Biography of Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev: Biography of Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev. Kliment Timiryazev History In Faces podcast Leaving Moscow University

In honor of the scientist are named: a village in the Lipetsk and Ulyanovsk regions; Lunar crater; ship "Akademik Timiryazev"; Moscow Agricultural Academy, Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Biological Museum, library in St. Petersburg, Vinnitsa Regional Universal Scientific Library in Ukraine, Central Station for Young Naturalists and Moscow Metro Station.

The film "Deputy of the Baltic" is dedicated to Timiryazev. For the best work in plant physiology, the award of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after the scientist is awarded. A bust has been erected to him in the Museum of Geosciences of Moscow State University.

28.04.1920

Timiryazev Kliment Arkadievich

Russian Naturalist

Scientist Biologist

Kliment Timiryazev was born on June 3, 1843 in St. Petersburg. He received his primary education at home. In 1866 he graduated with honors from the natural faculty of St. Petersburg State University. The philosophical views of A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, the works of D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, and especially Ch. Darwin played an important role in shaping Timiryazev's worldview.

During his student years, Timiryazev published a number of articles on socio-political topics and on Darwinism, including: "Garibaldi on Caprera", "Famine in Lancashire", "Darwin's Book, Its Critics and Commentators". At the same time, he wrote the first popular book outlining Darwin's teachings, Charles Darwin and His Teachings; his book "The Life of Plants" was reprinted more than 20 times and aroused great interest both in Russia and abroad.

In 1868, in order to prepare for a professorship, he was sent abroad, where he worked in the laboratories of prominent physicists, chemists, physiologists, and botanists. Returning to Russia, Timiryazev defended his master's thesis and took up the position of professor at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow, where he lectured in all departments of botany. At the same time, he taught at the Moscow State University at the Department of Plant Anatomy and Physiology, in the women's "collective courses". He headed the botanical department of the Society of Natural Science Lovers at the university.

Kliment Arkadyevich became one of the founders of the Russian school of plant physiology, having studied the process of photosynthesis, for which he developed special methods and equipment. In plant physiology, along with agrochemistry, the scientist saw the basis of rational farming. The professor was the first to introduce experiments in Russia with plant culture in artificial soils; arranged the first greenhouse for this purpose at the Petrovsky Academy in the early 1870s.

In 1920, a collection of his articles Science and Democracy was published. For the last 10 years of his life, due to illness, he could no longer teach, but continued to engage in literary and journalistic activities, participated in the work of the People's Commissariat for Education of Russia and the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. Elected Deputy of the Moscow City Council.

Timiryazev was a member of the Royal Society of London. He was an honorary doctor of universities in the cities of Glasgow, Cambridge and Geneva; Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Edinburgh Botanical Society, also an Honorary Member of many foreign and domestic universities and scientific societies. Author of numerous articles, books, biographical essays.

Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev died on April 28, 1920 in Moscow. He was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

“Kliment Arkadyevich himself, like his beloved
them plants, all his life he strove for the light,
storing in himself the treasures of the mind and the highest truth,
and he himself was a source of light for many generations,
striving for light and knowledge and seeking
warmth and truth in the harsh conditions of life.

Geologist, Academician A.P. Pavlov

The children of the Timiryazevs were brought up in the spirit of patriotism and love for the Russian people.

Due to the poor situation of the family, Kliment Arkadyevich started early to earn a living by helping the family: he translated the stories of English writers and reviews of English newspapers.

He received his primary education at home.

In 1860 he entered St. Petersburg University.

In 1861, Timiryazev was expelled from the university for participating in student unrest and refusing to cooperate with the police. He was allowed to continue his studies at the university only as a volunteer after a year.

For student scientific work "On the structure of liver mosses" Timiryazev received the first gold medal in his life.

In 1862 - the first appearance in print: the article "Garibaldi on Caprera" in the journal "Domestic Notes"

In 1865, Timiryazev wrote and published the first book on Darwinism in Russia, A Brief Outline of Darwin's Theory.

In 1866 he graduated from the course with the rank of candidate.

After university, he worked on the experimental fields of the Free Economic Society in the Simbirsk province. Here K.A. Timiryazev was engaged in the creation of instruments for his future research.

In 1868, his first scientific work "A device for studying the decomposition of carbon dioxide" appeared in print. This report was heard at a meeting of the Society of Russian Naturalists and Physicians.

In 1868-1869 Timiryazev worked abroad, with professors R.V. Bunsen, G.R. Kirchhoff and W. Chamberlain. Mastered new methods of gas analysis and spectroscopy.

In 1869 - 1870. worked in Paris.

After returning to St. Petersburg, in 1870, he was elected a teacher of botany at the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy. He began to create a laboratory and a course of lectures.

In 1871 he defended his master's thesis Spectral Analysis of Chlorophyll. Elected Extraordinary Professor of the Petrovsky Academy.

In 1872, he built the first greenhouse in Russia for vegetative experiments with plants, and began working as a teacher of botany at Moscow University.

In 1874, Timiryazev participated in the international congress of botanists in Florence with a report "The action of light on chlorophyll grains." The success of this report marked the beginning of the world fame of the scientist.

In 1875 he defended his doctoral thesis "On the assimilation of light by a plant." This work irrefutably proved the facts previously unknown to science: chlorophyll most strongly absorbs the red rays of the solar spectrum and it is in these rays that the greatest assimilation of carbon dioxide occurs. Both of these discoveries showed for the first time the role of chlorophyll in the air nutrition of plants.

Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev was elected an ordinary professor at the Petrovsky Academy.

In 1877 he organized a laboratory for the study of plants at Moscow University. In the same year he visited Charles Darwin.

In 1878, the book Life of Plants was published. It aroused great interest, was reprinted in Russia and abroad more than 20 times.

In 1896 he set up an experimental station for crop production in Russia.

In 1902 he was approved as an honored professor at Moscow University.

In 1903, he read the Kronian lecture "The Cosmic Role of Plants" at the Royal Society of London. It summarizes more than 30 years of research on the role of chlorophyll and sunlight in the air nutrition of plants and the development of life on earth.

“Before you ... an eccentric. I spent over 35 years staring<...>on a green leaf in a glass tube, puzzling over the solution of the question: how does the storage of sunlight for the future ... ".

In 1906, he published the collection "Agriculture and Plant Physiology", in which Timiryazev combined the lectures he had given since 1885.

In 1909 he was elected an honorary doctor of the University of Cambridge and Geneva.

In 1911, he left Moscow University at the head of a large group of professors and teachers in connection with political views. Elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of London.

In 1919 K.A. Timiryazev was reinstated as a professor at Moscow University.

In early 1920, the scientist published the book "Science and Democracy", in which he showed that real scientific progress is possible only in a democratic society.

In 1923, the collection "The Sun, Life and Chlorophyll" was published, combining the author's work on the study of air nutrition of plants from 1868 to 1920. The book was prepared by K. A. Timiryazev for publication in the last years of his life.

Since Timiryazev was a world-famous scientist who welcomed the Bolshevik movement, the Soviet authorities promoted his legacy in every possible way.

Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev is dedicated to the film "Deputy of the Baltic".

In honor of Timiryazev were named:

Settlements: the village of Timiryazev in the Lipetsk region and Timiryazevsky in the Ulyanovsk region, many villages in Russia and Ukraine, a village in Azerbaijan.
Lunar crater.
Motor ship "Akademik Timiryazev".
Moscow Agricultural Academy and other educational institutions
Institute of Plant Physiology. K. A. Timiryazev RAS.
State Biological Museum. K. A. Timiryazev.
Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after K. A. Timiryazev for the best works on plant physiology, Timiryazev Readings of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Library them. K. A. Timiryazev in St. Petersburg
Vinnytsia Regional Universal Scientific Library. K.A. Timiryazev.
Central Station for Young Naturalists (Moscow).
Museum-apartment of Timiryazev. The Memorial Museum-Apartment of K.A. Timiryazev is included in the International Directory “Cultural Institutions of the World”, which is published in England.
Moscow metro station "Timiryazevskaya" (on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line).
Streets Timiryazev, Timiryazevskaya in many settlements.

Bust of K.A. Timiryazev on the territory of the Moscow Agricultural Academy

Sources:

Landau-Tylkina S.P. K.A. Timiryazev: Prince. for students / S.P. Landau-Tylkin. - M. : Education, 1985. - 127 p. - (People of Science)

Chernenko G.T. Timiryazev in St. Petersburg - Petrograd. - L.: Lenizdat, 1991. - 239, p., l. ill. - (Outstanding figures of science and culture in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad).

Timiryazev, Kliment Arkadievich(1843-1920) - an outstanding Russian botanist and physiologist, researcher of the process of photosynthesis, supporter and popularizer of Darwinism.

Born May 22 (June 3), 1843 in St. Petersburg, in a noble family. His parents, themselves adherents of Republican views, passed on to their children love of freedom and democratic ideals. K.A. Timiryazev received an excellent education at home, which in 1860 allowed him to enter the law faculty of the university, from which he soon transferred to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.

His early years were covered with the revolutionary ideas of the 60s, which were expressed by Herzen, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, which explains the unconditional acceptance of the October Revolution by scientists.
Among his teachers at the university were the systematic botanist A.N. Beketov and the chemist D.I. Mendeleev. K.A. Timiryazev made a report on his first experiments on air nutrition of plants in 1868 at the 1st Congress of Naturalists in St. Petersburg. In this report, he already then gave a broad plan for the study of photosynthesis.

After graduating from the university, Timiryazev worked in the laboratories of France with the chemist P.E. Berthelot and the plant physiologist J.B. Boussengaud, and in Germany with the physicists G.R. Kirchhoff and Bunsen and with one of the creators of spectral analysis, the physiologist and physicist G. L. Helmholtz. Later, he had a meeting with Ch. Darwin, whose ardent supporter Timiryazev was all his life.

Upon his return from abroad, Timiryazev defended his dissertation at St. Petersburg University Spectral analysis of chlorophyll and began teaching in Moscow at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy, now bearing his name. Later he became a professor at Moscow State University, from which he retired already in his declining years, in 1911.

The scientist welcomed the October Revolution. Despite his age and serious illness, he became a deputy of the Moscow Soviet.

Timiryazev worked all his life to solve the problem of air nutrition of plants, or photosynthesis.

This problem goes far beyond the limits of plant physiology, since the existence of not only plants, but also the entire animal world is connected with photosynthesis. Moreover, in photosynthesis, the plant takes and assimilates not only carbon dioxide from the air, but also the energy of sunlight. This gave Timiryazev the right to talk about the cosmic role of the plant as a transmitter of solar energy to our planet.

As a result of a long study of the absorption spectrum of the green pigment of chlorophyll, the scientist found that red rays are absorbed most intensively and blue-violet rays are somewhat weaker. In addition, he found out that chlorophyll not only absorbs light, but also chemically participates in the process of photosynthesis itself, and the law of conservation of energy also applies to the process of photosynthesis, and therefore to all living nature. Most of the researchers of those years, especially the German botanists J. Sachs and W. Pfefer, denied this connection. Timiryazev showed that they made a number of experimental errors. Having developed a method of very accurate research, K.A. Timiryazev established that only the rays absorbed by the plant produce work, i.e. carry out photosynthesis. Green rays, for example, are not absorbed by chlorophyll, and photosynthesis does not occur in this part of the spectrum. In addition, he noted that there is a direct proportional relationship between the number of rays absorbed and the work done. In other words, the more light energy absorbed by chlorophyll, the more intense photosynthesis takes place. Chlorophyll absorbs red rays most of all, so photosynthesis in red rays is more intense than in blue or violet, which are less absorbed. Finally, Timiryazev proved that not all of the absorbed energy is spent on photosynthesis, but only 1–3 percent of it.
The main works of K.A. Timiryazev: Charles Darwin and his teachings; plant life; Historical method in biology; Agriculture and plant physiology.

Born on May 22 (June 3 according to the old calendar), 1843 in St. Petersburg in the family of the head of the customs district of St. Petersburg.

Like many children from noble families of that time, Clement from an early age underwent versatile home schooling. Under the influence of a progressive father, the boy absorbed liberal republican views from childhood.

Since 1860, Timiryazev K. A. entered St. Petersburg University to study at the cameral (law) faculty, but then moved to another faculty - physics and mathematics, to the natural department. In 1861, for participating in student unrest and refusing to cooperate with the authorities, he was expelled from the university. He was allowed to continue his studies at the university as a volunteer only after a year. As a student, he had already published a number of articles on Darwinism, as well as on socio-political topics. In 1866, Timiryazev successfully completed his studies with a candidate's degree and a gold medal for his work On Liver Mosses, which was never published.

Timiryazev began his scientific activity under the guidance of the well-known Russian botanist A. N. Beketov. The first real scientific work by K. A. Timiryazev “A device for studying the decomposition of carbon dioxide” was published in 1868. In the same year, the young scientist went abroad to expand his knowledge and experience, as well as to prepare for a professorship. His teachers and mentors were, among others: Chamberlain, Bunsen, Kirchhoff, Berthelot, Helmholtz and Claude Bernard. The formation of the worldview of K. A. Timiryazev was influenced by the revolutionary-democratic upsurge in Russia, and the development of his scientific thinking was influenced by a whole galaxy of naturalists, among whom were D. I. Mendeleev, I. M. Sechenov, I. I. Mechnikov, A. M. Butlerov, L. S. Tsenkovsky, A. G. Stoletov, brothers Kovalevsky and Beketov. K. A. Timiryazev was strongly influenced by the works of such great Russian revolutionary democrats as V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, D. I. Pisarev and N. A. Dobrolyubov, who were interested in natural science and used scientific advances to substantiate materialistic views of nature. The evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin had a huge impact on the talented scientist. Timiryazev was one of the first among Russian scientists to get acquainted with Karl Marx's "Capital" and imbued with new ideas.

Upon returning to his homeland in 1871, Timiryazev K. A. successfully defended his dissertation "Spectral analysis of chlorophyll" for a master's degree and became a professor at the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy in Moscow (currently it is called the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev) . Until 1892, Timiryazev lectured there in full on botany. At the same time, the scientist led an active and eventful activity. In 1875, Timiryazev became a doctor of botany for his work "On the assimilation of light by a plant." Since 1877, he began working at the Department of Plant Anatomy and Physiology at Moscow University. In addition, he regularly lectured at Moscow women's collective courses. He was the chairman of the botanical department of the Society of Natural Science Lovers, who worked at that time at Moscow University.

It is worth noting that from the very beginning of his writing activity, Timiryazev's scientific work was distinguished by strict consistency and unity of plan, the elegance of experimental technique and the accuracy of methods. Many questions outlined in the first scientific works of Timiryazev were expanded and supplemented in later works. For example, on the issues of decomposition of carbon dioxide by green plants with the help of solar energy, the study of chlorophyll and its genesis. For the first time in Russia, Timiryazev introduced experiments with plants on artificial soils, for which in 1872 at the Petrovsky Academy he built a growing house for growing plants in vessels (the first scientifically equipped greenhouse), literally immediately after the appearance of such structures in Germany. A little later, Timiryazev installed a similar greenhouse in Nizhny Novgorod at the All-Russian Exhibition.

Thanks to outstanding scientific achievements in the field of botany, Timiryazev was awarded a number of high-profile titles: corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1890, honorary member of Kharkov University, honorary member of St. Petersburg University, honorary member of the Free Economic Society, as well as many other scientific communities and organizations.

In the scientific community, Timiryazev was known as a popularizer of natural science and Darwinism. He devoted his whole life to the struggle for the freedom of science and sharply opposed attempts to turn science into a pillar of autocracy and religion. For this, he was constantly on suspicion of the police and felt a certain pressure. In 1892, the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy was closed due to the unreliability of its teaching staff and students, and Timiryazev was expelled from the staff. In 1898, he was fired from the staff of Moscow University for his length of service (30 years of teaching experience), in 1902 Timiryazev finished lecturing and remained head of the botanical office. In 1911, as part of a group of other teachers, he left the university as a sign of disagreement with the violation of the autonomy of the university. Only in 1917 he was reinstated in the rank of professor at Moscow University, but he could no longer continue his work due to illness.

Timiryazev's popular science lectures and articles were distinguished by their strict scientific content, clarity of presentation, and polished style. The collections Public Lectures and Speeches (1888), Some Fundamental Problems of Modern Natural Science (1895), Agriculture and Plant Physiology (1893), and Charles Darwin and His Teachings (1898) were popular not only in the scientific community, but went far beyond it. The Life of Plants (1898) became an example of a course on plant physiology accessible to any person and was translated into foreign languages.

Timiryazev K. A. is known all over the world. For his services in the field of science, he was elected a member of the Royal Society of London, the Edinburgh and Manchester Botanical Societies, as well as an honorary doctorate from a number of European universities - in Cambridge, Glasgow, Geneva.

Timiryazev K. A. has always been a patriot of the motherland and was glad to accomplish the Great Socialist Revolution. Until the last days, the scientist took part in the work of the State Academic Council of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. Actively continued scientific and literary work. In 1920, on the night of April 27-28, the world famous scientist died and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery. A memorial museum-apartment of Timiryazev was created in Moscow and a monument was erected. Timiryazev's name was given to the Moscow Agricultural Academy and the Institute of Plant Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The area of Moscow and streets in different cities of Russia are named in honor of the scientist.

Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich belongs to a group of scientists - Darwinists.

Studied the natural sciences, laid the foundation for the Russian school of plant physiology.

A world-famous scientist, in 1890 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1920, a deputy of the Moscow City Council.

Biography

Timiryazev's date of birth is May 25, in a new way June 3, 1843, the city of St. Petersburg. Rarely named after his grandfather Clement-Philipp-Joseph von Bode.

Father, Arkady Semyonovich Timiryazev, a nobleman, head of the St. Petersburg customs district.

Mother, father's second wife, Adelaida Klimentyevna - Baroness Bode. She taught her youngest son German, French and English.

With the help of his older brother Dmitry, he learned botany and chemistry. As a teenager, he earned money by translating English newspapers and stories, helping out a family that lived in poverty.

1860 - a law student at St. Petersburg University, but becomes a student of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics to study the natural sciences.
1861 - expelled for participating in student unrest, with permission to return the next year as a volunteer. During the years of study he was awarded a gold medal, the topic of the work is “The structure of liver mosses”, and wrote “Short essays on Darwin's theory” - the first Russian book on a similar topic.
1866 - graduation and receiving the degree of candidate of sciences.
1867 - work in the Free Economic Society, Simbirsk province. Timiryazev created the instruments needed in research and set up experiments in the fields. Together with D. Mendeleev, he takes part in experiments to determine the effect of mineral fertilizers on the amount of the crop.
1868 - 1869 – preparing for the defense of a doctoral dissertation, and working abroad in Germany and France.
1870 - return home.
1871 - defense of a dissertation for a master's degree on the topic "Spectral decomposition of chlorophyll" and an invitation to the post of professor at the Petrovsky Academy of Moscow.
1872 - arranges the first, scientifically equipped greenhouse in the growing house at the Petrovsky Academy. Later, in 1896, he arranged the same house for the All-Russian Exhibition, which was held in Nizhny Novgorod. 1875 - defense of a doctoral dissertation on the topic "Assimilation of light by plants".
1877 - accepted as a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, foreign scientific societies and educational institutions. For Timiryazev, Ch. Darwin remembered this year as a trip.
1892 - works at the Agricultural Institute, leads the department of plant anatomy and physiology. Works in a physiological laboratory. In addition to teaching, he devotes himself to scientific work.
1902 - Honored Professor at Moscow University.
1903 - delivers a lecture "On the cosmic role of plants" in London, at the Royal Society. These are the results of 30 years of research.
1911 - leaves the university with other professors who disagree with police supervision during lectures to students.
1919 - restoration to the professorship, but health does not allow lecturing.
1920 K. A. Timiryazev fell ill with pneumonia and died on April 28.

The last refuge of the scientist is the Vagankovsky cemetery. 1923 - a book entitled "The Sun, Life and Chlorophyll" is published, in which Timiryazev, during his lifetime, combined the works of 1868-1920, when he studied the air nutrition of plants.

Personal life

Kliment Arkadievich married Alexandra Alekseevna Gotvalt, born in 1857. Alexandra's father, Timiryazev's father-in-law - Major General Alexei Alexandrovich Loveiko, Moscow police chief. In 1888, the Timiryazevs adopted the "thrown" boy, naming him Arkady (according to other assumptions, the child is the illegitimate son of Clement). The son, becoming an adult, chose the profession of a physicist. The elder and younger Timiryazevs were fond of photography. Participating in the competition of Nizhny Novgorod with nature photographs, they were awarded a silver diploma.

Contribution to science

Kliment Arkadyevich approved the materiality of life, introduced new methods and facts into science, and for a long time determined the direction of scientific thoughts in the field of botany and plant physiology.

Timiryazev studied the photosynthesis of plants and established their cosmic connection.
With the writing of "A Brief Essay on Darwin's Theory", he introduced the Russian people to the evolution of the living world. From the point of view of evolution, he explained the origin of photosynthesis.
He was the first Russian scientist to test plants using artificial soils in growing houses – prototypes of greenhouses.
Work with plants gave impetus to the development of agronomy. Timiryazev proved the benefits of using fertilizers during a drought, explaining that with the help of science, the productivity of agriculture will increase. He argued that plants need light, a strong root system and fertilizing for development. He argued that saltpeter needed to be produced at special factories, and dreamed of greenhouse farms in crop production.
The energy pattern of photosynthesis discovered by Timiryazev laid the foundation for the study of the cycle of energy and substances.
The scientist left to the descendants more than 100 books and articles, which describe in detail and clearly about the effects of light on plants and about ways that will increase productivity.
The works of the scientist helped further study of photosynthesis. American biochemist Melvin Calvin found out the assimilation of carbon dioxide by plants.

What Timiryazev discovered

For 30 years, studying how plants convert water and carbon dioxide into organic substances with the help of light, Timiryazev acted on them with rays of different colors. As a result:

He established that red rays are absorbed more intensively than blue-violet color and, at the same time, the rate of decomposition of carbon dioxide increases. Green and yellow color is not perceived by the plant. The absorption of light is affected by the thickness of the leaf blade and the intensity of the green color.
I guessed that light rays are absorbed by green grains of chlorophyll - the main elements of the process, which are also involved in the chemical process.
Proved the conservation of energy by photosynthesis.

Food chains start with hydrogen, carbon and oxygen - the constituents of carbon dioxide and water. These substances are stored and decomposed by the plant under the action of light and then become organic substances. This was discovered by Timiryazev, studying the process of photosynthesis.

The second discovery is related to light saturation. Performing experiments, Timiryazev refuted the assumption that bright light is necessary for plants. Brightness acts up to the border, with the transition of which intensive evaporation of moisture occurs.

The third discovery is about the cosmic role of green plants:

stored solar energy is used by man as a source of light;
used as energy for the living world, which maintains a constant composition of the atmosphere through the circulation of substances;
The oxygen released by plants is breathed by the living organisms of the planet.

Timiryazev's book "The Life of Plants" was reprinted more than 20 times. English editions, in quantity, were not inferior to Dickens' novels. And the scientist was called a talented writer.
The name of Timiryazev is carried by: a district in Moscow, towns, villages and streets. The name of the scientist was given to a crater on the Moon and a ship, a Moscow metro station, universities, libraries and a biological museum.
They opened the "Museum-apartment" named after him, approved the award, Timiryazev readings are held within the framework of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Even a film was made, which is dedicated to Kliment Arkadyevich, called "Deputy of the Baltic".

Results

The works of the famous scientist are still used by experienced scientists to find the right solutions to complex issues of science. As a person, Kliment Arkadyevich remains an example for the younger generation.