This man headed 1 Russian circumnavigation of the world. Kruzenstern and Lisyansky's round-the-world expedition

A number of brilliant geographical studies are known in the history of the first half of the 19th century. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian travel around the world.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia occupies a leading place in organizing and conducting round-the-world voyages and ocean research.

The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of Lieutenant Captain I.F. This journey in 1803 began a whole era of remarkable Russian round-the-world expeditions.

Yu.F. Lisyansky received an order to go to England to buy two ships intended for circumnavigation of the world. These ships, "Nadezhda" and "Neva", Lisyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the exchange rate of that time.

The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for their corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already counted three years from the date of its launching, and the "Neva" only fifteen months. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.

In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, lel-compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettivgton, and more. The chronometers were checked by Academician Schubert. All other instruments were the work of Troughton.

Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and the orientation of the ship. Lisyansky took care of purchasing a whole pharmacy of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased in England, including comfortable, durable and suitable for various climatic conditions for the team. There was a spare set of linen and dress. For each of the sailors, mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered. The ship's provisions were the best. The rusks prepared in St. Petersburg did not deteriorate for two whole years, just like soloniya, whose ambassador was made by the merchant Oblomkov with domestic salt. The Nadezhda crew consisted of 58 people, and the Neva crew of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, of whom there were so many that everyone who wanted to take part in a round-the-world voyage could be enough to complete several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the crew members took part in long voyages, since at that time Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task facing the officers and the team of the expedition was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, rise to 60 ° N. sh., to visit a number of little-studied shores, where mariners could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the forces of its "officers and enlisted personnel" that they rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions of long voyages. Among the foreigners in the expedition were the naturalists Tilesius von Thielenau, Langsdorf and the astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, the head of which recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts.

The artist and scientists were together with the Russian envoy in Japan, NP Rezanov, and his retinue aboard the large ship - "Nadezhda". "Hope" was commanded by Kruzenshtern. Lisyansky was entrusted with the command of the Neva. Although Kruzenshtern was listed as the commander of the "Nadezhda" and the head of the expedition for the Naval Ministry, in the instructions given by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, NP Rezanov, he was called the chief chief of the expedition. This ambiguous position was the reason for the emergence of conflicting relationships between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly sent reports to the Office of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon the highest order to command the expedition and that "this was entrusted to Rezanov" without his supervision, to which he would never agree that his position "did not consist only to watch the sails, "and so on. Soon, the relationship between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern aggravated so much that a riot occurred among the crew of the" Nadezhda ".

The Russian envoy to Japan, after a series of troubles and insults, was forced to retire to his cabin, from which he did not leave until he arrived in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Here Rezanov turned to Major General Koshelev, a representative of the local administrative authority. An investigation was appointed against Kruzenstern, which took on an unfavorable character for him. Given the situation, Kruzenshtern publicly apologized to Rezanov and asked Koshelev not to give the investigation any further steps. Only thanks to the courtesy of Rezanov, who decided to discontinue the case, Kruzenshtern avoided major troubles that could have fatal consequences for his career.

This episode shows that the discipline on the Nadezhda ship, commanded by Kruzenshtern, was not up to par, if such a tall and highly empowered person like the Russian envoy to Japan could be subject to a number of insults from the crew and the captain of the Nadezhda himself. It is probably no coincidence that the “Nadezhda” during its voyage several times was in a very risky position, while the “Neva” only once sat on a coral reef and, moreover, in a place where it could not have been expected by cards. All this suggests that the generally accepted idea of ​​the leading role of Kruzenshtern in the first Russian round-the-world trip does not correspond to reality.

Although the first part of the journey to England, and then across the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing Cape Horn, the ships had to make together, but then they had to separate near the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. "Nadezhda", according to the plan of the expedition, should have gone to Kamchatka, where she had to leave her cargo. Then Kruzenshtern should have gone to Japan and delivered there the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov with his retinue. After that "Nadezhda" had to return to Kamchatka again, take a load of furs and take it to Canton for sale. The path of the Neva, starting from the Hawaiian Islands, was completely different. Lisyansky was supposed to go "and north-west, to Kodiak Island, where the main office of the Russian-American company was at that time. The Neva's wintering was supposed to be here, and then she was supposed to take a load of furs and deliver it to Canton, where she was assigned the meeting of both ships - "Neva" and "Nadezhda". From Canton, both ships were to head for Russia past the Cape of Good Hope. This plan was carried out, albeit with retreats caused by storms that separated the ships long before, as well as lengthy stops for necessary repairs and food restocking.

The naturalists who were present on the ships collected valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections, observed sea currents, water temperature and density at depths of up to 400 m, tides, low tides and barometer fluctuations, systematic astronomical observations to determine longitudes and latitudes, and established the coordinates of the whole a number of points visited by the expeditions, including all the harbors and islands where there were parking.

If the special tasks of the expedition in the Russian colonies were successfully completed, then this cannot be said about the part of the expedition plans that was associated with the organization of the embassy in Japan. The embassy of NP Rezanov was not crowned with success. Although he was surrounded by attention and all kinds of signs of honor and respect upon his arrival in Japan, he failed to establish trade relations with this country.

On August 5, 1806, the Neva arrived safely at the Kronstadt roadstead. Cannon salutes from the Neva and reciprocal volleys of the Kronstadt fortress rang out. Thus, the "Neva" was in the voyage for three years and two months. On August 19, the "Nadezhda" arrived, which was sailing around the world for fourteen days longer than the "Neva".

The first Russian voyage around the world marked an epoch in the history of the Russian fleet and provided the world geographical science with a number of new information about little-explored countries. A number of islands that were visited by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern were only recently discovered by seafarers, and their nature, population, customs, beliefs and economy remained almost completely unknown. Such were the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, discovered in 1778 by Cook, less than thirty years before they were visited by Russian sailors. Russian travelers could observe the life of Hawaiians in its natural state, not yet changed by contact with Europeans. The Marquesas and Washington Islands, as well as Easter Island, have been little explored. It is not surprising that the descriptions of the Russian trip around the world made by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky aroused a keen interest among a wide range of readers and were translated into a number of Western European languages. The materials collected during the journey of the "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were of great value for the study of the primitive peoples of Oceania and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Our first Russian travelers observed these peoples at the stage of tribal relations. For the first time, they described in detail the peculiar, ancient Hawaiian culture with its immutable laws of "taboos" and human sacrifice. The rich ethnographic collections collected on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", together with descriptions of customs, beliefs and even the language of the Pacific islanders, served as valuable sources for the study of the peoples inhabiting the Pacific islands.

Thus, the first Russian trip around the world played an important role in the development of ethnography. This was largely due to the great observation and accuracy of the descriptions of our first travelers around the world.

It should be noted that numerous observations of sea currents, temperature and water density, which were carried out on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", gave impetus to the development of a new science - oceanography. Until the first Russian voyage around the world, such systematic observations were usually not carried out by navigators. Russian sailors proved to be great innovators in this regard.

The first Russian voyage around the world opens up a whole galaxy of brilliant voyages around the world under the Russian flag.

During these voyages, excellent personnel were created of sailors who acquired long-distance sailing experience and high qualifications in the art of navigation, which is difficult for the sailing fleet.

It is interesting to note that one of the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world Kotzebue, who sailed as a cadet on the ship "Nadezhda", subsequently himself carried out an equally interesting round the world voyage on the ship "Rurik", equipped with the funds of Count Rumyantsev.

The expedition on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" laid a new route to the Russian North American colonies. Since then, they have been supplied with the necessary food and goods by sea. These continuous long voyages revived colonial trade and in many ways contributed to the development of the North American colonies and the development of Kamchatka.

Russia strengthened its maritime ties with the Pacific Ocean, and foreign trade developed significantly. By means of valuable observations along the long-distance voyage routes, the first Russian round-the-world voyage laid a solid scientific foundation for the difficult art of long-distance navigation.

When Russia went to sea, found its own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - she could only go forward. It was hard to believe that until quite recently the Russian fleet, created by the will of Peter I, did not exist at all. And so the idea of ​​a round-the-world trip arises, which would have been accomplished under the Russian naval flag.

Predecessors

Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N.P. Rezanov "Let the fate of Russia fly with sails!" would be signed by many people - both commanders and ordinary sailors, and those who, without going to sea themselves, did everything possible to carry out such expeditions. The great Transformer himself dreamed of long sea voyages, Peter's plans included a trip to the West Indies, crossing the equator and establishing trade relations with the “great Mughals”.

These plans were not destined to come true. Nevertheless, in 1725-1726, a Russian oceanic expedition to Spain took place under the command of Captain I. Koshelev, who later proposed the idea of ​​a round-the-world voyage from St. Petersburg.

In 1776, Catherine II signed a decree on the dispatch of ships from the Baltic Sea to the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The young captain G.I.Mulovsky, an experienced and skillful sailor, was to lead the campaign. The expedition had to solve several tasks at once: to deliver serf implements to the Peter and Paul harbor, to establish trade relations with Japan, to take cattle and sowing grain, as well as other necessary goods to settlers in Russian America, and in addition - to discover new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.

Preparations for the large-scale expedition were in full swing, the factories had already cast cast-iron coats of arms and medals with images of Catherine, which were to be installed in the newly discovered territories. But the Russo-Turkish war began, and it was ordered to distribute all the supplies to the ships going to the Mediterranean Sea. Mulovsky himself died in a naval battle. During the reign of Catherine, the Russian voyage around the world was never realized, but the idea had already firmly captured the minds.

The first Russian round-the-world expedition

Sometimes life is so strange that in any book such a plot would look like a stretch. On the ship "Mstislav" was a very young midshipman, yesterday's midshipman. Ivan Kruzenshtern was only 17 years old when he entered under the command of Captain Mulovsky. It is difficult to say whether they were talking about a failed expedition, but it was Kruzenstern who had to do what fate had denied his brave predecessor.

I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his brother in the Marine Corps Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, as young sailors showing significant success, were sent for an internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern became extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and upon returning to Russia, in detail, with figures and calculations, expressed his opinion that the organization of sea communication of the Russian colonies with China is an extremely profitable and useful business for Russia. Of course, the opinion of the young lieutenant was ignored - the proposal was too bold. But suddenly Kruzenshtern was supported by prominent and authoritative nobles - State Chancellor Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American Company (RAC) made a similar proposal - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was decided.

The generous sponsorship of the RAC made it possible not to wait until ships capable of withstanding the hardships of the journey were built. Two suitable vessels were purchased from England, improved, named "Nadezhda" and "Neva". The RAC was an influential and wealthy organization enough that the expedition was supplied with all the best in record time.

Only volunteers were recruited for the long and dangerous journey - nevertheless, there were so many that it would be just right to complete three expeditions. The team included scientists, artists (to sketch landscapes, plants and animals unknown to science), an astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, to take furs from them, to sell or exchange goods in Chinese ports, to prove the advantage of the sea route to Russian America in comparison with the land route through Siberia. And besides - to deliver the embassy to the shores of Japan under the leadership of chamberlain N.P. Rezanov.

Despite the "commercial" nature of the expedition, the ships sailed under the naval flag. Kamerger Rezanov was far from the last person in the RAC, after all, the son-in-law of the head and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, the heir to the capital of the “Russian Columbus”. It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern - for the sea. In August 1803 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, the ships parted, as agreed. The Neva, led by Lisyansky, sailed north to the Kodiak and Sitka Islands in the Gulf of Alaska, with a cargo of goods for the RAC, to meet the Nadezhda in Macau in September 1805. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka - and then to Japan to carry out Rezanov's diplomatic mission. On the way, "Nadezhda" got into a severe storm - and, as it turned out later, into the tsunami zone.

Alas, the mission turned out to be a failure - after almost six months of waiting in Nagasaki, the Russians were refused. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts (huge framed mirrors), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to leave Japan immediately, however, supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. In Macau, the captains met, profitably exchanged furs for tea, porcelain and other rare and liquid goods in Europe, and set off for Russia. After the storm, having lost sight of each other, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" returned safely to Russia, first "Neva", then, a couple of weeks later, "Nadezhda".

The swim was not as serene as we would have liked. Problems began almost immediately after sailing. Chamberlain Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the proviso that all decisions could be made jointly with Captain Kruzenshtern.

For the sake of accommodating Rezanov's retinue on a relatively small "Nadezhda", a number of people who really needed to sail had to be refused. In addition, Rezanov's retinue included, for example, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, later nicknamed the American, - an absolutely uncontrollable, cruel manipulator and intriguer. He managed to quarrel the whole team, more than once annoyed Kruzenstern with his antics - and in the end was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.

N.P. Rezanov

On a warship, according to the charter, there could be only one leader, whose orders are carried out without question. Rezanov, as a non-military man, did not accept discipline at all, and gradually the relationship between him and Kruzenshtern heated up to the limit. Forced to share one tiny cabin for a couple of years, Rezanov and Kruzenshtern communicated through notes.

Rezanov tried to force Kruzenshtern to change the route of the expedition in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting his trip around the world. Finally, Rezanov allowed himself to be rude towards the captain in the presence of the crew - and this, from the point of view of the charter, was completely unforgivable. After a loud scandal, making sure that there was no one on his side, the offended Rezanov practically did not leave the cabin until the "Nadezhda" reached Petropavlovsk.

Fortunately, the experienced and cold-blooded commandant P. Koshelev sorted out the case, regardless of faces, trying to prevent the quarrel of two private individuals from interfering with the fulfillment of the state debt. Kruzenshtern fully agreed with this, and Rezanov had to back down. At the end of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left Nadezhda - and he and Kruzenshtern never met again, to mutual pleasure.

The further history of N.P. Rezanov, who went to California and met there the 14-year-old beauty Maria Concepcion Arguello, daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, is known as one of the most romantic pages not only in Russian, but also, probably, in world history. The famous rock opera Juno and Avos tells about their tragic love, but this is a different, albeit very interesting, story.

Travel Kotzebue

Among the volunteers who went with Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" was a 15-year-old cabin boy, German Otto Kotzebue. The boy's stepmother was the lieutenant captain's own sister, Christina Kruzenshtern. When "Nadezhda" returned to the port, Kotzebue was promoted to warrant officer, and a year later - to lieutenant, and although he was not a graduate of the naval school, Otto Evstafievich received the best of the naval schools - the school of circumnavigation, and since then has not thought of life without the sea and serving the Fatherland.

Brig "Rurik" on the Marshall Islands mark

At the end of the circumnavigation, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared reports, issued and commented on maps and the Atlas of the South Seas, and in particular, together with Count Rumyantsev, developed a new round-the-world expedition. The task was set before her: to find the Northeast Sea Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to go on the Rurik brig. The command of the brig, on the recommendation of Krusenstern, was offered to Kotzebue.

This expedition returned after 3 years, losing only one person and enriching geography with a mass of discoveries. Little-explored or generally unknown islands, archipelagos and Pacific coastlines were mapped and described in detail. Meteorological observations, studies of sea currents, ocean depth, temperature, salinity and transparency of water, terrestrial magnetism and various living organisms were an invaluable contribution to science - and had considerable practical benefits.

In the voyage on the Rurik, by the way, the German scientist and romantic poet A. von Chamisso, Pushkin's translator into German, took part as a natural scientist. His novel "A Journey Around the World" in Germany became a classic of adventure literature, and he was published in Russia.

O. E. Kotsebue made his third trip around the world in 1823–1826. Prior to that, he guarded the shores of Russian America from pirates and smugglers for a year with his 24-gun sloop "Enterprise". The scientific results of the expedition on the "Enterprise" were almost more significant than the results of the voyage on the "Rurik". The physicist E. Lenz, the future academician who went with Kotzebue, together with his colleague, Professor Parrot, designed a device called a bathometer for taking water samples from different depths, and a device for measuring depths. Lenz studied the vertical distribution of salinity, meticulously noted the temperature of the Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature at different latitudes.

By the 20s of the XIX century, travel around the world ceased to be something unimaginable and out of the ordinary. A number of glorious Russian captains circled the globe, leaving Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.

Vasily Golovnin - unstoppable and undaunted

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, a captain and an excellent writer-seascape painter, even among his fellow captains was considered a man of the world. More than enough adventures fell to his lot. At fourteen, as a midshipman, he participated in naval battles - and was awarded a medal, and then returned to complete his studies, since he was still too young to become an officer.

He made his first independent voyage around the world, being only a lieutenant. The Admiralty changed its own rules and handed over the sloop "Diana" to the command of the lieutenant, because everyone understood what kind of person he was - Lieutenant Golovnin. Indeed, their expectations were justified - an excellent captain, Golovnin fully possessed calmness, courage, and unbending character. When, due to the outbreak of war, the Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, Golovnin managed to escape from captivity and nevertheless completed the mission entrusted to the expedition. Travel around the world on the sloop "Diana" in 1808-1809. completed successfully.

"Gentleman's" captivity by the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the conclusion during the second voyage was not at all funny. This time Golovnin and a number of his comrades ended up in a real prison - to the Japanese. Those did not like that the Russian ship carried out a cartographic survey of the Kuril Islands - in 1811 Golovnin was instructed to describe the Kuril, Shantar Islands and the coast of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that impudent cartographers violate the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, then the place for criminals in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan were balancing on a dangerous brink - a war between them was quite possible.

Japanese scroll depicting the capture of Golovnin

Titanic efforts were made to save Golovnin and his people. But only thanks to the actions of Golovnin's friend, officer P.I. On the territory of the natural park "Nalychevo" in Kamchatka there are the so-called "peaks of Russian-Japanese friendship" - Kakheya rock, Rikorda mountain and Golovnin mountain. Now the "Golovnin incident" is one of the textbook cases from the history of world diplomacy.

Golovnin's notes about his adventures were translated into many languages, and in Russia they became a bestseller. Returning home, Vasily Golovnin continued to work tirelessly for the benefit of Russian navigation, his knowledge, experience, energy were invaluable, and Golovnin's books on distant wanderings were read by many young men who later chose the career of a naval officer.

Baron Wrangel - Chief of Alaska

In 1816, midshipman Ferdinand Wrangel, who served in Revel, applied for participation in the expedition of Captain Golovnin on the sloop Kamchatka. The youngster was refused. Then, having told the authorities that he was sick, he got to Petersburg and practically fell at the feet of Golovnin, asking him to take him with him. The latter strictly observed that unauthorized flight from the ship was desertion and was worthy of trial. The midshipman agreed, but asked to be put on trial after sailing, on which he was ready to become at least a simple sailor. Golovnin waved his hand and surrendered.

This was the first round the world trip of Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, after whom the now famous reserve was later named - Wrangel Island. On board Kamchatka, the desperate youth went through not only a naval school, but also diligently filled in the gaps in his education, and also made loyal friends - future explorers and tireless travelers Fyodor Litke and yesterday's lyceum student, Pushkin's friend Fyodor Matyushkin.

The trip to Kamchatka turned out to be an invaluable source of personnel for the Russian fleet. Wrangel returned from the voyage as an excellent sailor - and a scientist explorer. It was Wrangel and Matyushkin who were ordered to go on an expedition to explore the northeastern coast of Siberia.

Map showing Wrangel's travel routes

Few people devoted so much effort and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka, as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored North-Eastern Siberia from sea and from land, went on a round-the-world voyage, commanding the military transport "Meek", was awarded orders, and in 1829 he was appointed general manager of Russian America, and, among other things, built a magnetic meteorological observatory in Alaska ... Under his leadership, Russian America flourished, new settlements were created. The island is named after him, his works for the good of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet flourished and developed rapidly - there were so many enthusiasts, truly dedicated to their work, there were in its ranks.

Unknown land

“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it can be discovered, it would be only near the pole, in places inaccessible for navigation ... The risk associated with swimming in these the unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern continent is so great that I can safely say that no one will ever dare to penetrate south further than I have succeeded. ", - these words of James Cook, the seafaring star of the 18th century, closed Antarctic exploration for almost 50 years. There was simply no one willing to finance projects that were deliberately doomed to failure, and if they were successful, they would still be commercially disastrous.

It was the Russians who went against common sense and everyday logic. Kruzenshtern, Kotzebue and the captain-polar explorer G. Sarychev developed an expedition and presented it to Emperor Alexander. He unexpectedly agreed.

The main task of the expedition was defined as purely scientific: "Discoveries in the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of "The acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our Globe"... Expeditions were charged with duties and instructed by instructions to mark and study everything deserving attention, "Not only related to the art of the sea, but in general serving to spread human knowledge in all parts".

V. Volkov. Discovery of Antarctica by sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", 2008

In the summer of the same year, the sloop "Mirny" and the transport, converted into a sloop, "Vostok", sailed towards the South Pole. They were led by two captains who were considered among the best in the Russian fleet - the commander of the expedition Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, a participant in the Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky round-the-world voyage, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, a young but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev will make three trips around the world, but these feats will not overshadow his glory as a polar explorer.

The voyage lasted 751 days, of which 535 days in the Southern Hemisphere, with 100 days in ice. The sailors entered the Arctic Circle six times. No one has approached the mysterious Antarctica so close and for so long. In February 1820 Bellingshausen wrote: “Here, behind the ice fields of shallow ice and islands, a continent of ice is visible, the edges of which are broken off perpendicularly, and which continued as far as we could see, rising to the south like a coast. The flat ice islands located near this continent clearly show that they are fragments of this continent, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the mainland. "... For the first time in the history of mankind, people have seen Antarctica. And these people were ours, Russian sailors.

The history of Russia is associated with many Russian sea expeditions of the 18th – 20th centuries. But a special place among them is occupied by the round-the-world voyages of sailing ships. Russian sailors began to make such voyages later than other European maritime powers. By the time the first Russian voyage was organized, four European countries had already completed 15 such voyages, starting with F. Magellan (1519-1522) and ending with J. Cook's third voyage. Most of all round-the-world voyages on account of the British sailors - eight, including three - under the command of Cook. The Dutch made five voyages, one by the Spanish and the French. Russia became the fifth country on this list, but surpassed all European countries combined in the number of round-the-world voyages. In the XIX century. Russian sailing ships made more than 30 full round-the-world voyages and about 15 semicircular voyages, when the ships that arrived from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean remained to serve in the Far East and in Russian America.

Failed expeditions

Golovin and Sanders (1733)

For the first time in Russia, Peter I thought about the possibility and necessity of long-distance voyages. He intended to organize an expedition to Madagascar and India, but did not manage to implement his plan. The idea of ​​circumnavigation with a call to Kamchatka was first expressed by the flagships of the Russian fleet, members of the Admiralty Collegium, Admirals N.F. Golovin and T. Sanders in connection with the organization of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. In October 1732, they presented to the Senate their opinion on the expediency of sending an expedition "from St. Petersburg on two frigates through the Big Sea-okiyan around the Kapa Horn and into the Zuid Sea, and between the Japanese islands even to Kamchatka."

They suggested repeating such expeditions annually, replacing some ships with others. This was supposed to allow, in their opinion, in a shorter time and better to organize the supply of V. Bering's expedition with everything necessary, to quickly establish trade relations with Japan. In addition, a long voyage could become a good maritime practice for officers and sailors of the Russian fleet. Golovin suggested that Bering himself be sent to Kamchatka by dry route, and he asked to instruct him to direct the navigation of the two frigates. However, the ideas of Golovin and Sanders were not supported by the Senate and the opportunity to organize the first Russian voyage in 1733 was lost.

Krenitsyn (1764)

In 1764, it was decided to send an expedition of Lieutenant-Commander P.K.Krenitsyn around the world to Kamchatka, but because of the impending war with Turkey, it was not possible to carry it out. The voyage, which the vice-president of the Admiralty Collegium I. G. Chernyshev tried to equip in 1781, also did not take place. In 1786, the head of the "North-Eastern ... Expedition" Lieutenant-Commander I. I. Billings (a participant in Cook's third voyage) presented the Admiralty Collegium with the opinion of his officers that at the end of the expedition the return route of its ships lay around Cape Dobroy Hope in Kronstadt. He was also refused.

But on December 22 of the same 1786, Catherine II signed a decree of the Admiralty Board on sending a squadron to Kamchatka to protect Russian possessions: ours on the land opened by Russian seafarers, we command our Admiralty Collegium to send from the Baltic Sea two ships, armed according to the example used by the English captain Cook and other navigators for such discoveries, and two armed ships, sea or other ships, at her best discretion, assigned to them bypass the Cape of Good Hope, and from there, continuing through the Sunda Strait and leaving Japan on the left side, go to Kamchatka. "

The Admiralty Collegium was ordered to immediately prepare the proper instructions for the expedition, appoint a chief and servants, preferably from volunteers, make orders for the armament, supply and dispatch of ships. Such a rush was associated with the report to Ekaterina by her State Secretary, Major General F.I.Soimonov, on the violation of the inviolability of Russian waters by foreigners. The reason for the report was the call in the Peter and Paul harbor in the summer of 1786 by the ship of the British East India Company under the command of Captain William Peters in order to establish trade relations. This was not the first time that foreigners appeared in Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean, which aroused the authorities' concern about their fate.

As early as March 26, 1773, Prosecutor General Vyazemsky, in a letter to the Kamchatka commandant, admitted the possibility of a French squadron appearing off the coast of Kamchatka in connection with the case of M. Benevsky. In St. Petersburg, news was received that a flotilla and 1,500 soldiers were being equipped in France for Benevsky. It was about outfitting Benevsky's colonial expedition to Madagascar, in which twelve people from Kamchatka who fled from Benevsky took part. But in St. Petersburg it was suspected that, since Benevsky knew well the disastrous state of the defense of Kamchatka and the way there, this expedition could go to the peninsula.

In 1779 the Irkutsk governor announced the appearance of unrecognized foreign ships in the Chukotka bow area. These were Cook's ships heading from Petropavlovsk in search of the northwestern passage around America. The governor proposed to put Kamchatka in a "defensive position", since the way to it became known to foreigners. The arrival of Cook's ships at the Peter and Paul harbor in 1779 could not but alarm the Russian government, especially after it became known that the British put on their maps the American shores and islands long discovered by Russian navigators and gave them their names. In addition, it became known in St. Petersburg that in 1786 the French expedition of J. F. La Perouse was sent on a round-the-world voyage. But it was still unknown about the expedition in the same year by Tokunai Mogami to the southern Kuril Islands, which, after collecting the yasak of Yves. Black in 1768 and the expedition of Lebedev - Swallow in 1778–1779, Russia considered its own.

All this forced Catherine II to order the president of the commercial college, Count A.R. Vorontsov, and a member of the Foreign Office, Count A.A.Bezborodko, to submit their proposals on the protection of Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean. It was they who proposed to send a Russian squadron on a round-the-world voyage and declare to the naval powers about Russia's rights to the islands and lands discovered by Russian sailors in the Pacific Ocean.

Mulovsky (1787)

Vorontsov's and Bezborodko's proposals formed the basis for the aforementioned decree of Catherine II of December 22, 1786, as well as the instructions of the Admiralty Board to the head of the first round-the-world expedition of April 17, 1787.

After discussing various candidates, the head of the expedition was appointed the 29-year-old captain of the 1st rank Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, a relative of the vice-president of the Admiralty Board I. G. Chernyshev. After graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1774, he served for twelve years on various ships in the Mediterranean, Black and Baltic Seas, commanded the frigates "Nikolai" and "Maria" in the Baltic, and then a court boat that sailed between Peterhof and Krasnaya Gorka. He knew French, German, English and Italian. After the march with Sukhotin's squadron to Livorno, Mulovsky was given command of the ship "David Sasunsky" in the Chichagov squadron in the Mediterranean, and at the end of the campaign was appointed commander of "John the Theologian" in the Cruise squadron in the Baltic.

The list of tasks of the expedition included various goals: military (securing Russia and protecting its possessions in the Pacific Ocean, delivery of fortress guns for the Peter and Paul harbor and other ports, founding a Russian fortress in the southern Kuriles, etc.), economic (delivery of necessary goods to the Russians property, livestock for breeding, seeds of various vegetable crops, trade with Japan and other neighboring countries), political (assertion of the Russian right to land discovered by Russian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, by installing cast-iron coats of arms and medals depicting the empress, etc.) , scientific (drawing up the most accurate maps, conducting various scientific research, studying Sakhalin, the mouth of the Amur and other objects).

If this expedition were destined to take place, then the question of the ownership of the southern Kurils would not have been raised now, seventy years earlier, Russia could have begun the development of the Amur Region, Primorye and Sakhalin, otherwise the fate of Russian America could have been formed. There were no round-the-world voyages on such a scale neither before, nor later. Magellan's expedition involved five ships and 265 people, of which only one ship with 18 sailors returned back. Cook's third voyage included two ships and 182 crew members.

The squadron of G. I. Mulovsky included five vessels: "Kholmogor" ("Kolmagor") with a displacement of 600 tons, "Solovki" - 530 tons, "Falcon" and "Turukhan" ("Turukhtan") - 450 tons each, and transport ship "Brave". Cook's ships were much smaller: Resolution - 446 tons and 112 crew members and Discovery - 350 tons and 70 people. The crew of the flagship ship "Kholmogor" under the command of Mulovsky himself numbered 169 people, "Solovkov" under the command of 2nd rank captain Alexei Mikhailovich Kireevsky - 154 people, "Falcon" and "Turukhan" under the command of Lieutenant Commanders Efim (Joachim) Karlovich von Sievers and Dmitry Sergeevich Trubetskoy - 111 people each.

To the officers (there were about forty of them) the Admiralty Board promised extraordinary production for the next rank and a double salary for the duration of the voyage. Catherine II personally determined the order of awarding Captain Mulovsky: “when he passes the Canary Islands, let him declare the rank of brigadier; having reached the Cape of Good Hope, to entrust him with the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class; when it comes to Japan, it will already receive the rank of major general. "

The flagship was equipped with an infirmary for forty beds with a scientist doctor, other vessels were assigned to other doctors. A priest was also appointed with a clerk on the flagship and hieromonks on other ships.

The scientific part of the expedition was entrusted to Academician Peter Simon Pallas, promoted on December 31, 1786 to the rank of historiographer of the Russian fleet with a salary of 750 rubles. in year. For "conducting a detailed travel journal with clean calm" was invited secretary Stepanov, who studied at Moscow and English universities. The scientific detachment of the expedition also included the astronomer William Bailey, a participant in Cook's voyage, the naturalist Georg Forster, the botanist Sommering and four painters. In England, it was planned to purchase astronomical and physical instruments: Godley's sextans, Arnold's chronometers, quadrants, telescopes, thermo- and barometers, for which Pallas entered into correspondence with the Greenwich astronomer Meskelin.

The library of the flagship consisted of over fifty titles, among which were: "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" by S.P. Krasheninnikov, "General History of Travels" by Prevost Laharpe in twenty-three parts, the works of Engel and Dugald, extracts and copies of all journals of Russian voyages in the Eastern Ocean from 1724 to 1779, atlases and maps, including the "General Map, Presenting Convenient Ways to Increase Russian Trade and Navigation in the Pacific and Southern Oceans", composed by Soimonov.

The expedition was prepared very carefully. A month after the decree, on April 17, the crews of the ships were assembled, all the officers moved to Kronstadt. The ships were raised on the stocks, work on them was in full swing until dark. Products were delivered to the ships: cabbage, 200 poods for each salted sorrel, 20 for dried horseradish, 25 for onions and garlic. From Arkhangelsk, by special order, 600 poods of cloudberries were delivered, 30 barrels of sugar molasses, more than 1000 buckets of sbitnya, 888 buckets of double beer, etc. were prepared. It was decided to buy meat, butter, vinegar, cheese in England. In addition to double uniform ammunition, the lower ranks and servants were entitled to twelve shirts and ten pairs of stockings (eight woolen and two thread).

"To assert the Russian right to everything that has been done by Russian seafarers until now, or mighty discoveries have been made again", 200 cast-iron coats of arms were made, which were ordered to be fixed on large pillars or "along the cliffs, having hollowed out a nest", 1700 gold, silver and cast-iron medals with inscriptions in Russian and Latin, which should have been buried in "decent places."

The expedition was well armed: 90 cannons, 197 jaeger rifles, 61 hunting rifles, 24 chokes, 61 blunderbuss, 61 pistols and 40 officer swords. The use of weapons was allowed only to protect Russian rights, but not to the natives of the newly acquired lands: “... there must be the first attempt to sow in them a good idea of ​​the Russians ... sides are atrocious acts of revenge. "

But in relation to foreign newcomers, it was ordered to compel them “by right of the first discoveries made to the Russian state of the places belonging to the Russian state, to leave as soon as possible and henceforth neither settlements, nor bargaining, nor think about navigation; and if there are any fortifications or settlements, then you have the right to destroy, and to tear down and destroy signs and emblems. It is the same for you to do the same with the ships of these newcomers, in those waters, harbors or on the islands, to meet those who are capable of similar attempts, forcing them to leave the same place. In the event of resistance or, even more, reinforcement, using the force of arms, since your ships are so sufficiently armed at this end. "

On October 4, 1787, the ships of the Mulovsky expedition, in full readiness to sail, stretched out on the Kronstadt roadstead. The Russian minister-ambassador to England had already ordered pilots who were waiting for the squadron in Copenhagen to escort it to Portsmouth.

But an urgent dispatch from Constantinople about the beginning of the war with Turkey canceled all plans and works. The highest command followed: “The expedition prepared for a long journey under the command of the fleet of Captain Mulovsky should be postponed for real circumstances, and both the officers, sailors and other people appointed for this squadron, and the vessels and various supplies prepared for it, should be converted to that part our fleet, which according to our decree of the 20th day of this month of the Admiralty Board given, should be sent to the Mediterranean Sea. "

But Mulovsky did not leave for the Mediterranean either: the war with Sweden began, and he was appointed commander of the frigate Mstislav, where the young warrant officer Ivan Kruzenshtern served under his command, who was destined to lead the first Russian circumnavigation of the world fifteen years later. Mulovsky distinguished himself in the famous battle of Hogland, for which on April 14, 1789 he was promoted to the rank of captain of the brigadier rank. Kireevsky and Trubetskoy received the same rank during the Russian-Swedish war. Three months later, on July 18, 1789, Mulovsky died in a battle near the island of Öland. His death and the outbreak of the French Revolution dramatically changed the situation. The resumption of circumnavigation was forgotten for a whole decade.

The first Russian voyage around the world under the command of Ivan Fedorovich (Adam-Johann-Friedrich) Kruzenshtern (1803-1806)

The organization of the first, finally completed, Russian circumnavigation of the world is associated with the name of Ivan Fedorovich (Adam-Johann-Friedrich) Kruzenshtern. In 1788, when “due to a shortage of officers” it was decided to release ahead of schedule the midshipmen of the Marine Corps, who at least once went to sea, Kruzenshtern and his friend Yuri Lisyansky ended up serving in the Baltic. Taking advantage of the fact that Kruzenshtern served on the frigate "Mstislav" under the command of G. I. Mulovsky, they turned to him with a request to allow them to take part in a round-the-world voyage after the end of the war and received consent. After the death of Mulovsky, they began to forget about sailing, but Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky continued to dream about it. As part of a group of Russian naval officers, they were sent to England in 1793 to familiarize themselves with the experience of foreign fleets and gain practical skills in sailing across the ocean. Krusenshern spent about a year in India, sailed to Canton, lived for six months in Macau, where he got acquainted with the state of trade in the Pacific Ocean basin. He drew attention to the fact that foreigners brought furs to Canton by sea, and Russian furs were delivered by dry means.

During the absence of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky in Russia in 1797, the American United Company arose, in 1799 it was renamed the Russian-American Company (RAC). The shareholder of the RAC was also the imperial family. Therefore, the company received a monopoly right to exploit the wealth of Russian possessions on the Pacific coast, trade with neighboring countries, build fortifications, maintain military forces, and build a fleet. The government entrusted her with the task of further expanding and strengthening the Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean. But the main problem of the RAC was difficulties with the delivery of goods and goods to Kamchatka and to Russian America. The overland route through Siberia took up to two years and was associated with high costs. Cargoes arrived often spoiled, food was fabulously expensive, and equipment for ships (ropes, anchors, etc.) had to be divided into parts, and on the spot they were spliced ​​and connected. Valuable furs from the Aleutian Islands often ended up in St. Petersburg spoiled and sold at a loss. Trade with China, where there was a great demand for furs, went through Kyakhta, where furs came from Russian America through Petropavlovsk, Okhotsk, Yakutsk. In terms of quality, furs brought to Asian markets in this way were inferior to furs delivered to Canton and Macau by American and British ships in an immeasurably shorter time.

Upon his return to Russia, Kruzenshtern gave Paul I two memorandums justifying the need to organize round-the-world voyages. Kruzenshtern also proposed a new procedure for training marine personnel for merchant ships. To the six hundred cadets of the Naval Corps, he proposed adding a hundred more people from other classes, mainly from ship cabinets, who would study with the noble cadets, but would be assigned to serve on commercial ships. The project was not accepted.

With the coming to power of Alexander I in 1801, the leadership of the Commerce Collegium and the Naval Ministry (formerly the Admiralty Collegium) changed. On January 1, 1802, Kruzenshtern sent a letter to the vice-president of the Admiralty Collegium, N. S. Mordvinov. In it, he proposed his plan to sail around the world. Kruzenshtern showed measures to improve the position of Russian trade on the international market, to protect Russian possessions in North America, to provide them and the Russian Far East with everything necessary. Much attention in this letter is paid to the need to improve the situation of the inhabitants of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern's letter was also sent to Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev, the minister of commerce and the director of water communications and the commission on the arrangement of roads in Russia. The head of the RAC, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, also became interested in the project. Rezanov's petition was supported by Mordvinov and Rumyantsev.

In July 1802, it was decided to send two ships to sail around the world. The official goal of the expedition was the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan, headed by N.P. Rezanov. The expenses for organizing this voyage were covered jointly by the RAC and the government. I.F.Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition on August 7, 1802. Its main tasks were determined: delivery of the first Russian embassy to Japan; delivery of provisions and equipment to Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk; geographical surveys along the route; an inventory of Sakhalin, estuary and the mouth of the Amur.

IF Kruzenshtern believed that a successful voyage would raise Russia's prestige in the world. But the new head of the Maritime Ministry P.V. Chichagov did not believe in the success of the expedition and offered to sail on foreign ships with hired foreign sailors. He made sure that the ships of the expedition were bought in England, and not built in Russian shipyards, as Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky had proposed. To acquire ships, Lisyansky was sent to England, for 17 thousand pounds he bought two sloops with a displacement of 450 and 370 tons and spent another 5 thousand on their repair. In June 1803 the ships arrived in Russia.

Departure

And now the historic moment has come. On July 26, 1803, the sloop - "Nadezhda" and "Neva" - left Kronstadt under the general leadership of IF Kruzenshern. They were supposed to go around South America and reach the Hawaiian Islands. Further, their paths diverged for a while. The task of "Nadezhda" under the command of Kruzenshtern included the delivery of goods to the Petropavlovsk harbor and then the dispatch of NP Rezanov's mission to Japan, as well as the exploration of Sakhalin. The "Neva" under the leadership of Yu. F. Lisyansky was to go with a load to Russian America. The arrival of a warship here was to demonstrate the determination of the Russian government to protect the acquisitions of many generations of its sailors, merchants and industrialists. Then both ships were to load with furs and go to Canton, from where they, having passed the Indian Ocean and circumnavigating Africa, were to return to Kronstadt and then complete their circumnavigation. This plan was fully implemented.

Crews

The commanders of both ships put a lot of effort into making the long voyage a school for officers and sailors. Among the officers of the "Nadezhda" there were many experienced sailors who later glorified the Russian fleet: the future admirals Makar Ivanovich Ratmanov and the discoverer of Antarctica Faddey Faddeevich Belinshausen, the future leader of two round-the-world voyages (1815-1818 and 1823-1826) Otto Yevstafyevich Kotsebuevich Kotsebievich Kotsebievich Kotzebue, Fyodor Romberg, Pyotr Golovachev, Ermolai Levenshtern, Philip Kamenshchikov, Vasily Spolokhov, artillery officer Alexei Raevsky and others. In addition to them, in the crew of the "Hope" were Dr. Karl Espenberg, his assistant Ivan Sidgam, astronomer IK Horner, naturalists Wilhelm Tilesius von Thielenau, Georg Langsdorf. The retinue of Chamberlain N.P. Rezanov was attended by Major Yermolai Frederici, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, court councilor Fyodor Foss, painter Stepan Kurlyandsev, physician and botanist Brinkin.

On the "Neva" were officers Pavel Arbuzov, Pyotr Povalishin, Fedor Kovedyaev, Vasily Berkh (later the historian of the Russian fleet), Danilo Kalinin, Fedul Maltsev, Dr. Moritz Liebend, his assistant Alexei Mutovkin, clerk of the RAC Nikolai Korobitsyn and others. A total of 129 people took part in the voyage. Kruzenshtern, who sailed for six years on British ships, notes: "I was advised to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the predominant properties of the Russian, whom I prefer even to English, did not agree to follow this advice."

Academician Kruzenshtern

Shortly before his departure, on April 25, 1803, Kruzenshtern was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. Prominent scientists of the Academy took part in the development of instructions for various branches of scientific research. The ships were equipped with the best nautical instruments and sailing aids for those times, the latest scientific instruments.

"Hope" in Kamchatka ...

Having rounded Cape Horn, the ships parted. After conducting research in the Pacific Ocean, "Nadezhda" on July 3, 1804 arrived in Petropavlovsk, and on July 1, "Neva" arrived at Pavlovsk harbor on Kodiak Island.

The stay in Petropavlovsk dragged on: the chief of Kamchatka, Major General PI Koshelev, who was in Nizhnekamchatsk, was expected. The Petropavlovsk commandant, Major Krupsky, provided the crew with all kinds of assistance. “The ship was dismantled immediately, and everything was taken to the shore, from which we stood no further than fifty fathoms. Everything belonging to the ship's equipment, for such a long voyage, required either correction or change. The supplies and goods loaded in Kronstadt for Kamchatka were also unloaded, ”writes Kruzenshtern. Finally, General Koshelev arrived from Nizhnekamchatsk with his adjutant, his younger brother, Lieutenant Koshelev, Captain Fedorov, and sixty soldiers. In Petropavlovsk, the composition of NP Rezanov's embassy to Japan underwent changes. Lieutenant Tolstoy, Doctor Brinkin and the painter Kurlyandsev set off for St. Petersburg by dry route. The embassy included the captain of the Kamchatka garrison battalion Fedorov, lieutenant Koshelev and eight soldiers. The Japanese Kiselev, the interpreter of the embassy, ​​and the "wild Frenchman" Joseph Kabrit, whom the Russians found on the island of Nukagiva in the Pacific Ocean, remained in Kamchatka.

... And in Japan

After repairs and replenishment of supplies, on August 27, 1804, the Nadezhda set off with the embassy of NP Rezanov to Japan, where it stood in the port of Nagasaki for more than six months. On April 5, 1805, the Nadezhda left Nagasaki. On the way to Kamchatka, she described the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin. On May 23, 1805, "Nadezhda" again arrived in Petropavlovsk, where N.P. Rezanov with his retinue left the ship and on the RAC ship "St. Maria "went to Russian America on the island of Kodiak. The head of Kamchatka PI Koshelev reported on the results of Rezanov's voyage to Japan to the Siberian governor Selifontov.

From June 23 to August 19, Kruzenshtern sailed in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, off the coast of Sakhalin, in the Sakhalin Bay, where he carried out hydrographic work and, in particular, the study of the Amur estuary - he was engaged in solving the "Amur question". September 23, 1805 "Nadezhda" finally left Kamchatka and with a load of furs set off for Macau, where she was to meet with the "Neva" and, loaded with tea, return to Kronstadt. They left Macau on January 30, 1806, but the ships parted at the Cape of Good Hope. The "Neva" arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, and the "Nadezhda" - on August 7, 1806. This was the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors.

Geographical discoveries (and misconceptions)

It was marked by significant scientific results. Both ships carried out continuous meteorological and oceanological observations. Krusenstern described: the southern shores of the islands of Nukagiva and Kyushu, the Vandimen Strait, the islands of Tsushima, Goto and a number of others adjacent to Japan, the northwestern shores of the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as the entrance to the Sangar Strait. Sakhalin was at stake for almost its entire length. But Krusenstern failed to complete his research in the Amur estuary, and he made the wrong conclusion about the peninsular position of Sakhalin, extending the erroneous conclusion of La Perouse and Broughton for forty-four years. Only in 1849 G.I. Nevelskoy established that Sakhalin is an island.

Conclusion

Kruzenshtern left an excellent description of his voyage, the first part of which was published in 1809, and the second in 1810. It was soon reprinted in England, France, Italy, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany. The description of the trip was accompanied by an atlas of maps and drawings, among which there was a "Map of the northwestern part of the Great Ocean" and "Map of the Kuril Islands". They made a significant contribution to the study of the geography of the North Pacific Ocean. Among the drawings made by Tilesius and Horner, there are views of the Peter and Paul harbor, Nagasaki and other places.

At the end of the voyage, Kruzenshtern received many honors and awards. So, in honor of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, they knocked out a medal with his image. In 1805, Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna and St. Vladimir of the third degree, received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and a pension of 3000 rubles a year. Until 1811, Kruzenshern was preparing and publishing a description of his journey, reports and calculations for the expedition. Officially, he was in 1807-1809. registered at the St. Petersburg port. In 1808 he became an honorary member of the Admiralty Department, on March 1, 1809 he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the ship "Grace" in Kronstadt.

In 1811, Kruzenshtern began serving in the Naval Cadet Corps as a class inspector. Here he served intermittently until 1841, becoming its director. On February 14, 1819, he was promoted to captain-commander, in 1823 he was appointed an indispensable member of the Admiralty Department, and on August 9, 1824 he became a member of the Main Board of Schools. On January 8, 1826, with the rank of Rear Admiral, Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant director of the Naval Cadet Corps, and from October 14 of the same year he became its director and held this post for fifteen years. He founded a library and a museum, created officer classes for the further training of the most capable midshipmen who graduated with honors from the corps (later these classes were transformed into the Naval Academy). In 1827 he became an indispensable member of the Scientific Committee of the Naval Staff and a member of the Admiralty Council, in 1829 he was promoted to vice admiral, and in 1841 he became a full admiral.

Across the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments in Russia, the highest mountains closest to Moscow. Tourists travel lightly through all the landscape and climatic zones of the country, from the foothills to the subtropics, and spend the night in shelters.

There is no other place in the world with such a density of tourist sites as in the Bakhchisarai region! Mountains and sea, rare landscapes and cave cities, lakes and waterfalls, secrets of nature and mysteries of history. Discoveries and the spirit of adventure ... Mountain tourism is not at all difficult here, but any trail pleases with clean springs and lakes.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs by the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom are waiting for you! And at the end of the route there are gentle waves of the Black Sea.

Respectively. Swimming became an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it made a significant contribution to the study of the world's oceans, many branches of the natural and humanitarian sciences.

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From Kronstadt to Japan

The first half of the voyage was marked by the eccentric behavior of Fyodor Tolstoy the American, who had to be landed in Kamchatka, and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Alexander I to Japan with diplomatic gifts as the first Russian envoy to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Having barely escaped trouble here, Kruzenshtern on May 20 passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores, on the 29th passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, on which he concluded that the Amur River is near the mouth, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth to go did not dare forward.

The next day I anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, I went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and resupply delayed it until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and came to Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Wampoa, where the ship "Nadezhda" also crossed. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its commercial affairs, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese coast.

Kruzenshtern's voyage marked an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural sciences with a lot of information about countries that are little known. From that time on, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels began; in many ways the governance of Kamchatka has changed for the better. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and cadet Otto Kotzebue was himself later the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world voyage. Thaddeus Bellingshausen will lead a round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" and for the first time will approach the shores of Antarctica.

Memory

• In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins.
• 2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Atlas of the South Sea by Kruzenshtern, for the first time to publish in Russian translation the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, unpublished diary 1795-1816 of Lieutenant Yermolai forgotten diaries and letters of Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.
• In December 2013, a 4-part documentary series “Neva” and “Nadezhda” was released on the screens of the TV channel “Russia-1”. The first Russian voyage around the world ", project author Mikhail Kozhukhov

Russian travelers. Russia was becoming a great maritime power, and this posed new challenges for Russian geographers. V 1803-1806 was taken from Kronstadt to Alaska by ships "Hope" and "Neva"... It was headed by Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846). He was in command of the ship "Hope"... By ship "Neva" commanded by captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773 - 1837). During the expedition, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka were studied. Detailed maps of the explored sites were compiled. Lisyansky, having independently made his way from Hawaii to Alaska, collected a wealth of material about the peoples of Oceania and North America.

Map. The first Russian round-the-world expedition

The attention of researchers around the world has long been attracted by the mysterious area around the South Pole. It was assumed that there is a vast southern continent (names "Antarctica" was not in use then). English navigator J. Cook in the 70s of the 18th century. crossed the Antarctic Circle, came across impassable ice and declared that sailing further south was impossible. They believed him, and for 45 years no one undertook South Pole expeditions.

In 1819, Russia sent an expedition to the southern polar seas on two sloops led by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852). He commanded the sloop "East"... The commander "Mirny" was Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788 - 1851). Bellingshausen took part in the voyage of the Krusenstern. Lazarev later became famous as a combat admiral, who brought up a whole galaxy of Russian naval commanders (Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin).

"East" and "Peaceful" were not adapted to polar conditions and differed greatly among themselves in seaworthiness. "Peaceful" was stronger and "East"- faster. Only thanks to the great skill of the captains, the sloops never lost each other in stormy weather and poor visibility. Several times the ships found themselves on the brink of death.

But still Russian expedition managed to break through to the South much further than Cook. January 16, 1820 "East" and "Peaceful" almost came close to the Antarctic coast (in the area of ​​the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf). Before them, as far as they could see, stretched a slightly hilly, icy desert. Perhaps they guessed that this was the southern continent, and not solid ice. But evidence could be obtained only by landing on the shore and making a journey far into the depths of the desert. The sailors did not have this opportunity. Therefore Bellingshausen, a very conscientious and accurate man, reported in a report that he was visible "Continent of ice"... Subsequently, geographers wrote that Bellingshausen "Saw the mainland, but did not identify it as such"... And yet this date is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. After that, the island of Peter I and the coast of Alexander I were discovered. In 1821 the expedition returned to its homeland, having completed a full voyage around the open continent.

Kostin V. "East and Mirny off the coast of Antarctica", 1820

In 1811, Russian sailors led by Captain Vasily Mikhailovich Golovkin (1776 - 1831) explored the Kuril Islands and were taken prisoner by the Japanese. Golovnin's notes about his three-year stay in Japan introduced Russian society to the life of this mysterious country. Golovnin's student Fyodor Petrovich Litke (1797 - 1882) explored the Arctic Ocean, the shores of Kamchatka, and South America. He founded the Russian Geographical Society, which played an important role in the development of geographical science.

Major geographical discoveries in the Russian Far East are associated with the name of Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1814-1876). Rejecting the court career that was opening before him, he achieved the appointment of commander of a military transport "Baikal"... On it he was in 1848 - 1849. sailed from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to Kamchatka, and then headed the Amur expedition. He opened the mouth of the Amur, a strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, proving that Sakhalin is an island, not a peninsula.

Amur expedition of Nevelskoy

Expeditions of Russian travelers, in addition to purely scientific results, were of great importance in the mutual knowledge of peoples. In distant countries, locals often learned about Russia for the first time from Russian travelers. In turn, the Russian people collected information about other countries and peoples.

Russian America

Russian America ... Alaska was discovered in 1741 by the expedition of V. Bering and A. Chirikov. The first Russian settlements on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska appeared in the 18th century. In 1799, Siberian merchants engaged in trades in Alaska united into the Russian-American Company, which was assigned a monopoly on the use of the natural resources of this region. The company's management was initially located in Irkutsk, and then moved to St. Petersburg. The main source of income for the company was the fur trade. For many years (until 1818), the main ruler of Russian America was A. A. Baranov, a native of the merchants of Kargopol, Olonets province.

The Russian population of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands was small (in different years from 500 to 830 people). All in all, about 10 thousand people lived in Russian America, mainly Aleuts, inhabitants of the islands and the coast of Alaska. They willingly drew close to the Russians, were baptized into the Orthodox faith, adopted various crafts and clothes. Men wore jackets and frock coats, women wore chintz dresses. The girls tied their hair with a ribbon and dreamed of marrying a Russian.

A different matter - the Indians who lived in the interior of Alaska. They were hostile to the Russians, believing that it was they who brought previously unknown diseases to their country - smallpox and measles. In 1802 the Tlingit Indians ( "Ears", as the Russians called them) attacked the Russian-Aleutian settlement on about. Sith, they all burned and killed many of the inhabitants. Only in 1804 the island was conquered. Baranov founded the fortress Novo-Arkhangelsk on it, which became the capital of Russian America. A church, a shipping yard and workshops were built in Novo-Arkhangelsk. The library has collected more than 1200 books.

After Baranov's resignation, the post of chief ruler began to be occupied by naval officers, inexperienced in commercial matters. Fur wealth was gradually depleted. The company's financial affairs were shaken, it began to receive government benefits. But geographic research has expanded. Especially - in remote areas, which were indicated on the maps with a white spot.

The expedition of L.A. Zagoskin in 1842 - 1844 was of particular importance. Lavrenty Zagoskin, a native of Penza, was the nephew of the famous writer M. Zagoskin. He described his impressions of the difficult and long expedition in the book "Pedestrian Inventory of Part of Russian Possessions in America"... Zagoskin described the basins of the main rivers of Alaska (Yukon and Kuskokwim) and collected information about the climate of these regions, their natural world, the life of the local population, with whom he managed to establish friendly relations. Written lively and talented, "Pedestrian inventory" combined scientific value and artistic merit.

I. Ye. Veniaminov spent about a quarter of a century in Russian America. Arriving in Novo-Arkhangelsk as a young missionary, he immediately took up the study of the Aleutian language, and later wrote a textbook on its grammar. On about. Unalaska, where he lived for a long time, a church was built by his efforts and care, a school and a hospital were opened. He regularly conducted meteorological and other field observations. When Benjaminov took monastic vows, he was named Innocent. Soon he became bishop of Kamchatka, Kuril and Aleutian.

In the 50s of the XIX century. the Russian government began to pay special attention to the study of the Amur region and the Ussuri region. Interest in Russian America has declined markedly. she miraculously escaped capture by the British. In fact, the distant colony was and remained unprotected. For the state treasury, devastated as a result of the war, the annual large payments of the Russian-American company became a burden. I had to make a choice between the development of the Far East (Amur and Primorye) and Russian America. The issue was discussed for a long time, and in the end an agreement was concluded with the US government to sell Alaska for $ 7.2 million. On October 6, 1867, the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in Novo-Arkhangelsk. Russia peacefully left Alaska, leaving future generations of its inhabitants the results of their labors on its study and development.

Document: From the diary of F.F. Bellingshausen

January 10 (1821). ... At noon the wind moved to the east and became fresher. Unable to go south of the solid ice we were meeting, we had to continue our journey in anticipation of a safe wind. Meanwhile, sea swallows gave us a reason to conclude that there is a coast in the vicinity of this place.

At 3 o'clock in the afternoon we saw a blackening spot. I knew at first glance through the chimney that I could see the shore. The sun's rays, coming out of the clouds, illuminated this place, and, to the general delight, everyone made sure that they could see the coast covered with snow: only talus and rocks, on which the snow could not resist, turned black.

It is impossible to express in words the joy that appeared on the faces of everyone when they exclaimed: “Shore! Coast!" This delight was not surprising after a long uniform voyage in endless perilous dangers, between ice, with snow, rain, slush and fog ... The coast we found gave us hope that there must certainly be other shores, for the existence of only one in such a vast expanse of water it seemed impossible to us.

11 January. From midnight the sky was covered with thick clouds, the air was filled with mist, the wind was fresh. We continued to follow the same course to the north, so that, turning, to lie closer to the coast. In the course of the morning, after clearing the cloudiness sweeping over the coast, when the sun's rays illuminated it, we saw a high island, stretching from N0 61 ° to S, covered with snow. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, having approached a distance of 14 miles from the coast, we met solid ice, which prevented us from approaching even closer, it is better to survey the coast and take something of curiosity and preservation worthy in the museum of the Admiralty Department. Having reached the ice with the sloop "Vostok", I brought them to another tack to drift in order to wait for the sloop "Mirny", which was behind us. As Mirny approached, we raised flags: Lieutenant Lazarev congratulated me via telegraph on the acquisition of the island; on both sloops they put people on the shrouds and shouted a mutual "hurray" three times. At this time, it was ordered to give the sailors a glass of punch. I called Lieutenant Lazarev to my place, he told me that he saw all the ends of the coast clearly and well defined their position. The island was quite clearly visible, especially the lower parts, which are made up of steep rocky cliffs.

I called this island the high name of the culprit for the existence of the military fleet in Russia - the island.