They what a face. Pronouns in English

Personal pronouns (Personal Pronouns) are always . They have a Nominative Case form and an Objective Case form.

Face	Nominative	Objective case (of whom? to whom?)
Singular
1st person	I I	me me, me
2nd person	you You	you you, you
3rd person	he He she[ʃi:] she it he, she, it (about inanimate objects and animals)	him him, him her her, her it him, him
Plural
1st person	we We	us[ʌs] us, us
2nd person	you You	you you, you
3rd person	they[ðei] they	them[ðem] them, them

Personal pronouns in the nominative case

1. Personal pronoun I - I in English it is always capitalized. If the pronoun I is used in a sentence together with other personal pronouns (or nouns), then I placed after them.

Examples:You and I (or she and I) sang-song. - You And I (or she And I) sang a song.

2. Personal pronoun he - he denotes male beings.

Examples: This is my brother. He is a student of the University of British Columbia. - This is my brother. He student at the University of British Columbia.

3. Personal pronoun she - she denotes female beings.

Examples: This is my friend Jane. She is 17 years old. This is my friend Jane. To her 17 years.

4. Pronoun it refers to inanimate objects, and its translation depends on the grammatical gender of the noun in Russian, i.e. the pronoun can be translated into Russian as he she or it.

Examples: This is a table. It is large. - It is a table. He big.
This is an apple. It is red. - This Apple. It red.
This is a road. It is wide. - It's a road. She wide.

5. Personal pronoun you - you / you used in the 2nd person singular and plural. It is written in small letters.

Examples: Friends, what are you doing there? - friends that You are you doing there?
Lily, what are you doing there? – Lily, what you (you) are you doing (doing) there?

6. Personal pronoun they - they- this is the plural form of the pronouns he / she / it, that is, it denotes both animate and inanimate objects.

Examples: Where are you cars? – They are in the garage. - Where are your (your) cars? – They in the garage.
Where are you pupils? – They are in the classroom. - Where are your (your) students? – They in class.

Personal pronouns in the objective case

1. Personal pronouns in the objective case are used in the function of the complement (direct, indirect unprepositional and indirect prepositional) and usually correspond in Russian to the pronoun in the accusative case (if they answer the question whom? What?) or in the dative case (if they answer the question to whom?).

Examples: I sent him to the library. - I sent (who?) his to the library.
tell her about it. - Tell (to whom?) to her about it.

2. Pronoun in the objective case with a preposition to answering a question to whom? can correspond in Russian to a pronoun in the dative case without a preposition.

Examples: We showed this picture to her and not to them. - We showed this picture (to whom?) to her and not (to whom?) them.

3. Pronouns in the objective case with various prepositions usually correspond to pronouns in oblique cases with prepositions in Russian.

Examples: tell us about her. – Tell us about her.
I shall speak with them about you. - I'll talk to them about you.
I'll call for him at 3 o'clock and we'll go for a walk. - I'll go for him at 3 o'clock and we'll go for a walk.

How important personal pronouns in English? We can safely say that personal pronouns are the basis of any language, and even more so English.

If they were not there, even the most famous phrase I love you(Russian I love you) could not exist! After all, it already contains two personal pronouns: I- Me and you- You.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks man has invented.

The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks ever created by man.

English personal pronouns have a lot of similarities with Russian pronouns: they also change by gender, number, and even cases. But there are also pitfalls to keep in mind when learning personal pronouns on your own.

Today we will tell what personal pronouns are there in english, we will give examples of sentences and reveal all the secrets of their use.

Personal pronouns in English!

Comparative table of personal pronouns in the nominative and object cases, English.

As you know from the Russian language course, personal pronouns replace a noun. These can be names of people, places or objects. Mostly, personal pronouns are used instead of a noun to avoid repetition and make it easier to speak.

We usually add personal pronouns to a sentence when the noun has been mentioned before, that is, when the reader or listener knows what is being said.

For example:

Liz bought a new car two months ago. She absolutely loves it.(Russian Liz bought a car two months ago. She is crazy about it)

In the second sentence She absolutely loves it two pronouns are used: personal pronoun she replaces proper name Liz, and the personal pronoun it used instead of a noun car .

Important!

Personal pronouns in English help to avoid the constant repetition of the same noun over and over in the narrative.

The noun that is replaced is called antecedent(eng. antecedent). If you know the antecedent, you can always choose the correct personal pronoun that agrees in numbers (singular or plural), persons (first, second or third), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and cases (nominative, object, ).

Main grammatical features of personal pronouns in English:

English personal pronouns have singular ( I, he, it etc.) and plural ( we, they and etc.);

English personal pronouns change by gender in the 3rd person singular: husband. ( he- he), wives. ( she-she), cf. ( it-it);

This type of pronouns changes by person: 1st person ( I, we), 2nd person ( you), 3-person ( he, she, it, they)
Personal pronouns in English have two cases: nominative ( he, she, we, they etc.) and object ( me, them, us and etc.).

But first things first. Let's first consider, How do personal pronouns change in English? by persons, genders and numbers in various cases.

Personal pronouns in English: nominative case

English personal pronouns in the nominative case are called Subject Pronouns. Word subject the subject is translated into Russian, and in linguistics the term subjective case(Russian subjective case).

The English subject case corresponds to the Russian nominative, which answers questions Who? So what? and plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Therefore, English personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function of the subject.

Pronouns I, we(Russian I, we) are the first person singular and plural and are used on behalf of the speakers.

Remember!

Pronoun I(Rus. ya) is always capitalized, regardless of the place in the sentence.

Pronoun you is the second person singular and plural and corresponds to the Russian pronouns "you", "you", "you" (polite form). This pronoun is used in relation to the interlocutor or interlocutors.

A fairly large number of English learners from scratch are trying to use an English pronoun you with a verb in the singular, but this is incorrect. Even when addressing one interlocutor, personal pronoun you always carries the characteristic of the plural.

Compare:

You are a student(Russian You are a student.)

You are students(Russian You are students)

Pronouns he, she, it(Russian he. she, it) and they(Rus. they) are representatives of the third person singular and plural.

As you probably already know, the verb in the 3rd person singular. numbers (that is, when used with personal pronouns he, she, it) has a number of features in the formation of sentences in and a number of other tenses.

Let's look at how personal pronouns are used in a sentence with examples.

Example sentences with personal pronouns in English with translation

Object case of personal pronouns in English

Object case (eng. objective case) in English performs functions similar to those that in Russian perform other cases, except for the nominative.

Therefore, there are quite a lot of options for translating personal pronouns in the objective case into Russian, as you can see in the table.

Table of personal pronouns in the nominative case:

As you can see from the table, we can draw an analogy between pronoun her(objective case of personal pronoun she) in a sentence I see her with Russian accusative I see (who, what?) her.

English personal pronouns in the object case often appear in a sentence as direct or indirect addition .

Compare:

I phoned him to congratulate him.(Rus. I called him to congratulate him), where is the pronoun him is a direct complement.

She apologized to me.(Russian She apologized to me) - where is the pronoun (to) me used with a preposition and is an indirect object

Personal pronouns with prepositions in English

An example of the use of personal pronouns as a subject, direct and indirect object in English

English personal pronouns in the subject (nominative) case play the role of the subject in the sentence.

For example:

I like your flowers.- I like your (your) flowers.

They are working in the garden.- They work in the garden.

We go to the cinema.- We're going to the cinema.

But with personal pronouns in the objective case, not everything is so simple. Let's consider the main functions in the sentence of object pronouns in English, and which Russian cases they are more similar to.

Object pronouns in English as direct object corresponds to the accusative case in Russian (whom? what?)

Don't love me(Russian He loves me)

Do you know him?(rus. Do you know him?)

I see her everywhere(rus. I see her everywhere)

Personal pronouns in the objective case can play the role unprepositional indirect object and have similarities with the Russian dative case, answering the question to whom? what?:

He have her the book(Russian. He gave her a book)

Mary told us to choose a dish(Russian Mary told us to choose a dish)

Sometimes English object pronouns perform the role of the subject in short remarks, which is typical for the spoken language, which is not quite grammatically correct:

Who did it? - Not me! / Me(Russian Who did it? - He me! / I)

I am feeling tired - Me too(Rus. I'm very tired. - Me too)

Pronoun combination with preposition to corresponds to the dative case in Russian (to whom?) and performs the function indirect (indirect) complement:

Show the book to him(Russian. Show the book to him)

I sent a letter to them(rus. I sent a letter to them)

pronoun combination with prepositions by and with corresponds to the instrumental case in Russian (whom? what?) and is indirect addition:

This article was translated by her(Russian This article was translated by her)

I want to go with you(rus. I want to go with you / with you)

After the words except(Russian except) and but(Russian except) you should use only object pronouns:

Nobody but him helped me(Russian. No one but him helped me.)

Everyone except me went home(Russian. Everyone except me went home.)

Personal pronouns in English: sentences with examples

Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me. (rus. Only I can change my life. No one can do it instead of me).

In this section, we will talk about the generally accepted rules for using personal pronouns in English.

When to use I and me, we and us, he and him, etc.

As we already wrote, English pronouns in the nominative case ( I, you, he, she, it, we, they) play the role of the subject.

They are usually used before a verb to show who is doing the action.

For example:

Peter complained to the chef about the meal.(Rus. Peter complained to the chef about the dish.)

She wasn't very helpful so he spoke to the manager.(Rus. She didn't help much, so he turned to the manager)

In the second sentence, pronouns she And he indicate who directly performed the action (she did not help, he turned).

Pronouns in the objective case ( me, you, him, her, it, us, them) are additions. In a sentence, they are usually used after a verb or preposition.

Also, they can be used as short answers, mainly in colloquial speech.

For example:

A: Where's the knife? I can't find it(rus. Where is the knife? I can't find it)

B: It is in the drawer.(Russian He is in a box)

In the first sentence pronoun it used in the object case, and is the object being acted upon (can't find it=knife). In the second sentence, this is the same pronoun it stands in the nominative case, and is the subject (He = knife in the box)

Examples of the use of personal pronouns in English

subject pronoun	Translation into Russian	Object pronoun	Translation into Russian
He loves playing football.	He loves to play football.	Children love playing football with him.	Children love to play football with him.
They are your friends.	They are your friends.	Give the present to them.	Give them a gift.
We are going to visit Katy at the weekend.	We're going to visit Katy this weekend.	Katy is going to visit us at the weekend.	Kathy is going to visit us this weekend.
I thank you for help.	I thank you for your help.	Thank you for everything you did for me!	Thank you for everything you've done for me!
I called you yesterday but you were out.	I called you yesterday, but you were not at home.	-Who called me? -Me. (I did)	-Who called me? -I.

Personal pronouns he, she, it

Personal pronouns he, she, it are representatives of the third person singular, and determine the form of the feminine, masculine and neuter.

Now in colloquial speech, you can notice the use of several pronouns, a kind of "neutral form", if the speaker is not sure about the person's belonging to a certain gender, for example: he or she, he/she, s/he, (s)he.

For example:

The bank manager could help with your problem. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.(Rus. A bank manager can help you. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan.)

It is necessary to remember some features of the use of the pronoun “it” in English.

personal pronoun it defines objects and is often translated as “he/she” in Russian. The English pronoun it denotes not only inanimate objects, but often even animals.

Pronoun it often used in impersonal sentences when there is no subject:

evaluates some action, for example: It is important to know this(Russian. It is important to know this);

indicates space and time: It is 10 km to the airport(Russian. To the airport 10 km), It is 10 o "clock now.(Russian It is now 10 o'clock.)

indicates weather: It is getting dark(Russian. It's getting dark)

Example sentences with pronouns he, she, it

Using it and that, it and this

Many English learners are interested in how sentences like these differ This is a pen from It is a pen, since both sentences are translated This is a pen.

Usage difference this and it often often underestimated, as many believe that there is no difference and "you will be understood anyway." But, it's not so simple...

Pronoun this

when referring to a person, thing or object that is being spoken of or that is nearby or is implied or has been recently mentioned: These are my pens(Russian These are my pens)

when indicating something closer or currently being researched or discussed: This is iron and that is tin.(Russian This is iron, otherwise it is tin)

Pronoun it used in the following cases:

when defining an inanimate object: Took a quick look at the house and noticed it was very old(Russian. Looked at the house and noticed that it was old)

refers to a person or animal whose gender is unknown or irrelevant: I don't know who it is(Russian. I don't know who it is)

defines a group of people or things, or an abstract entity: Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of joy.(rus. Beauty is everywhere and it is a source of admiration)

Remember!

definitive pronoun this is used in relation to a person or thing in question, which is implied or which will be discussed later, while the personal pronoun it usually refers to an inanimate thing, or is used in relation to a person, thing, idea, etc., taken in a more abstract way.

There are other special uses pronouns it and that in English.

1. Pronoun this used as a definition and comes before a noun:

This cat is black(Russian This cat is black).

Pronoun It cannot be used in this function.

2. Pronoun it used in impersonal sentences as a formal subject that is not translated:

It is dark(Russian Dark).

If in this sentence we use this, there will be no mistake, but the meaning will change, since now the sentence is not impersonal, but personal, in which this will be translated because it replaces the above noun: This is my room and that is yours. This (one) is dark and that (one) is not.(Russian. This is my room, and that one is yours. My (this room) is dark, but your (that room) is not)

3. Pronoun it can also be a substitute word for the aforementioned noun and act as a subject and as an object:

This is a cat. This cat is black = It is black(Rus. This is a cat. This cat is black. = She is black)

I will take this (book) not that (one)(rus. I buy this book, but not that one). The semantic emphasis on this particular book is this, and not on that one - that .

I will take it.(Rus. I buy / I take), the semantic emphasis on I take - will take

Choice it or this in this case, it depends on what task the speaker faces:

nessesary to use this, if you need to point to a specific object in the field of view or highlight this object against the background of other "distant" objects;

nessesary to use it, if you need to generalize without transferring the semantic load to the addition, as if we said: "everything that you already know from the previous sentence, so I will not specify it."

4. Pronoun it used in amplifying sentences as a formal subject:

Roll call response: It's me (I)(Russian I am / Here / I am present)

Answer to the question Who's there? when knocking on the door: It's me, Tom!(rus. I / It's me, Tom)

In fact, these proposals are reinforcing: It is I who has been called over. It is I, Tom, who has knocked at your door.(Russian. It's me, the one you named. It's me, the one who knocked on the door.) In this function this cannot be used.

Also, one of the differences between the considered pronouns is that this introduces new information (rheme), and it known information (topic), therefore this is always translated it- No.

Another significant difference is that the word it used in expressions related to time and weather, as well as in some set expressions, for example:

It's five past twelve(Russian time five minutes past one)

It often rains in our region(eng. It often rains in our region)

It isn't easy to believe him again(Russian. It's not easy to believe him again)

Using the pronoun they

Pronoun they used to identify people, animals and objects in the plural.

Also, pronoun they refers to institutions, authorities, or groups of people in general.

Example sentences with the pronoun they

Special cases of the use of personal pronouns in English

In colloquial speech, the rules for using personal pronouns in English may not be respected. The picture says I do. Me too instead of I do. So do I.

Use of personal pronouns in informal colloquial speech

You and me or you and I?

Sometimes there is a difficult choice between: You and me or you and I? Both options seem to sound familiar and correct. But in fact, one option is correct (and therefore standard), and the second is grammatically incorrect, but still used in informal speech.

To determine the correct option, look at which member of the sentence this combination is: subject or object:

You and I will work tomorrow

(rus. You and I will work tomorrow)

Now take away you and we get: I will work tomorrow(Russian I will work tomorrow) or Me will work tomorrow(rus. I will work tomorrow)

The second sentence is incorrect because the object pronoun me cannot be the subject. However, in informal colloquial speech, one can hear You and me will work tomorrow even though it is grammatically incorrect.

Another example:

They invited you and I

They invited you and me(rus. They invited you and me)

Now let's remove the pronoun you :

They invited I(rus. They invited me)

They invited me(rus. They invited me)

Here the second sentence is correct, because subject pronoun I cannot be an addition.

Personal pronouns after "Than" and "As"

The correct grammatical form is the use of personal pronouns in the nominative case followed by an auxiliary verb:

You are taller than I am(Russian You are taller than me)

I earn as much money as he does

However, quite often a simple pronoun in the objective case is also used, it is just that this option is considered typical for a colloquial, informal style:

You are taller than me(Russian You are higher than me)

I earn as much money as him(rus. I make as much money as he does)

Using personal pronouns in short answers

An object pronoun cannot be the subject of a sentence, but such usage can be found after verb to be in short answers:

Who is there? - (It is) me!(Russian. Who is there? - (It's) me)

Who gave you this? - (It was) him.(rus. Who gave you this? - (It was) him)

Omitting the personal pronoun

Sometimes, the personal pronoun next to the auxiliary verb can be omitted in colloquial speech.

Don't know = I don't know(eng. I don't understand = I don't understand)

Just kidding = I am just kidding(Rus. I'm kidding = I'm kidding)

understand? = Do you understand?(Russian. Understood? = Do you understand?)

When are personal pronouns not used?

One of the features of personal pronouns is that they are not used after infinitive constructions if the subject and object are the same person:

This phone is easy to use (it).(Russian This phone is easy to use.)

You are easy to understand (you).(Russian. You are easy to understand.)

But, the pronoun should be used if the impersonal pronoun it begins:

It is easy to understand you.(Russian. You are easy to understand)

Video about English personal pronouns

If something was not clear to you in our article, we recommend that you watch a video about personal pronouns in English.

Video on Personal Pronouns

Instead of a conclusion:

Pronouns help to replace a person or an object, you need to be extremely careful not to confuse them, because this can confuse the listener or completely change the meaning of the sentence.

However, due to the fact that grammatically English personal pronouns very similar to Russian, their study and use does not cause serious problems.

We hope that after reading this article you will easily use personal pronouns in English!

Exercises for personal pronouns in English

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the personal pronoun:

sample: Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?

"Do you know that man?' "Yes, I work with _ .'

Where are the tickets? I can't find _ .

I can "t find my keys. Where are _ ?

We're going out. You can come with _ .

Margaret likes music. _ plays the piano.

I don't like dogs. I'm afraid of _ .

I "m talking to you. Please listen to _.

Where is Ann? I want to talk to _ .

My brother has a new job. He doesn't like _ very much.

In contact with

ROD (Gender)

In English, only personal pronouns of the 3rd person singular differ by gender: masculine - he(he), female - she(she), middle - it(he she it). All inanimate objects, concepts, as well as some living beings and children, are neuter and are expressed by the pronoun it. into Russian it he, she, it is translated depending on the gender of the noun it replaces.

Where is my pencil? Where is my pencil?
It is on the table. He is on the table.

Where is my pen? Where is my pen?
It is on the shelf. She's on the shelf.

Don't wake up the child. Don't wake up the child.
It is sleeping. He's sleeping.

Where is your cat? Where is your cat (your cat?)
It is on the sofa. It is sleeping. He/she is on the couch. He/she is sleeping.

3rd person plural personal pronoun they(they) replaces nouns denoting both animate and inanimate objects.

Our students went to the collective farm. Our students went to the collective farm.
They worked in the field. They worked in the field.

I like your flowers. I like your flowers.
They are so beautiful. They are so beautiful.

Pronouns in the objective case with prepositions are translated into Russian by pronouns both with and without a preposition.

It was impossible for them to understand me. They were unable to understand me. (lit.: It was impossible for them to understand me.)
She had much work for me to do. She has prepared a lot of work for me.

Pronouns in the objective case with the preposition to and answering the question "to whom?" are translated into Russian by a pronoun in the dative case without a preposition.

This picture belongs to him. This painting belongs to him.

In comparative designs:
1. after than(than) personal pronouns are used both in the nominative and in the object case:
  Is not older than I (me). He is older than me.
2. after as(as) personal pronouns are used only in the nominative case:
  She is as tall as I. She is as tall as me.

In sentences like This is me (he, she, we, they), which are the answer to the question "who?", personal pronouns are used in the object case, and not in the nominative.

Who is it? Who is this?
It's me (him, her, us, them). This is me (he, she, we, they).

Who wants to go to the blackboard? Who wants to go to the blackboard?
me (not me). I (I don't want to).

Functions of personal pronouns in a sentence

Subject:
Not worked in the North. He worked in the North.
We were there. We were there
Complement (direct or indirect):
I showed him the way. I showed him the way.
I showed the way to him. I showed him the way.

Recall that in a sentence, the verb can act as a predicate (personal forms of the verb) or be part of the predicate (impersonal forms of the verb). Only personal forms of verbs have person and number.

In English, the verb has two numbers (singular and plural), and is also conjugated by person (first person -I / we - I / We, second person - you / you - You / You, third person - he / she / it / they are He/She/It/They).

When constructing a sentence in English, the person and number of the verb is determined by the subject, which is expressed both by personal pronouns and nouns.

So, in the present tense, to verbs in the third person, singular, you need to add the ending ‘ s/es'.

I sometimes play computer games.

She sometimes watch es TV.

She sometimes watches TV.

Consider the forms of the verb to be depending on person and number.

PRESENT

Thus, in all other situations, the person and number of the verb is determined only by the context or by the pronoun. Therefore, personal pronouns as a subject are never omitted and always come before the semantic verb.

« You and me could write a bad romance,” Lady Gaga once sang. Was she right?

In general, this is the eternal dilemma of the student: you and I or you and me. But remembering the rule that will help solve this issue is very simple. Today is just about that: about personal pronouns in English.

Along the way, we will have to talk about such terrifying (actually not) things as a function in a sentence, cases, and even a little about gender. But believe me: I will explain everything in the simplest terms.

Table of personal pronouns in English

Personal pronouns in English are: I, you, he/she/it, we, they, me, him, her, it, us, them.

They have singular and plural and two cases. When choosing a case, we usually get confused.

Cases of personal pronouns in English

The choice of case between nominative and objective depends on what function the pronoun performs in the sentence. Does the person perform the action itself or is the action performed on him?

Them. P.:
She studies very well - She studies well ("she" performs the action herself).

R.P.:
Every day I see her at school - Every day I see her at school (I see who? Her. But I see, that is, I perform an action - I).

You just need to understand: the pronoun plays the role of a subject (performs an action) or an object.

Now let's talk about each case in more detail.

Nominative case of personal pronouns

The nominative case is used when the person himself performs the action, that is, is the subject. According to the rules of word order in English, the subject is at the very beginning of the sentence. There you will need the nominative case:

I grew up in Russia. – I grew up in Russia.

Let's go back to the "you and me" example. Let's take this suggestion:

You and I are made for each other.

Since both pronouns are objects of action, the pronoun "I" must be used.

You and I were meant to be for each other.

It turns out that there was a mistake in the example from Lady Gaga's song, but it would be correct:

You and I could write a bad romance.

Even more song mistakes in the article.

Object case of personal pronouns in English

The object case is used when an action is directed at a person, and it is an object:

He said it to you and me. - He said this to you and me (he performs the action in relation to you and to me).

The same thing happens with personal pronouns in Russian, only instead of one object case we have five of them: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. It turns out that all Russian me, me, me, about me- are replaced by one English me.

There is one exception: the object case can be used in short answers − me too, not me, it's him.

Who did this? Not me! - Who did it? - Not me! (We use the objective case, although the meaning of the person performs the action).

Note that there are two pronouns that have the same form in both cases: it, you. To understand who is in front of us - the subject or the object - let's look at the place in the sentence:

You’ve been hiding (here you are the subject). – I'll be watching you(here you is an addition).

Category of gender: personal pronouns in English with translation

Please note that personal pronouns in English interact differently with the category of gender (unlike Russian). Let's just take an example. Imagine that you are telling a friend about your favorite car:

I washed my car today she was very dirty.

Machine is feminine, so we use the feminine pronoun. In English, almost all inanimate objects are denoted by a neuter pronoun:

Where is my coat? I'm looking for it all day.

She's a fantastic boat and I love her. She was my husband's wedding present but she's everything I wanted in a boat.

The same story with pets: the owner will name his beloved cat he or she depending on gender, but an unfamiliar cat on the street - it.

To sum up: examples of personal pronouns in English

In English, personal pronouns can have two cases: nominative (I, you, he/she/it, we, they) and object (me, you, him, her, it, us, them).
The choice of case depends on what function the person performs in the sentence. If the person is acting (subject, subject), then we choose the nominative case. If the person is what the action is aimed at (object, addition), then we put the pronoun in the object case.
When we talk about inanimate objects, with rare exceptions, we use the pronoun it, but not she or he.

Exercises for personal pronouns in English

You see, everything is very simple. Now it remains to hone this rule in practice. We invite you to practice on live examples