Additional material on nature conservation. Protect nature to keep your life

On the topic: "Nature protection"

Completed: Grade 10 student

Monina Tatiana

Checked by: Bayandina, G.P.

Imisskoe 2007

"Nature Conservancy" introduction

Geographic aspects of nature conservation

Natural resources and their protection

1. Land areas of the world

2. Water resources and methods of their assessment

3.Biological resources

The flora of our Motherland

Protecting the world

Management of natural processes in the Biosphere

Wastewater

1. Sludge composition

Radioactive contamination of the Biosphere

The role of organisms in the evolution of the Biosphere

Noosphere and its protection

Literature

^ "PROTECTION OF NATURE".

INTRODUCTION

The protection of nature is the most important task of mankind. The modern scale of human impact on the natural environment, the commensurability of the scale of human economic activity with the potential ability of modern landscapes to assimilate its unfavorable consequences. Crises in the development of the natural environment, the global nature of the current crisis in the ecological situation.

Definition of concepts: natural environment, geographic environment, nature protection (narrow and broad understanding of the term). The main object of nature protection. Interdisciplinary nature of environmental problems. The main aspects of environmental problems (environmental, resource, genetic, evolutionary, economic, social, demographic, historical).

History and main stages of interaction between human society and nature, the main methodological levels of cognition of problems and their interaction. Development of environmental knowledge. Nature management in the early stages of civilization. G. Marsh's ideas, A.I. Voikova, V.V. Dokuchaeva, A.E. Fersman. The doctrine of the noosphere by V.I. Vernadsky. Contribution of the concept of the noosphere to the development of the natural-scientific picture of the world and the scientific worldview.

^ I. GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF NATURE PROTECTION.

"Geographicization" of ecology and "greening" of geography. The importance of taking into account the spatial organization of the territory in the development of environmental policy. The tasks of geography in solving environmental problems: studying the mechanism of the impact of human economic activity on geosystems, creating a project for the rational organization of the territory, forecasting the state of the natural environment.

Geography and ecology. Development of ecology as a science. Interpretation of the term "ecology" in a narrow and broad environmental sense. The tasks of social ecology and human ecology. The concept of geoecology.

Geographic information systems and their role in the development of environmental problems. The role of modeling and systems analysis in the study of the interaction of society and the natural environment. Global models of the world's development. A critical analysis of the ideas of the Club of Rome.

^ II. NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR PROTECTION

Various approaches to the classification of natural resources. Alternatives for the use of natural resources, their multifunctionality and interchangeability. Criteria for the optimal use of resources depending on the size of their reserves and economic significance, needs and feasibility of development. The principle of complexity in resource use.

Methodological problems of geographical resource studies. Analysis of the role of resources as sources of raw materials and environment-forming factor. Problems of economic and non-economic assessment of resources. Causes of resource degradation, measures for the protection of various types of various natural resources.

^ 1. Land areas of the world.

Land cadastre. The role of land reclamation in their development. Adaptive farming systems.

Diversity and reserves of minerals, their finiteness and non-renewability. Energetic resources. Alternative energy sources. Prospects for the use of nuclear power plants.

^ 2. Water resources and methods of their assessment.

Water balance and water availability. Saving water consumption. Resources of the oceans.

3. Biological resources.

Specific tasks and problems of wildlife protection. The concept of resilience and vulnerability of populations and ecosystems. Levels of abundance, tolerance and specialization of populations, structure and functioning, processes of self-restoration of ecosystems. Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting populations and ecosystems.

Wildlife Conservation Strategy. The concept of rare species of plants and animals, gradation of rarity. Factors determining the rarity of species, territorial distribution of rare species, strategies for their conservation and restoration. Protection of rare species in reserves and reserves, in zoos and nurseries, botanical gardens, preservation of the gene pool in collections, conservation of the genome. race book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The Red Data Book of the USSR and the Red Data Books of the former USSR republics as actual documents and sources of scientific information.

The biological diversity of the planet and the problem of its degradation. The problem of protecting the planet's gene pool.

The flora of our Motherland

The natural vegetation cover of our Motherland is very diverse - from the tundra in the Far North to the desert near the southern borders of the country. The main reason for this diversity is the differences in the climate of individual regions.

In the cold, harsh north, we find a carpet of plants dominated by mosses and lichens, in the middle zone of the country, where the climate is warmer and milder, and forests are widespread.

The appearance of the vegetation cover, the composition of plants in any territory is largely determined by the peculiarities of the local climate - first of all, the temperature and the amount of precipitation in different periods of the year. Many climatic indicators are important for plant life: the average annual air temperature, the average amount of precipitation for the year, the duration of the warm season of the year, when plants can grow, the amount of heat and water supply conditions at this time, etc. The absolute minimum temperature is of particular importance for plants. The main climatic indicators are combined into the concept of "type of climate".

In the conditions of the plains, the dependence of natural vegetation on the climate can be traced only over a sufficiently large area, for example, moving from north to south for several hundred or even thousands of kilometers. At the same time, we will cross various climatic zones characterized by a certain type of climate, and the corresponding vegetation zones - tundra, forests, steppes, deserts. The zoning of vegetation in the European part of our country is especially well expressed.

Within any zone, the natural vegetation cover does not remain uniform, even over a small area. Walking along some forest area in the middle zone of the European part of the country, we can often find various types of forest: spruce forests - oxalis, pine forests - blueberries, complex forests with oak and linden, etc. - or for reasons related to the climate.

Protecting the world

Nowadays, the natural vegetation cover is experiencing the ever-increasing influence of man, more and more retreats under the onslaught of civilization. The area occupied by natural vegetation is continuously decreasing. Some plant species disappear or become very rare. It remains less and less the “standard of nature” - LITTLE VIOLATED PLANT COMMUNITIES.

These objects are of particular value for the study of biological mechanisms that control the vegetation cover, for the understanding of various

"Nature patents".

It is difficult to enumerate those forms and types of human activity that negatively affect the natural flora and vegetation. They are many and varied. These include the construction of new cities and towns, factories and factories, the development of minerals, the creation of reservoirs, the laying of railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines, and power lines. From all that has been said, it is clear that the protection of the plant world is an extremely important matter that requires urgent measures to be taken to protect our green friends. The danger of complete destruction now hangs not only over some plant species, but also over entire plant communities. It is very important to prevent their death. If any species has disappeared from the face of the earth, it is no longer possible to restore it, this is an irreversible loss. Meanwhile, such a species could be of value to humans - as a medicinal plant, as a source of some other useful substances, as a material for breeding new varieties of cultivated plants. We still do not know all the useful properties of each of the plant species existing in nature. What is not used now can be extremely valuable later. For this reason alone, it should not be allowed that at least one species from the general fund of flora has been lost.

If any natural plant community, for example, a steppe community, has disappeared, it also cannot be restored artificially. You can, of course, take the individual plant species that make it up and plant them together, but a stable combination of plants, such as in nature, still won't work. Having lost any plant community, we will never be able to learn the laws governing the joint "social" life of plants, and many other secrets of the plant world that can be used for the benefit of man.

In our country, considerable attention is paid to the protection of nature, including plants. The party and government show great concern for the protection and careful use of our natural resources. A number of laws and regulations have been adopted concerning the protection of nature both on an all-Union scale and on a local basis. There is a whole system of state measures for the protection and restoration of some rare and endangered plants. The laws on nature protection adopted in the union republics emphasize the need to preserve natural vegetation.

Reserves and sanctuaries are especially effective in protecting the flora. In our country, there are more than 100 state reserves with a total area of ​​over 7.5 million hectares, which is about 0.3 of the territory of the Soviet Union.

Management of natural processes in

Biosphere.

The need has ripened to transfer agricultural production to a biogeocenotic basis. When planting shelterbelts, it turned out to be necessary to create a biogeocenosis, to plant shrubs for nesting and feeding birds, without which the trees were destroyed by pests. Biological pest control is more expedient and harmless than the use of chemicals that pollute the environment.

Of particular importance in the sustainability of bioproduction is the creation of agrocenoses - the cultivation of various crops with fruit-seed crop rotation, the use of organic fertilizers, a combination of field cultivation of meadows, forests or strips. Such a system ensures the preservation of soil fertility.

The main thing is the reproduction of natural resources, and not only in agriculture, but also in wild animals in forests and steppes, in rivers and oceans. Factories are being built for fish farming.

At the present time, based on the study of food chains, the attitude towards predators has been changed. Their role is possible in this way. The extermination of birds of prey leads to the reproduction of snakes, which destroy the frogs that eat locusts. Locusts, multiplying, destroy crops. Wolves catch weak and sick individuals, thus preventing epidemic diseases of deer and other animals.

^ Waste water.

Industrial.

Waste water is subjected to mechanical, physical-chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment consists in the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms. The water is passed through special tanks containing the so-called activated sludge.

Sludge composition.

Microorganisms

Oxidizing phenols

Fatty acid

Carbohydrates

Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle in which purified water is returned to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce the amount of water required for industrial purposes tenfold.

Human activity leads to a reduction in the supply of clean water. Industrial enterprises, using water, sometimes release waste into rivers and lakes, poisonous and harmful substances for plants, animals and humans. For this reason, fish and plants cannot always live in many bodies of water. When constructing dams on rivers, they often do not take into account the fact that for millions of years, schools of valuable fish species have been going upstream to their sources for spawning. As a result, fish reproduction stops.

^ Radioactive contamination

biosphere.

The problem of radioactive contamination of the biosphere arose in 1945. After the explosion of atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear weapons testing, produced before 1962. In the atmosphere, caused global radioactive pollution. When atomic bombs explode, very strong ionizing radiation is generated, radioactive particles are scattered

Over long distances, infecting soil, water bodies, living organisms. Many radioactive isotopes have long half-lives, remaining hazardous throughout their lifetime.

All these isotopes are included in the circulation of substances, enter living organisms and have a destructive effect on cells.

The testing of atomic bombs and the irresponsible attitude to industrial waste, which are mainly related to the use of atomic energy, lead to increased radioactivity in air, water and soil. Radioactivity is transmitted through food circuits, both in the ocean and on land. Radioactivity primarily affects plankton and bottom dwellers, and is transmitted from plankton along food chains to a number of fish. Fish-eating birds carry radioactive materials to land. When the wastes decay, they are transferred to bacteria. The accumulation of radioactive substances in the bone marrow leads to leukemia and cancer.

Poisoning of a person with pesticides used in the fight against insects - pests and fungal diseases of plants also occurs along the food chains. They poison beneficial insects, especially birds. Getting into rivers after rains, pesticides kill fish and birds that eat them. Poisons, getting on berries, vegetables, with grass in meat and milk of cattle, accumulates in the human body, causing disease.

The role of organisms in the evolution of biospheres

The formation of the biosphere, the expansion of its boundaries, changes in composition, and the acceleration of biogenic migration of atoms were carried out along with the emergence of life and the evolution of the organic world.

Living organisms from the moment of their emergence in the process of life have constantly changed the environment.

As a result of the vital activity of chemosynthetic bacteria more than 3 billion years ago, the deposition of some manganese and iron ores, phosphorites, and sulfur began. The first microorganisms - purple and green bacteria, and then blue - green algae began to assimilate carbon dioxide and release molecular oxygen, from which an ozone screen was formed above the Earth. The formation of the ozone screen created protection from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which is destructive for living matter, and allowed life to leave the water and spread on land.

For a long time, green living matter absorbed from the atmosphere an enormous amount of carbon dioxide, which in ancient times was hundreds of times more than it is now, and at the same time enriched it with oxygen. Zooplankton could appear in the aquatic environment only in the presence of bacteria and algae. The calcareous skeletons of invertebrates - rhizopods, corals, molluscs - formed sedimentary rocks. The dying off of blue-green and red algae contributed to the deposition of calcium. Some types of algae and sponges are caused by the accumulation of silica.

The colossal multiplication of organisms increased the biomass, which spread over the face of the Earth, filling the biosphere it formed.

Noosphere and its protection

At present, all over the world there is an urgent need to establish a reasonable development of production, energy consumption and use of natural resources, without violating the laws that exist in the biosphere. We need to protect the purity of air, water, soil, wildlife based on biological knowledge. Sanitary protection of the biosphere has become the most important problem of all mankind.

The consequences of violations of natural phenomena cross the borders of individual states and require international efforts to protect not only individual ecosystems - forests, water bodies, swamps, etc., but also the entire biosphere as a whole, thereby the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

All states are concerned about the fate of the biosphere and the further improvement of mankind. In modern conditions, the problem of nature protection and the rational use of its resources is becoming more acute.

Laws on the protection of atmospheric air, on the protection and use of wildlife, etc. have been adopted. Reserves and reserves have been organized, in which natural biogeocenoses are preserved, rare species of animals and plants reproduce, including those listed in the "Red Book". Biosphere reserves are especially important, in which natural conditions are fully preserved. There are currently about 170 such reserves on the territory of the Soviet Union.

Literature

V.V. Petrov "The flora of our Motherland"

A. Onegav "On environmental protection"

Yu.I. Polyansky "General Biology"

Milanova E. V. Ryabchikov A. M.

“Use of natural resources and nature protection.

A person who controls powerful technology and energy causes tremendous changes in the biosphere and expands its limits. Biological knowledge makes it possible to do this intelligently, not to the detriment of further life on earth.

Nature protection in our region is the most important set of measures in the current difficult ecological situation, which is observed in many regions of the country. Such activities are carried out not only in Russia. There are a huge number of international organizations that monitor the state of the environment throughout the Earth.

Nature conservation organizations in Russia

Conservation of the natural environment is something that everyone should do. Often, due to an irresponsible and negligent attitude towards the world around us, man-made disasters and massive pollution occur. It is necessary to protect nature both privately and globally. It all starts small. Everyone should control himself and his loved ones, not litter, take good care of nature, etc.

Nature conservation in our region is regulated by the actions of many organizations that specialize in this. The main ones are listed below:

• VOOP - All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation.
• Ecological
• RREC - Russian Regional Environmental Center.
• "Green Cross", etc.

VOOP was founded in 1924, and it still operates today. The main goal of society is to preserve the environment. The participants are taking a set of measures to maintain the diversity of fauna and flora. The society is engaged in educating the population, introducing it to the masses. Participants advise subjects of nature management, are engaged in nature conservation activities and much more.

The environmental movement in Russia is a relatively new phenomenon. In 1994, the Green Society was founded, which emerged from the Kedr organization. Until 2009, the so-called environmental political party operated, but later its activities were terminated. The Green Movement considers its goal to change the attitude of the state and the population to the surrounding world. Participants believe that only organized political measures can achieve results.

RREC appeared only in 2000. The center was approved by the Academy of Civil Service and under the President of the Russian Federation. The purpose of creating the RREC was to establish links with similar centers in other countries. This is necessary to promote innovative ideas for the well-being of life. Thanks to dialogues between environmental organizations, it is possible to stabilize the state of Russia, to introduce and promote standards and methods for environmental protection.

The non-governmental organization "Green Cross" also appeared not so long ago - in 1994. The goal of the participants is to educate the population of the ability to live in a good neighborhood with nature.

International organizations for the protection of nature

There are a lot of such communities all over the world. The most famous are:

• "Greenpeace".
• Wildlife Fund.
• International Green Cross.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature, etc.

Nature protection activities

The Law on Nature Protection says that everyone should conserve, rationally use and, if possible, restore natural resources.

It is necessary to maintain the purity of waters, forests, atmosphere, take care of the surrounding world - representatives of flora and fauna, etc. There are certain measures to protect nature:

1. Economic.
2. Natural science.
3. Technical and production.
4. Administrative.

Government environmental programs play a huge role for the Earth as a whole. Excellent results have been achieved in some regions. But you need to understand that everything takes more than one year. A striking example is the environmental program for water purification. Several years later, its successful outcome is evident. However, this set of measures was very expensive.

Similar measures are being taken at the regional level. In 1868, in Lviv, it was decided to protect marmots and chamois that freely live in the Tatras. Thanks to the meeting of the Diet and the decisions made, the animals began to be protected and saved from extinction.

In connection with the current ecological situation, it was necessary to take a set of measures that limited the use of natural resources in industry, etc. The use of pesticides was prohibited. Also, the set of measures included measures for:

• land restoration;
• creation of reserves;
• cleaning up the environment;
• streamlining the use of chemicals, etc.

"Greenpeace"

Nature protection in our region is largely based on the principles of the work of international organizations, although it is of a regional nature. Greenpeace is the most famous community with offices in 47 countries around the world. The main office is located in Amsterdam. The current director is Kumi Naidu. The staff of the organization is 2500 people. But Greenpeace also employs volunteers, there are about 12,000 of them. Participants promote an environmentally friendly lifestyle, urge people to protect and preserve the environment. Problems that Greenpeace members seek to solve:

• preservation of the Arctic;
• climate change, warming;
• whaling;
• radiation, etc.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

International organizations for the protection of nature have appeared at different times. In 1948, the World Union was established. It is an international non-profit organization whose main goal is to preserve the diversity of the flora and fauna. More than 82 countries have joined the union. More than 111 government and 800 non-government institutions have been opened. The organization employs over 10,000 scientists from all over the world. The members of the union believe that it is necessary to maintain integrity and peace. Resources should be used evenly. The organization includes 6 scientific commissions.

World Wildlife Fund

Nature protection in our region is an integral part of the international fund. This public organization, engaged in the conservation of wildlife around the world, considers its mission to achieve balance, harmony between man and all that surrounds him. The symbol of the Foundation is a giant panda, which is listed in the Red Book. The organization hosts a variety of activities, including:

• forestry program;
• protection of rare species;
• climate program;
• greening of oil and gas fields, etc.

Nature protection in our region is the duty of every inhabitant of the country. Only together can the natural greatness of the surrounding world be preserved intact.

Environment (natural objects), but also the built environment (objects created by man in the course of his activity). Thus, environmental protection includes nature conservation as one of its components; At the same time, the focus of nature protection is on the issues of preserving the biosphere and its constituent biogeocenoses, and within the framework of environmental protection, the satisfaction of human ecological needs is highlighted, including the maintenance of favorable local and regional conditions of existence (for example, in an urban environment).

Nature protection activities

Activities related to nature conservation can be divided into the following groups:

Nature conservation activities can be carried out on an international scale, on a national scale or within a particular region.

The formation of ideas about the need to introduce special environmental protection measures took place over a very long time, although at the first stage it was about territories with unique natural objects (specific landforms, rocks, flora, fauna, etc.). German naturalist-encyclopedist Alexander von Humboldt in 1799 introduced the concept of "natural monuments" and put forward the idea of ​​their search and preservation.

The first measure in the world to protect animals living freely in nature was the decision to protect chamois and marmots in the Tatras, adopted in 1868 by the Zemsky Sejm in Lvov and the Austro-Hungarian authorities on the initiative of the Polish naturalists M. Novitsky, E. Janota and L. Zeissner. In 1872, the world's first national park, Yellowstone, was created in the western United States.

The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth (including humans) required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. These measures include cleaning up the environment, streamlining the use of chemicals, stopping the production of pesticides, restoring land, and creating nature reserves.

In Russia, environmental protection measures are provided for in land, forest, water and other federal legislation.

In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a long and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes).

The history of nature conservation in Russia

In Russia, the foundations of a scientific approach to nature protection were laid in the second half of the 19th century by such scientists as A.I. Voeikov, D.N. Anuchin, V.V. Dokuchaev, I.P. Borodin.

After the revolution in Russia, environmental commissions were created to coordinate environmental protection work at the local level.

In 1924, the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation was organized. A new period of intensification of environmental protection fell on the 1960s-1980s.

On February 17, 1925, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On approval of the list of scientific, museum, artistic and environmental protection institutions, institutions and societies under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Scientific and Scientific-Artistic Institutions of the People's Commissariat of Education R. S.F. S.R. "

1970 - Land Code of the RSFSR of December 1, 1970, Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 29, 1972 No. 898 "On strengthening environmental protection and improving the use of natural resources",

In August 1978, the first edition of the "Red Book of the USSR" was published, which contained information about rare and endangered species of animals and plants found on the territory of the Soviet Union (the release of the book was timed to coincide with the opening of the XIV General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Ashgabat) ... In 1984, its second edition followed, significantly expanded. In 1983, the "Red Book of the RSFSR" was published, which included 65 species of mammals, 107 - birds, 11 - reptiles, 4 - amphibians, 9 - fish, 34 - insects and 15 species of mollusks. In 2001, the "Red Book of the Russian Federation" appeared, for the scientific basis of which the "Red Book of the RSFSR" was adopted; it included rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi that live (permanently or temporarily) in a state of natural freedom on the territory, on the continental shelf and in the maritime economic zone of the Russian Federation and in need of special state-legal actions at the federal level.

2002 - The legal framework for environmental protection was established by Federal Law No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection" dated January 10, 2002.

In June 2016, it was announced the creation of the Regional Environmental Prosecutor's Office in the Far East, which will supervise the territories of the Amur Region, Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. A similar structure of the Volga region was created in 1990; it includes Samara, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovskaya, Ryazan, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ostashkovskaya, Tverskaya and Cherepovets interdistrict environmental prosecutor's offices.

Forensic protection of nature

On the basis of clause 1 of Art. 32 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation in terms of the direct participation of citizens in the management of state affairs, as well as Art. 58 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, take care of natural resources.

Based on part 2 of Art. 11 ФЗ-7 "On environmental protection of the Russian Federation", citizens have the right to file complaints, statements about environmental protection, to bring lawsuits to the court in order to protect nature.

Based on part 2 of Art. 46 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation, decisions and actions (or inaction) of public authorities and officials may be appealed in court. If the cases are within the jurisdiction of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the inaction of the investigating authorities can also be appealed in court - in accordance with Art. 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, without paying the state duty.

International cooperation in the field of nature protection

Since the second half of the 20th century, international cooperation has developed in the field of nature protection and the environment in general. The necessary legal basis for such cooperation was created by the 1972 Stockholm Conference “ UN Declaration on the Environment". In accordance with the decisions of the conference in December 1972, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was created within the UN system to ensure the coordination of efforts to protect nature at the global level.

see also

Notes (edit)

1. Nature Conservation // Otomi - Plaster. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / Ch. Ed. A.M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 19).
2. Human ecology: Dictionary-reference / Under the general. ed. N.A. Aghajanyan. - M.: KRUK, 1997 .-- 208 p. - ISBN 5-900816-17-6.- S. 112.
3. // Barikhin A. B. Great legal encyclopedia. - M.: Book World, 2010 .-- 960 p. - (Professional reference books and encyclopedias). - ISBN 978-5-8041-0296-9.- S. 419.
4. Volkov Yu.V. Modern approaches and basic concepts of territorial nature protection // Izvestia of Saratov University. New series. Series "Earth Sciences". - 2012 .-- T. 12, no. 2. - S. 3-10.
5. Burschel C. J., Losen D., Wiendl A.... - München: R. Oldenburg Verlag, 2004. - 620 S. - ISBN 3-486-20033-X.- S. 157.
6. Folt J., Nowy L. The history of natural history in dates: a chronological overview. - M.: Progress, 1987 .-- 495 p.- S. 194.

Nature protection, as a scientific area of ​​knowledge, reveals the essence of ecological processes, helps to anticipate possible violations of ecological balance, make the right decisions and effective measures to restore it. [...]

Protection of nature (and the environment) consists of a system of measures to preserve the ecological niches of living organisms, including humans. [...]

NATURE PROTECTION - a set of international, state, regional, administrative, economic, political and public events aimed at regional use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources of the Earth and the nearest outer space in the interests of existing and future generations of people. [...]

Nature protection is a general designation of activities (technological, economic, biotechnical, administrative and legal, international, educational, etc.). ensuring the possibility of nature conservation of resource and environment-reproducing functions, gene pool, as well as the preservation of non-renewable natural resources. This system is also aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment, and preventing the direct and indirect impact of the results of society's activities on nature and human health. Nature protection is closely related to nature management. Important principles of nature protection are: prophylaxis (focus on the prevention of negative consequences), complexity, ubiquity, territorial differentiation and scientific validity. [...]

The nature protection department of the SNPZ together with NP STC “Bionika” carried out bioremediation of the soil of barn No. 5: when backfilling with “clean soil”, activated sludge was introduced from the treatment facilities of the enterprise itself with the addition of sawdust and mineral fertilizers. In 2000 the field was sown with rye. Uneven seedlings were obtained - from areas with high yields to almost none. [...]

Legal protection of nature is the establishment by the state of legal norms and legal relations arising on their basis, aimed at the implementation of measures to preserve the natural environment, rational use of natural resources, and improve the human environment in the interests of present and future generations. Legal protection is carried out by fixing the list of natural objects in the relevant laws, introducing preventive, prohibitive, punitive and incentive norms, regulating forms and methods of monitoring the state of the environment, fulfilling requirements for its protection, determining the nature of responsibility and methods of compensation for harm caused to nature. [. ..]

Natural monuments are not independent legal entities. The provision of the regimes of protection and use established for them is entrusted to the institutions on whose lands they are located. Control over the observance of the regime of protection and use must be carried out by state bodies for the protection of nature. [...]

First, nature conservation is a complex scientific discipline that develops general principles and methods for the preservation and restoration of natural resources, including the protection of lands, waters, atmosphere, natural complexes, flora and fauna. Secondly, nature conservation is a system of measures aimed at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment, ensuring the preservation and restoration of natural resources, preventing the direct or indirect impact of the results of society's activities on the natural environment and human health (GOST 17.00.01 -76). [...]

The concept of “nature protection includes not only the natural, but also the environment transformed by man (cities, parks, gardens, recreational complexes, industrial zones, etc.), that is, the entire environment as a set of biotic, abiotic and social environments, the natural and man-made material world (Tetior AN, 1992), the latter is sometimes understood as “second nature”. [...]

Reimers N.F. Conservation of nature and the human environment: Dictionary-reference book. - M .: Education, 1992. [...]

In 2001, the environmental protection department of the Saratov Oil Refinery and the Higher School of Environmental Education conducted detailed surveys to identify the dependence of the yield on all of the above parameters in order to determine their regulations - hydrogeological studies of soils at the base were carried out - up to a depth of three meters, the biocenosis of the arable layer was determined from plots, heavy metals, content of Na, K, R. [...]

In the general problem of nature protection and rational use of natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution, the reclamation of contaminated lands. [...]

The most important problems of nature protection are: the protection of the atmosphere and natural waters from pollution by harmful substances, the fight against noise, the protection of subsoil and the rational use of natural resources, radiation safety, protection of the gene pool of plants and animals, global monitoring of various anthropogenic pollutants, etc. " It is necessary to protect nature in all its forms. Protecting the beautiful Russian landscape is the landscape that has played and plays a huge role in shaping the character of the Russian people, in the fact that this people is infinitely talented and courageous "(K. Paustovsky). [...]

Zakhlebny A. N. School and problems of nature protection: The content of nature protection education. - M., 1991. [...]

In our country, the soil, as well as nature and its resources in general, is protected by the state. There are laws on the protection of nature and soil in all the Union republics. The 1960 Law "On the Protection of Nature in the RSFSR" states: "The protection of nature is the most important state task and the concern of the entire people." In this law, land is indicated as the first object of nature to be protected. Further, it is noted that all lands are subject to protection, especially arable lands assigned to land users as the main means of production in agriculture. [...]

The entire organization of state nature protection in our country is currently being built on the basis of all-Union laws on the protection of nature and the corresponding laws of the Union republics. The first law on nature protection in the RSFSR was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960. Similar laws were adopted in other union republics. According to these laws, nature conservation objects are land, mineral resources, waters, forests and other vegetation, green spaces in settlements, typical landscapes, resort areas, forest park protective belts and suburban green zones, rare and interesting objects, wildlife, atmospheric air. Nature protection laws provide for strict liability of both the heads of enterprises and departments, and individual citizens for the misuse or damage of natural resources. [...]

The primary task in the field of environmental protection at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry is the all-round and consistent reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the main elements of the biosphere and bringing them in the coming years to the established standards 121. [...]

The most important document on the legal basis for environmental protection is the Constitution of the USSR. It orients the environmental policy of our state towards the observance of the interests of the present and future generations of people, regulates social relations in the field of interaction between man and his environment. [...]

The first reaction to the irreversible destruction of nature (albeit very belated) was the desire to at least partially preserve, to conserve natural systems. In 1872, the famous Yellowstone Park-Reserve with an area of ​​about 9 thousand km2 was founded in the USA. In 1898, a zoological and acclimatization park (garden) Askania-Nova was created in Russia and areas of virgin lands were declared protected. At the beginning of the 20th century, societies for the protection of nature and nature conservation commissions began to form both in Europe and in Russia, for example, under the Russian Geographical Society. [...]

A new important stage in the further improvement of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, as already mentioned, was the decisions of the 25th Congress of the CPSU: “... nature can be used in different ways,” Leonid Brezhnev said at the congress. the history of mankind knows many examples of this - to leave behind barren, lifeless, hostile spaces. But it is possible and necessary, comrades, to ennoble nature, to help nature to more fully reveal its vitality. There is such a simple, well-known expression "blooming land". This is the name of the land where knowledge, experience of people, their attachment, their love for nature truly work wonders. This is our socialist path ”2. [...]

A.G. Bannikov's principles: 1 - the main direction of nature protection - protection in the process of its use; 2 - an integrated approach to the use of natural resources; 3 - regional approach to the use of natural resources. [...]

The normative legislative documents on nature protection include environmental quality standards, which establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment, achieved with the existing level of technological progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, the development of the animal and plant world. The main tasks of the system of standards in the field of nature protection are: ensuring the preservation of natural complexes; promoting the restoration and rational use of natural resources; promoting a balance between production development and environmental sustainability; improvement of environmental quality management in the interests of mankind. [...]

The desire to harmonize the use of forests with the laws of nature protection forces specialists to recognize the patterns of development of forest communities. Establishing the relationship between the forest and the environment, the silvicultural characteristics of the main species and their combination, the development of methods for forest care and harvesting, along with the rational use of harvested products and forest reproduction, as well as methods for controlling the quality of forest products, are the main tasks of specialists who carry out optimization ecological forest management. [...]

It follows from this law that the ultimate task of the so-called nature conservation is the preservation of the biosphere as the natural and only habitat of human society. [...]

International scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nature protection is an integral part of relations with foreign countries. It includes the exchange of experience and research results, the intensification of development, the international division of labor, the development and implementation of collective measures to reduce the transboundary transfer of harmful substances, etc. [...]

The purposefulness of technological and organizational methods of environmental protection in the process of industrial production and construction is of an administrative nature and contributes to the exact observance of the production regulations in strict accordance with the designated criteria. [...]

Environmental legislative acts should consolidate the priority of nature protection and public health over other types of activity, formulate principles and establish uniform rules and procedures for conducting economic activities under all forms of ownership in order to ensure this priority, primarily with the help of economic management methods. This required the adequate introduction of appropriate changes and additions to the legislation related to the use of natural resources: laws on a state enterprise, on property, on conversion, etc. [...]

In 1948, on the initiative of the United Nations, the International Council for the Protection of Nature (ICPC) was established on the basis of the Brussels International Bureau of Nature Conservation. Since 1959, it became known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). [...]

Naturally arising due to certain historical conditions, the problem of nature conservation is a vital and absolutely urgent problem of mankind, which, like the problems of disarmament and detente, has no reasonable alternative. She does not belong to the number of far-fetched problems, is not the product of someone's fantasy or idle hobbies. Its emergence is predetermined by the entire course of the preceding social development. Further development of the productive forces of society not only does not eliminate this problem, but, on the contrary, requires attracting even more attention to it. [...]

Among international non-governmental organizations, the most important is the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), established in 1948, the main activities of which are the publication of the Red Data Books on rare and endangered species of organisms, the organization of reserves and national natural parks, environmental education, etc. NS.[ ...]

The sources of environmental law are the following legal documents: 1) the Constitution; 2) laws and codes in the field of nature protection; 3) Decrees and orders of the President on issues of ecology and nature management; government environmental acts; 4) normative acts of ministries and departments; 5) regulatory decisions of local governments. [...]

We began this book by substantiating two fundamental postulates of modern environmental management: firstly, to protect nature means to use it correctly, that is, to use it ecologically correctly, and secondly, nature protection (or environmental protection) is a matter of responsible professionals of each the environmental industry in their workplaces. The second condition, obviously, provides for the need for ecological thinking of specialists, which is based on knowledge of the fundamental foundations of ecology, to which the previous chapters of the book were devoted. [...]

Our “home”, in which humanity lives, consists not only of a natural complex (which includes a person as part of nature), but also of a cultural complex (we will call it conditionally “human culture”, although there is also a culture created by animals and plants. the world). We live in an environment of historical monuments, works of art, research results, technical advances. Therefore, ecology consists of two parts: nature protection and cultural protection. The latter is all the more important because it concerns the very essence of man. Man is a part of nature, but he is also a part of a culture created over millennia. [...]

An example of the successful work of enterprises aimed at protecting the natural environment is the activities of the environmental protection department, created in the production association "Nitron" to coordinate the work of workshops, services, departments, and a sanitary laboratory. The Department of Nature Protection identifies sources of pollution, conducts re-certification of wastewater and inventory of emission sources, compiles a material balance for all types of waste. As a result of its work, the amount of pollution discharged into the river has been significantly reduced. [...]

Obviously, in the latter definition, the defining part is broader than the defined one: it contains the words "natural environment". The word "nature" refers more to the natural world, while "environment" means not only the natural, but also the world created or transformed by man: it includes man-made landscapes, residential areas, and industrial complexes. Therefore, along with the concept of "nature protection" is now often used another - "environmental protection". [...]

In the middle and senior grades, when studying the integrated courses "Health and the Environment", "Biosphere and Man", "Fundamentals of Ecology", "Human Ecology", "Nature and Culture", "Environmental Protection", the student's moral orientation in his relationship with nature. Here the foundations of the dialectical understanding of the unity of nature and society are laid, and nature protection is considered as part of the general culture of man. At this stage, a modern worldview is formed, based on integrative knowledge about the surrounding world and manifested in responsible, activity-based behavior based on the conviction of the need to protect the natural environment. The role of environmental practice is important. [...]

The transition from fishing to reproduction is the nearest prospect of forestry. Forestry resources will be practically depleted in 2000 (deforestation, as stated in the World Conservation Strategy, is progressing at a rate of 20 hectares per minute and globally exceeds the growth of timber by 18 times). The forest cover of the planet will decrease for several more years at a rate of about 1% per year and will become critical when the world's forest area is about 20% of the land area. After that, people will begin to intensively grow forests not only for recreation and obtaining timber, but also for "oxygen", the resources of which, although far from being exhausted, are melting before our eyes. [...]

In our country, great importance is attached to the protection of the lithosphere, the protection of mineral resources and their rational use. In this regard, one can point to a number of important documents adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - "On measures to further improve environmental protection and rational use of natural resources" (1972), "On measures to further strengthen the protection of subsoil and improve the use of minerals" (1975). [...]

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On standardization", the competent authorities involved in standardization annually draw up a program for the development of new and revision of existing standards (GOST) in the field of environmental protection, environmental quality, activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens' behavior, appropriate terminology and normative legal acts regulating nature protection. This program consists of a set of standards in the field of atmospheric protection ("Atmosphere"), protection and rational use of waters ("Hydrosphere"), rational use of biological resources ("Biological resources"), protection and rational use of soils ("Soils"), improvement land use ("Earth"), protection of flora ("Flora") and fauna ("Fauna"), protection and transformation of landscapes ("Landscapes"), rational use and protection of mineral resources ("Subsoil"), disposal of industrial and household waste ( "Waste"), etc. [...]

Kamida extract is a stimulator of the release of sap based on fodder yeast, the production of which began in 1991 at the Arkhangelsk Hydrolysis Plant in cooperation with the Arkhangelsk Institute of Forestry and Timber Chemistry and NPK "Nature Protection". [...]

The manager and specialist of agricultural production of any profile, carrying out certain technological operations that ensure an increase in the production of agricultural products, must first of all provide for their impact on nature, because the process of using and protecting nature is a single process. [...]

Environmental issues occupied a prominent place in the work of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In the Final Act, an entire section is devoted to the environment. In it, political leaders of the countries of Europe and North America emphasized that “the protection and improvement of the environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources in the interests of present and future generations are one of the tasks that are of great importance for the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all countries. , and many environmental problems, in particular in Europe, can be effectively solved only through close international cooperation ”3. [...]

In our country, systematic work is underway to study erosion processes and develop measures to combat it. Special research institutes, experimental stations and strong points have been organized, and large-scale measures are being taken on a nationwide scale to protect soils and protect them from erosion. In all the Union republics, laws on the protection of nature and soils have been adopted, in which it is emphasized that the protection of nature is the most important state task and the cause of the entire people. Of great importance for the practical implementation of soil protection measures is the 1967 decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers "On urgent measures to protect soil from wind and water erosion." The decree specifies a set of organizational and economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical measures that must be used to combat soil erosion, taking into account specific local soil and climatic conditions. [...]

Looking ahead, I note that the further presentation is structured according to the following scheme: the internal laws of living things and their separate entities - organisms, their relationship with the environment, the addition of populations, communities, ecosystems, the geographical display of these relationships, the general laws of the organization of the ecosphere and biosphere of the Earth, maintaining its reliability, evolutionary laws, relationships in the aggregate man - nature, the main features of socio-ecological laws, rules and restrictions on the use of natural resources, theoretical principles for the protection of nature and the environment around man. [...]

The Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR has established strict rules according to which chemical treatments of crops, plantings and other lands are carried out only after preliminary examination of them, determination of the degree of infestation by pests, as well as settling with useful species of insects. Residents of nearby settlements, local Councils of People's Deputies, as well as relevant services (veterinary, nature protection, etc.) are notified about the start of work with pesticides. [...]

In 1960-1970, the "Fundamentals of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" (1968), the Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Health Care (1969), "Fundamentals of the Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics" (1970 g.), "Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics on mineral resources" (1975), "Fundamentals of the forest legislation of the USSR and the union republics" (1977). An important environmental document is the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On measures to further improve nature protection and rational use of natural resources" (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in all sectors of the national economy, functions are distributed between ministries and departments in the field of planning and monitoring the implementation of environmental protection measures and the state of the natural environment. [...]

The verification of the correctness of the identification of invertebrates was carried out by T.N. Gridina and V.E. Efimik (Perm State University), B.R.Striganova, S.I. Golovach and A.R. Grabeklis (Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences), for which we express our sincere gratitude. The authors are deeply grateful to B.M. Mirkin for the scientific editing of the book, to B.R. Striganova and G.M. Khanislamova for valuable advice in preparing the text of the monograph, L.K. Sadovnikova, N.Z. Pershina, S.I. Reshetnikov (Department of Soil Chemistry, Moscow State University) for performing chemical analyzes. We also express our heartfelt gratitude to the heads and employees of the environmental protection departments of all enterprises where the authors carried out their research. [...]

The tutorial examines the theoretical foundations, methods and specific ways of translating graphic information into electronic formats, understandable by information technology, digitizing images. A brief analysis of the history of development and the current state of the methods and methods of digitization, their connection with specific GIS - software products of different manufacturers is made. The general principles of entering graphic information and its use in the process of analyzing spatially defined information are given, both separately and in combination with attributive data for solving typical problems of forestry and agriculture, the forest industry and nature protection in Russia, the countries of the European Community, Eastern Europe, USA and Canada. Techniques and guidelines for digitizing and using images obtained as a result of remote sensing in general and special purpose GIS technologies are presented. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of raster and vector formats of graphic images and the peculiarities of their use in solving specific problems. [...]

Industrial wastewater (industrial wastewater) and fecal wastewater from social and cultural facilities are characterized by a number of parameters: quantity (in kg or l), physicochemical properties from dissolved, emulsified or suspended substances, the degree of their toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, alkalinity or acidity , organoleptic characteristics - smell, color, taste. Industrial waste water is divided into conditionally clean (from the cooling of technological equipment) and dirty (from other workshops, sites, construction sites, etc.). Conditionally clean effluents are cooled in sedimentation tanks or cooling towers, cleaned of suspended solids and oils, and then returned to production with a limited addition of cold water (evaporation losses). Such a process is called a closed cycle of water consumption; from the point of view of nature protection, it is the most harmless. Dirty industrial wastewater is taken to treatment facilities through sewers, solid fractions are removed from them, oil products are filtered, then disinfected and sent to deep cleaning devices or settling tanks. [...]

Biosphere reserves - within the framework of the UNESCO program, they are an international form of protected areas, which began to be created in 1973. The status of state natural biosphere reserves has reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Biosphere reserves are intended for the preservation of natural ecosystems and their gene pool in their natural form, as well as for constant monitoring of the state and course of various processes in unchanged (or slightly altered) typical areas of the biosphere. The basic scheme is as follows: in the center - the core (absolutely protected area), around a buffer zone (protected, on which economic activity is partially limited), and behind it there is a zone of normal, but strictly rational economic use of the territory. Therefore, on the territory of biosphere reserves, nature protection is combined with fundamental research work in the field of nature management and environmental protection. Currently, there are more than 300 biosphere reserves in the world, including 17 reserves in Russia (Astrakhan, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Voronezh, Kavkazsky, Kronotsky, Laplandsky, Oksky, Pechora-Ilychsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Central Chernozem, etc.).

Protection of nature and the environment is currently a topical issue. In the context of globalization, expansion of production capacities, increased emissions of hazardous, air-poisoning waste, the protection of natural objects is being addressed both at the level of organizations and on a national and global scale.

Over the past decades, numerous studies have been carried out related to finding the causes and solutions to the problems of polluted air, water, soil. However, at the same time, environmental pollution remains an important issue.

What natural objects are protected

Air, waters of the world's oceans, earth - those components without which life is inconceivable. Contamination of these objects leads to a deterioration in the quality of life of people.

The chemical composition of the atmosphere has changed in the course of the historical development of the Earth. Industrial enterprises play an important role in determining the composition of the atmosphere. Vehicles also negatively affect the air. The atmosphere accumulates salts of heavy metals: mercury, copper, chromium, lead. The activities of large organizations of the heavy and chemical industries, thermal power plants are especially dangerous. Because of this, the atmosphere contains a lot of carbon dioxide, ash, dust.

Soil pollution is also a colossal problem. It is associated with the huge turnover of mining, with mining, construction, road construction.

In addition, agro-industrial activities also have difficulties associated with a rational approach to soil use. Its beneficial properties are lost with frequent plowing, which can lead to flooding of the cultivated areas, and then to an increase in salts. Further, soil erosion is gradually manifested. The illiterate use of fertilizers, pesticides leads to the introduction of toxic substances into the soil.

Due to vehicle exhaust, which is high in lead, it also accumulates in soils, disrupting the natural relationships of the ecosystem. Waste from mines causes an increase in the content of copper, zinc and other metals in the soil. Activities and associated waste from power plants, nuclear enterprises cause the ingress of radioactive isotopes into the soil.

The above problems are acute due to the fact that hazardous compounds can enter the human body with food that is grown on unsafe soil. This can lead to a decrease in immunity, various diseases.

Oil spills, the ingress of garbage, pesticides, toxic salts, drugs, radioactive elements lead to water pollution. This is all related to the activities of fishing vessels, farming, hydroelectric, chemical, oil companies.

Water quality deteriorates during power generation when high temperature waste liquid is discharged into water bodies. As a result, the water temperature rises.

In addition, as a result of mudflows and floods, magnesium is washed out of the soil and enters the ocean, which is harmful to the inhabitants. Currently, water sources are protected with the help of treatment facilities.

Legislation

Environmental law acts as an independent branch with a set of legal norms to regulate relations in terms of the protection of natural objects, as well as the rational use of natural resources.

The fundamental regulatory document in the field of legislation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. So, according to article 42, any person has the right to a favorable natural environment, true information about its condition, as well as to be compensated for the damage caused due to environmental offenses. According to Article 58, citizens of Russia are obliged to preserve nature and take good care of plants, animals, and other objects of nature.

The environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation defines the goals, objectives, directions of state measures in the field of ecology for a long period of time. In addition, the federal law "On environmental protection" is in force, which defines the rights of citizens and state bodies in this area, as well as the principles of protecting natural objects. It is concretized and supplemented by the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates land protection, as well as environmental protection from possible harmful effects when using land resources. The Forestry Code of the Russian Federation also operates within its competence.

The use and safety of water bodies is regulated by the Water Code of the Russian Federation. Also, information can be clarified in the Federal Laws "On the Subsoil", "On the Animal World", "On Specially Protected Natural Areas". There are other legislative acts that regulate and explain the mutual relations of people in the use of natural resources.

Citizens need to remember about property, disciplinary, administrative, and criminal liability in cases of violation of rules and regulations for the protection of nature.

Security

Protected areas in our country have existed for a long time. This is necessary for the protection of special areas, for the study and preservation of especially valuable natural objects.

Biosphere reserves, of which there are 16 in the country, are distinguished, natural national parks necessary for the recreation of people and the promotion of environmental knowledge. There are slightly more than 100 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation. The largest of them is the Big Arctic State with an area of ​​more than 4 million hectares, and the youngest is the Kologriv forest.

To date, 34 national parks operate on the territory of the country, some of which are included in the World Heritage List: Valdai, Samarskaya Luka, Baikal, Elbrus region, etc. The largest in area is the Udege Legend National Park in the Primorsky Territory (more than 86 km 2) ...

Territories and water areas in which only individual elements are protected are called reserves. Currently, there are 69 of them, the most famous of which are Tseysky, Priazovsky, Khingano-Arkharinsky, etc.

There are environmental organizations in Russia, the largest and most influential of which is the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation. Much attention is paid to educating citizens about the environment, drawing attention to natural problems, monitoring how the norms of environmental acts are observed.

In addition to the above, there is also a Nature Conservation Druzhina, created in 1960 at the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. The main areas of work are explanations with the aim of increasing the environmental education of people, holding protest actions against the destruction of individual objects, helping in the fight against forest fires.

It should also be noted that scientific organizations (Russian, sectoral academies of sciences, state bodies for science and technology), which have subdivisions with activities for the improvement of natural objects, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

Forests

As a result of fires, waste emissions, the number of trees, plants, and forest plantations is reduced. As a result of this factor, new forest generations will be less diverse, which will reduce their resistance to adverse conditions. This problem can be dealt with by studying the population composition of forests. The use and restoration of the number of trees should be accompanied on the basis of the maximum possible preservation of the principle of natural reproduction of this population. In 1997, the "Nechkinsky" park was formed with pine forests, lakes, rivers, meadows and swamps.

A person can independently join the conservation of nature in the city by finding an organization that deals with this. At the same time, it is possible, through independent social responsibility, to clean up garbage after a rest in the forest, save trees, put out fires.

Lands and Soils

Soil protection is currently an urgent problem, as it is directly related to the provision of people with food. Land protection is a combination of organizational, economic, agronomic, technical, reclamation, economic and legal measures to prevent and eliminate processes that worsen the condition of land, as well as cases of violation of the order of land use.

Soil fertility decreases due to erosion, destruction of soil layers during mining, construction, etc. A serious type of pollution is road transport with exhaust fumes. The problem of soil contamination with radionuclides is especially acute in Belarus, when the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred. At the same time, about 23% of the territory became contaminated with radioactive substances.

It is necessary to take preventive measures to prevent negative phenomena, for example, to measure water-salt regimes. When choosing fertilizers, try to stick to those that contain a small fraction of the pesticide hazard.

Land protection is interconnected with soil protection. Earthworms can be used to rehabilitate soils that are contaminated with industrial emissions. They neutralize hazardous compounds by absorbing it and returning it to the soil for assimilation by plants in a suitable form. In addition, planting is used to maintain the optimal condition of the land.

Ecological problems

Environmental problems are relevant, as they affect the quality of life of people. Emissions from industrial waste deteriorate the air condition. In addition, the negative impact occurs due to the combustion of coal, oil, gas, wood. Acid rains occur, polluting the land and water bodies. All this affects the increase in the incidence of cancer, cardiovascular diseases. As a result, some animals die out, and ultraviolet solar radiation increases.

Deforestation is also a serious problem as this deforestation is poorly controlled. Forest ecosystems are changed to create agricultural land. As a result, the climate becomes drier and the greenhouse effect is formed.

Physical pollution in the form of industrial, domestic waste leads to soil pollution, as well as surface and groundwater. There are few water treatment facilities in the country and, at the same time, outdated equipment. The seas are polluted with oil products, chemical industry wastes. As a result, there is a shortage of drinking water, some species of animals, fish and birds die out.

Sources of pollution

The main types of pollution are the following:

• biological;
• chemical;
• physical;
• mechanical.

Biological pollution is associated with the activity of living organisms, chemical - with a change in the natural chemical composition of the polluted area due to the addition of chemicals. Physical and mechanical pollution is associated with human activities.

Household waste is a major problem. On average, a resident of Russia accounts for about 400 kg of municipal solid waste annually. A measure to combat this situation is the processing of such types of waste as paper, glass. At the moment, there are few waste disposal organizations.

Another problem is radioactive contamination, since at nuclear power plants there is outdated equipment, which can lead to accidents. Waste from these organizations is not sufficiently utilized, and the radiation of hazardous substances causes mutation, death of cells of the human body, as well as animals and plants.

Lake Baikal is the source of about 80% of Russia's drinking water. But this water area was damaged by the activities of the paper and pulp mill, which dumped industrial and household waste. The Irkutsk hydroelectric power station also has a negative effect, as a result of which the water is polluted, and fish spawning grounds are destroyed.

The video below details the problems associated with air, water and land pollution. Attention is paid to household waste and their impact on the ecosystem as a whole.

Harmful enterprises

A situation has developed when, in a market economy, the share of industrial organizations is increasing, benefiting the country's economy, and the environment is deteriorating.

The production of the following areas has a negative impact on nature:

• metallurgical;
• petrochemical;
• engineering;
• chemical;
• agricultural.

Organizations whose activities are related to the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as a result of which there are emissions of harmful substances in the air. A huge amount of wastewater is thrown away by such companies. To eliminate the negative consequences, it is necessary to replace the old treatment facilities with new ones.

Dangerous enterprises and oil companies that pollute soils and surface waters with oil products. Their mass, which ends up in the seas and oceans annually, according to various estimates, reaches 5-10 million tons. These harmful substances cause great damage to fish and animals.

Chemical organizations harm natural objects, since in the production process they use substances that emit harmful elements (nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.) into the atmosphere and water. Water sources are polluted with formaldehydes, phenols, heavy metals, hydrogen sulphide, etc. Some chemical compounds are transferred along food chains, accumulate in the body, therefore, the chemical load on the human body increases.

In agriculture, pig breeding is dangerous due to pollution. Raising sheep also damages the soil as the sheep eat off the grass. Organizations, on the other hand, should focus on pasture restoration. It is also dangerous to use chemical fertilizers, as they quickly contaminate the soil.

Thus, enterprises seize natural resources, then releasing various wastes. At the same time, nature can both adapt and recover, or not recover. To maintain a balance, the permissible norms of the impact of people on the environment are legally established. Based on this, the leaders of industrial enterprises should be socially responsible, since the state of nature and the living creatures that live in it depends on the activities of companies, which involve harmful emissions.

Environmentalists

Inspections

Nature management and protection in Russia is ensured and controlled at the federal, regional and local levels. General management bodies carry out environmental activities in general and in their field, and special ones - in terms of mutual interaction and cooperation between citizens and nature on special issues and specific areas. Federal bodies of general administration are the President, the Federation Council, the State Duma, and the Government. The Committee on Ecology, the Committee on Natural Resources and Raw Materials, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection under the Government are engaged in specific activities.

Special authorities for the protection of nature include:

1. State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection. This committee coordinates the activities of bodies that carry out environmental functions.
2. Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of Russia. Regulates industrial safety, organizes supervision of work in the industrial sphere by authorities and organizations.
3. Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. Its activities include monitoring what is around us.
4. Federal supervision of nuclear and radiation safety. Monitors compliance with environmental protection standards, radiation safety of organizations that use radioactive materials.
5. Committee for Land Resources and Land Management of the Russian Federation. Designed to control the use of various fertilizers by agro-industrial enterprises.

In general, the listed organizations are called upon to control business activities, as well as to impose fines for violations of environmental legislation.

Protected areas

Currently, taking into account the awareness of global environmental problems, measures are being developed to protect nature, prevent and eliminate harmful effects. At the state level, they are developing specially protected natural objects through the creation of state reserves, parks, etc.

In Russia

Over the past 6 years, 14 specially protected natural areas have been created in the Russian Federation, including Beringia, Onega Pomorie, Shantar Islands, etc. They are subdivided into reserves, parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts.

The creation of state nature reserves provided for the fact that these territories were completely withdrawn from use, as they have special ecological significance.

Parks are nature conservation institutions, objects that have a special ecological and historical value. They are used in addition to protection for scientific and cultural purposes.

State nature reserves include areas of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes, as well as for maintaining the ecological balance. Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable natural objects (for example, Lake Baikal).

Thus, for the protection of nature, it is necessary to remove individual objects and water areas from economic use or to limit their activities. This will ensure the safety of ecological systems.

International protection

In recent centuries, people have noticeably changed the world through the development of technology and technology. As a result, the ecological balance has been disrupted, and climatic changes are taking place. Public organizations have been created to protect the environment.

The international environmental community began its activities in 1913 with the formation of a conference in Switzerland. Nature protection activities reached a qualitatively new level in 1945 with the creation of the United Nations Organization. A separate council worked in the field of international partnerships for the protection of biological objects.

To date, Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund have been created, which deal with issues of nature management, conservation of plants and animals. The first was created for protests against nuclear tests, and is currently fighting against atmospheric pollution, preserving rare species of animals, etc. The World Wildlife Fund covers in its work more than 40 states of the world, developing projects to preserve various forms of life on Earth.

To prevent air pollution, protect the ozone layer from destruction, the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents and other documents were concluded.

Antarctica is usually called the continent of the world. For the protection of flora and fauna, prevention of pollution, a Protocol was concluded in 1991 in Madrid.

In general, the object of international legal protection is the entire Earth, as well as outer space, where a person affects the world. In this regard, states and international organizations are developing environmental legal relations.

The problems of protecting the natural environment concern individual countries and, at the same time, the entire Earth and can only be solved by collective intelligence and by combining the efforts of all people on Earth. Proceeding from the fact that the natural resources of the planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, flora, fauna) cannot be separated by state borders, the state, within its capabilities, protecting its territory, contributes to solving pollution, preventing the disappearance of resources and maintaining the ecosystem.

Video

In the video presented, you will learn more about environmental problems and ways to solve them.