Activities and their structure in dhow. Examination: Lesson - the main form of education in kindergarten

TYPES OF ACTIVITIES WITH CHILDREN IN KINDERGARTEN

1. Classic lesson

In the old classical form: explanation, task completion by children. Lesson results.

2. Complex (combined lesson)

The use of different types of activity in one lesson: artistic word, music, visual activity, mathematics, construction, manual labor (in various combinations).

3.Thematic lesson

It can be complex, but it is subordinated to one theme, for example, "Spring", "What is good", "our toys", etc.

4. Final or control lesson

Finding out the assimilation of the program by children for a certain period of time (half a year, quarter, academic year).

5. Excursion

To the library, studio, post office, on the field, to a construction site, to school, etc.

6. Collective creative work

Collective drawing, collective application: we are building a street in our city.

7. Occupation-work

Planting onions, cutting plants, planting seeds, etc.

8. Lesson-game

"Toy shop", "Let's arrange a room for the doll." Option: Auction lesson - whoever tells more about an item buys it.

9.Creative activity

Workshop of an artist, folk craftsmen, storyteller, “Workshop of good deeds” (handicrafts from waste, natural material, paper using TRIZ elements).

10. Sitting lesson

On folklore material, against the background of labor activity, children sing, make riddles, tell fairy tales, lead a round dance.

11. Lesson-fairy tale

The whole lesson is built on the plot of one fairy tale, using music, fine arts, dramatization.

12. Press conference lesson

Children ask questions to the "cosmonaut", "traveler", "hero of the fairy tale" and he answers the questions, then "Journalists" draw and write down what interested them.

13. Occupation-landing

Urgent care. Example. We go from the opposite: while drawing, we ask children about what they do not succeed or do poorly. Today we will draw it, those who are good at it will help us. Option: a joint lesson for children of the older and younger groups (co-creation). The elders, for example, do the background, the younger ones draw what they can.

14. Annotated Learning Session

The whole group of children is given a task - the formation of the number "7". One of the children says aloud how he makes up a given number, the rest silently perform, if the speaker is mistaken, a discussion begins. Options: the teacher draws on the board, the children comment on the image, make up a story, or the teacher draws what the children are talking about.

15. Travel lesson

The goal is to develop the monologue speech of children. One of the children is a "guide", the rest of the children ask questions. Options: travel through fairy tales, home country, city, republic, to the "Country of cheerful mathematicians", according to the "Red Book".

16. Discovery lesson

(problematic occupation)

The teacher offers the children a problem situation, the children solve it together, make a discovery. Example: "What happens if the paper disappears?", "Why study?" Option: "The investigation is carried out by experts."

17. Lesson-experiment

The child, for example, is given paper. He does not do everything he wants - tears, crumples, wets, etc. Then he makes a conclusion on his own. Options: with ice, snow, magnet, air.

18. Classes-drawings-compositions

The teacher draws, the children make up stories. Children make up stories from their drawings. Children "write" a drawing letter about a kindergarten event.

19. Lesson-competition

Like: "What, where, when?" Competition for dreamers, poems, fairy tales.

Children are divided into teams, questions are discussed together, the captain speaks, children complement.

Options: "Neznaikin Bridge". Different questions are asked, for the correct answer the team receives a "log" to build a bridge to the opposite team. For an incorrect answer, the "log" sinks to the bottom of the river. The winner is the one who builds the bridge over the river faster, i.e. more will give correct answers.

20. Group lessons (competition option)

Children are organized in groups. For example, for 4 seasons. They prepare for the lesson in secret. In the lesson, they tell, “defend” their season, draw, tell invented stories. The winner is the one who has the most interesting performance-defense of his season (books, toys, etc.).

21. "School game"

School for cosmonauts (athletes), school for forest dwellers (animals), school for young chauffeurs and pedestrians. They talk about themselves, sing, dance, pantomime, etc.

The leading form of training organization pupils of DU is class.

Class is an organized form of teaching and a time period of the teaching process, capable of reflecting all its structural components (general pedagogical goal, didactic tasks, content, methods and means of teaching).

So, s annoyance- this is:

The main form of organizing a child's cognitive activity;

A dynamic, improving procedural system that reflects all aspects of the upbringing and educational process;

An elementary structure-forming unit of the educational process, with the implementation of a certain part of the curriculum;

A single link in the system of educational and cognitive activity.

It should be highlighted the main signs of the occupation:

Lesson is the main unit of the didactic cycle and the form of organization of training;

In terms of time, it takes from 10-15 minutes (in the younger preschool age) to 30-35 minutes (in the older preschool age);

The lesson can be integrated, that is, devoted to more than one type of cognitive activity (for example: speech development + visual activity);

The leading role in the lesson belongs to the educator, who organizes the process of transferring and assimilating educational material, monitoring the level of development of each child;

The group is the main organizational form of uniting children in the classroom, all children are of approximately the same age and level of training, the main composition of the groups remains for the entire period of stay in a preschool institution;

The group works according to a single program, according to the grid of cognitive activities;

The lesson is held at predetermined hours of the day.

The triune task of the lesson:

- Educational: improve the level of development of the child

- Educational: to form the moral qualities of a person, views and beliefs.

- Developing: when teaching to develop in pupils cognitive interest, creativity, will, emotions, cognitive abilities - speech, memory, attention, imagination, perception.

- acquaintance with the surrounding life and the development of the speech of children;

- development of elementary mathematical concepts;

- visual activity and design;

- physical education;

- musical education.

Structure of a classical lesson

Currently, the following classification of activities with preschool children is widely used (Table 2).

Classification of occupations in preschool educational institutions (according to S.A.Kozlova)

Currently dominated by complex lessons, on which several didactic tasks are simultaneously solved (systematization of knowledge, skills and the development of creative abilities, etc.).

In a combined lesson there is a combination of didactic tasks for training, repetition and consolidation of knowledge.

Achieving positive results depends on from the correct organization of the educational process.

Excursion- an important form of organizing education in kindergarten. The excursions are a special type of activity, which make it possible in a natural setting to acquaint children with natural, cultural objects, with the activities of adults. The main value of excursions is that they provide the formation of specific ideas and impressions of the surrounding life in children... During excursions, preschoolers begin to learn about the world in all its diversity, development, observe the mutual connection of phenomena.

Depending on on the specific content of educational tasks is being developed excursion route, structure, methods are determined... Subsequent work on deepening and consolidating the ideas received during the excursion is carried out in everyday life: in art, construction, stories, children's work. In conclusion, a wrap-up conversation is held. The complexity of the excursion as a form of training organization makes it accessible only in middle and senior groups.

Types of activities: classical, complex, thematic, final, excursions, group, game, work.

A classic lesson in a preschool educational institution has the following features:

The structure of a classical lesson;

The beginning of the lesson;

Assumes the organization of children.

Switching the attention of children to the upcoming activity, stimulating interest in it, creating an emotional mood, accurate and clear guidelines for the upcoming activity (sequence of the task, expected results).

Course (process) of the lesson

Independent mental and practical activity of children, the implementation of all assigned educational tasks.

In the process of this part of the lesson, the individualization of training is carried out (minimal help, advice, reminders, leading questions, demonstration, additional explanation). The teacher creates the conditions for each child to achieve a result.

End of class

Dedicated to summing up and evaluating the results of educational activities. In the younger group, the teacher praises the diligence, the desire to do the job, activates positive emotions. In the middle group, he has a differentiated approach to assessing the performance of children. In the senior and preparatory groups for school, children are involved in the assessment and self-assessment of results.

Depending on the section of training, on the goals of the lesson, the methodology for conducting each part of the lesson may be different. Private methods provide more specific recommendations for each part of the lesson. After the lesson, the teacher analyzes its effectiveness, the development of program tasks by children, reflects on the activity and outlines the future of the activity.

Complex - the implementation of tasks by means of different types of activity with associative connections between them (a conversation about fire safety rules turns into drawing a poster on the topic). In this case, one type of activity dominates, and the second complements it, creates an emotional mood.

A complex lesson is aimed at a versatile disclosure of the essence of a certain topic by means of different types of activity that consistently change each other.

Integrated - they combine knowledge from different educational areas on an equal basis, complementing each other (considering such a concept as "mood" through works of music, literature, painting).

1. Classic lesson

In the old classical form: explanation, task completion by children. Lesson results.

2. Complex (combined lesson)

The use of different types of activity in one lesson: artistic word, music, visual activity, mathematics, construction, manual labor (in various combinations).

3. Thematic lesson

It can be complex, but it is subordinated to one theme, for example, "Spring", "What is good", "our toys", etc.

4. Final or control lesson

Finding out the assimilation of the program by children for a certain period of time (half a year, quarter, academic year).

5. Excursion

To the library, studio, post office, on the field, to a construction site, to school, etc.

6. Collective creative work

Collective drawing, collective application: we are building a street in our city.

7. Occupation-work

Planting onions, cutting plants, planting seeds, etc.

8. Lesson-game

"Toy shop", "Let's arrange a room for the doll." Option: Auction lesson - whoever tells more about an item buys it.

9.Creative activity

Workshop of an artist, folk craftsmen, storyteller, “Workshop of good deeds” (handicrafts from waste, natural material, paper using TRIZ elements).

10. Sitting lesson

On folklore material, against the background of labor activity, children sing, make riddles, tell fairy tales, lead a round dance.

11. Lesson-fairy tale

The whole lesson is built on the plot of one fairy tale, using music, fine arts, dramatization.

12. Press conference lesson

Children ask questions to the "cosmonaut", "traveler", "hero of the fairy tale" and he answers the questions, then "Journalists" draw and write down what interested them.

13. Occupation-landing

Urgent care. Example. We go from the opposite: while drawing, we ask children about what they do not succeed or do poorly. Today we will draw it, those who are good at it will help us. Option: a joint lesson for children of the older and younger groups (co-creation). The elders, for example, do the background, the younger ones draw what they can.

14. Annotated Learning Session

The whole group of children is given a task - the formation of the number "7". One of the children says aloud how he makes up a given number, the rest silently perform, if the speaker is mistaken, a discussion begins. Options: the teacher draws on the board, the children comment on the image, make up a story, or the teacher draws what the children are talking about.

15. Travel lesson

The goal is to develop the monologue speech of children. One of the children is a "guide", the rest of the children ask questions. Options: travel through fairy tales, home country, city, republic, to the "Country of cheerful mathematicians", according to the "Red Book".

16. Discovery lesson (problem lesson)

The teacher offers the children a problem situation, the children solve it together, make a discovery. Example: "What happens if the paper disappears?", "Why study?" Option: "The investigation is carried out by experts."

17. Lesson-experiment

The child, for example, is given paper. He does not do everything he wants - tears, crumples, wets, etc. Then he makes a conclusion on his own. Options: with ice, snow, magnet, air.

18. Classes-drawings-compositions

The teacher draws, the children make up stories. Children make up stories from their drawings. Children "write" a drawing letter about a kindergarten event.

19. Lesson-competition

Like: "What, where, when?" Competition for dreamers, poems, fairy tales.

Children are divided into teams, questions are discussed together, the captain speaks, children complement.

Options: "Neznaikin Bridge". Different questions are asked, for the correct answer the team receives a "log" to build a bridge to the opposite team. For an incorrect answer, the "log" sinks to the bottom of the river. The winner is the one who builds the bridge over the river faster, i.e. more will give correct answers.

20. Group lessons (competition option)

Children are organized in groups. For example, for 4 seasons. They prepare for the lesson in secret. In the lesson, they tell, “defend” their season, draw, tell invented stories. The winner is the one who has the most interesting performance-defense of his season (books, toys, etc.).

21. "School game"

School for cosmonauts (athletes), school for forest dwellers (animals), school for young chauffeurs and pedestrians. They talk about themselves, sing, dance, pantomime, etc.

Lessons in kindergarten are considered the main form of teaching children, in which children learn new knowledge and consolidate the previously acquired knowledge. Before conducting it, the teacher does a lot of preliminary work - prepares visual material, selects fiction, riddles or proverbs that can be used in order to attract the attention and interest of children. Also selects didactic games. This is very important, as children perceive new material using their senses.

Thinks over the topic of the lesson and the form of conducting, how to organize the children so that everyone is in the teacher's field of vision, distribute each part of it in time so that the children do not get tired. For this, a change of activities is used. Even if the lesson is held at the tables, then in the middle of it it is recommended to spend either a physical education minute or play an outdoor game.

In the article, we will consider the types of activities in preschool educational institutions, what forms of organization of children are used, how to lure children so that they are happy to perceive new knowledge and at the same time do not consider classes to be hard work. We will also explain for what purpose educators analyze their activities, what gives them this form of work. You will find out what parts the classes consist of, how the educational process differs in the younger and older groups of kindergarten.

Types of activities

The types of classes in preschool educational institutions have several classifications. If we consider the solution of any didactic problem, then 4 points can be distinguished. These are the following types:

• assimilation of new material, when the teacher explains to the children the topic planned according to the "Education Program", or new practical skills and abilities are worked out, for example, in modeling or drawing classes;
• consolidation of previously studied material - repetition of a poem, learned geometric figures or numbers, retelling of a familiar fairy tale, didactic game "Name it correctly", etc .;

• classes in which children use the acquired knowledge and skills in the creative process, for example, coming up with the end of a story, making an application according to a concept on a specific topic, coming up with an addition or subtraction problem, completing a sentence, etc.;
• complex - this is a combination of different types of activities for mastering one task, for example, when studying the behavior of a squirrel, the teacher offers to guess the riddle about the animal, look at the picture, play the game "What does the squirrel eat?", listen to a song about this animal, while the teacher will tell you about the habits the forest jumper, as she prepares for winter, will give the children the task of counting the number of nuts and mushrooms stored by the squirrel, and at the end she will offer to draw a squirrel on their own based on the model of the teacher.

Classification by content of knowledge

Other types of classes in a preschool educational institution can be divided according to the content of the knowledge acquired. This can be a classic activity when children study the planned section of the program. It can be divided into several stages:

• explanation of a new topic;
• reinforcing the material with questions on the topic or completing an assignment;
• summing up the results of the work.

Another type of organization of the educational process in kindergarten is called an integrated lesson. What is this type of activity in a preschool educational institution? Let's look at the following example. For example, the teacher brings up the topic "Sea". The composition of sea water, transport that moves on the waves, who lives in the depths of the seas, what grows in the water, how the bottom is covered, how people relax on the sea, what kind of entertainment are on the water, etc. are discussed with the children.

The topics of classes in the preschool educational institution can be chosen as specific, for example, some kind of natural phenomenon, a holiday or a hero of a fairy tale, or generalized - a store, a forest, a bakery. In the first version, children receive expanded knowledge about something specific, and in the other, an understanding of the whole picture of the work of an enterprise or store, forest life, etc. is formed.

Components of a classic lesson

The structure of a lesson in a preschool educational institution is divided into 3 main parts, each of which has its own purpose.

1. Preparation or Attention is still difficult to switch from one type of activity to another, so it takes time for the children to calm down, tune in to the lesson, focus on the teacher and on what the teacher is talking about. This is achieved with a calm voice and the inclusion of a game moment, for example, a squirrel came to visit the kids and wants to tell a story that happened to her. At the same time, a bright toy appears in the teacher's hands. It attracts the attention of children, they are already ready for the material of the lesson.
2. Main part. If the initial stage lasts only a couple of minutes, then this component of the lesson is the longest, it takes from 7 to 20 minutes, depending on the age group of the kindergarten. During this time, children receive new knowledge and consolidate them in practical activities or by completing the teacher's tasks orally.
3. The lesson ends with a summary of the work, how they coped with the task, an analysis of children's work is carried out, if there was a visual activity. Be sure to note the active work of children and tell what they will do next.

Excursions with children

Excursions are considered a special type of group classes in a preschool educational institution. This can be an organized trip to a park or to a crossroads, to a shop or to a river. The tour also has a clear structure. The first part is preparatory, which the teacher deals with independently. The place of the excursion is chosen, who will accompany the group of children, organizational issues are resolved.

This is followed by the main part - a trip with children to the chosen place. During the excursion, observation is carried out, children are asked questions, the chosen topic is discussed. The teacher uses verbal didactic games. You can organize the collection of natural material for further crafts.

After returning to the territory of the preschool institution, what he saw is consolidated. It can be a simple conversation, exchange of impressions, or displaying what was seen in drawings, making an album with a herbarium.

Collective viewing

To improve the skills of conducting educational activities, one of the forms of work with teachers in kindergarten is open classes. They are held on a schedule on certain days. A leader or a methodologist, a group of educators from other groups can come to the lesson.

Normal working moments are reviewed to identify deficiencies in the teacher's work. After watching, they make an analysis of the lesson, discuss methods and techniques for working with children, give advice and recommendations. This is a friendly visit that helps educators in their work, especially those who are just starting their career.

Kindergarten contests

Every year they plan in preschool institutions another form of holding open classes - these are competitions between educators of a district or city. In this case, the preparation is more thorough, both for children and educators.

If this is a music competition, then an interesting dance or song number is being prepared, if physical education is held, then the same uniform is purchased for children, an original plot is invented. For winning the competition, the educator receives a diploma or a cash prize.

Preparing the teacher for the lesson

To conduct an interesting lesson for children, the teacher conducts a lot of preparatory work - selects visualization (paintings, photographs, slides or toys, dummies of fruits or theater figurines), fiction (riddles, proverbs, sayings, poems or short stories), makes a demonstration and handout material on a given topic.

Some activities require preliminary preparation, for example, plant seeds and watch how the sprout breaks through the soil. For a lesson in visual activity, you need to lay out sets of paints, brushes on tables, pour water into glasses, draw a sample or a schematic representation of an object. How many parts have to be cut out before applying the applique? This is a huge work that takes a lot of time in the evening before class.

in class

Classes can be conducted with a whole group of pupils or subgroups. It is best to seat the children in such a way that their faces are turned towards the teacher. There should be no foreign, distracting objects in the hands of children.

In the course of the lesson, it is necessary to involve most of the children in active activity, constantly giving them tasks, asking questions. Be sure to alternate activities so that children don't get physically tired. From this, attention is scattered and the material will be poorly assimilated.

Self-analysis of a lesson in a preschool educational institution

This is a special form of work, an innovation that allows you to identify the effectiveness of the work done. Before the lesson, the teacher writes on the sheet the questions that he plans to solve in the lesson, and after him he checks whether everything was done, whether the children learned the topic, how the children behaved, were interested or distracted. The behavior of individual children is also analyzed, passive ones or those with whom you need to work out individually are identified.

As you can see, the work in kindergarten is difficult, but creative and interesting. That is why educators are constantly improving their knowledge, coming up with new forms of work with babies.

Olga Pykhova
The structure of the lesson in the preschool educational institution according to the Federal State Educational Standard

Class as a form of organizing training in a preschool educational institution. The form of organization of training is a joint activity of the trainer and the trainees, which is carried out in a certain order and established mode. Preparing the teacher for occupations. Classes have a specific structure, which is largely dictated by the content of training and the specifics of the activity children: start, move classes(process) and ending. Triune task classes.

Educator activity Child activity

Motivation of activity The emergence of interest in the upcoming activity, readiness for perception

Presentation of educational material Perception

Consolidation of educational material Comprehension

Summarizing classes, individual assessment of children The emergence of a sense of satisfaction with cognitive activity

Determination of new goals The emergence of interest in the upcoming new activity, expectation of it

Non-traditional forms of conducting classes(Lesson - creativity,Lesson - get-togethers,Lesson - experiment, etc.... etc.)

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