Nanotechnology in medicine is our future! Nanotechnology in medicine Particular cases of successful pharmacological application of nanoparticles.
Introduction
Scientists argue that the day will come when, with the help of nanotechnology, microscopic sensors can be embedded in human blood cells to warn of the appearance of signs of radiation or the development of disease. The projected implementation period is the 1st half of the 21st century.
In the meantime, scientists are working on the creation of medical nanorobots, journalists and the public are arguing whether nanosensors can have a destructive effect on the human body? After all, it is not known how the body will react to foreign bodies introduced into it? As Eric Drexler put it, "the invisible weapon of a worldwide coup, covering the earth with gray goo." In short, a tiny cause for the end of the world.
Can nanotechnology really cause the end of the world, or is it just a rich fantasy of some scientists?
What is nanotechnology?
Before talking about the possible risks and prospects of nanotechnology, first you need to say what it is? There is no definitive definition for this concept. "Nanotechnologies" are technologies that operate in quantities of the order of a nanometer. This is a negligible value, hundreds of times less than the wavelength of visible light and comparable to the size of atoms. The development of nanotechnology is carried out in 3 directions:
Manufacturing of electronic circuits the size of a molecule (atom);
Design and manufacture of machines;
Manipulation of atoms and molecules.
What is nanomedicine?
"Nanomedicine" is the tracking, correction, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using the developed nanorobots and nanostructures (R. Freitas).
Currently, nanomedicine does not exist yet, there are only projects, the embodiment of which will lead to nanomedicine. In a few years, when the first nanorobot is finally created, the knowledge accumulated by nanomedicine will be realized. And then in a matter of minutes you will get rid of the flu virus or get rid of early atherosclerosis. Nanorobots will be able to return even a very old person to the state in which he was in his youth. From operation in organs, we will move on to operations on molecules and thus become "immortal".
Development prospects
Scientists from Michigan state that nanotechnology can be used to embed microscopic sensors in human blood cells that will warn of signs of radiation or the development of disease. So in the USA, at the suggestion of NASA, such nanosensors are being developed. James Beiner imagines a "nanocombat" with cosmic radiation so before launch an astronaut using a hypodermic syringe injects a transparent liquid into the beds, saturated with millions of nanoparticles during the flight, he inserts a small device (like a hearing aid) into his ear. During the flight, this device will use a small laser to search for glowing cells. This is possible because cells pass through the capillaries of the tympanic membrane. The cells' information will be wirelessly transmitted to the spacecraft's host computer, and then processed. In which case, the necessary measures will be taken.
All this can come true in about 5-10 years. Scientists have been using nanoparticles for more than 5 years.
Now, sensors thinner than a human hair can be 1,000 times more sensitive than standard DNA tests. The American scientists who developed these nanosensors believe that doctors will be able to perform a range of different tests using just one drop of blood. One of the advantages of this system is the ability to instantly transfer analysis results to a pocket computer. The researchers estimate that it will take about five years to develop a fully functional nanosensor model that doctors can use in their daily work.
With the help of nanotechnology, medicine will be able not only to treat any disease, but also to prevent its occurrence, and will be able to help a person's adoption in space.
Can “outdated nanorobots” affect humans?
When the mechanism completes its work, nano-doctors will have to remove nanorobots from the human body. Therefore, the danger that the "obsolete nanorobots" remaining in the human body will work incorrectly is very small. Nanorobots will need to be designed to avoid malfunctions and reduce medical risk. How will nanorobots be removed from the body? Some of them will be capable of self-removal from the human body through natural channels. Others will be designed so that they can be removed by medics. The removal process will depend on the design of the nanorobot.
What can be done wrong during a human nanorobot treatment?
It is believed that the primary risk for the patient will be the incompetence of the attending physician. But mistakes can also occur in unexpected cases. One of the unforeseen cases may be the interaction between robots when they collide. Such faults will be difficult to identify. An illustration of such a case is the work of two types of nanorobots A and B in the human body. If nanorobot A removes the consequences of robot B's work, then this will lead to repeated work of A, and this process will continue indefinitely, that is, the nanorobots will correct each other's work. To prevent such situations from arising, the attending physician must constantly monitor the work of the nanorobots and, if necessary, reprogram them. Therefore, the qualifications of the doctor are very important.
How will the human body react to nanorobots?
As you know, our immune system reacts to foreign bodies. Therefore, the size of the nanorobot will play an important role in this, as well as the surface roughness and mobility of the device. It is argued that the problem of biocompatibility is not very difficult. The way out of this problem will be the creation of robots based on diamondoid materials. Due to the strong surface energy and diamondoid surface and its strong smoothness, the outer shell of robots will be chemically inert.
Recently applied nanotechnology in medicine
Nanotechnology is already being used in medicine. Its main areas of application are: diagnostic technologies, medical devices, prosthetics and implants.
A striking example is the discovery of Professor Aziz. For people with Parkinson's disease, electrodes are inserted into the brain through two tiny holes in the skull, which are connected to a stimulator. After about a week, the patient is implanted with the stimulator itself into the abdominal cavity. The patient can regulate the voltage himself using a switch. Pain can be dealt with in 80% of cases:
For some, the pain disappears completely, for others it subsides. About four dozen people have gone through deep brain stimulation.
Many of Aziz's colleagues say this method is not effective and may have negative consequences. The professor is convinced that the method is effective. Neither one nor the other has now been proven. It seems to me that we only need to trust forty patients who got rid of the unbearable pain. And again they wanted to live. And if this method has been practiced for 8 years and does not negatively affect the health of patients, why not expand its application.
Another revolutionary discovery is a biochip - a small plate with DNA or protein molecules applied on it in a certain order, used for biochemical analyzes. The principle of operation of the biochip is simple. Certain sequences of sections of the cleaved DNA are applied to a plastic plate. During the analysis, the test material is placed on the chip. If it contains the same genetic information, then they are linked. As a result, you can observe. The advantage of biochips is a large number of biological tests with significant savings in the test material, reagents, labor costs and time for analysis.
Output
The prospects for the development of nanotechnology with the help of nanotechnology are very great. Currently used nanotechnology is harmless, examples are nanochips and sunscreen cosmetics based on nanocrystals. Technologies such as nanorobots and nanosensors are still under development. The talk that, due to the endless process of self-reproduction of nanorobots, a thick layer of "gray mucus" can cover the entire Earth is still only a theory, not confirmed by any data. As I realized in the process of writing my work, nanotechnology is an area of science that is severely criticized before introducing any innovations. Whether this criticism is true or not, I cannot judge.
NASA scientists say they have successfully tested nanorobots on animals. But is it worth believing? Everyone decides this for himself. Personally, I think that using, for example, nanotechnology such as nanosensors can be risky. After all, even the simplest system can malfunction, what can we say about such advanced technologies as nanorobots? And besides, it is necessary to take into account the individual physiological characteristics of each person.
And so, the prospects for the development of nanotechnology are great. It is argued that in the near future, with the help of them it will be possible not only to overcome any physical illness, but also to prevent its occurrence. But NASA scientists say nothing about the risks. There are only countless articles in the yellow press that people under the influence of nanorobots will become uncontrollable like zombies.
I think that the possible risks will be comparable to the prospects. So the public needs to pay more attention to this issue. That scientists not only consider "both sides of the coin", but also inform the public about it.
Nanotechnology in medicine provides new opportunities for high-quality treatment and examination of patients.
Recent developments by researchers have taken medicine to a new level.
In this article, we will tell you what breakthroughs in science have happened recently.
Relevant information that healthcare providers need to know.
↯ More articles in the journal
The main thing in the article
Nanotechnology: new opportunities
The use of nanotechnology in medicine expands the usual methods of treating patients. Thus, traditional medicine continues to use needles, capsules and tablets, which deliver medications to the patient's body that affect healthy cells and organs.
However, new developments are able to minimize the risks of injecting the drug only where it is needed - without injections and swallowing unpleasant drugs.
Today nanomedicine uses "intelligent" particles, which are independent objects ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers.
This example of drug delivery systems transports the active substances of the drug only to the immediate sources of the disease.
How do such nanotechnologies work in medicine and in which countries are they already applied?
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INSTITUTION OF EDUCATION
Grodno State University named after I. Kupala
abstract
on the topic:"Nanomaterials in medicine"
Prepared by: student Bobritskaya Ekaterina Olegovna
Teacher: I.V. Trifonova
Introduction
Most of us cannot imagine life without the modern benefits of civilization, the achievements of science, technology, medicine. The next step in this development will be the development of nanotechnology, in particular, very small systems capable of carrying out human commands.
Technological progress is aimed at developing more powerful, faster, more compact and sleek machines. The limit of this development can be considered machines, the size of a molecule. A machine built from covalently bonded atoms is extremely strong, fast, and small. Molecular nanotechnology is involved in the design, creation and control of such machines. This industry opens up unprecedented, fantastic prospects for human interaction with the world.
The concepts of "nanotechnology", "nanomaterials"
Nanotechnology is a set of processes that make it possible to create materials, devices and technical systems, the functioning of which is determined by the nanostructure, i.e. its ordered fragments ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm (10-9m; atoms, molecules). The Greek word for "drift" roughly means "gnome." When the particle size decreases to 100-10 nm or less, the properties of materials (mechanical, catalytic, etc.) change significantly.
Nanomaterials are materials that are structured at or near the molecular size level. The structure can be more or less regular or random. Surfaces with random nanostructure can be obtained by treatment with particle beams, plasma etching, and some other methods.
Regarding regular structures, small areas of the surface can be structured "externally" - for example, using a scanning probe microscope. However, rather large (~ 1 μ2 and more) areas, as well as volumes of matter, can be structured, apparently, only by the self-assembly of molecules.
Self-assembly is widespread in wildlife. The structure of all tissues is determined by their self-assembly from cells; the structure of cell membranes and organelles is determined by self-assembly from individual molecules.
Self-assembly of molecular components is being developed as a way of constructing periodic structures for fabricating nanoelectronic circuits, and there have been significant advances here.
In medicine, materials with a nanostructured surface can be used to replace certain tissues. The cells of the body recognize such materials as "their own" and attach to their surface.
Currently, progress has been made in the manufacture of nanomaterials that mimic natural bone tissue. For example, scientists from Northwestern University (USA) Jeffrey D. Hartgerink, Samuel I. Stupp and others used three-dimensional self-assembly of fibers about 8 nm in diameter, mimicking natural collagen fibers, followed by mineralization and formation of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals oriented along the fibers. The resulting material was well attached to its own bone cells, which allows it to be used as a "glue" or "putty" for bone tissue.
Of interest is the development of materials that have the opposite property: they do not allow cells to attach to the surface. One of the possible applications of such materials could be the manufacture of bioreactors for growing stem cells. The fact is that, having attached to the surface, the stem cell seeks to differentiate, forming certain specialized cells. The use of materials with a nanoscale surface structure to control the processes of proliferation and differentiation of stem cells represents a huge field for research.
Membranes with nanopores can be used in microcapsules for drug delivery and for other purposes. So, they can be used to filter body fluids from harmful substances and viruses. Membranes can protect nanosensors and other implantable devices from albumin and similar coating agents.
Application of nanotechnology in medicine: state of the art
molecular structured treatment nanomaterial
The term nanotechnology has convincingly entered our lives. In 1959, the famous American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman said that there is "a surprisingly polysyllabic world of small forms, and someday people will be surprised that until 1960 no man took seriously the study of this world." At the initial stage, the development of nanotechnology was mainly determined by the development of probe microscopy devices. These devices are like the eyes and hands of a nanotechnologist.
Progress in the field of nanotechnology at the moment is associated with the creation of nanomaterials for the aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries.
But gradually it is increasingly noted as a promising area of use of nanotechnology - medicine. This is due to the fact that the new technology makes it possible to work with matter on a scale that until recently seemed fantastic - micrometer, and even nanometer. Just such values are typical for the main biological structures - cells, their components (organelles) and molecules.
Today it is possible to assert about the emergence of a new direction - nanomedicine. For the first time, the idea of using microscopic devices in medicine was expressed in 1959 by R. Feynman in his famous lecture "There is a lot of space down there" (with reference to the idea of Albert R. Hibbs). But only in the past few years, Feynman's ideas have come closer to reality.
Now we are still quite far from the microrobot described by Feynman, which is capable of entering the heart through the circulatory system and performing a valve operation there. Modern applications of nanotechnology in medicine can be divided into several groups: Nanostructured materials, including surfaces with nanorelief, membranes with nanoholes; Nanoparticles (including fullerenes and dendrimers); Micro- and nanocapsules; Nanotechnological sensors and analyzers; Medical applications of scanning probe microscopes; Nanotools and nanomanipulators; Micro- and nanodevices of varying degrees of autonomy.
American company C-Sixty Inc. Conducts preclinical trials of agents based on C60 fullerene nanospheres with chemical groups ordered on their surface. These groups can be selected to bind to preselected biological targets. The range of possible applications is extremely wide. It includes the fight against viral diseases such as influenza and HIV, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, and vascular diseases. For example, a nanosphere may contain an atom of a radioactive element inside, and groups on its surface that allow it to attach to a cancer cell.
Similar developments are being carried out in Russia. The Institute of Experimental Medicine (St. Petersburg) used a fullerene adduct with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). This compound is readily soluble in water, and the cavities in its structure are close in size to C60 molecules. The cavities are easily filled with fullerene molecules, and as a result, a water-soluble adduct with high antiviral activity is formed. Since PVP itself has no antiviral effect, all activity is attributed to the C60 molecules contained in the adduct.
In terms of fullerene, its effective dose is approximately 5 μg / ml, which is significantly lower than the corresponding figure for remantadine (25 μg / ml), which is traditionally used in the fight against the influenza virus. In contrast to remantadine, which is most effective in the early period of infection, the C60 / PVP adduct has a stable effect throughout the entire viral reproduction cycle. Another distinctive feature of the designed drug is its effectiveness against influenza A- and B-type viruses, while remantadine acts only on the first type.
Nanospheres can also be used in diagnostics, for example, as a radiopaque substance that attaches to the surface of certain cells and shows their location in the body.
Dendrimers are of particular interest. They represent a new type of polymers with a branching structure rather than the usual linear structure.
As a matter of fact, the first compound with such a structure was obtained back in the 50s, and the main methods of their synthesis were developed mainly in the 80s. The term "dendrimers" appeared earlier than "nanotechnology", and at first they were not associated with each other. Recently, however, dendrimers have been increasingly mentioned precisely in the context of their nanotechnological (and nanomedical) applications.
This is due to a number of special properties that dendrimeric compounds possess. Among them: predictable, controllable and reproducible with high accuracy the sizes of macromolecules; the presence of channels and pores in macromolecules with well-reproducible shapes and sizes; the ability for highly selective encapsulation and immobilization of low molecular weight substances with the formation of supramolecular "guest-host" structures.
Micro and nanocapsules
To deliver drugs to the desired place in the body, miniature (~ 1 micron) capsules with nanopores can be used. Similar microcapsules are already being tested for delivery and physiologically controlled insulin release in type 1 diabetes. The use of pores with a size of about 6 nm allows you to protect the contents of the capsule from the effects of the body's immune system. This makes it possible to encapsulate insulin-producing animal cells that would otherwise be rejected by the body.
Microscopic capsules of a relatively simple design can also duplicate and expand the natural capabilities of the body. An example of such a concept is offered by R. Freitas; also respirocyte - an artificial carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide, significantly superior in its capabilities to both red blood cells and existing blood substitutes (for example, based on fluorocarbon emulsions).
Medical Applications of Scanning Probe Microscopes
Scanning microscopes are a group of devices that are unique in their capabilities. They allow you to achieve a magnification sufficient to view individual molecules and atoms. At the same time, it is possible to study objects without destroying them and, even, which is especially important from the point of view of medico-biological applications, in some cases to study living objects. Some types of scanning microscopes also allow the manipulation of individual molecules and atoms.
A good overview of the capabilities of scanning microscopes in the study of biological objects is contained in the book. The unique capabilities of scanning microscopes determine the prospects for their application in biomedical research. This is primarily the study of the molecular structure of cell membranes.
Nanomanipulators
Nanomanipulators can be called devices designed to manipulate nanoobjects - nanoparticles, molecules, and individual atoms. An example is scanning probe microscopes, which can move any object down to atoms.
At present, prototypes of several variants of "nanotweezers" have been created. In one case, two carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 50 nm were used, arranged in parallel on the sides of a glass fiber with a diameter of about 2 μm. When a voltage was applied to them, the nanotubes could diverge and converge like the halves of tweezers.
In another case, DNA molecules were used that change their geometry during a conformational transition, or the breaking of bonds between nucleotide bases on parallel branches of the molecule.
However, a manipulator for nanoobjects may differ in its structure from macroinstruments. Thus, the ability to move nanoobjects using a laser beam was demonstrated. In recent work, scientists at Cornell and Massachusetts Universities managed to "unwind" a DNA molecule from a nucleosome. In doing so, they pulled it by the end using such a "laser tweezers".
Micro-and nanodevices
Currently, miniature devices that can be placed inside the body for diagnostic and possibly therapeutic purposes are becoming more and more widespread.
A modern device designed for examining the gastrointestinal tract has a size of several millimeters, carries a miniature video camera and lighting system on board. The received frames are sent out.
Devices of this kind would be wrong to refer to the field of nanomedicine. However, there are wide prospects for their further miniaturization and integration with nanosensors of the types described above, onboard control and communication systems based on molecular electronics and other nanotechnologies, energy sources that recycle substances contained in the internal media of the body. In the future, such devices can be equipped with devices for autonomous locomotion and even manipulators of one kind or another. In this case, they will be able to penetrate to the desired point of the body, collect local diagnostic information there, deliver drugs and, in an even more distant future, carry out "nanosurgical operations" - destruction of atherosclerotic plaques, destruction of cells with signs of malignant degeneration, restoration of damaged nerve fibers etc. Such devices (nanorobots) will be discussed in more detail below.
Medical nanobot
Nanotechnology will allow engineers to build complex nanorobots that can be safely inserted into the human body to transport important molecules, control microscopic objects and communicate with doctors through miniature sensors, equipped with motors, manipulators, power generators and molecular-scale computers.
The idea of building such nanorobots is based on the fact that the human body is a natural nanomechanism: many neutrophils, lymphocytes and white blood cells constantly function in the body, repairing damaged tissues, destroying invading microorganisms and removing foreign particles from various organs.
Nanorobotics arose when it became necessary to work with miniature objects at the molecular level. Nanorobots are nanoelectromechanical systems designed to perform specific tasks with nanoscale precision. Their advantage over conventional medicine lies in their size. Particle size affects the duration and magnitude of exposure, therefore microscale drugs can be used at lower concentrations and have an earlier onset of therapeutic effect. It also provides the ability to deliver the drug to a specific site of use.
A typical medical nanodevice is likely to be a robot about a micron in size, assembled from nano parts. These nanorobots can act on commands from the outside or according to a given program to perform macro-scale work.
Nanotubes and infrared radiation
Photothermal therapy using nanomaterials has recently attracted attention as an effective strategy in the development of a new generation of cancer therapies.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are a potential candidate for the role of photothermal therapeutic factor, as they generate a significant amount of heat when irradiated with near infrared light (NIR, wavelength - 700-1100 nm). For these wavelengths, biological tissues, including skin, are practically transparent. The photothermal effect causes thermal death of cancer cells, and the process is non-invasive.
The effectiveness of combined therapy with nanotubes and radiation has been demonstrated by the results of in vivo destruction of a solid malignant tumor. This method of treating mice showed complete destruction of tumors without harmful side effects and relapses within 6 consecutive months. In the control group, the treatment with conventional means showed constant tumor growth until the death of the animals.
A modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes with the help of phospholipids appears. Since single-walled nanotubes exhibit hydrophobic properties, it is practically impossible to achieve their penetration into the cells of the affected tissues. This approach allowed a group of Korean scientists to get around this difficulty.
The tumors transplanted onto the backs of mice are carcinomas of the human oral cavity. For irradiation, mice were placed under an IR lamp with a power of 76 W / cm3. The session lasted 3 minutes. The tumor completely disappeared 20 days after a single treatment. At the same time, an increase in the content of nanotubes in the muscle surrounding the tumor, spleen, blood and skin was first observed. Over the next seven days, nanotubes accumulated in the blood and liver. After seven days, the number of nanotubes in all organs dropped sharply. Almost all of the injected nanotubes were removed by the liver and kidneys within two months.
These results make it possible to consider the photothermal factor as an effective method for the treatment of cancerous tumors.
A glass of nanomaterials of the HuaShen brand.Treatment of a number of diseases with structured water
I heard a lot about the use of nanomaterials in medicine, but I heard about a glass made of nanomaterials of the HuaShen brand for the first time. Treatment with the use of a glass of nanomaterials of the HuaSheng brand is a treatment with structured (low molecular weight) water.
The HuaSheng trademark belongs to the Tianjin corporation HuaShen, which unites 6 groups of companies and enterprises with a system of diversified activities: the development of scientific technologies, the production and sale of information products and medicines from natural raw materials. All products are manufactured based on the experience and traditions of Chinese medicine. The products of "Huashen" first appeared on the Russian market in 2000, in Belarus and Ukraine - in 2002, in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - in 2004.
The composition of nanomaterials used in the manufacture of a glass of the "Huashen" brand includes the following substances:
· Titanium anhydrite;
· Zinc oxide;
· More than 10 different microelements.
Water poured into a glass made of nanomaterials is transformed after 20 minutes, and then it can be used. During this period of time, the nanomaterials from which the glass is made convert water macromolecules (consisting of 13-15 molecules) into micromolecules (of 5-7 molecules). The resulting water is called "low molecular weight" and has 4 features:
· Highly dissolving action;
· Splitting action;
· Penetrating action;
· Action to activate metabolic processes.
According to various sources, clinical studies confirm that structured water:
· Reduces the content of cholesterol in the blood and cleanses the blood arteries;
· Improves digestive functions, regulates acidity;
· Promotes accelerated tissue regeneration;
· Promotes the removal of toxins and toxins from the body;
· Supports the immune system;
· Increases life expectancy;
· Renews metabolic balance;
· Cleanses the intestines;
· Activates and normalizes kidney function;
· Helps in the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa;
· It is effective in the treatment of intestinal diseases in children.
Structured (low-molecular) water from a glass of the "Huasheng" brand is recommended by specialists for use in the following diseases:
· Gastric diseases (gastritis, stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer, high acidity, dyspepsia, etc.) - water helps to improve the secretion of gastric juice, stimulates the peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, improves digestion, increases the absorption of food.
· Diabetes mellitus - water normalizes the exchange of cells in the pancreas.
· Cardiovascular disease: Most heart disease occurs when fat builds up in the vein arteries, which prevents blood from flowing freely. When drinking water from a glass of nanomaterials, fatty deposits are destroyed and removed from the body. As a result, the supply of the heart improves, the work of the heart muscles is normalized.
· Hypertension: in most patients, the main cause of the disease is increased absorption of fat, cholesterol plaques accumulate on the walls of blood vessels, and the lumen in the vessels narrows. With the regular use of water from glasses of the "Huasheng" brand, the blood is cleansed of acidic substances, as a result of which the pressure decreases and the blood vessels soften.
· Constipation - water treated with nanomaterials introduces active oxygen, as a result of which constipation quickly disappears.
· Cosmetic effect: elimination of skin dullness, wrinkles, skin roughness, dryness, age spots, skin inflammations, etc.
The procedure for the preparation and use of structured (low molecular weight) water is as follows:
· Ordinary water, better purified, is poured into a glass made of nanomaterials of the "Huashen" brand, which is kept in it for 20-30 minutes. During this period of time, the water is converted to low molecular weight.
Already structured (low molecular weight) water can be drunk, used for cooking, used for washing, used for watering flowers, etc.
· Structured water from a glass can be added to containers with regular, purified water in a ratio of 0.5 liters per 10 liters (1:20). After 20-30 minutes, the water in the additional container will acquire the correct structure. This increases the volume of ready-to-drink water.
· The structure of water, which is obtained with the help of nanomaterials, remains outside the glass for 18-24 hours.
· It is recommended to consume 30 ml per 1 kg of human weight. water, i.e. a person weighing 70kg. must drink at least 2.1 liters of water per day, and weighing 100 kg. - 3 liters per day.
· To obtain the desired effect of treatment, it is advisable to use structured water constantly.
With the help of a glass made of nanomaterials of the "Huasheng" brand, separately selected diseases are not cured. The use of low molecular weight water provides a comprehensive recovery of the whole organism. Self-cleaning of the body from dozens of types of various poisons and toxins occurs. In addition, structured water enriches the cells of the body with oxygen, creating an environment that counteracts the formation of cancer cells.
On the one hand, the prospects for the nanotechnology industry are truly grandiose. Nanotechnology will radically change all spheres of human life. On the other hand, nanotechnology can be dangerous to society.
Researchers and environmentalists have predicted that nanomaterials, human-made viruses and robots will become the most dangerous environmental threats in the future. The entire list of threats consists of 25 items. The most serious problems, according to experts, will be associated with biorobots, which may become new invasive species, with climate experiments such as "fertilizing" the ocean and deploying shields to protect the Earth from the sun.
In addition, increased demand for biomass for biofuel production, the destruction of marine ecosystems caused by offshore power generation, and experiments to control invasive species using genetically modified viruses will pose a threat to the environment.
Other threats from the list that can greatly harm the environment are more theoretical. These include problems with robots that mimic the behavior of animals, and with microbes created from synthetic molecules. Experts believe that if these artificial life forms are released into the wild, they could begin to behave like invasive species.
Time is rapidly pushing us to the heights of new victories and discoveries, nanorobots are no exception, everything is only at the beginning of the path, and we can only watch how molecular nanomachines will change life around us.
Bibliography
1. Rybalkina M. - "Nanotechnology for all", 2005
2.G.G. Yelenin - “Nanotechnology. Nanomaterials, nanodevices "
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Recent advances in nanotechnology, scientists say, could be very helpful in the fight against cancer. An anti-cancer drug has been developed directly to the target - to cells affected by a malignant tumor. A new system based on a material known as biosilicone. Nanosilicone has a porous structure (ten atoms in diameter), into which it is convenient to incorporate drugs, proteins, and radionuclides. Having reached the goal, the biosilicone begins to disintegrate, and the drugs delivered to it are taken to work. Moreover, according to the developers, the new system allows you to regulate the dosage of the drug.
Over the past years, employees of the Center for Biological Nanotechnology have been working on the creation of microsensors that will be used to detect cancer cells in the body and fight this terrible disease.
A new technique for recognizing cancer cells is based on implanting tiny spherical reservoirs made of synthetic polymers called dendrimers (from the Greek dendron - tree) into the human body. These polymers have been synthesized in the last decade and have a fundamentally new, non-integral structure that resembles the structure of coral or wood. Such polymers are called hyperbranched or cascading. Those of them in which branching is regular are called dendrimers. In diameter, each such sphere, or nanosensor, reaches only 5 nanometers - 5 billionths of a meter, which makes it possible to place billions of such nanosensors in a small area of space.
Once inside the body, these tiny sensors penetrate lymphocytes - white blood cells that provide the body's defense against infection and other disease-causing factors. With the immune response of lymphoid cells to a certain disease or environmental conditions - a cold or exposure to radiation, for example - the protein structure of the cell changes. Each nanosensor, coated with special chemical reagents, will begin to glow with such changes.
To see this glow, scientists are going to create a special device that scans the retina of the eye. The laser of such a device should detect the glow of lymphocytes when they pass one by one through the narrow capillaries of the fundus. If there are enough labeled sensors in the lymphocytes, it will take a 15-second scan to detect cell damage, scientists say.
Here, the greatest impact of nanotechnology is expected, since it affects the very basis of the existence of society - man. Nanotechnology reaches such a dimensional level of the physical world, at which the distinction between living and nonliving becomes unstable - these are molecular machines. Even a virus can partly be considered a living system, since it contains information about its construction. But the ribosome, although it consists of the same atoms as all organic matter, does not contain such information and therefore is only an organic molecular machine. Nanotechnology in its advanced form involves the construction of nanorobots, molecular machines of inorganic atomic composition, these machines will be able to build copies of themselves, having information about such a structure. Therefore, the line between living and non-living begins to blur. To date, only one primitive walking DNA robot has been created.
Nanomedicine is represented by the following possibilities:
- 1. Laboratories on a chip, targeted delivery of drugs in the body.
- 2. DNA - chips (creation of individual drugs).
- 3. Artificial enzymes and antibodies.
- 4. Artificial organs, artificial functional polymers (substitutes for organic tissues). This direction is closely related to the idea of artificial life and, in the future, will lead to the creation of robots with artificial consciousness and capable of self-healing at the molecular level. This is due to the expansion of the concept of life beyond the organic
- 5. Nanorobots-surgeons (biomechanisms carrying out changes and required medical actions, recognition and destruction of cancer cells). This is the most radical application of nanotechnology in medicine will be the creation of molecular nanobots that can destroy infections and cancerous tumors, repair damaged DNA, tissues and organs, duplicate entire life support systems of the body, and change the properties of the body.
Considering an individual atom as a brick or "detail", nanotechnology is looking for practical ways to design materials with specified characteristics from these parts. Many companies already know how to assemble atoms and molecules into some kind of structure.
In the future, any molecules will be assembled like a child's construction set. For this, it is planned to use nanorobots (nanobots). Any chemically stable structure that can be described can, in fact, be built. Since a nanobot can be programmed to build any structure, in particular, to build another nanobot, they will be very cheap. Working in huge teams, nanobots will be able to create any object with low cost and high accuracy. In medicine, the problem of using nanotechnology is the need to change the structure of the cell at the molecular level, i.e. carry out "molecular surgery" using nanobots. It is expected to create molecular robotic doctors that can "live" inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs, or preventing the occurrence of such. By manipulating individual atoms and molecules, nanobots can repair cells. The projected date for the creation of robotic doctors, the first half of the XXI century.
Despite the current state of affairs, nanotechnology as a cardinal solution to the aging problem is more than promising.
This is due to the fact that nanotechnology has great potential for commercial application in many industries, and, accordingly, in addition to serious government funding, research in this direction is carried out by many large corporations.
It is quite possible that after improvement to ensure "eternal youth", nanobots will no longer be needed, or they will be produced by the cell itself.
To achieve these goals, humanity needs to solve three main questions:
- 1. Design and create molecular robots that can repair molecules.
- 2. Design and create nanocomputers that will control nanomachines.
- 3. Create a complete description of all molecules in the human body, in other words, create a map of the human body at the atomic level.
The main difficulty with nanotechnology is the problem of creating the first nanobot. There are several promising avenues.
One of them is to improve the scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope and achieve positional accuracy and gripping force.
Another way to create the first nanobot is through chemical synthesis. Perhaps designing and synthesizing ingenious chemical components that are capable of self-assembly in solution.
And another path leads through biochemistry. Ribosomes (inside the cell) are specialized nanobots, and we can use them to create more versatile robots.
These nanobots will be able to slow down the aging process, heal individual cells and interact with individual neurons.
The work on the study began relatively recently, but the pace of discoveries in this area is extremely high, many believe that this is the future of medicine.
Nanotechnology can provide significant assistance in solving certain problems. In biology and some other sciences, their application is often of great importance.
It must be said that over the past several decades, about thirty infectious pathologies have been identified. Among them should be noted AIDS, "bird flu", the Ebola virus and others. Millions of new cases of oncological diseases are diagnosed in the world every year. Moreover, the mortality rate from these pathologies is about five hundred thousand people per year.
They are of great importance for all of humanity. The advantages of using the latest methods over traditional therapy are obvious. Nanotechnology in medicine mainly involves a chemical effect on a particular disease through the administration of drugs. As a result, a certain environment is formed in the body, contributing to the acceleration of the healing process.
As mentioned above, nanotechnology is applied in a variety of people. Scientists all over the world are working on the creation of various materials that can be applied in one area or another. The simplest and most striking example of the use of nanotechnology in cosmetology, for example, is the well-known soap solution. It not only possesses disinfectant and detergent properties. Micelles and nanoparticles are formed in it. Today, of course, this material is far from the only one that is used for various purposes in the development of a particular sphere of human activity.
There are many examples of the application of nanotechnology in medicine. So, scientists have created a new class of particles. Nanoparticles - nanowells - are endowed with unique optical properties. These elements, having a microscopic diameter (twenty times smaller than that of erythrocytes), are able to move freely through the circulatory system. Antibodies are attached to the surface of the sleeves. The purpose of the application of this nanotechnology in medicine is destruction. Several hours after the insertion of the sleeves into the body, infrared light is irradiated. Inside, a special energy is formed, through which cancer cells are destroyed.
It should be said that testing of this nanotechnology was carried out on experimental mice. Already ten days after the irradiation, complete relief from the disease was noted. Moreover, subsequent analyzes did not show new foci of malignant formations.
Scientists believe that this and other nanotechnology in medicine will contribute to the development of prompt and inexpensive methods for diagnosing and eliminating pathologies at an early stage. In addition, the introduction of new developments in the field of drugs can allow the restoration of the damaged DNA structure.
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