the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partiz. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard Ludova.

The first partisans were formed in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups.

In Bulgaria in 1942, the Fatherland Front was created underground, uniting all anti-fascists. forces and started a wide partisan. antifash. war.

In 1941, an anti-fascist program was developed in Romania. fight room. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. Front.

In Greece he will liberate, the struggle was led by the one created in Sept. 1941 National Liberation, Front.

The struggle intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 antifash intensified. and anti-war. speeches in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the fasc. Germany.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League of the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans were formed and fought. detachments. DS also developed in other districts of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In the end. 1942 Anti-Japanese was created. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among citizens. the population was organized by anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians.

Third period(November 1942-to. 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war.

D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fasc. the bloc (including in Germany itself) has grown sharply; ended in the main. nat. association of patriotic. forces and were created by a single community. fronts. DS became more and more widespread. Partisans reached an enormous scale. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifash. fight. On the basis of partisas. detachments were created nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Ludov Guard acted, captivating with its example the units of the Home Army, which was hindered in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. Apr 19 1943 the Warsaw ghetto uprising began in response to the German fascist attempt. troops to take out for destruction the next batch of Hebrews. population. New partisans arose. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. The liberation struggle in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands has reached a wide scale.

Arms acquired a large scope. fighting in China. In the battles of 1943, the National Revolution. army and other whale forces. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand occupiers and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-v" Wang Ching-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite the persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. In Vietnam, there are many. partisas. detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country.

The fourth period(late 1943 - May - September 1945). 23 Aug 1944 antifash happened. bunk bed the uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of the Sov. troops on the territory. Bulgaria began (9 Sept. 1944) armed. uprising of the Bulgarians. people. 1 aug. 1944 began lasting 63 days and tragically ended antifash. Warsaw Uprising of 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944 the Slovak uprising began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against fascism. invaders.

In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of the Sov. troops on December 2. 1944 Weng was created. nat. front of independence, and 22 December. 1944 Time. nat. the meeting in Debrecen formed the Time. nat. pr-in.

In Yugoslavia, another 29 Nov. 1943 was created by the National. the Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, which performed the functions of Temporary. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and yugosl. armed forces - democrat. pr-in. In Albania, a legislature was created. organ - Antifash. nat.-liberate, the council of Albania, which formed the Anti-fascist nat.-liberate, to-t, endowed with the functions of the time. pr-va.

In Greece, by the end of October 1944, the liberation of all territories. continental Greece from German-fasc. invaders.

In France, created in May 1943, Nat. Council of Resistance (NSS) March 15, 1944 adopted the program of D.S. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. int. forces (FFI) of up to 500 thousand people, the Paris uprising of 19-25 August. 1944. Franz. the patriots liberated most of the territories on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was formed. the army of patriots of the Freedom Volunteers Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand soldiers.

By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were active in Belgium.

In France in November. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed.

DS achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, Nar. army Hukbalahap in 1944 with the active participation of the population cleared of the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the Democrat were held. transformation. However, the progressive forces of the Filipino people have failed to consolidate the gains they have made.

In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments was created by the Vietnam Liberation Army.

DS was especially widespread immediately after the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Sov. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupying almost the entire North and part of Central China. Set free, whale fighting. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistich. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of Nar. revolution in China. In aug. 1945 the victorious Nar happened. the uprising in Vietnam (see. The August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), a cut led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam.

In Indonesia, 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. In Malaya, antiyapons. bunk bed army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the landing there English. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. the uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers.

D.S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa.