Four "traps" on the exam in the Russian language. Four "traps" on the Unified State Examination in Russian When choosing a test word, consider the meaning

1. First, study the criteria for judging the summary.

2. Secondly, remember that the volume of the presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of micro topics should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three of them).
3. Third, learn how to compress text.
-Exception: you can exclude details, minor facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc.
- Generalization: when generalizing, homogeneous members of the sentence should be replaced with a generalizing word, etc.
Simplification: when simplifying, one should replace a complex sentence with a simple one, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
Each paragraph should use one or more text compression methods.
4. Fourth, read 35 texts from the FIPI website. One of these texts will come across to you at the real OGE in 2018.

35 texts for writing a concise presentation.

#1 About friendship

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Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were weary of the guests. Now that time is the price of achieving one's goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here is a paradox: before, the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

#2 About friendship

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What is friendship? How do they become friends? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equally from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

#3 About friendship

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Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.

For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels that he is valued as a person, respected for his dignity and helped him not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, for friendship, for example, common moral values ​​are important. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it hard to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show deep respect for a friend and, perhaps, trust, if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and consider this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendship does not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But without friendship, life is unthinkable.

No. 4 About friendship

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When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and I would be surrounded by other people. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But real friends, old, true friends, are acquired in youth. Youth is a time of rapprochement.

Therefore, take care of youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things that you acquired in your youth, do not lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth goes unnoticed. Good youth skills make life easier. The bad ones complicate it and make it more difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from a young age"? All the actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will make you happy. The wicked will not let you sleep.

#5 About friendship

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What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is needed the most. He will not only help in trouble, but will sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.

But, unfortunately, such relations are gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, profitable friendship is rapidly crowding out disinterested friendship.

We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life is warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, and not destruction.

#6 About friendship

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There are values ​​that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values ​​remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any moment.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

#7 About toys

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Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

The toy is the key to the consciousness of the little man. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values ​​and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

#8 About books

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When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the “alarm clock” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the countryside, a walk in the forest with a man who “opened his eyes to everything”, the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be.

And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

#9 About precious books

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No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child may be, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

#10 About books

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What is a good book? First, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages, there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

Do not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. In great works there is disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read non-fiction literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

#11 About Literature

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It just seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, the only one of its kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, rethought, reasons, answers are found and imprinted on the pages of fiction. The case is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.

Literature, opening the world with the help of the word, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But there comes an hour when we feel the need to open the book in order to delve into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.

Here we are with the book. What is happening in our soul? With each book we read, which opens up the pantries of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

#12 Reading

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What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden the horizons of a person, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. And it is also important to read books because it increases the vocabulary of a person, develops a clear and precise thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classical work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

№13 About education

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We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing lasting in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

No. 14 About family

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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, and clothes. She did not do all these works alone: ​​even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their bearers. It was necessary to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond with kindness or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people.

#15 About finding yourself

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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What are the paths to get to it? What moral values ​​carry weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, we do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - there are no words. Selfish people cause feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

The true value of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called small ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

No. 16 About sincerity

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Many people think that being sincere means to openly and directly say what you think and do what you say. But here's the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, or even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off the masks, get out of the usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you don’t really need at all.

If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your life path. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

#17 Growing up

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Some believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this, you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

No. 18 About childhood and growing up

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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it can be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to cover itself with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calmly and prosperously life develops, we will not calm down until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we spend time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences.

It is only when a really real tragedy happens that we realize how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we clutch our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.

No. 19 Pro choice

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There is simply no and cannot be a universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, only path in life intended for you. And the final choice always remains with the individual. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

№20 About a cultured person

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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. He has a clear goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase good in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that pass from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

No. 21 About culture

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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What does true culture carry in the first place? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, what its significance is.

Such concepts as peace, truth, beauty can become the key note of culture. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

#22 About morality

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One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! the man exclaimed. "I didn't do anything good for him..." Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

#23 About youthful love

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Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, somehow remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

#24 About self-doubt

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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of physicians, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to him more important and significant than his own. He sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly - he wants approval from everyone: starting with loved ones and ending with passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

#25 About power

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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree, if left undisturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again stretch upwards. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

#26 About art

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Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment of man's turning to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends his own characteristics, his life, his place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this language that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

#27 About art

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In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theatre, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge impact on it. But literature has a particularly strong effect on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists themselves, writers, composers build their works in such a way as to support and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, listeners. But the meaning of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

№31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance

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In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own?

And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this matter that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper it is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, animal and plant life. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we must rest on our laurels and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful.

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1. How to start an essay on the exam.

1) Do not sign the sheet. Write strictly according to the proposed text, and for this you should read with a pen, delving into the content of the text, noting the problems raised by the author, pay attention to the full name. author, short article about him.

2) Write strictly according to plan, each paragraph from a paragraph, indent 2 cm.)

2. Introduction (2-4 sentences) is the subject of the text. Sample introductions, for example, about lonely old age

a) interrogative sentence: Why are there so many lonely elderly people in our time? Who is to blame? What needs to be done to change this situation?

b) acceptance of the default. Lonely old age... How painful to watch...

c) reception of gradation: Childhood. Youth. Old age.

d) quotation from the text, e) nominal sentence; f) rows of homogeneous members; g) proverbs and sayings. As you know... As one of the greats said...

h) rhetorical question

3. Formulation of the problems raised in the text by the author.

In the text... full name important ... (topical, topical) problems of modernity (our time, our society) are raised. The problem..., ..., ... Why? .To correctly identify the problem, you need to answer the question: What did the author of the text want to say. For example, if, after reading the text, we say that the author wanted to show how much, disinterestedly, parents love their children, then the problem is in the text: the power of parental love

4. Commentary on the problem. To comment - it means to skip the text through itself. (What made the author think about this?)

In order for us to understand how important the issues raised in the text are, the author tells us about ... (which made the author think about ...)

Thanks to this, we see (understand) how important it was for the author to convey his thoughts to us.

5.Author's position - the attitude of the author to the problem, the answer to the question of the topic, it is desirable to repeat the full name. author, you can use quoting (Telling about ..., the author draws our attention to ..., calls us to ..., makes us think about ... It is important for him ...)

6. Own position on the problem- you need to agree or disagree with the author (The text (full name of the author) cannot leave anyone indifferent, and I fully share the position of the author. The author is certainly right in believing that ..., since ... , Firstly,...

There is an opinion that you can successfully cope with the test part of the exam if you remember the basic rules and regularly perform typical tasks. Indeed, many skills are easily brought to automatism. However, it’s still not worth doing test tasks “on the machine”: you can fall into a “trap” and lose precious points. Conclusion: you need to work with every single test task consciously. "Automatism" will not help here, and "training" is useless.

Let's dwell on the most common "traps" and try not to fall into them. After all, forewarned is forearmed.

Checked unstressed vowels in the root.

In order not to make a mistake in their spelling, it is necessary to choose a test word (one-root word and word form) so that the stress begins to fall: tr ... va - herbs - tr a wa. This rule is familiar even to first graders. But still…

***

"Trap" 1.

Verbs with suffixes -YVA-, -IVA- cannot be test words!

Try to pick up the test word for the word op ... build. Alas, for some of us, insidious intuition will tell the forms of the verb op A call, op A hello etc. However, related words will be test P O building, P O zdno- which means, at the root of the word op O build spelled O.

Why can't the word be late be a test, while other similar verbs are successfully used for these purposes? Let's remember: bring ... dit - priv O dit, p ... sat - p AND shet.

Attention, the correct answer is: word be late the suffix -YVA- prevents it from being a test. The fact is that when forming forms of verbs with suffixes -YVA- AND -IVA-, there is an alternation of O and A in the root. Therefore, it is not worth checking vowels in roots with such verbs.

So let's remember: verb with suffix -YVA- or -IVA- cannot be a test word!

Op O build: test word - P O building(but not op a zd ywa be),

open O it: test word kr O th(but not open a willow be),

crust O yat: check word crust O th(but not crust a willow be).

***

"Trap" 2.

When choosing a test word, consider the meaning!

Words can sound exactly the same but are spelled differently. It all depends on the value.

Compare: sp ... sew (text from the board) and sp ... sew (for a lesson). In both words, the same vowel sound is heard at the place of the gap - the middle one between [i] and [e]. However, we select different test words and insert different letters in place of the gaps: cn and sew in the first case and cn e sew- in the second.

In the USE tests, such words are written with a mark in brackets. For instance, develops (in the wind) or develops (child) . Don't overlook these notes. They mean that the word can be written in different ways depending on the meaning. Of course, you have already chosen the test words and you know that in the first case you need to insert a letter e (check word - v e yat), and in the second and (check word - unfold and tie).

***

Unchecked unstressed vowels in the root.

It would seem, what kind of “traps” can there be in words with unchecked vowels? Learn them, try to remember as much as possible and as best as possible - and you will be happy. But it was not there! There are plenty of "traps" here too.

***

"Trap" 3.

Don't check the spelling of vowels with words that don't exist!

One of the most common mistakes is that unchecked vowels are often confused with checked ones and even try to find test words for them.

It is impossible to check the stress of the highlighted vowels in the words: ign O rip, extra e small, morning a mbovat, nav a waiting. These are words with unverifiable vowels!

vowel O in a word ign O rip cannot be verified ignore if only for the reason that the word ignore is jargon and it is not yet in the literary language.

letter e in a word extra e small cannot be verified extra and m. These words came into our language in different ways. It just so happens that the noun extreme borrowed from English quite recently, much later than the word extra e small(from French extreme).

Word morning a mbovat has nothing to do with tr O mbom. So, it’s not worth checking it with this word. Word tamp down came into our language at the beginning of the 19th century from Polish, where tr a mbowac means "stomp on feet", and in Russian is unverifiable.

Word nav a waiting has nothing to do with v O waiting, therefore, the vowels in the roots of these words are written differently - a and O respectively. Moreover, the vowel at the root of the word nav a waiting unverifiable, but in a word v O waiting- checked (check word - leads). Word obsession came into the Russian language from Old Slavonic - from nav a child, that is "cheat".

***

Alternating unstressed vowels in the root.

Each root with alternation has a meaning strictly assigned to it - try not to forget about it when repeating the rules.

"Trap" 4.

Roots are homonymous!

What means homonymous roots? Just like homonymous words, these roots sound and are even spelled the same, but have completely different meanings.

Root gar//gor associated with burning, combustion, fire: G O tret, sg O army, invite O ret, zag a R etc. Root mountains it also exists in words with a different meaning, but it is no longer alternating in them. In a word G O porous unstressed O fundamentally verifiable (check word - G O ry); in a word G O roar- about in the root is also checked - in a word G O re.

Meaning of the alternating root growing//growing//growing – "what is connected with growth, vegetation": R a groaning, vzr a puppy, water O if. In a word R O sa root vowel checked ( R O sy).

alternating root ter//tyre associated with friction, erasure: you are t e r, zat and army. Vowel e at the root of the word sweat e ryat verifiable (sweat e rya).

alternating root kas//kos has the meaning "touch, touch": touch, touch. Vowel O in a word To O sa (in any meaning) verifiable (To O sy). Checked by stress and O at the root of the word To O soy (to O co).

Very often, schoolchildren confuse the alternating root with homonymous roots world//mer that matters "dying, dying". Do not forget that vowels in the roots of words are checked, and not alternating:

approx and slay (enemies)- word check peace,

approx e ryat (suit)- word check fitting,

cm and rush- word check cm and rny.

Of course, these are not all the "traps" that the USE test compilers set for you. “The Unified State Examination is like a minefield,” one of the graduates admitted ... Perhaps he is right. But neither "mines" nor "traps" are terrible for those who conscientiously prepare for the exam.

Check how well you are ready to complete task 8 on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language:

Hello dear graduates! The sad fact is that all problems with a short answer on the exam itself (profile level) are accurately solved by only a small part of those who pass, namely about 25 percent of schoolchildren. Unfortunately, for some reason, statistics for Russia could not be found, maybe you have accurate data or official analysis, you can write in the comments.

But the fact remains a fact, and at the same time unpleasant. Yes! Sometimes, immediately after the exam, insight comes - the same mistakes are realized and you want to hit a nearby tree with indignation, but what's the point. Precious points already worthlessly lost ...

Even trained guys make “funny” mistakes, or lose an unreasonably long time using a simple example. Why? As they say - there are reasons and nuances.

Let's take a look at a few "tricky" tasks. Of course, in fact, the compilers of the tasks did not plan any traps for you, they are just called in everyday life.

This article focuses on some of them separately. They are simple, but for some reason, when solving, the guys are often mistaken. So!

26644. Income tax is 13% of wages. After withholding income tax, Maria Konstantinovna received 9,570 rubles. How many rubles is the salary of Maria Konstantinovna?

Please note that 9570 rubles is the salary after deduction of 13%. So dividing 9570 by 87, we find out how many rubles correspond to 1 percent, then it remains to multiply the result by 100, and we will determine the salary before deduction:

Many are accustomed to solve through drawing up proportions.

The entire salary (and it is unknown to us) is X rubles are taken as 100%. 9570 rubles is the salary after deduction and it corresponds to 87 percent. Proportion:

9570 rubles - 87%

X rubles - 100%

We calculate:

Answer: 11000

*What is wrong and why?

Many are very accustomed to the type of tasks, where the value given in the condition is exactly the one that must be taken as 100 percent. And they begin to “invent” such proportions as:

9570 rubles - 100%

X rubles - 87%

As a result, a value less than 9570 is obtained and recorded as an answer. Just evaluate initially - if it is said that this is a salary after deduction, then it is clear that in the end we should get a number greater than 9750.

77349. In September, 1 kg of grapes cost 60 rubles, in October the price of grapes rose by 25%, and in November by another 20%. How many rubles did 1 kg of grapes cost after the rise in price in November?

25 percent of 60 is:

This means that in October grapes began to cost 60 + 15 = 75 rubles.

20 percent of 75 is:

So in November it began to cost 75+15=90 rubles.

*You can solve using the following form of writing (the essence is the same):

Determine the price of a kilogram after the first rise in price:

Let's determine the price after the second rise in price, and we will calculate with respect to the price of 75 rubles:

* What is wrong?

After the first rise in price, it is believed that the second rise in price occurs relative to the initial price of 60 rubles. And they get that the second time the price has risen by

As a result, they receive 75 + 12 = 87 rubles.

Guys, forget the starting price! Everything: the second rise in price occurs relative to 75 rubles. This seems to be understandable, but we begin to be weird for some reason.

77368. Solve the equation

We use the formula for the square of the sum (difference) of two numbers (expressions):

We calculate:

Examination:

Answer: -1.5

*What to say?…

After the example appeared before my eyes, I just want to equate the expressions under the signs of squares (and some do it):

What do we get? There is no solution! How not? This does not happen ... And we begin to think - how is it? Maybe the writers made a mistake? And then the panic begins.

If you see that you have squares of expressions, then immediately apply the abbreviated multiplication formulas.

By the way, such a mistake is fraught. For example, you will have a task:

Solve (2x+5) 2 =(6x+1) 2 . If the equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

You equate the expressions under the roots and get 1. And the correct answer is a completely different number.

** There is another solution. You can move the expression on the right to the left side and use the difference of squares formula:

77382. Solve the equation log x-5 49=2. If the equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

Everything seems to be simple. According to the property of the logarithm:

We solve the quadratic equation:

* It was possible to immediately determine that the expression under the square sign is equal to 7 or -7, since only these two numbers, when squared, give 49 and could be solved like this:

the roots are 12 and -2.

Important! Note that at x = -2 the base of the logarithm is negative (it is known that its base must be positive). If you simply choose a smaller root without checking it according to the condition for determining the logarithm, then write down the answer as incorrect. The solution is root 12.

* What is wrong? Do not check the roots for compliance with the logarithm condition. We got two roots and chose the smaller one, and the error turned out.

27437. In the parallelogram ABCD sin A = (√21)/5. Find cos B.

It is known that the sines of adjacent angles are equal. So the sines of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal, that is:

Now, from the basic trigonometric identity, it remains to find cos B. From sin 2 B+ cos 2 B=1 follows that

*Before the root, we put a "-" sign. Why?

It can be seen from the figure that angle B is obtuse (it is greater than 90 degrees). And the cosine of an angle from 90 to 180 degrees is negative (see the trigonometric circle).

* What is wrong?

The minus sign is omitted before the root, and a positive number is obtained. This is due to the fact that the basic trigonometric identity is often used when solving a right triangle, and we get so used to the fact that we have a plus in front of the root, which apparently is somehow imprinted in the mind.

** It is clear that in a right triangle the angles are acute, therefore the values ​​of the trigonometric functions of the angles are positive. But you remember! When expressing a number (expression) standing under the square sign, there will always be “±” in front of the root, and as for the trigonometric identity, we get:

That is, immediately when reading the condition, see which trigonometric function of which angle (acute or obtuse) you need to find.

If this is an obtuse angle, then the cosine, tangent and cotangent must be negative.

If it is an acute angle, then all trigonometric functions must be positive.

*Another solution

Answer: -0.4

There are no tricks in the next task, but it raises questions. Do not panic! Remember that almost all logarithmic equations are solved by applying the basic properties of the logarithm.

315121. Find the root of the equation

Tell me which of you is familiar with the property:

If familiar, then great! You can use it boldly:

* Just do not forget that the expression under the sign of the logarithm is greater than zero, that is, check the root.

But what if you do not know this property? We solve step by step using the "normal" properties (they should be familiar to you):

Let's check the expression under the sign of the logarithm:

There are also a number of tasks without any “tricks” there. And the probability that they will get you to the exam is small, but it is. These formulas are rarely used in the school course, so keep them in mind.

27923. The sides of an isosceles triangle are 40, the base is 48. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle of this triangle.

But you need to remember the formulas below!

1. Area of ​​a triangle (Heron's formula):

2. The formula for the radius of the circumscribed circle:

3. The formula for the radius of the inscribed circle:

These tasks are included in the book "The most tricky tasks of the exam in mathematics." There are collected more than 180 tasks, which should be given special attention. Recommended to study!

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